Water Supply

Simulation of Water Distribution Networks

The Use of EPANET

Mohammad N. Almasri
1

Optimal Design of Water Distribution Networks Mohammad N. Almasri, PhD

An-Najah National University

Introduction
This p
presentation focuses on two issues:
The simulation of water distribution networks
(WDNs) using EPANET
The optimal design of water distribution networks

Optimal Design of Water Distribution Networks Mohammad N. Almasri, PhD

An-Najah National University

Definitions
A WDN is comprised of a number of links
connected together to form loops or branches
These
h
links
l k contain pumps, fittings,
f
valves,
l
etc..
Links: A link is a segment of the network that
has a constant flow and no branches. Each link
may contain one or more pipes (with
( h different
d ff
diameters) connected in series
Pipes: A pipe is a segment of a link that has a
constant flow,
fl
constant diameter,
di
and
d no
branches
3

Optimal Design of Water Distribution Networks Mohammad N. Almasri, PhD

An-Najah National University

Pipes and Links

A pipe

D1

D3

D2

D1

L3

L2

L1

A link

L
4

Optimal Design of Water Distribution Networks Mohammad N. Almasri, PhD

An-Najah National University

Definitions
Nodes: They are the end points of the pipe
sections where
h
two or more links
l k are joined.
d
Water can enter or leave the network at these
nodes
LLoops: The
Th loop
l
is
i a closed
l
d circuit
i i consists
i
off a
series of links in which the demand nodes are
supplied from more than one pipe
Th
The path:
h It
I represents the
h way or the
h route
through which the demand nodes are reached
from the source nodes
5

Optimal Design of Water Distribution Networks Mohammad N. Almasri, PhD

An-Najah National University

Example of a Water Distribution Network

Optimal Design of Water Distribution Networks Mohammad N. Almasri, PhD

An-Najah National University

Main Principles of Network Analysis

Continuity:
y The algebraic
g
sum of the flow rates
in the pipes meeting at a node together with any
external flows is zero
D

Q1 + Q2 = Q3 + D

Q3
Q1

D = Q1 + Q2 - Q3

Q2

A demand node
The node is connected to three supplying pipes
7

Optimal Design of Water Distribution Networks Mohammad N. Almasri, PhD

An-Najah National University

Main Principles of Network Analysis

Energy
gy conservation: For all p
paths around closed
loops and between fixed grade nodes, the
accumulated energy
gy loss including
g minor losses
minus any energy gain or heads generated by
pumps
p
p must be zero

hf1

hf3

hf2
A part of a looped network
Closed loop
Given total headloss for each link (pipe) as hf

Assume counterclockwise to be positive

hf4
8

-hf
hf1 hf4 + hf3 + hf2 = 0

Optimal Design of Water Distribution Networks Mohammad N. Almasri, PhD

An-Najah National University

Branched WDNs

Q2

Q4

Q5

Q3

[2]

[3]

[1]

5 [4]
4
Q6

Q7
7

[6]

[5]

In branched WDNs, there

is onlyy one p
path ((route))
from the source node to
each node
How can we compute the
fl
flow
in
i each
h link?
li k?

Optimal Design of Water Distribution Networks Mohammad N. Almasri, PhD

An-Najah National University

Branched WDNs

20
30
40

50

[[3]]

[2]

[1]

What is the flow

in each link?

5 [4]
4
60

70
7

10

[6]

[5]
6

Optimal Design of Water Distribution Networks Mohammad N. Almasri, PhD

An-Najah National University

Looped WDNs
More than one path to
each node
In looped network, how
can we compute the flow
in each link?

11

Optimal Design of Water Distribution Networks Mohammad N. Almasri, PhD

An-Najah National University

Main Principles of Network Analysis

12

Optimal Design of Water Distribution Networks Mohammad N. Almasri, PhD

Link

Head Loss (m)

6.753

13 238
13.238

4.504

18 728
18.728

3.737

4.998

9.994

9.992

An-Najah National University

Energy Loss in Pipelines Hazen Williams

Formula
1.852

Q
h f = 162.5

C
HW

4.87

hf: head loss (m);

L: pipe length (m)
D: pipe diameter (in)
Q: is flowrate in the pipe (m3/h)
CHW: Hazen Williams coefficient (-)

13

Optimal Design of Water Distribution Networks Mohammad N. Almasri, PhD

Cast Iron:
New: 130
5 year old:
120
10 year old:
110

Plastic: 150

An-Najah National University

What is EPANET?
EPANET is a program for analyzing the hydraulic and
water
t quality
lit behavior
b h i off WDNs
WDN
D
Developed
l
d by
b the
th US Environmental
E i
t l Protection
P t ti
Agency
It is a public domain software that may be freely
copied and distributed
A complete Users Manual as well as full source code
and other updates can be downloaded from:
www.epa.gov/ORD/NRMRL/wswrd/epanet.html
p g /
/
/
/ p
14

Optimal Design of Water Distribution Networks Mohammad N. Almasri, PhD

An-Najah National University

What Does EPANET Do?

Analyzing WDNs. This means mainly the
following:
Determination of the flow in each link
Determination of p
pressure head at each node

Additional outcome includes the simulation of

chlorine concentration in each link and at each
node

15

Optimal Design of Water Distribution Networks Mohammad N. Almasri, PhD

An-Najah National University

Elements

16

Source reservoir
p
Pumps
Pipes
Nodes
Tanks
Valves

Optimal Design of Water Distribution Networks Mohammad N. Almasri, PhD

An-Najah National University

EPANET Elements Reservoirs

Reservoirs are nodes that represent an external source
or sink of water to the network. They are used to model
lakes, rivers, and groundwater aquifers. Reservoirs can
also serve as water quality source points
The primary input properties for a reservoir are its
hydraulic head and initial water quality
Because a reservoir is a boundary point to a network, its
head and water quality cannot be affected by what
happens within the network. Therefore it has no
computed output properties. However its head can be
made to vary with time by assigning a time pattern to it
17

Optimal Design of Water Distribution Networks Mohammad N. Almasri, PhD

An-Najah National University

EPANET Elements Tanks

Tanks are nodes with storage capacity, where the volume of
stored water can vary with time during a simulation
The primary input properties for tanks are:
Bottom elevation
Diameter (or shape if non-cylindrical)
Initial,
I iti l minimum
i i
and
d maximum
i
water
t levels
l
l
Initial water quality
The principal computed outputs are:
Total head (water surface elevation)
water quality
T
Tanks
k are required
i d to
t operate
t within
ithi their
th i minimum
i i
and
d
maximum levels
18

Optimal Design of Water Distribution Networks Mohammad N. Almasri, PhD

An-Najah National University

EPANET Elements Pipes

Pipes convey water from one point in the network to
another
EPANET assumes that all pipes are full at all times
The principal hydraulic input parameters for pipes
are: Diameter, Length, Roughness coefficient, and
Initial status (open, closed, or contains a check
valve)
The water quality inputs for pipes consist of:
Bulk reaction coefficient
Wall reaction coefficient
19

Optimal Design of Water Distribution Networks Mohammad N. Almasri, PhD

An-Najah National University

EPANET Elements Pipes

Computed outputs for pipes include: Flow rate,
V l it Headloss,
Velocity,
H dl
Friction
F i ti factor,
f t
Reaction
R
ti rate,
t
and Water quality
The hydraulic head lost by water flowing in a pipe
d to friction
due
f
with
h the
h pipe walls
ll can be
b computed
d
using three different formulas: Hazen-Williams
Fo m la Darcy-Weisbach
Formula,
Da c Weisbach Fo
Formula,
m la and ChezyChe
Manning Formula
Minor losses caused by bends and fittings can also
b accounted
be
t d for
f b
by assigning
i i the
th pipe
i a minor
i
loss
l
coefficient
20

Optimal Design of Water Distribution Networks Mohammad N. Almasri, PhD

An-Najah National University

EPANET Elements Pumps

The principal input parameter for a pump is its
pump curve
Pumps can be turned on and off at preset times
Variable speed pumps can be considered
EPANET can also compute
p
the energy
gy
consumption and cost of a pump

21

Optimal Design of Water Distribution Networks Mohammad N. Almasri, PhD

An-Najah National University

EPANET Elements Valves

Valves are used to control the pressure or flow at a specific
point in the network
The main different types
yp of valves considered in EPANET
include:
PRV (Pressure Reducing Valve): Used to limit pressure
PSV (Pressure Sustaining Valve): To maintain pressure at
a certain value
PBV (Pressure Breaker Valve): Forces a specified pressure
loss across the valve
FCV (Flow Control Valve): Used to control flow
GPV (General Purpose Valve): Can be used to represent a
link where the flow headloss relationship
p is supplied
pp
byy
the user
22

Optimal Design of Water Distribution Networks Mohammad N. Almasri, PhD

An-Najah National University

Network Layout

23

Optimal Design of Water Distribution Networks Mohammad N. Almasri, PhD

An-Najah National University

Time Pattern of Demands

Y
You can address
dd
the variability in
demands through
multipliers of the
Base
Base Demand
Demand at
each node
This is called in
EPANET Time
Pattern

24

Optimal Design of Water Distribution Networks Mohammad N. Almasri, PhD

An-Najah National University

General Results of EPANET

Nodes

25

Optimal Design of Water Distribution Networks Mohammad N. Almasri, PhD

An-Najah National University

General Results of EPANET

Nodes

26

Optimal Design of Water Distribution Networks Mohammad N. Almasri, PhD

An-Najah National University

General Results of EPANET

Pipes

27

Optimal Design of Water Distribution Networks Mohammad N. Almasri, PhD

An-Najah National University

General Results of EPANET

Pipes

28

Optimal Design of Water Distribution Networks Mohammad N. Almasri, PhD

An-Najah National University

General Results of EPANET

Time series

Note the negative and positive values of flow

What does this indicate?
29

Optimal Design of Water Distribution Networks Mohammad N. Almasri, PhD

An-Najah National University

General Results of EPANET

Time series

30

Optimal Design of Water Distribution Networks Mohammad N. Almasri, PhD

An-Najah National University

General Results of EPANET

Time series (Pump)

31

Optimal Design of Water Distribution Networks Mohammad N. Almasri, PhD

An-Najah National University