UNIVERSITY OF THE CORDILLERAS

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE

CIVIL ENGINEERING ORIENTATION

Structural Engineering
Submitted by:

Bayon, Yoshiro Guillame D. Kalangeg, Joni Raiza M.

Bugatan, Brigitte Amelyn T. Fesway, Tristan Jeff W.
Bueta, Justine Mark A. Payangdo, Ryan C.
Santos, Ariston M. Valdez, Clint Arthur G.

Submitted To:
Engr. Allen Dale Fabro
WHAT IS STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING?

A specialty within the field of civil

engineering that focuses on the
framework of structures and on
designing those structures to withstand
the stresses and pressures of their
environment and remain safe, stable and
secure throughout their use.
TASKS OF STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING:
 Analyzing blueprints, maps, reports, and
topographical and geological data.

 Estimating cost and quantities of materials,

equipment and labor.

 Computing load and grade requirements and

water flow rates.
TASKS OF STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING:
 Inspecting projects sites to monitor progress
and ensure the specifications

 Ensure the safety and durability of the project

on which they are working.

 Must solve technical problems and help the

architect achieve his or her vision for the
project.
HISTORY OF STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING

26th Century Medieval 19th Century

BC Period up to Present

• Pyramid of • Major • Rapid

Giza structures growth of
were Computer
pyramids technology
and other
sciences
PRINCIPLES OF STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING

1. Structural Safety
- Designing a structure which will not collapse and
will not kill people.
2. Serviceability
- Designing a structure which people can use for a
certain period of time.
3. Economic
-Designing a structure which will take least amount
of money to build without compromising any safety
and serviceability issue.
STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING ACTIVITIES
A. STRUCTURAL DESIGN

⬗ Methodical investigation to get

economical specification of a structure
or a structural element to carry the
predicted load safely.
STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING ACTIVITIES
Objectives of Structural Design:
⬗ Produce a structure which is capable to
resist all applied loads without failure
during its service life.
⬗ Obtain the economical dimensions of
structural members
⬗ Investigate the strength, stability and
rigidity of structures
⬗ Ensure structural safety
STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING ACTIVITIES
B. STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS

- The process of calculating and determining

the effects of loads and internal forces on a
structure, building or object.
- This is to ensure that structural engineers
completely understand the load paths and
its impact on their engineering design.
STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING ACTIVITIES
B. STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING ACTIVITIES
Types of Structural Analysis
1. Hand Calculations- fast and easy way to
evaluate the effects of simple forces on simple
structures.
2. Finite Element Analysis(FEA)- complex
numerical method used to solve complicated
problems which contain a number of variable
inputs.
3. Structural Analysis Software- allows users
to evaluate the effects of point loads,
moments and distributed loads on a structure
or design
STRUCTURAL SYSTEM

-The method of assembling and

constructing structural elements
of a building so that they support
and transmit applied loads safely
to the ground.
 STRUCTURAL SYSTEM
Components of Structural System
1. Substructure
It is below ground level. It’s the lower
portion of the building which transmits
the dead load, live loads and other loads
to the underneath sub soil.

2. Superstructure
Portion of the building which is
constructed above ground level and its
serves the purpose of structure’s intended
use.
STRUCTURAL SYSTEM
Components of a Substructure
A. Foundation
- Part of the building that fixes it
into soil.
- Provides support for the main
structures that appear above the
soil level
- Transfer loads from the structure
to the ground.
Components of a Substructure
Types of Foundations
a. Strip Foundation or Strip
Footing
- provides support for
linear structures like a wall or
closely spaced column, in the
form of strips
-It is used for soils with
sufficient bearing capacity and to
support light structural loading.
Components of a Substructure
Types of Foundations
b. Raft Foundation or Mat
Foundation

- It spreads across the

entire building area
providing huge support
to heavy structural
loads.
- Reduces the possibility
of shear failure of soil
Components of a Substructure
Types of Foundations

c. Pile Foundation

- Transfers heavy
loads from the
superstructure
to hard strata
below the
ground
STRUCTURAL SYSTEM
Components of a Substructure

B. Plinth Beam
- A beam constructed
in the plinth level
between the wall and
the foundation.
- Prevent the
propagation of cracks
from the foundation to
the walls.
STRUCTURAL SYSTEM
Components of a Superstructure

A. Columns
- Vertical structural element
that transmits, through
compression, the weight of
the structure above to other
structural elements below.
STRUCTURAL SYSTEM
Components of a Superstructure

B. Beams
- A structural element that
is capable of
withstanding load
primarily by resisting
bending.
STRUCTURAL SYSTEM
Components of a Superstructure

C. Slabs
- Horizontal structural
elements that are flat
surfaces with top and
bottom face parallel to
each other.
STRUCTURAL SYSTEM
Components of a Superstructure

D. Walls
- Vertical surfaces
constructed in
continuance that divide
the enclosed spaced.
- Constructed either by
means of masonry or
concrete
STRUCTURAL SYSTEM
Components of a Superstructure

E. Lintels
- Type of beam
structure
constructed above
wall openings to
support the load
coming over it and
transfer safely to the
side walls.
STRUCTURAL SYSTEM
Components of a Superstructure

F. Roof
- Exterior and the
uppermost part of any
building structure.
a. Roof Deck- supports roof
cover
b. Roof Cover- laid over the
roof deck
Roof Deck Roof Cover
STRUCTURAL SYSTEM
Components of a Superstructure

G. Parapet
- A short wall barrier that
is constructed at the
edge of the terrace roof,
balcony, or walkways as
a means of protection.
STRUCTURAL SYSTEM
Components of a Superstructure

H. Floor
- Finished horizontal
surface of a building
where people walk.
a. Floor cover/Flooring-
suitable floor finish.
STRUCTURAL SYSTEM
Components of a Superstructure

I. Stair
- A series of steps or
flight that is constructed
to move from one floor
to another in a building
structure.
STRUCTURAL SYSTEM
SUCCESSFUL STRUCTURES

Great Pyramid
of Giza,
El Giza, Egypt
SUCCESSFUL STRUCTURES

Great Wall of
China
SUCCESSFUL STRUCTURES

The Colosseum,
Rome, Italy
SUCCESSFUL STRUCTURES

Golden Gate
Bridge
SUCCESSFUL STRUCTURES

English
Channel Tunnel
SUCCESSFUL STRUCTURES

Itaipu Dam,
Brazil and Paraguay
SUCCESSFUL STRUCTURES

Burj Khalifa
Dubai, UAE
SUCCESSFUL STRUCTURES

Lake Pontchartrain
Causeway,
New Orleans,
Louisiana
FAILED STRUCTURES

Sampoong
Department Store,
South Korea
(June 25, 1995)
FAILED STRUCTURES

Hotel New World,

Singapore
(March 15, 1986)
FAILED STRUCTURES

Hyatt Regency Hotel,

Kansas City
(July 17, 1981)
FAILED STRUCTURES

Charles
De Gaulle
International
Airport,
France
(May 23, 2004)
CAUSES OF FAILED STRUCTURES

1. Natural
-Earthquake, Typhoons, Tsunami, etc.
2. Man-made
-Man’s negligence
-Defective Designs
-Inferior/Substandard Construction Materials
-Poor Workmanship
-Employment of unskilled labor
 REFERENCES
Suvo,. (n.d.). What is Structural Engineering. History of Structural Engineering: Structure failure, Building structure.
Retrieved from https://www.brighthubengineering.com
What are the Principles of Structural Engineering. (2015).
Retrieved from www.gseltd.co.uk
Love, P.E.D., et al. (2011). What Goes up, Shouldn’t Come Down: Learning from Construction and Engineering Failures.
Retrieved from https://core.ac.uk>pdf
Almarwae, M. (2017). Structural Failure of Buildings: Issues and Challenges
Retrieved from www.worldscientificnews.com
Top 10 Most Impressive Civil Engineering Projects of all Time. (n.d.)
Retrieved from www.cobaltrecruitment.com
Suvo,. (n.d.). Reasons for Structural Failure
Retrieved from www.brighthubengineering.com
Structural System. (n.d.).
Retrieved from https://www.Britannica.com/technology/structural-systems
Cloud Structural Analysis. (2017).
Retrieved from sky.com
 REFERENCES
What is Structural Design. (n.d.).
Retrieved from https://civiltoday.com/structural-engineering/75-what-is-structural-design
What are the Building Structural Systems? (n.d.).
Retrieved from https://gharpedia.com
What is Substructure and Superstructure in Building Construction? (n.d.).
Retrieved from https://theconstructor.org
Biswas, L. (2014). Components of Superstructure of a Building BCT-5.
Retrieved from https://www.acivilengineer.com/compnents-of-superstructure/