Fundamental Constants and Mathematical Identities

Fundamental Constants (to two significant figures)

Name
Avogadros Number
Boltzmanns Constant
Gas Constant
Standard Gravity
Speed of Light
Electron Mass
Proton Mass
Plancks Constant
Bohr Radius
Rydberg Constant

Symbol
NA
kB
R = NA kB
g
c
me
mp
h
h = h/2
2
0h
a0 = 4
m e e2
me e4
RH = 8h
3 c2

Value (in SI units)

6.01023 molecules/mol
1.41023 J/K
8.3 J/(K mol)
9.8 m/s2
3.0108 m/s
9.11031 kg
1.71027 kg
6.61034 J s
1.11034 J s
0.0529 nm (0.529
A)
7
1
1.1010 m (1.10105 cm1 )

= 3.14. . .

e = 2.72. . .

Units and Conversion Factors and Equations

SI units:

1 J = 1 N m = 1 kg (m/s)2
1 Pa = 1 J/m3 = 1 N/m2

1 N = 1 J/m = 1 kg m/s2
1 W = 1 J/s

1 eV = 1.6 1019 J = 98 kJ/mol = 24 kcal/mol = 8,200 cm1

Photon energy:  = h
= h =

hc

h2 n2
En =
8mL2
Enx ,ny ,nz =
P (i ) =

= hc

n = 1, 2, 3 . . .

n =

n2y h2
n2 h2
n2x h2
+
+ z 2
2
2
8mLx
8mLy
8mLz
gi ei
ei
or
q
q

h2 d2
p2
=
K
=
2m dx2
2m

p = i
h

q=

ei =

nx

gj ej

hV i
2
=
hKi
n

d
dx

v = 0, 1, 2, 3 . . .

m
x i
px
a
=
2m
h



a
, a
= 1

 n 
2
cos
x
L
L
r


2
ni
=
sin
x ...
Lx
Lx
 
1 q
hi =
q

for potentials of the form V (r) = rn

= 2 = 2c
=

 x  x2
1 = N0 2
e 22

x2

0 = N0 e 22

n
=a
a

ni = 1, 2, 3 . . .



1
Ev = h v +
2

m
x + i
px
a
=
2m
h

 n 
2
sin
x or
L
L

N0 =

 m 1/4
h

1
px =
a
a

2mh
2i
a
|ni =

n|n 1i


L2
h2
EJ =
=
J(J + 1)
2I
2mr2

a
|ni =

r
x
=

h
a
+a

2m

n + 1|n + 1i

m1 m2
m1 + m2
s
h
=

J = 0, 1, 2, 3 . . .

KN =

qii

P roducts
Y

!
qibi

Reactants
Y

e
hcB
h2
h2
r =
=
=
kB
2IkB
2R2 kB

h
v =
kB

!
qiai

h2
2mkB T

q e g0 ee0

q = qe qv qr qt

e 2 v /T
T
qr

/T
v
r
1e
X
X

b=
qi rbi =
qi ri

qv

f i = hf |
b |ii = hf |e
x| ii

h+| = 1

+ ,

h
Sbx =
2

0


1
0

0
1


 E



 0

 0

+ 2, ,

h
Sby =
2

qt =

i
0

0
i

h
Sbz =
2

0
0

OF THE

1
0


 E



 0



+ 1.62, + 0.62, 0.62, 1.62

P E R I O D I C TA B L E


0
1

18
VIIIA

2
Atomic number:

He

Hydrogen
1.0079

2
IIA

LI

Be

Ne

Lithium
6.941

Berylium
9.0122

Boron
10.811

Carbon
12.011

Nitrogen
14.007

Oxygen
15.999

Fluorine
18.998

Neon
20.180

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

Na

Mg

Sodium
22,990

19

Symbol :
Name (IUPAC) :
Atomic mass :

IUPAC recommendations:
Chemical Abstracts Service group notation :

C
Carbon
12.011

13
IIIA

14
IVA

15
VA

16
VIA

17
VIIA

10

Helium
4.0026

4
IVB

5
VB

6
VIB

7
VIIB

8
VIIIB

9
VIIIB

10
VIIIB

11
IB

12
IIB

Al

Si

Cl

Ar

Magnesium
24.305

3
IIIB

Aluminum
26.982

Silicon
28.086

Phosphorus
30.974

Sulfur
32.065

Chlorine
35.453

Argon
39.948

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

32

33

34

35

36

Ca

Sc

Ti

Cr

Mn

Fe

Co

Ni

Cu

Zn

Ga

Ge

As

Se

Br

Kr

Potassium
39.098

Calcium
40.078

Scandium
44.956

Titanium
47.867

Vanadium
50.942

Iron
55.845

Cobalt
58.933

Nickel
58.693

Copper
63.546

Zinc
65.409

Gallium
69.723

Germanium
72.64

Arsenic
74.922

Selenium
78.96

Bromine
79.904

Krypton
83.798

37

38

39

40

41

42

43

44

45

46

47

48

49

50

51

52

53

54

Rb

Sr

Zr

Nb

Mo

Tc

Ru

Rh

Pd

Ag

Cd

In

Sn

Sb

Te

Xe

Rubidium
85.468

Strontium
87.62

Yttrium
88.906

Zirconium
91.224

Niobium
92.906

95.94

(98)

Ruthenium
101.07

Rhodium
102.91

Palladium
106.42

Silver
107.87

Cadmium
112.41

Indium
114.82

Tin
118.71

Antimony
121.76

Tellurium
127.60

Iodine
126.90

Xenon
131.29

55

56

57

72

73

74

75

76

77

78

79

80

81

82

83

84

85

86

Cs

Ba

*La

Hf

Ta

Re

Os

Ir

Pt

Au

Hg

Tl

Pb

Bi

Po

At

Rn

Cesium
132.91

Barium
137.33

Lanthanum
138.91

Hafnium
178.49

Tantalum
180.95

Tungsten
183.84

Rhenium
186.21

Osmium
190.23

Iridium
192.22

Platinum
195.08

Gold
196.97

Mercury
200.59

Thallium
204.38

Lead
207.2

Bismuth
208.98

Polonium
(209)

Astatine
(210)

Radon
(222)

87

88

89

104

105

106

107

108

109

110

111

112

113

114

115

116

117

118

Rf

Db

Sg

Bh

Hs

Mt

Ds

Rg

Cn

Uut

Fl

Rutherfordium

(261)

Dubnium
(262)

Seaborgium
(266)

Bohrium
(264)

Hassium
(277)

(284)

Flerovium
(289)

(288)

Livermorium
(293)

(294)

58

59

60

61

62

67

68

69

70

71

Fr
Francium
(223)

Ra #Ac
Radium
(226)

Actinium
(227)

*Lanthanide Series

Ce

Pr

Cerium
140.12

Praseodymium

Thorium
232.04

Protactinium
231.04

140.91

Chromium Manganese
51.996
54.938

Molybdenum Technetium

63

64

65

66

Uup Lv

Uus Uuo

Eu

Gd

Tb

Dy

Ho

Er

Tm

Yb

Lu

Neodymium Promethium Samarium

(145)
150.36
144.24

Europium
151.96

Gadolinium
157.25

Terbium
158.93

Dysprosium
162.50

Holmium
164.93

Erbium
167.26

Thulium
168.93

Ytterbium
173.04

Lutetium
174.97

Neptunium
(237)

Americium
(243)

Curium
(247)

Berkelium
(247)

Fermium
(257)

Mendelevium

Nobelium
(259)

Lawrencium
(262)

Nd

Pm Sm

Meitnerium Darmstadtium Roentgenium Copernicium

(268)
(281)
(272)
(285)

(294)

1. For a given electron configuration,

the term
symbol
with
the
largest
S has99 the100lowest
energy.
90
91
92
93
94
95
101
102
103
96
97
98
# Actinide
Series term
2. For a given value of
S, the
largest
has Bk
the lowest
Th symbol
U with
Am LCm
Pa
NpthePu
Cf Esenergy.
Fm Md No Lr
3. The ground state value of J is determined as follows:
(a) If a valence shell is less than half full, then the state with lowest J has the lowest energy.
(b) If a valence shell is more than half full, then the state with the highest J has the lowest energy.
(c) If a valence shell is half filled, then L = 0 and J = S.
Uranium
238.03

(2S+1)

LJ

Plutonium
(244)

Californium Einsteinium
(251)
(252)

L = 0, 1, 2, 3 = S, P, D, F . . .

(258)

+ 2, , , 2

ELEMENTS

1
IA

V
3

Indefinite Integrals

Z
Z
xn+1
eax
a
ax dx = a
+C
dx = a ln x + C
eax dx =
+C
n+1
x
a

 2
 n ax
Z
Z
2
x
2x

e
xn eax dx =
x2 eax dx = eax
2 + 3 +C
+C
a
a
a
a
a
Z
Z
x
1
x
1
sin2 ax dx =
sin 2ax + C
cos2 ax dx = +
sin 2ax + C
2 4a
2 4a
Z
x2
x
1
x sin2 ax dx =

sin 2ax 2 cos 2ax + C

4
4a
8a
Z
x2
x
1
x cos2 ax dx =
+
sin 2ax + 2 cos 2ax + C
4
4a
8a

 2
Z
x3
x
x
1
2
2
x sin ax dx =

3 sin 2ax 2 cos 2ax + C

6
4a 8a
4a

 2
Z
3
x
x
x
1
x2 cos2 ax dx =
sin 2ax + 2 cos 2ax + C
+

6
4a 8a3
4a

Definite Integrals

r
Z
2
1
1
e
dx =
xeax dx =
2 a
2a
0
0
r
Z
Z
2
2
1
1
x3 eax dx = 2
x2 eax dx =
3
4 a
2a
0
0
r
Z
2
3
x4 eax dx =
8 a5
0
Z

ax2

xn eax dx =

n+1
2

n+1
2a( 2 )

(n > 1, a > 0)

R
2
2
xn eax dx are either equal to zero or to 2 0 xn eax dx (depending the symmetry
R n ax2
R n ax
of the integrand). Other integrals of the form 0 x e
dx or 0 x e
dx can be evaluated using the following
more general expressions.


Z
Z
b+1
(b + 1)
b cx2
2
xb ecx dx = (b+1)
(real x, b > 1, c > 0)
x e
dx =
b+1
c
2 c( 2 )
0
0
Note that integrals of the form

(n + 1) = n!

(for any integer n 1)

(s + 1) = s(s) (for any real number s)

(1/2) = , (3/2) = /2 , (5/2) = 3 /4, . . .