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Energy Efficiency
Efficiency of Energy
Conversion
If we are more efficient with the
energy we already have there will
be less pollution, less reliance on
foreign oil and increased domestic
security.
Energy Efficiency
Energy Input
Energy
Conversion
Device
Useful Energy
Output
Energy Dissipated
to the Surroundings
Illustration
An electric motor consumes 100 watts (a joule
per second (J/s)) of power to obtain 90 watts of
mechanical power. Determine its efficiency ?
90 W x 100
100 W
= 90 %
Efficiency of Some
Common
Devices
Efficiency
Device
ElectricMotor
HomeOilFurnace
HomeCoalFurnace
SteamBoiler(power
plant)
PowerPlant(thermal)
AutomobileEngine
LightBulbFluorescent
LightBulbIncandescent
90
65
55
89
36
25
20
5
Vehicle Efficiency
Gasoline Engine
25%Ofthegasolineisusedtopropelacar,therestis
lostasheat.i.eanefficiencyof0.25
Source:EnergySources/Applications/Alternatives
EGEE 102 - S. Pisupa
Heat Engine
A heat engine is
any device which
converts heat
energy into
mechanical energy.
Accounts for 50%
of our energy
conversion devices
Carnot Efficiency
Maximum efficiency that can be
obtained for a heat engine
TemperatureisinKelvin!!!!!!!
EGEE 102 - S. Pisupa
Illustration
Foracoalfiredutilityboiler,Thetemperatureofhigh
pressuresteamwouldbeabout540CandTcold,the
coolingtowerwatertemperaturewouldbeabout
20C.
CalculatetheCarnotefficiencyofthepowerplant?
540C=540+273K=813K
20C=20+273=293K
293
CarnotEfficiency () 1
x100 64%
813
EGEE 102 - S. Pisupa
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Inference
Amaximumof64%ofthefuelenergycango
togeneration.TomaketheCarnot
efficiencyashighaspossible,eitherThot
shouldbeincreasedorTcoldshouldbe
decreased.
11
Schematic Diagram of a
Power Plant
12
Boiler Components
Chemical Energy Input (100 BTU
)
Boiler
13
Overall Efficiency
OverallEff=ElectricEnergyOutput(BTU)x100
ChemicalEnergyInput(BTU)
=35BTUx100
100BTU
=35%
OverallEfficiencyofaseriesofdevices=
(ThermalEnergy)x(MechanicalEnergy)x(ElectricalEnergy)
ChemicalEnergyThermalEnergyMechanicalEnergy
EGEE 102 - S. Pisupa
14
ChemicalEnergyThermalEnergyMechanicalEnergy
=
=0.88x0.41x0.97
=0.35or35%
15
System Efficiency
Theefficiencyofasystemisequaltothe
productofefficienciesoftheindividual
devices(subsystems)
16
Efficiency of a Light
Bulb
Step
ExtractionofCoal
96%
Transportation
98%
ElectricityGeneration 38%
TransportationElec 91%
Lighting
Incandescent
5%
Fluorescent
20%
EGEE 102 - S. Pisupa
96%
94%(0.96x0.98)
36%(0.96x0.98x0.38)
33%
1.7%
6.6%
17
System Efficiency of an
Automobile
Step
Step Efficiency
ProductionofCrude 96%
Refining
87%
Transportation
97%
ThermaltoMechE 25%
MechanicalEfficiency
Transmission
50%
RollingEfficiency
20%
EGEE 102 - S. Pisupa
Cumulative
Efficiency
96%
84%
81%
20%
10%
6.6%
18
Efficiency of a Space
Heater
Electricity =24%
FuelOil
=53%
NaturalGas =70%
19
Heat Mover
Any device that
moves heat "uphill",
from a lower
temperature to a
higher temperature
reservoir.
Examples.
Heat pump.
Refrigerator.
20
Source:http://energyoutlet.com/res/heatpump/pumping.html
EGEE 102 - S. Pisupa
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Source:http://energyoutlet.com/res/heatpump/pumping.html
EGEE 102 - S. Pisupa
22
CoefficientofPerformance(C.O.P)
Effectivenessofaheatpumpisexpressedas
coefficientofperformance(C.O.P)
23
Example
Calculatetheidealcoefficientofperformance
(C.O.P.)Foranairtoairheatpumpusedto
maintainthetemperatureofahouseat70F
whentheoutsidetemperatureis30F.
24
Solution Cont.
Thot=70F=21C=21+273=294K
Tcold=30F=1C=1+273=272K
C.O.P=
294
294272
=294
22
EGEE 102 - S. Pisupa
25
Consequences
For every watt of power used to
drive this ideal heat pump, 13.3 W
is delivered from the interior of the
house and 12.3 from the outside.
Theoretical maximum is never
achieved in practice This example
is not realistic. In practice, a C.O.P
in the range of 2 - 6 is typical.
EGEE 102 - S. Pisupa
26
More C.O.P.s
Comparetheidealcoefficientsof
performanceoftheofthesameheatpump
installedinMiamiandBuffalo.
Miami:Thot=70F,Tcold=40F
Buffalo:Thot=70F,Tcold=15F
Miami:Thot=294K,Tcold=277K
Bufalo:Thot=294K,Tcold=263K
EGEE 102 - S. Pisupa
27
Miami
=
=
294
(294277)
17.3
Buffalo
=
=
294
(294263)
9.5
28