Professional Documents
Culture Documents
DevelopingWriting
Writing Skills Practice Book for EFL
PAT R I C I A W I L C OX P E T E R S O N
EachofthetwentychaptersinDevelopingWriting isintroduced
byatopicalreadingselectionincorporatingthelessonsmodel
structures, mechanics, and grammar points. Following each
readingareactivitiesdesignedforstudentstostudycomposi
tion,vocabulary,andspelling.Thegoalofthisbookistotake
thestudentfromthemechanicsofbasicsentencewritingtothe
abilitytoconstructasimpleparagraph.Appendicesincludean
irregularverblist,grammarruleindex,andanswerkeys.
BOOK FOR
OF
STATE
OfficeofEnglishLanguagePrograms
PETERSON
4155
EFL
Developing
Writing
Developing
Writing
Writing Skills Practice Book for EFL
Beginning/Intermediate Level
OF
STATE
Developing Writing
Writing Skills Practice Book for EFL
Patricia Wilcox Peterson
Originally published in 1982,
Materials Development and Review Branch
The English Language Programs Division
United States Information Agency
Washington, DC
Second printing published in 1995
This reprint published in 2003.
Office of English Language Programs
United States Department of State
Washington, DC
The author wishes to thank Gloria Kreisher and Dean Curry for their help, as well as book editor Lin Lougheed.
She also wishes to thank Luis Roja of Caracas, for his knowledge of Venezuela and his help in providing authentic details of life there.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Introduction
..........................................................................................
ix
Chapter 1:
2
2
3
4
4
5
6
7
8
9
9
10
10
11
12
14
14
14
15
16
16
16
17
17
18
18
18
Chapter 4:
In a Restaurant ..........................................................
20
21
21
21
22
22
22
I.
II.
III.
IV.
V.
VI.
VII.
Chapter 5:
23
24
25
26
26
27
28
28
29
30
30
Chapter 6:
31
32
32
33
33
34
34
35
35
Chapter 7:
36
III. Grammar: Sentence combining with and, or, but, and so ........
IV. Sentence Construction: Concentration ....................................
V. Sentence Construction: Expanding sentences
with adjectives ..........................................................................
VI. Controlled Composition: Incomplete letter................................
VII. Controlled Composition: Incomplete dialog ..............................
VIII. Vocabulary and Spelling: An Alaskan crossword puzzle..........
Chapter 8:
I.
II.
III.
IV.
V.
VI.
VII.
VIII.
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
47
48
48
48
49
Chapter 9:
39
39
50
51
51
52
52
53
53
54
54
55
56
56
56
58
59
59
60
61
62
63
63
64
65
66
67
67
68
70
I.
II.
III.
IV.
V.
VI.
VII.
VIII.
71
71
72
72
73
73
74
75
77
78
78
80
81
81
82
82
83
84
85
85
86
87
87
88
89
90
91
93
93
94
94
94
95
96
97
98
99
101
101
102
102
103
103
104
104
104
106
107
108
109
110
110
111
112
115
115
117
117
118
118
119
120
123
123
124
125
125
125
126
127
129
129
130
130
131
132
133
133
INTRODUCTIONTOTHETEACHER
Thegoalofthisbookistotakethestudentfromthemechanicsofba
sic sentence writing to the ability to construct a simple paragraph. The
vocabulary and the structures have been planned chapter by chapter,
from simple to more complex, and the lessons build on each other. For
this reason, the students will probably benefit the most if they do the
exercises
abouthomework.Somegroupsmayfinishachapter
in two hours, with two hours of outside work. Other groups may do all
theexercisesinclassinfourorfivehours.Twosamplelessonplansare
suggested at the end of this section, one with homework assignments
andonewithouthomework.
Eachchapterincludessomeofthefollowingexercises:
1. Text The text is a reading selection that contains the model struc
tures upon which the chapter is based. There is a variety of styles and
registers of English. Some of the texts are descriptions; some are nar
ratives; some are newspaper articles; some are dialogs; and some are
letters.
Theteachermayreadthetextoutloud,orhemayaskthestudentsto
read it silently. The texts in dialog form (chapters 3,10 and 20) are
suitable
fordramaticreadinginpairs.Afterthefirstreading,theteacher
may want to clarify new vocabulary words and ask a few comprehen
sion questions.
2. Mechanics This section helps to reinforce the new vocabulary,
ideas, and structures in the text. To present the section, the teacher
should explain the rule of punctuation or capitalization to the class, and
write the example or the first problem on the board. Then the students
can do the remaining problems.
One effective method for checking the students work is to divide the
chalkboard into sections and ask each student to write one answer in a
section. Several students can do this at once, to save class time. Then
the class as a whole can read and correct the boardwork. This self
ix
tosee.
students
elements of free choice in writing. The students are given some sen
tence parts, but they must put the sentence together in their own way.
Oftenthereismorethanonecorrectresponsetoeachproblem.
These exercises may be done in class or as homework. Since these
exercisesinvolvethebeginningofsomeoriginalthought,studentsoften
like to see each others work. Sentences can be written on the board,
corrected, and discussed. The incomplete dialogs in chapters 3, 6, 7,
12,and17shouldprovideenjoymentifthestudentsreadthemaloudin
pairs. One type of sentence construction exercise, the game of
mustbedoneinclasswithapartner.
Concentration,
5.!ontrolled !omposition Thepurposeoftheseexercisesistogive
and other units longer than a single sentence. Some of the exercises
are suitable for homework, and some can be best done in class.
Anotherwaytohandlethesecompositionsistoholdawritinglabwith
in the classroom. In this procedure, each student works independently;
the teacher walks around the room, commenting on the papers and
x
Below are two possible time schedules for a typical chapter in the
book.
Two-Hour Plan with
Homework
Day one
Text Read the text aloud or silently, clarify vocabulary, and
ask comprehension questions.
Mechanics Explain the rule,
have students write the
sentences on the board, and
correct their work.
Grammar Review the rule and
do some problems orally.
Students write out the exercise
individually or in pairs. Collect
the papers.
Homework Sentence Construction Exercise
Day One
Text Read the text aloud or silently, clarify vocabulary, and
ask comprehension questions.
Mechanics Explain the rule,
have students write the
sentences on the board, and
correct their work.
Grammar Review the rule and
do some problems orally.
Students write out the exercise individually or in pairs.
Collect the papers.
Day Two
Sentence Construction
exercise
Have students act out dialogs,
compare different student
answers, or do Concentration
game in class.
Dicto-Comp
Day Two
Correct the Sentence Construction exercise in class and
compare answers.
Dicto-Comp
Puzzle Students work in pairs
or in teams.
Homework Controlled Composition
Day Three
Controlled Composition
Use the writing lab technique.
The students may do one or
more compositions, as time
permits.
Day Four
Discuss the student compositions and compare them. Have
students read each others
work to develop a critical eye.
Puzzle Team game
xii
"$!PT#R ON#
SQU!RE D!NCING
ThesquaredanceisanoldAmericandanceforfourcouples.Acou
pleisonemanandonewoman.Threeothercouplesareinoursquare.
Their names are Bob and Marsha, Doug and Cathy, and Henry and
Eileen.
Mywifes nameisHazel. Herdressisshortandfull. Itisasquare
dancedress.Weareinthefrontontheleft.Themusicisveryfastright
now.
1
i am ernie anderson
i am from the united states
we are square dancers
dancing is our hobby
it is an american dance
bob and marsha are our friends
henry and eileen are another couple
a couple is a man and a woman
hazel is my wife
we are in the front of the picture
II. Grammar
Subject pronouns
Study the pronouns below. Then rewrite each sentence and substitute the appropriate pronoun for each name.
I
(the speaker)
we
you
(plural)
he (masculine)
she (feminine)
it
Ernie
Bob
Doug
Henry
Eileen
1. Bob isadancer.
7.
Heisadancer.
8.
2. Ernie isa truck driver.
9.
3. Doug is fromAmerica.
10.
4. Doug,Ernie,andBobarefriends. 11.
5. HazelandEileen arefriends.
12.
6. CathyandMarsha areinthepicture.
Cathy
Marsha Hazel
Hazel isErnieswife.
Hazel isasquaredancer.
Dancing isnotwork.
Themusic isveryfast.
Thedresses areshortandfull.
Thepicture isfromlastyear.
III.Grammar Theverbtobe
weare
youare
youare
he
sheis
theyare
it
Square dancing_____fun. The music_____fast, and the people
_____friendly.Ernie_____atthedanceeveryweek.Hazel_____withhim.
She_____a good dancer. Six friends_____with them in a square.
They_____happytobethere.
3
be
is
are
Noun phrase
a truck driver
his wife
square dancers
Ernies friends
fun
not work
a hobby
another couple
be
am
are
is
Adjective
happy
welcome
short and full
fast
American
be
is
are
am
Adverb phrase
from the United States
in a square
on the right
in the front
in the picture
with my wife
untilallthesquaresareuncovered.
Theplayerwiththemostsentencesonhispaperisthewinner.
Dancingis
Thedresses
are
onemanand
onewoman.
Acoupleis
Themusic
is
veryfast.
agood
dancer.
welcometo
dance.
ourfriends.
lam
ourhobby.
Youare
shortandfull.
atruck
driver.
Theyare
Mywifeis
hobby
she
work
it
couple
we
happy
is
square
are
friend
am
wife
driver
picture
dancing
full
dress
short
music
CHAPTER TWO
I.Mechanics Capital letters for nationalities and for the days of the
week
Namesofnationalitiesbeginwithcapitalletters:
Italian
Chinese
Venezuelan American
Thedaysoftheweekbeginwithcapitalletters,too.
Sunday
Monday
Tuesday Wednesday
Friday Saturday
Thursday
Copythesentences,andmakeallthecorrectionsthatarenecessary.
1. myfatherisaweekendcook
2. heworksatabankonmonday,tuesday,wednesday,thursday,
andfriday
3. hecooksonsaturdayandsunday
4. usuallyhecooksItalianspaghetti
5. pizzaisitalianfood
6. dadmakesspaghettionsaturdays
7. mydadlikestocookchinesefood
8. mymotherandihelpmydad
9. itisgoodformydadtocook
10. hishobbyrelaxeshim
II.Grammar
Thirdpersons forms.Spellingofpresenttenseverbs
Noticethatverbsinthepresenttensetakeanendingwithhe,she,
andit.Thespellingofthisendingmaybes ores.
Ihelp
youhelp
hehelps
shehelps
ithelps
wehelp
youhelp
theyhelp
1. Almost all verbs add s in the third person singular. Write the
formsbelowwiththecorrectspelling.
Heworks.(work,know,count,make,use)
Shecuts.(cut,help,cook,dance)
2. A few verbs add -es in the third person singular. They are verbs
that end in s, z, sh, ch, or x. Write the forms below with the correct
spelling.
He fixes, (fix, finish, relax, rush)
She watches, (watch, toss, wash, teach)
3. If a verb ends in a consonant and -y, change the y to i before
adding -es. If the verb ends in a vowel and -y, simply add s; Write the
forms below with the correct spelling.
He tries, (try, fry, study, hurry, carry, marry)
She says, (say, enjoy, play, stay, buy, pay)
4. The verb have is irregular. The third person singular form is has.
He has a cookbook.
III. Grammar Subject-verb agreement
Rewrite the sentences below, adding the correct form of the verb.
Remember that he, she, and it take -s forms.
1. Most women cook the dinners at home. (cook)
2. My mother cooks most of the time. (cook)
3. She ________ dinner on Mondays, Tuesdays, Wednesdays, and
Thursdays. (make)
4. My father ________ Italian food on the weekends. (fix)
5. My brother and I ________ the dishes. (wash)
6. We ________ the salad, too. (help with)
7. I ________ to cook already. (know how)
8. Cooking ________ my father. (relax)
9. Important people ________ and ________ all day. (rush, hurry)
10. Often they _________ a hobby after work. (enjoy)
IV. Grammar Object pronouns
These are the forms of pronouns when they are the object of a
verb or a preposition.
we us
I me
you you
you you
he him
they them
she her
it it
10
Verbs that cannot take an object are intransitive (VerbI). Intransi tive verbs occur in two patterns:
My mother works.
Noun phrase + Verb
Verb
work
cook
Noun phrase
very hard
in a bank
on the weekend
in the kitchen
after work
together
relax
Monday
Tuesday
Wednesday
Thursday
Friday
Saturday
Dad
at home
at home
at the
bank
at home
at the
bank
at work
at the
bank
at home
at the
bank
at work
at home
Mother
at the
bank
at work
Junior
at home
at
school
at
school
at
school
at
school
at
school
12
at home
at home
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Dadis________atthebank.
Junioris________atschool.
Motheris________athome.
Sheis________atwork.
Theyare________athomeontheweekends.
Theyare________athomeonMondays.
Adverbsoffrequencywithothermainverbs
Theadverbsoffrequencycomebeforeothermainverbsbesides
tobe.
Junioralways helpsathome.
Fathersometimes cooksdinner.
Motheroften worksinthekitchen.
Lookattheschedulebelow.Itisaworkplanforafamily.Writeallthe
sentences below with adverbs of frequency, telling how often each
works.
person
Cookdinner..
Sun.
Mon.
Tues. Wed.
Thurs. Fri.
Sat.
Dad.
Mother.
Mother.,
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Junior________washesthedishes.
MotherandDad________washthedishes.
Mother________tossesthesalad.
Junior________tossesthesalad.
Mother________cooksdinner.
Dad________cooksdinner.
Dad________cutsvegetables.
Junior________cutsvegetables.
Mother________cutsvegetables.
Thesepeople________worktogether.
13
VII.Grammar Adverbsoftimeatthebeginningofthesentence
Sometimes adverbs of time can come at the beginning of a sentence.
Rewrite these sentences and place the adverb or phrase at the
beginning.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
NobodyisathomeonMondays.OnMondaysnobodyisathome.
DadworksatthebankfromMondaytoFriday.
MomteachesataschoolonMondays,Wednesdays,andFridays.
Juniorisusually atschool.
Everybodyisathomeonweekends.
Dadoften cooksspaghettiorpizza.
Mothersometimes goesouttowork.
Sheusually rusheshometofixdinner.
MotherworksveryhardonFridays.
Dadusually helpsherwiththesaladonFridays.
Sunday
Monday
Tuesday
Wednesday
Thursday
Friday
Saturday
Find a partner in the class and discuss your chart with him. Ask him
questions about his time chart, too. Then write a paragraph to answer
thesequestions:Whereiseveryoneonweekdays?Whereiseveryone
on weekends? Where is your mother, usually? Where is your father,
usually? Where are you?
IX. Free !omposition
Writeaparagraphandtellwhodoestheworkinyourfamily.
14
CHAPTER THREE
AcustomercomesintotheWestsidePharmacy.Hesverysick.
Clerk:
Customer:
Clerk:
Customer:
Clerk:
Customer:
Clerk:
Customer:
Clerk:
Mr.Brown:
Customer:
Mr.Brown:
MayIhelpyou?
Yes, please. I have a pain in my side, an ache in my
stomach,
somethingfast.
Imsorry,butthatsnotmyjob.ThatsMr.Brownsjob.
Hestheheadpharmacist.
MayIseeMr.Brown,please.
Imsorry.Mr.Brownisbusy.Hesonthephone.
Thenhishelper.
Shesbusy,too.Pleasewait.
Oh,no.
Oh,heresMr.Brown.
Yes?MayIhelpyou?
Ihaveapaininmyside,anacheinmystomach,anda
headache.Pleasegivemeapill.
Thatisntmyjob.Imnotadoctor.Imapharmacist.Dr.
Saunders has an office next to us. His address is 215
GrandAvenue.Comebackwithaprescription.Wecan
helpyouthen.
15
I.Grammar
Contractions:subjectpronounsandbe,be andnot
IninformalEnglish,wecancombineapronounandaverbinthefol
lowingways:
I+am=Im
he+is=hes
we+are=were
you+are=youre
she+is=shes
they+are=theyre
that+is =thats
it+is = its
Rewritethesentencesbelowandusecontractions.
1. Heistheheadpharmacist.
6. Itishisoffice.
2. Sheishishelper.
7. Wearebusy.
3. Thatismyjob.
8. Theyarehere.
4. Iamapharmacist.
9. Youaresick.
5. Heisadoctor.
10. Thatisanaspirin.
Wecanalsocombinetheverbwiththewordnot:
is+not=isnt
are+not=arent
Rewritethesentencesbelowandusecontractionswithnot.
1. Thatisnotmyjob.
4. Wearenotbusytoday.
2. Heisnotadoctor.
5. Theyarenotintheoffice.
3. Sheisnothere.
6. Itisnottimeforlunch.
II.Grammar
Spellingnounplurals
Nounpluralsfollowthesamespellingrulesasthes formsofpresent
tenseverbs.Adds formostnouns;addes ifthenounendsins,z,sh,
ch,orx.Nounsthatendinaconsonantandy changethey toiandadd
es.Writethepluralformforeachnounbelow.
1. Adds to:pain,ache,pill,aspirin,job,problem,office,doctor,phar
macist,helper,prescription
2. Addes to:lunch,dish,box,dress,tax
3. Change the y to i and add es: family, pharmacy, country, city,
hobby
III.Grammar Possessives withpeople
To show possession, use an apostrophe () after the persons name
andadds.Writetheformsbelow.
1. Mr.Brownhasahelper.
Mr.Brownshelper
16
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Mr.Brownhasajob.
Thedoctorhasanoffice.
Thecustomerhasaprescription.
Thehelperhasajob.
Mydadhasahobby.
Erniehasawife.
Hazelhasadress.
Ifthepersonsnameendswiths,thensimplyaddtheapostrophe:
Dr.Saundersoffice
Dr.Saundershasanoffice.
Forpluralnouns,theapostrophecomesafterthes ending.Writethe
formsbelow.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
TheBrownshaveapharmacy.
theBrownspharmacy
Thecustomershaveproblems.
Bankershaveshortworkhours.
Squaredancershaveshortskirts.
Truckdrivershaveschedules.
IV.Mechanics Reviewofcapitalizationandpunctuation
Copytheparagraphbelow,andmakeallthecorrectionsthatarenec
essary.Useapostrophesforcontractionsandpossessives.
ruthbennetworksinmrbrownspharmacysheismrbrownshelper
sometimesacustomerwantsaprescriptionthatisntruthsjobshesa
pharmacistshelpersheisntadoctorsometimesanaspirinwillhelpthe
customersheadacheitsruthsjobtogiveoutaspirin
V.Grammar
Articles:choosinga oran
___address
___office
17
___idea
___Italian
___American
Consonantsounds
___pill
___pain
___pharmacy
___headache
___job
___helper
___problem
___doctor
___dance
___hobby
___cook
___bank
Ihaveapaininmyside,anacheinmystomach,anda
headache!Givemeapill!
Thatisntmyjob.Imnotadoctor.Imapharmacist.Dr.
Saunders has an office next to us. Get a prescription
fromhimandcomeback.Wecanhelpyouthen.
VII.Grammar Subjectverbagreement
Writethesentencesbelowandchangeallthesingularnounstoplu
ralnouns.Youwillnotneedanarticlebeforethepluralnoun.Youwill
alsoneedtochangetheverbformsfromsingulartoplural.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Abankerworkswithmoney.
Bankersworkwithmoney.
Apharmacistworkswithprescriptions.
Adoctoreatsaquicklunch.
Abankereatsalong,slowlunch.
Apharmacistshelperworksinapharmacy.
Agoodboyhelpshisfamily.
Amotherusuallywashesdishes.
Asquaredancerusuallywearsashortdress.
Ialwayshaveaheadacheonabusyday.
Adoctorwritesaprescriptionforapainkiller.
18
Nounphrase+be+Adjective
Nounphrase+be+Adverbphrase
Nounphrase+VerbT Nounphrase
Nounphrase+Verb
I
Nounphrase+VerbI +Adverbphrase
Makeasmanygoodsentencesasyoucanbychoosingverbsfromthe
lists below. Remember that each sentence in the present tense can
takeonlyoneverb.
Nounphrase
+
Thecustomer
He
Anaspirin
Mr.Brown
Mr.Brownshelper
Mr.Saunders
Verb
+
be
have(VerbT)
need(VerbT)
work(VerbI)
Nounphrase
anaspirin
aheadache
apainkiller
apharmacist
anoffice
Adjective
verysick
busy
Adverbphrase
outtolunch
inthepharmacy
here
nexttous
onthephone
19
CHAPTER FOUR
IN A RESTAURANT
Then a waitress picks up the food, and brings it to her customers. The
waitresses bring three or four orders at a time. The customers eat their
sandwichesandpayforthefood.
20
I.Mechanics Reviewofcapitalizationandpunctuation
Copythesentences,andmakeallthecorrectionsthatarenecessary.
1. manypeopleworkinrestaurants
2. peterandpaulineworktogether
3. paulineisntawaitress
4. shesacook
5. sheputssandwichestogether
6. paulinereadstheordersandcallsthemouttopeter
7. itsverybusyintherestaurant
8. manycustomersorderfoodeveryday
9. thecooksworkquickly
10. thecustomerseatandpayforthefood
II.Grammar
Nounplurals
Makeeachnounpluralbyaddings ores.
1. cook,
6. waitress,
2. restaurant,
7. customer,
3. grill,
8. order,
4. hamburger,
9. piece,
5. sandwich,
10. steak,
III.Grammar Subjectverbagreement
Each sentence below has a singular subject and an article (a or an)
beforeit.Changethesubjectandtheverbtoapluralform.Youwillnot
needanarticlebeforepluralnouns.
1. Acookisabusyworker.Cooksarebusyworkers.
2. Arestaurantisabusyplace.
3. Acustomerisahungryperson,(person people)
4. Agrillisveryhot.
5. Ahamburgerisasmallpieceofmeatbetweenbread.
6. Ahamburgerisahotsandwich.
7. Anorderisonasmallpieceofpaper.
Continuetomakeeachsentenceplural.Youwillnotneedans end
ingontheverb.Youwillnotneedanarticlebeforepluralnouns.
21
8. Acookworksinarestaurant.
Cooksworkinrestaurants.
9. Acookworksatagrill.
10. Acustomerordersasandwich.
11. Acustomersitsatatable.
12. Awaitressbringsmanyordersatatime.
13. Acookreadstheorders.
14. Acookmakesmanysandwicheseveryday.
15. Acustomerpaysmoneyforfood.
IV.Grammar Articles
Decidewhetheranarticleisneededineachblank.Writeeithera,an,
or X (if no article is needed). Do not look back at the text until you are
finished.Thenusethetexttocheckyourwork.
_____Peteris_____cook._____cooksworkin_____restaurants.
_____Petercooksat_____grill.Hegrillsmeatfor_____hamburgers.
Next to _____ Peter is _____ Pauline. _____ Pauline is also _____
cook.Sheputs_____sandwichestogether.Then_____waitresspicks
upthefoodandbringsittohercustomers.
Doyouneedanarticlebeforesomebodysname?
Doyouneedanarticlebeforeasingularnoun?
Doyouneedanarticlebeforeapluralnoun,usually?
V.Controlled Composition Dictocomp
Yourteacherwillreadtheparagraphabovethreetimes.Listencare
fully,butdonottakenotes.Afterthethirdreading,writetheparagraph
aswellasyoucanfrommemory.Checkyourpaperforarticlesandfor
subjectverbagreement.
VI.Sentence Construction Concentration
Thisisagameyoucanplaywithanotherperson.Cutsquaresofpa
pertofitovereachboxbelow.Covereachboxwithasquareofpaper.
Haveapencilandpaperreadytowritesentences.
The first player turns over two squares. He reads the words in the
boxes.Iftheymakeagoodsentence,hewritesthesentenceonhispa
per.Heleavestheboxesuncovered.Ifthewordsdonotgotogetherina
22
givework
tomany
people
orders
food
put
sandwiches
together
acustomer
arestaurant
awaitress
waitresses
isabusy
place
customers
pickup
food
acook
sitat
tables
restaurants
cooks
brings
ordersto
thecook
Verb
ObjectorComplement
PeterandPauline
Pauline
Thewaitress
They
Thecustomers
Therestaurant
Cooks
Ahamburger
are
is
calls
picksup
putstogether
cooks
order
work
payfor
verybusy
cooks
theorders
inarestaurant
hamburgers
nexttoPaul
meatforsandwiches
quickly
onagrill
ahotsandwich
23
Puzzle
In the puzzle below are 15 words from this chapter. They may be
located horizontally, vertically, or diagonally. See how many of the
wordsinthelistyoucanfindinthepuzzle.
customer
busy
restaurant
steak
waitress
food
hamburger
order
grill
work
Pauline
meat
Peter
cook
sandwich
24
CHAPTER FIVE
PEN PALS:
ROBERTO WRITES A LETTER
, Qta. Los tres
Calle Motatan Monte
llo
Colinas de Be
zuela 1041
e
Caracas, Ven
,1982
September 23
ame is
to you. My n
lf
e
s
y
m
e
c
her
Dear Sara,
u
ppy to introd
y English teac
a
M
h
.
la
ry
e
e
u
v
z
e
n
m
e
a
I
pals.
cas, V
z. I live in Cara our name on a list of pen
Roberto Pere
y
rs to
can write lette
uez. She had
g
e
ri
W
d
o
?
R
e
.
m
ra
h
S
it
is
als w
e to be pen p
Would you lik
ccer,
swimming, so
ery month.
v
re
e
a
r
e
s
h
t
ie
o
b
b
h
o
c
h
a
the
k, and my mo
years old. My
n
n
a
e
b
e
a
rt
u
in
fo
s
m
rk
Ia
ther wo
a. I also
ecords. My fa
ame is Teres
n
r
e
H
r.
e
t
is
and playing r
s
all students in
e. I have one
re
if
a
w
e
e
s
W
u
.
o
o
h
d
a
re
er is
is Alf
o have a
er. His name
h us. We als
it
w
e
v
li
ts
have a broth
n
re
Our grandpa
high school.
warm all year
.
is
r
ts
e
a
c
th
a
o
e
tw
w
d
e
n
h
dog a
sant. T
ld. I see
ays very plea
ey are not co
h
t
t
u
b
,
y
in
My city is alw
ve
ra
are wet and
ld? Do you ha
o
rs
c
te
y
it
in
c
w
r
r
u
u
o
y
O
s
.
long
you
ska. I
Fairbanks, Ala ou in high school, too? Do
y
elf.
that you live in
d sisters? Are
e about yours
n
m
a
ll
rs
te
e
th
d
n
ro
a
b
any
e write
bbies? Pleas
ther.
have any ho
n visit each o
a
c
e
w
y
a
d
e
Maybe som
Sincerely,
are
tall. My eyes
ry
e
v
m
a
I
.
family
rself.
picture of my
picture of you
a
d
n
e
s
e
s
a
le
P.S. Here is a
.P
y hair is black
brown, and m
25
I.Mechanics
A.Nounplurals
A few noun plurals are irregular. The plural form for wife is wives;
housewife becomes housewives. The plural for person is people.
Follow the rules in chapter 3, section II and make these nouns plural:
letter,name,teacher,list,penpal,month,year,hobby,housewife,stu
dent,person,city,winter,eye,picture
B. Capital letters for the names of streets, cities, states, and coun
tries.Commasandquestionmarks.
We use a capital letter for street names, the names of cities,
states,andcountries.Inanaddress,thecityandstateareseparat
edbyacomma.
1239LincolnBoulevard
Fairbanks,Alaska99701
U.S.A.
Aquestionendswithaquestionmark:
IstheweatherwarminVenezuela?
Copythesentences,andmakeallthecorrectionsthatarenecessary.
1. robertolivesinCaracasVenezuela
2. saralivesintheunitedstates
3. herhomeisinfairbanksalaska
4. shelivesat1239lincolnboulevard
5. istheweatherpleasantinVenezuela
6. arethewinterscoldinfairbanks
7. mysistersnameisteresa
8. mybrothersnameisalfredo
9. doyouhaveanybrothersandsisters
10. doyouhaveanyhobbies
II.Grammar
Possessiveadjectives
Belowarethewordsthatareusedbeforenounstoshowpossession.
he his
we our
I my
you your
she her
they their
it its(noapostrophe!)
26
LookatthepictureofRobertosfamily.Copythesentencesanduse
possessiveadjectives.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Myfamilyislarge.
Ihavealargefamily.
WehaveahomeinCaracas.
YouhaveahomeinAlaska.
Alfredohasablackdog.
ThedoghasthenameCharlie.
Teresahaswhitecats.
TheyhavethenamesTilinandNieve.
Ihaveagrandmotherinthehouse,too.
Grandmotherhastwohobbies,readingandsewing.
Wehavealargefamily.
andusetheinformationaboutTeresatodescribeher.
Roberto isaboy fromVenezuela.HelivesinCaracas.Heisfourteen
yearsold.HestudiesEnglish inschool.Hishairisblack.Hiseyesare
brown.Hisfavoritesport issoccer.Hishobbiesareswimming,soccer,
27
and playing records. Roberta has one brother. His name is Alfredo.
Roberto has one sister, too. Her name is Teresa. Roberto has a pet
parakeet.Its nameisPele.
Alfredo
Teresa
13yearsold
16yearsold
hobbies:ridingabicycle,
hobbies:dancing,playingthepiano,singing
watchingT.V.
haircolor:brown
haircolor:brown
eyes:blue
eyes:brown
favoritesinger:JoseLuisRodriguez
favoritesport:running
favoritedance:theHustle
foreignlanguage:English foreignlanguages:EnglishandFrench
pet:onedognamedCharlie pets:twocatsnamedTilinandNieve
B.WritingaboutYourself
UsethemodelparagraphandreplacetheinformationaboutRoberto
withinformationaboutyourself.
IV.Grammar Prepositionsofplace:in,on,at
Whenyougiveyouraddress,youusetheseprepositions.
in:acountry,astate,acity,adistrict,acontinent
on:astreet(aboulevard,anavenue,alane,adrive,ahighway)
at:aspecificaddressorplacesuchasathome,atwork,atthebank
Usetheinformationbelowandwriteasmanysentencesasyoucan.
Choosein,on,orat foreachsentence.
Subject
Verb
Roberto
Sara
Mrs.Taylor
Mr.Perez
He
She
They
lives
works
Complement
NorthAmerica
SouthAmerica
Venezuela
theUnitedStates
in
Caracas
on
Fairbanks
at
Alaska
LincolnBoulevard
1239LincolnBoulevard
28
V.Grammar Questionswithbe
To make a simple yesno question with the verb to be, change the
orderofthesubjectandtheverb.Rewritethesentencesbelowasques
tions.Makesureeachquestionendswithaquestionmark.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Hisnameis Roberta.
IshisnameRoberto?
HisteacherisMrs.Rodriguez.
SaraisRobertaspenpal.
SheisfromAlaska.
HeisfromVenezuela.
Robertoisverytall.
Hisfamilyislarge.
TheweatherinVenezuelaiswarmallyearlong.
ThewintersinVenezuelaarewetandrainy.
ThewintersinAlaskaareverycold.
VI.Grammar Questionswithdo
Tomakeasimpleyesnoquestionwithothermainverbsinthepres
enttense,youneedtoaddahelpingverb,do ordoes.Thehelpingverb
goesbeforethesubject.
Do
I
you
we
they
haveapenpal?
he
Does she liveinCaracas?
it
(Noticethatthemainverbina
questionhasnos ores ending.)
Rewritethesentencesbelowasquestions.Makesureeachquestion
endswithaquestionmark.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
SaralivesintheUnitedStates. DoesSaraliveintheUnited
RobertolivesinCaracas.
States?
Hisfatherworksinabank.
Hismotherworksathome.
Hisgrandparentsliveinthehouse.
Hisbrotherandsistergotohighschool.
Theyhavepenpals,too.
Ihaveyouraddress.
Weknowyourtelephonenumber.
Youplaysoccerasahobby.
29
VII.Sentence Construction
Askingandansweringquestions
Whenyouwritealettertoapenpal,youcanaskmanyquestionsthat
begin,Doyouhaveany?Makeaquestionforeachtopicbelow,and
thenanswerit.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
brothersandsisters
hobbies
penpals
grandparents
records
Doyouhaveanybrothersandsisters?
6. picturesofyourself
7. dogs
8. cats
CHAPTER SIX
PEN PALS:
SARA WRITES BACK
vard
oln Boule
1239 Linc Alaska 99701
,
Fairbanks
U.S.A.
, 1982
October 7
u! Yes, I
o
y
k
n
a
h
ted
tter. T
e your le I am very interes .
erto,
b
iv
o
e
c
R
e
r
r
a
e
to
.
la
D
with you
Venezue
ry happy
I was ve ke to be pen pals for a company in
r!)
e
p
lly li
orks
(Wow! Su
.
e
r
e
th
would rea erica. My uncle w
m
to visit him ther.
in South A summer I can go
ch o
large
xt
res to ea
t have a
n
o
d
I
.
e
Maybe ne e can send pictu
ra
t from min anks. She works fo y
,w
n
n
e
e
r
th
fe
l
if
ti
d
n
U
have an
ily is very
e in Fairb
Your fam ith my mother her years ago. I dont Chicago,
in
ten
ve w
nt
family. I li . My father died one grandmother
a. We do
n
id
o
e
r
ti
v
lo
a
ta
F
s
h
i,
.
I
T.V
rs.
Miam
and siste
r lives in
s.
brothers other grandmothe
language
n
y
ig
M
e
.
.
r
is
n
fo
o
e
n
ft
I
d
Illi
ming, an Maybe next time
er very o
th
im
o
w
h
s
c
,
a
g
e
cin
g
ol.
see
s are dan
high scho e dont have a do
My hobbie h and French in
W
cats.
panis
ave two
h
I
.
I study S
h
re.
is
n
it a lot he
in Spa
small.
can write r apartment is too isnt so bad. I like nd a newsou
ea
ally
because
Alaska re re is a picture of m ormous cabin
r
e
th
a
d En
ink. He
The we
as you th
. Its calle .
u
ld
o
o
y
c
r
s
fo
a
ska
ays
It isnt
about Ala f Long Alaskan D
y
r
to
s
r
e
o
pap
ffect
ow the E
on.
,
bages Sh hear from you so
Sincerely
I hope to
31
I.Mechanics
A.Nounplurals
Followtherulesinchapter3,sectionIIandmakethesenounsplural:
summer, company, family, sister, brother, parent, T.V. station, grand
mother, dog, cat, apartment, story, cabbage, effect.
B. The exclamation point (!)
The exclamation point shows strong emotion or excitement. Sara
likes to show her feelings in letters, and so she uses the exclamation
point.
Copythethreesentences,words,orphrasesthatendwithanexcla
mation point.
1. Thank you!
2. __________
3. __________
II. Grammar
does+not=doesnt
Rewriteeachsentencebelowandmakeitnegative.Changethesubject
fromRobertotoSara.Youmayusecontractions.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Robertohasalargefamily. Saradoesnthavealargefamily.
Robertohasafather.
Robertasmotherstayshome.
Robertohasabrother.
Robertohasasister.
Robertosgrandparentslivewiththefamily.
Robertoseeshisgrandparentsoften.
Robertolivesinabighouse.
Alfredoownsabigdog.
Robertoownsaparakeet.
32
III. Mechanics.
Copy the letter, and make all the changes that are necessary. Remember the rules for commas, apostrophes, question marks, and
exclamation points.
4. weather
theweather/be/cold/inyourcountry
thewinters/be/long/inyourcountry
5. work
yourfather/work/inabank
yourfather/be/abanker
yourmother/work/athome
yourmother/be/ahousewife
6. study
you/be/astudent
you/study/English
V.Sentence Construction
Concentration
This is a game you can play with another person. Cut squares of
paper to fit over each box below. Cover each box with a square of
paper.Haveapencilandpaperreadytowritesentences.
The first player turns over two squares. He reads the words in the
boxes. If they make a good question, he writes the question on his
paper.Heleavestheboxesuncovered.Ifthewordsdonotgotogether
in a question, he covers them again. (Remember what is under each
square of paper!) The second player takes his turn. Continue playing
allthesquaresareuncovered.
until
Theplayerwiththemostquestionsonhispaperisthewinner.
Doyouhave
Roberto?
Doyoulive
Isyourfamily
veryoften?
anybrothers?
Arethewinters
blond?
inCaracas?
Doyouseeyour
grandmother
Isyourname
Arethe
summers
Isyourhair
verycold?
veryhot?
verylarge?
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
Doyouhavealargefamily?
Yes,wehaveaverylargefamily.
______________________________________
Yes,Ihavethreebrothersandfivesisters.
____________________________________
Yes,wehavethreedogsandthreecats.
________________________________________
Yes,allmygrandparentslivewiththefamily.
____________________________________
Yes,everyoneinthefamilyhasahobby.
________________________________
Yes,wehaveapianoineachroom.
__________________________________
Yes,wehavetenroomsinourhouse.
_________________________
Yes,ourhouseisverylarge.
_______________________________
Yes,ourneighborsareoftenangry.
VII.Grammar Articles
Remembertherulesaboutarticles:
1. Usenoarticlebeforesomebodysname.
2. Useanarticlebeforeasingularnoun.
3. Usenoarticle(usually)beforeapluralnoun.
Decide whether an article is needed in each blank. Write either a, an,
orX(ifnoarticleisneeded).
_____Robertohas_____largefamilyandmanypets.Hehas_____
sister and _____ brother. They have _____ parakeet, _____ dog, and
twocats.Theyhave_____largehouse.
_____Saralikesdogs,butshehas_____cat.Shelivesin_____small
apartment.Usually_____dogsarenothappyin_____apartments.Maybe
_____Saracanget_____housesomeday.Thenshecanhave_____dog.
VIII.Controlled Composition
Dictocomp
Your teacher will read one or both of the paragraphs above three
times. Listen carefully, but do not take notes. After the third reading,
writetheparagraphaswellasyoucanfrommemory.
35
CHAPTER SEVEN
36
theYukonRiver
theYukonValley
Themonthsoftheyearalsobeginwithcapitalletters:
January February March April
May June July
August September October November December
Copy the sentences below, and make all the corrections that are
necessary.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
oscarlindstromlivesoutsidefairbanksalaska
hegrowscabbagesinthetananavalley
landbythetananariverisverygood
thegroundisfrozenfromoctobertomay
vegetablescangrowinjune,july,andaugust
thearcticoceanistothenorthofalaska
theberingseaistothewestofalaska
onthesoutharethegulfofalaskaandthepacificocean
themostfamousriverinalaskaistheyukon
mountmckinleyisthehighestmountaininalaskaanditisalso
thehighestmountaininnorthamerica
II.Grammar
Usingthedefinitearticlethe beforepropernames
Thedefinitearticleissometimesusedaspartofaname.Youshould
use the before the names of rivers, oceans, seas, and valleys. Dont
use the before continents, states, cities, or single mountains. Usually,
donthavethe beforethem.Therearesomeexceptions:
countries
1. theNetherlands,theSudan
2. CountrieswiththewordUnionorUnited
3. Fulltitlesofcountrieswithprepositionalphrases
37
Usethe for:
Dontusethe for:
Rivers
theNile
theAmazon
theMississippi
OceansandSeas
theAtlanticOcean
theSeaofJapan
theMediterranean
Sea
Valleys
theRedRiver
Valley
theNileValley
Continents
Asia
Africa
Europe
States
NewYork
California
Florida
Cities
Miami
Tokyo
Caracas
Singlemountains
MountWashington
MountEverest
MountFuji
Countries:
China
Nigeria
Venezuela
But:
theNetherlands
theSudan
theUnionofSoviet
SocialistRepublics
theUnitedStatesof
America
theFederalRepublic
ofGermany
thePeoplesRepublic
ofChina ,
Copy the sentences below. Use an article (a, an, or the) where you
needone.Ifyoudontneedanarticle,marktheplacewithanX.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
OscarLindstromis_____farmer.
Hegrows_____cabbagesin_____TananaRiverValley.
_____cabbageis_____vegetable.
_____ Fairbanks has _____ long, cold winters and _____ short,
warmsummers.
Insummer,_____daysarelongand_____nightsareshort.
_____Lindstromwon_____prizefor_____cabbageat____fair
lastsummer.
_____mountainsand_____treescover_____Alaska,sogood
landislimited.
____Alaskaisfamousfor_____MountMcKinley,____Yukon
River,andfor_____bigcabbages.
Itislocatedin_____NorthAmerica,westof_____Canada.
_____Alaskagets_____warmwindsfrom_____PacificOcean.
38
III.Grammar Sentencecombining
Two short sentences can be combined into one long sentence by
using a coordinate conjunction: and, but, or, so. Use a comma before
theconjunctiontoseparatethetwopartsofthesentence.,
and, combinessimilarideas,
or , showsachoice,
but, combinesoppositeideas,
so, showsaresult,
Wintercomesearly,sothegrowingseasonisshort.
2. ThegroundfreezesinOctober.WinterlastsuntilMay.(and)
3. Lindstromhasonly89days.Thatislongenough.(but)
4. Insummer,daysarelong.Nightsareshort.(and)
5. Eachnightisonlyafewhourslong.Lindstromscabbagesreceive
alotofsunlight.(so)
6. Thecabbagesgrowwithoutstopping.Theyareenormous.(so)
7. ManypeoplethinkthatAlaskaisalwayscold.Itisnt.(but)
8. Oceanwindsbringwarmair.Theouterpartsaremild.(so)
9. Thewintersarecold.Thesummersarehot.(but)
10. Alaskansmaygrowmorevegetablesinthefuture.Nowgoodland
islimited.(but)
11. Mountainscovertheland.Treesgrowthere.(or)
12. Mostfoodcomesfromtheoutside.Pricesarehigh.(so)
13. Alaskansworkhard.Theyliketheirwildstate.(and)
14. Alaskaisstillnew.ManyAmericansaremovingtoAlaska.(so)
IV.Sentence Construction Concentration
This is a game you can play with another person. Cut squares of
paper to fit over each box below. Cover each box with a square of
paper.Haveapencilandpaperreadytowritesentences.
The first player turns over two squares. He reads the words in the
boxes. If they make a good sentence, he writes the sentence on his
paper. He leaves the boxes uncovered. If the sentences do not go to
gether to make a long sentence, he covers them again. (Remember
whatisundereachsquareofpaper!)Thesecondplayertakeshisturn.
Continueplayinguntilallthesquaresareuncovered.
Theplayerwiththemostsentencesonhispaperisthewinner.
39
Wintersarecold soitwon
firstprize.
inFairbanks,
andtheland
bytheriver
isgood.
oryoucanlive
insidethestate.
Youcanliveby
theocean,
Summersby
theTanana
arehot,
sothestateis
growingfast.
Summerdays
arelong,
Manypeople
aremovingto
Alaska,
butwinters
aremild
bytheocean.
Lindstroms
cabbagewas
sixtypounds,
Alaskanfarmers
growsomefood
now,
Mostfood
butwinter
sofoodisvery
comesfrom
daysare
expensivethere. outsideAlaska, short.
andtheywill
growmorefood
inthefuture.
SizeorShape
enormous
long
short
sixtypound
small
large
full
Condition
happy
slow
leafy
delicious
hot
important
pleasant wet
cold
friendly
mild
rainy
busy
snowy
quick
40
Color
Origin
green
Alaskan
dark
Italian
lightVenezuelan
black
American
white
Pacific
red
1. Lindstromgrowscabbages.
LindstromgrowsmanysixtypoundAlaskancabbages.
Lindstromgrowsenormousleafygreencabbages.
2. Fairbankshaswinters.
3. Fairbankshassummers.
4. TheouterpartsofAlaskareceivewinds.
5. Robertahasfamily.
6. Theyliveinhouse.
7. Hehascats.
8. Saralivesinapartment.
9. PaulandPaulineworkinrestaurant.
10. Theyputtogethersandwiches.
11. Myfatherhasjob.
12. Healsocooksdinnersathome.
13. ErnieandHazelhavefriends.
14. Thewomenweardressesfordancing.
VI.!ontrolled !omposition Incompleteletter
Copytheletterbelowandcompletethesentencessothattheymake
sense.
October30,1982
DearSara,
ThankyouforthenewspaperstoryaboutAlaska.Itisveryin
teresting.NowIknowmanynewthingsaboutyourstate.Hereis
whatIknow:
Many people think that Alaska is always cold, but ____. The
winters in Fairbanks are ___, but ______. Ocean winds bring
____, so _______. Farmers in Alaska grow ____. The summer
daysareverylong,so_______.Thegrowingseasonis___,so
______.Mostfoodcomesfromoutsidethestate,and_______.
Many people are moving ___, so ____. They work hard, and
____.
IamsohappythatyouarecomingtoCaracasinJune.Please
visit us. You can stay with my family. My mother says that you
arewelcome.
Yours,
41
VII.!ontrolled !omposition
Incompletedialog
Belowaretheanswerstosomequestions.Writeagoodquestionbe
fore each answer. When you finish you will have a dialog that you can
actoutwitha partner.
ANewspaperReporterTalkswithOscarLindstrom
Reporter:________________________?
Lindstrom:Yes,ImOscarLindstrom.
Reporter:___________________________________?
Lindstrom:Yes,ImafarmerintheTananaValley.
Reporter:_____________________________?
Lindstrom:Yes,myfarmisnearFairbanks.
Reporter:__________________________________?
Lindstrom:Yes,thisismysixtypoundcabbage.
Reporter:_______________________________________________?
Lindstrom:No,Idontalwaysgrowcabbagessobig,butIalwaystry.
Reporter:_______________________________________________?
Lindstrom:No,Idonthaveanysecretsforgrowingbigcabbages.
Theyalwaysgrowbig.Theweatherisgoodhere.
Reporter:_______________________________________________?
Lindstrom:Yes,wehaveenoughwarmweatherhere.Wehave89
growingdayseverysummer.
Reporter:_______________________________________________?
Lindstrom:No,Idontgrowanyothervegetables.Cabbagesarestrong,
butothervegetablesarent.
Reporter:_______________________________________________?
Lindstrom:No,Idontgrowtomatoes.Tomatoesneedalongergrowing
season.
Reporter:_______________________________________________?
Lindstrom:Yes,somepeopledo.Theygrowhothousetomatoesinside
specialbuildings,butmostofourtomatoescomefromout
sideAlaska.
Reporter:_______________________________________________?
Lindstrom:Yes,theyreveryexpensive,soIsavemymoney.Ieat
green,leafyvegetables,likecabbage.
42
ACROSS
1. ThePacificOceanwindsbringa_____ofrain.
2. FairbanksisintheTananaRiver_____.
7. Alaskahastoo_____daysinthesummertogrowtomatoes.
8. Inwinter,thenightsarelongand_____.
10. Anchorage,Sitka,andJuneauare_____ofFairbanks.
12. NorthAmericaisa_____.
14. TheYukonisa_____.
15. ThestateintheU.S.thatisthefarthestnorth.
16. Asummermonth.
17. AriverinAlaska.
43
CHAPTER EIGHT
FOOD CUSTOMS
ThePelican
Awonderfulbirdisthepelican,
Hisbillwillholdmorethan
hisbelican[bellycan]
fromDixonMerritt(18791954)
Apelicanisabirdwithaverylargebill,orbeak.Heuseshisbeakto
pick up a lot of fish. He cant eat all the fish at one time. He must hold
them in his beak until his stomach is ready. Of course, this doesnt
bother the pelican at all. It is his habit to eat this way. However, it
seems strange to the poet Dixon Merritt.
People have food habits and customs, too. These are activities that
we do all the time. But people are different from pelicans. We tell our
children not to take too much food. Your eyes are bigger than your
stomach, we say. It is too bad to take more food than we can eat.
Other food customs tell us not to eat certain kinds of food. The
healthfoodmovementisnew,butitispopular.Thesepeopledonteat
much sugar, and they dont drink strong coffee, tea, or alcohol.
Vegetarians dont eat meat. There are many reasons for this. They
dont want to kill animals. They dont want to become fat, and meat
has a lot of fat. Some vegetarians just dont like the taste of meat.
We have another saying about food: One mans meat is another
manspoison.
44
Doyoulivetoeat
ordoyoueattolive?
I.Mechanics Capitalizationandpunctuation
Copy the sentences and make all the changes that are necessary.
Useapostrophesforcontractions.
1. apelicanholdsalotoffishinhisbeak
2. doesthisseemstrangetoyou
3. itsnotstrangetoapelican
45
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
areyoureyesbiggerthanyourstomach.
healthfooddoesnthavemuchsugar.
vegetariansdonteatmeat.
theydontlikethetasteofmeat.
onemansmeatisanothermanspoison.
II.Grammar,
Sentencecombiningwiththemainverbdeleted.
In the last chapter you learned to combine sentences with and and
but. And is used to join sentences with similar meanings. But shows
meanings.
different
In some pairs of sentences, everything is the same except the sub
jects. Then you may leave out the main verb and the words that come
it,andusetheauxiliaryverbalone.Studytheseexamples:
after
1. Twopositivesentences(similarinmeaning)
Pelicanshavefoodhabits.Peoplehavefoodhabits.
Pelicanshavefoodhabits,andpeopledo,too.
(Do istheauxiliaryverb.Leaveouthavefoodhabits.)
2. Twonegativesentences(similarinmeaning)
Coffeeisntanalcoholicdrink.Teaisntanalcoholicdrink.
Coffeeisntanalcoholicdrink,andteaisnteither.
(Be isitsownauxiliaryverb.Leaveoutanalcoholicdrink.)
3. Apositiveandanegativesentence(differentinmeaning)
Somepeopleeatmeat.Idonteatmeat.
Somepeopleeatmeat,butIdont.
(Do istheverbsubstitute.Leaveouteatmeat.)
Combine the sentences below with and or but. Leave out the main
verbandthewordsthatcomeafterit..
1. Pelicans dont have large stomachs. Children dont have large
stomachs.
2. Pelicanstakealotoffood.Childrendonttakealotoffood.
3. Mostpeopleeatmeat.Vegetariansdonteatmeat.
4. Alcoholisntgoodforchildren.Coffeeisntgoodforchildren.
5. Cabbagesarevegetables.Potatoesarevegetables.
6. Porkisakindofmeat.Beefisakindofmeat.
7. Coffeeisntanalcoholicdrink.Wineisanalcoholicdrink.
8. Some people drink tea. I dont drink tea.
46
9. Meatisgoodforyou.Vegetablesaregoodforyou.
10. Sugarisntahealthfood.Coffeeisntahealthfood.
III.Grammar Subjectverbagreement
Each sentence below has a singular subject and an article (a or an)
beforeit.Changethesubjecttoapluralform.Changetheverb.Youwill
notneedanarticlebeforethepluralnoun.
1. Apelicanisabirdwithabigbeak.
Pelicansarebirdswithbigbeaks.
2. Apelicanhasstrangefoodhabits.
3. Apelicanpicksupfishinitsbeak.
4. Apelicantakesmorefoodthaniteatsatonetime.
5. Apersonisdifferentfromapelican.
6. Apersonhasfoodhabits,too.
7. Acabbageisavegetable.
8. Avegetariandoesnoteatmeat.
9. Ahabitisanactivitythatwedoallthetime.
10. Asayingisagroupofwordswithspecialmeaning.
IV.Sentence Construction Noncountnouns
Some nouns are not countable. They are not singular, and they are
notplural,either.Theyareneverusedwiththesingulararticlea oran,
and they dont usually take a plural s ending. Noncount nouns take a
singularverb.Studytheseexamples:
meat
Vegetariansdonteatmeat.(noarticle)
Onemansmeat is anothermanspoison.(singularverb)
Petercooksmeatforhamburgers.
2. People/eat/food
3. Beef /comefrom/cows
4. Pork /comefrom/pigs
5. Coffee /comefrom/SouthAmerica
6. Tea /comefrom/China
47
7.
8.
9.
10.
Somepeople/think/alcohol /poison.
Somepeople/think/alcohol /verygood.
Somepeople/think/work /verygood.
Somepeople/think/work /poison.
V.Grammar. Articles.
Decidewhetheranarticleisneededineachblank.Writeeithera,an,
or X (if no article is needed). The only single count nouns below are
man,sandwich,anddinner.
__________pelicanseat__________fish,__________vegetarianseat
__________ vegetables, and __________ Americans eat __________
hamburgers. __________ people all over the world have __________
customs about __________ food. __________ man will eat almost any
foodwhenheisveryhungry.Hewilleat__________bread,__________
meat, __________ vegetables, or __________ sandwich. When I am
hungry,Iwilleatanything..
VI.Controlled Composition. Dictocomp.
Yourteacherwillreadtheparagraphabovethreetimes.Listencare
fully,butdonottakenotes.Afterthethirdreading,writetheparagraph
aswellasyoucanfrommemory.Checkyourpaperforarticlesandfor
subjectverbagreement..
VII.Controlled Composition YouAreWhatYouEat.
Theunitofwritingthatislongerthanthesentenceistheparagraph.
To write a good paragraph, put together a group of sentences that all
talkaboutthesametopic.Eachparagraphmusthaveonecleartheme.
Thebeginningofaparagraphisindented.
Writeaparagraphaboutyourfoodhabits.Indentthebeginningofthe
paragraph.Answerallthequestionsbelowingoodsentencestomake
aunifiedparagraph.
1.
2.
3.
4.
Whatkindoffooddoyoueat?
Whatdoyoueatforbreakfast?
Whatdoyoueatfordinner?
Doyoufollowanyfoodlaws?
48
Helpfulvocabularywords:
Singularcountnouns
Pluralcountnouns
asandwich
ahamburger
vegetables
beans
apples
tomatoes
coffee
Noncountnouns
bread
milk
tea
salad
rice
meat
cheese
fish
butter
soup
Wordpuzzle
Thisisaspellinggameinwhichyoumustchangethewordsbychang
ingoneletteratatime.Tohelpyou,thereisadefinitionbyeachword.
Canyouchangethewordfood tothewordpork?
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
f o o d somethingtoeat
g o o d notbad
w o o d comesfromtrees
w o r d madeofletters
w o r k yourjob
f o r k usedforeating
p o r k meatfromapig
Nowchangethewordfire
tomine.
1. f i r e
2. _ _ _ _
3. _ _ _ _
4. _ _ _ _
5. _ _ _ _
6. _ _ _ _
Andwhatwordwillyoumake
attheendofthispuzzle?
burnsthings
fourplusone
Thinpeopleeat
tolive.Fat
people_ _ _ _
toeat.
Pelicans_ _ _ _
toeatfish.
ashortname
forMichael
Catseat_ _ _ _
1. r e a d
2. _ _ _ _
3. _ _ _ _
4. _ _ _ _
5. _ _ _ _
6. _ _ _ _
7. _ _ _ _
49
Youcan_ _ _ _
abook
true,genuine
breakfast,lunch,
dinner
porkorbeef
We_ _ _ _
withoil
orwood
hitorstrike
abirds
CHAPTER NINE
Mary and Walter Kramer dont live in town. They have a small farm
house in northern Vermont. Mr. Kramer built the farmhouse himself
twentyyearsago.Ithasanoilheaterandafireplace.Wintersarevery
coldinVermont,andoilisexpensive.Sometimestheyusetheoilheater,
but often they burn wood in the fireplace. They dont pay for the wood
because
they have trees on their own land. They cut down the trees
and saw them into smaller pieces.
TheKramersenjoyworkingoutside.Theyliketospendtimetogether.
Todaytheyreworkingoutsideonanimportantjob.Theyrecuttingfire
woodfornextwinter.Mr.Kramerholdsalog,andMrs.Kramerusesan
electricsaw.Thentheycarrythelogsbacktothehouse.Theyputthem
onawoodpilenexttothefarmhouse.Allwintertheyusethewoodfrom
the pile to keep warm. In this way they try to save a lot of money.
50
I.Mechanics
A.Thirdpersons forms.
Follow the rules in chapter 2, section II and add the third person s
(ores)totheseverbs:live,have,use,burn,pay,cut,saw,show,hold,
carry,put,try,save.
B.Reviewofcapitalizationandpunctuation.
mr and mrs kramer dont live in town they live in a farmhouse in ver
mont its cold in the winter but it isnt expensive to heat the farmhouse
they have many trees on their land so they usually burn wood today
theyre cutting firewood for the winter next they will put the logs on a
large woodpile by the farmhouse its not as expensive to live in the
countrybutinthecityitiseveryoneinthecityhastopayforoil.
II.Grammar
Reviewoftherulesforarticleswithcommonnouns.
The rules for articles in English depend on whether you are talking
aboutanouningeneraloraspecificnoun.Belowisareviewofallthe
rulesforarticlesthatwehaveusedinchapters1to8.
1. Donotuseanarticlebeforeapersonsname.
2. Asinglecountnounmusthaveanarticle.Usea oran whenthe
nounisindefinite,general,orwhenyouarementioningitforthe
firsttime.
3. Pluralandnoncountnounsdonottakeanarticlewhenthenoun
isindefinite,general,oryouarementioningitforthefirsttime.
Singlecountnouns
a,an
Pluralnouns
(X)
Noncountnouns
(X)
Study the words in the list below. Then copy the paragraph. Write
inthespaceswheretheyareneeded.
articles
Singlecountnouns.
afarmhouse.
afireplace.
ajob.
alog.
anoilheater.
asaw.
awoodpile.
Pluralnouns.
trees.
winters.
pieces.
logs.
summers.
51
Noncountnouns.
land.
money.
oil.
time.
wood.
work.
Mr.Kramerisntrich,buthehasmanythings.Hehas________land,
________trees,________farmhouse,________oilheater,________
oil,________fireplace,and________wood.Helikes________workand
hesaves________money.Hehas________timetodo________jobwell.
He spends ________ winters and ________ summers with his wife in
Vermont.
Theyuse________sawtocut________logsinto________
pieces, and then they put them in ________ woodpile.
III.Grammar Using the definite article the for second mention of
nouns
We call a and an indefinite articles. They are used for nouns when
the meaning is general, or indefinite. When we know the identity of a
specificnoun,weusethedefinitearticle,the.Forinstance,thesecond
time we mention a noun in a paragraph, it is identified. Below are the
Plural nouns
the
Noncount nouns
the
Writearticlesinthespacesbelow,wheretheyareneeded.Usea,an,
or X (no article) the first time a noun is mentioned. Use the to refer to
that noun the second time.
Mary and Walter Kramer have _____ farmhouse. He built _____ farm
househimself.Todaytheyrecutting_____wood.Theywillput_____wood
into_____woodpile._____woodpileisnextto_____farmhouse._____farm
househas_____oilheaterand_____fireplace._____oilheaterisexpen
sive, so they often use _____ fireplace. They have _____ trees on their
land.Theycutdown_____treesandsawthemintosmallpieces.They
like to save _____ money this way. They can use _____ money for other
things.
IV. Controlled Composition Dictocomp
Your teacher will read the text of the story above three times. Listen
carefully, but do not take notes. After the third reading, write the para
graph as well as you can from memory. Check your paper for articles
and for subjectverb agreement.
52
V.Grammar. Subjectverbagreement.
Eachsentencebelowhasapluralsubject.Changethesubjecttothe
singular form. You will need an article (a or an) before each singular
noun,andyouwillneedans endingfortheverb.Makeallotherneces
sarychanges.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Oilheatersburnoil.
Fireplacesburnwood.
Farmhousesusuallyhavefireplaces.
Cityhousesusuallyhaveoilheaters.
Farmersworkoutside,ontheland.
Citypeopleworkinside,inoffices,stores,orrestaurants.
Farmerstakewoodfromtheirowntrees.
Womenworkashardasmenonafarm.
Farmersheattheirhouseswithwood.
Citypeopleheattheirhouseswithoil.
VI.Controlled Composition.Respondingtoapicture
Mr.HardylivesinAlaska.LookatthepicturebelowtoseeMr.Hardy.
Rewrite the story The Kramers Woodpile and change the word
Kramers toMr.Hardy.Makeallotherchangesthatarenecessary.
Newvocabulary:
Thetoolthatheusestocutwoodisan ax.
53
2. Acarelesscookoftenburns hisfingers.(getabumon)
..
Acarelesscookoftengetsa burn onhisfingers
..
3. Acarelessdoctoroftencuts hisfingers.(getacut)..
4. Mr.Kramerpiles thewoodnearthedoor.(makeapileofwood)..
5. Mygrandfatherfishes everySaturdayafternoon.(catchafish)..
6. Saravisits heruncleinVenezuelaeverysummer.(payavisitto)..
7. Thiscustomeralwaysorders twohamburgers.(placeanorderfor).
8. Myheadaches andIneedanaspirin!(haveaheadache)..
9. Iwork attheT.V.station.(workbeat)..
10. Weheat withanoilstove.(getheatfrom)..
VIII.Vocabulary and Spelling.
Compoundnouns. .
woodthatisusedforafire.
apilethatismadeofwood.
aplacewherepeoplemakeafire.
workthatisdoneathome.
worktocleanupthehouse.
awifewhostaysinthehouse.
54
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
akillerofpain.
anacheinthehead.
theendoftheweek.
lightfromthesun.
timeintheday.
timeinthenight.
CHAPTER TEN
I."r$mm$r
Countandnoncountnounswitharticles
Study the words in the list below. Then copy the paragraph. Write
articles
inthespaceswheretheyareneeded.
Singularcountnouns
aninsurancecompany
abuilding
anoffer
alocation
anoffice
areason
aplace
Pluralnouns
people
cars
workers
problems
parks
museums
restaurants
theaters
stores
weekends
Noncountnouns
insurance
land
room
pollution
traffic
noise
officespace
time
Mr. Allen and Mr. Foster want _____ good location for _____ new
office building. _____ location should be safe and quiet. They have
_____offerfrom_____NortheasternBankCompany,but_____offeris
very expensive. Mr. Allen likes _____ cities because there are _____
parks,_____museums,_____restaurants,_____theaters,and_____
stores there. Mr. Foster says that in _____ cities there is _____ pollu
tion, _____ traffic, and _____ noise. _____ theaters and _____ stores
arenogoodifthereisnt_____timetovisitthem.Finallytheydecideon
_____ good place. _____ office building will be in _____ Suburban
IndustrialPark._____placeisjustrightfor_____newofficebuilding.
II.!ontrolled !omposition Dictocomp
Yourteacherwillreadtheparagraphabovethreetimes.Listencare
fully,butdonottakenotes.Afterthethirdreading,writetheparagraph
aswellasyoucanfrommemory.Checkyourpaperforarticlesandfor
subjectverbagreement.
III.#entence !onstruction
StatementswithThereis andThereare
the model sentences below. Notice the different patterns for singular
countnouns,pluralnouns,andnoncountnouns.
There+Verb+Quantifier+NounPhrase+AdverbPhrase
(Realsubject)
SingularCount
Thereis
(a)an
no
officebuildingon
GrandAvenue.
PluralCount
Thereare
lotsof
alotof
many
some
few
no
officebuildingsin
thecity.
Noncount
Thereis
lotsof
alotof
much
some
little
no
noise
inthecity.
Makeasentencewitheachgroupofwordsbelow.Usethecorrectverb
andchooseaquantifierforeachsentence.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
people/city
Therearelotsofpeopleinthecity.
people/country
Therearefewpeopleinthecountry.
pollution/country Thereisnopollutioninthecountry.
pollution/city
Thereisalotofpollutioninthecity.
room/city
room/country
goodlocation/city
goodlocation/country
cars/city
cars/country
goodreasontobuild/city
goodreasonstobuild/country
restaurants/city
restaurants/country
problems/city
problems/country
57
Is there
(a) an
office building on
Grand Avenue?
Plural Count
Are there
lots of
a lot of
many
any
office buildings on
Grand Avenue?
Noncount
Is there
lots of
a lot of
much
any
noise
in the city?
Make questions with each group of words below. Use the correct verb
and choose a quantifier for each sentence.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
officebuilding/suburbs
cars/suburbs
cars/city
restaurants/city
restaurants/suburbs
stores/suburbs
goodlocation/suburbs
V.Grammar
Wordorderwithadverbphrases
Study the two sentences below, and notice the position of the
adverb phrases. Rewrite each of the following sentences, putting the
adverbphrasefirst.
Thereisalotofrainneartheocean.
Neartheocean thereisalotofrain.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
ThereisalotofpollutioninNewYork.
ThereisalotoflandinAlaska.
ThereisalotoftrafficinTokyo.
TherearemanyinsurancecompaniesinLondon.
Thereisnotimeforshoppingonweekdays.
Thereislotsoftimeformuseumsontheweekends.
Theresnospaceforparkingonthestreet.
TherearealotofbeachesinVenezuela.
TherearemanyChineserestaurantsinSanFrancisco.
Theresverylittlenoiseinthecountry.
VI.Grammar Sentencecombiningreview
Combine each pair of sentences by using andtoo, andeither, or
but.Leaveoutthemainverbandalltheotherinformationfromthesec
ondsentencethatisrepetitious.
Mr.Allenwantstobuildinthecity.
Mr.Fosterdoesntwanttobuildinthecity.
Mr.Allenwantstobuildinthecity,butMr.Fosterdoesnt.
1. TheNortheasternBankCompanyisinthecity.
Theindustrialparkisntinthecity.
2. Ourbuildingdoesnthaveenoughofficespace.
The Northeastern Bank office building doesnt have enough
officespace.
59
3. Landisexpensiveinthecity.
Inthesuburbslandisntexpensive.
4. Thecityhasalotofpollution.
Thesuburbsdoesnthavealotofpollution.
5. Thecityhassomeadvantages.
Thesuburbshassomeadvantages.
Ontheweekendtheworkershavetimeformuseums.
8. Theworkersaresickofdriving.
Iamsickofdriving.
9. Theworkersenjoytheweekends.
Theemployersenjoytheweekends.
VII.Controlled Composition
Incompleteletter
ALLENFOSTERINSURANCECOMPANY
Whereyourhappinessisoursuccess
MEMO
To:CompanyEmployees
From:HowardAllenandDavidFoster
Re:NewOfficeBuilding
Pleasewriteusashortnoteaboutyouropinion:Whichisbetter
forournewofficebuilding,thecityorthesuburbs?Wewantyou
tobehappy.Choosealocationandgiveusallyourreasons.
Thankyou.
60
Compound nouns
61
CHAPTER ELEVEN
RIDDLES
A: What is full of holes, and holds water?
B:
A sponge.
I.Grammar
Reviewofverbsinyesnoquestions
Copythequestionsbelowandaddaverbtoeachquestion.
Youmayadddo,does,oraformoftheverbto be.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
_______aspongefullofholes?
_______aspongeholdwater?
_______abarbershavemanytimesaday?
_______abarberhaveabeard?
_______abedfullatnight?
_______abedemptyinthedaytime?
_______waterrundownhill?
_______acowwearabell?
_______youuseyourrighthandtostirsoup?
_______youcatchelephants?
_______apeanutmakeanoise?
_______thecageempty?
II.Grammar
Informationquestions
A.Questionswithwhen,where,why,andhow.Tobeginaquestion
withthesewords,useverbsubjectwordorder,andplacethequestion
wordbeforetheverb.
Questionword
Oldpattern:
Newpattern:
Verb Subject
Is
is
When
Complement
apieceofwoodlikeaking?
apieceofwoodlikeaking?
Rewritethequestionsbelow,turningthemintoinformationquestions.
Addaquestionwordbeforetheverb.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Doesacowwearabell?(Why)
Doeswaterstoprunningdownhill?(When)
Doyoucatchelephants?(How)
Doesaspongeholdwater?(How)
Doesabarbershavemanytimesaday?(Why)
Isabedfull?(When)
Isabedempty?(When)
Doyouuseyourhandtostirsoup?(Why)
Is the cage empty? (When)
Is Bill standing? (Where)
63
B. Questions with who, what, and which. Who, what and which can
act as the subject of the sentence, so there is no need for an extra
auxiliary verb. Normal subject-verb word order is used. Simply replace
the subject with who (for people), what (for things) or which + a noun.
You will write a riddle for each problem.
Example: A sponge is full of holes and holds water.
What is full of holes and holds water?
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Concentration
This is a game you can play with another person. Cut squares of
paper to fit over each box below. Cover each box with a square of
paper. Have a pencil and paper ready to write sentences.
The first player turns over two squares. He reads the words in the
boxes. If they make a riddle and an answer, he writes both parts on his
paper. He leaves the boxes uncovered. If the sentences do not go together to make a riddle and its answer, he covers them again. (Remember what is under each square of paper!) The second player takes
his turn. Continue playing until all the squares are uncovered.
The player with the most riddles on his paper is the winner.
64
Whendoyou
throwlettuce
andtomatoes
aroundthe
kitchen?
Whentheybeat
theeggsand
whipthe
cream.
Whatisfull
intheday
timeand
emptyat
night?
Atthe
bottom.
Whoraises
thingswith
lifting
out
them?
Howdoyou
catchan
elephantin
thejungle?
Apairof
boots.
Whereisthe
Pacific
Oceanthe
deepest?
Whenare
cooksmean?
Whichburns
longera
blackcandle
orawhite
candle?
Whydo
giraffes
have
such
long
necks?
Bythesmell
ofpeanuts
onits
breath.
Becausetheir
headsareso
farawayfrom
theirbodies.
Afarmer.
Whenyou
wanttotoss
asalad.
Neitherone.
Bothburn
shorter.
IV.Grammar Possessiveswiththings
Youhavelearnedtoshowpossessionbyaddingsorstoapersons
name. For instance, John has handsJohns hands. However, when
thehandsbelongtoanobjectsuchasaclockwedonotuses.We
usetheprepositionof toshowpossession:thehandsof theclock.
Many objects are compared to people so that we say objects have
hands,eyes,mouths,tongues,andheads.Usethestructurethe(noun)
ofthe(noun) ineachproblembelow.
Example:Wesaythataclockhashands,thehandsoftheclock
1.Wesaythataneedlehasaneye.
2.Wesaythatatablehaslegs.
65
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
We
We
We
We
We
We
We
We
say
say
say
say
say
say
say
say
V. Sentence Construction
that
that
that
that
that
that
that
that
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
Below are the answers to some riddles. Write a good riddle before
each answer. If you need help with vocabulary, look at the words in
parentheses.
Example: (hands, cannot write) What has hands but cannot write?
A clock.
1. (a head, cannot think) _______________
A nail.
2. (teeth, cannot bite) ___________________
A comb.
3. (legs, cannot walk) ____________________
A table.
4. (an eye, cannot see) _________________
A needle.
5. (a tongue,cannot speak) ___________
A shoe.
6. (a bed, cannot sleep) __________________
A river.
7. (a heart, cannot love) __________________
A jungle.
8. (a mouth, cannot eat) _______
A jar.
9. (a face, cannot smile) ________________
A clock.
10. (a foot, cannot walk) _______________
A bed.
66
VI.Grammar Choosingprepositions
Lookatthemeaningsoftheprepositionsbelow.Thencopythesen
tences,choosingaprepositiontofilleachblank.
ofshowspossession
fromshowsoriginor
nationality
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
ininside,within
onrestingonthetop
surface
ErnieAndersonis_____theUnitedStates.HeisAmerican.
Thehead_____anailisveryflat.
Ithinkthatyouhitthenail_____thehead.
Acookworks_____arestaurant.
Putanotherhamburger_____thegrill,please.
Wehavemanytrees_____ourland.
Mycatlikestositatthefoot_____thebed.
Thereismorenoise___thecitythan_____thecountry.
Putthelogs_____thewoodpile.
Robertocomes_____Caracas,Venezuela.
VII.Controlled Composition
Choosingrelevantinformation
Waterrunsdownhill.
Aspongeisfullofholes.
Gravitypullswaterdown.
Adryspongeholdsair.
Thewaterrunsfromahighplacetoalowplace.
Whenitgetstothebottom,itstops.
Awetspongeholdswater.
Awetspongeisheavierthanadrysponge.
67
Puns
Some riddles are funny because they are puns. Puns are made with
words that have double meanings. A pun doesnt make sense until you
know both meanings of the word. Read the riddles below and then
write the two meanings of each underlined word.
Example: A. When is a car not a car?
B. When it is turning into a driveway. (4,7)
Turning into means turning to enter and becoming,
transforming.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
A.
B.
A.
B.
A.
B.
A.
B.
A.
B.
Some puns are made with homonyms. Homonyms are words that
sound the same but are spelled differently. These riddles and puns are
not so funny in writing. You need to say them out loud in order to
understand them completely.
Read these riddles out loud and then write the two meanings of each
underlined word.
68
Example: A. Whatisblackandwhiteandreadallover?
B. Anewspaper.
Thetwomeaningsareread andred.(12,13)
A.
B.
A.
B.
A.
B.
A.
B.
A.
B.
A.
B.
A.
B.
A.
B.
WhydontpeopleeverbecomehungryintheSaharadesert?
Becauseofthesand which isthere.
Whereisasneezeusuallypointed?
Achoo!
Howdotrainshear?
Throughtheirengineers.
Whenisasailornotasailor?
Whenheisashore.
Wheredoesthesheepgetitshaircut?
Atthebaabaa shop.
Howdoyouspellblindgiant?
bindgant.Youspellitthatwaybecauseablindgianthasnoeyes.
Whenisadoornotadoor?
Whenitisajar.
Wherewerethefirstpotatoesfried?
InGreece.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
ashore:ontheland,notontheship
engineers:thedriversoftrains
ajar:aroundglasscontainerwithawidemouth
sandwhichis:threewordsthatsoundlikethewordsandwiches
ashore:thepartofthelandthatmeetstheocean
baabaa:thesoundthatasheepmakes
Greece:acountryinsouthernEurope
barber:themanwhocutshairandshavesbeards
ajar:openalittlebit
engineears:anonsensephrase,meaningtheearsofanengine
grease:oilorfatforfryingfoods
read:pastofread
red:acolor
sandwiches:akindoffoodmadewithbreadandafilling
achoo:thesoundofasneeze
eyes:thepartofthefacethatsees
atyou:twowordsthatsoundlikeachoo!
Is:pluralforI,aletterinthealphabetthatsoundslikeeye
69
CHAPTER TWELVE
CROWDHNG
Lookaroundyouwhatdoyousee?Whatdoyouhear?Whatdoyou
smell? If you live in a city, you probably see many people. You hear the
noiseoftraffic,andyousmellthepollutionfromcarsandfactories.
We are entering a new time in the history of the world. Before this,
most people were farmers. They lived in the country. Now many people
areleavingthefarmsandmovingintothecities.Theyarelookingforjobs.
Thecitiesaregrowingveryquickly.
Most cities are very crowded. People are driving more cars, burning
more fuel, using more water, eating more food, making more garbage,
andproducingmorethingsinfactoriesthaneverbefore.Lifeisbecoming
difficult.
Some governments are trying to plan for the future. They are building
new roads, putting up new houses, looking for more water, and limiting
growth in certain areas. Still, city planners are getting worried. People
are crowding into the cities faster than the cities can take them. The
cities are running out of room. What is the answer to this problem?
70
I.Mechanics Usingcommasinaseries
Weuseacommabetweenallthemembersofalist,oraseries.
Weneedeggs,cheese,milk,andbread.
Copythesentences,andmakeallthecorrectionsthatarenecessary.
Usecapitalletterswhentheyareneeded.
1. whatdoyouseehearfeelandsmell
2. iseecarspeoplehousesstoresandfactories
3. thelargestcitiesintheworldarenewyorkcitymexicocitytokyolos
angelesshanghaibuenosairesparisandpeking
4. peopleareusingmorefoodfuelwaterandair
5. they are planning cities building roads finding water putting up
housesandlimitinggrowth
6. thegrowthofcitiesisaproblemineuropeafricaasianorthamerica
andsouthamerica
7. whatarewedoingaboutthetrafficthenoisethepollutionandthe
crowding
8. dotheseproblemshaveananswer
II.Grammar
Spellinging verbforms
Wearedancing.(dance,shave,hide,smile,hope)
2. Verbsthatendinavowelfollowedbyadoubleconsonant(VCC)
orinadoublevowelfollowedbyaconsonant(VVC)simplyadding.
Writetheformsbelowwiththecorrectspelling.
Heiscooking.(cook,wait,help,count,sleep,think)
Theyareworking.(work,eat,read,watch,finish,walk)
71
3. Verbsthatendinasinglestressedvowelfollowedbyasinglecon
sonant(VC)mustaddanotherconsonant beforeaddinging.Writethe
formsbelowwiththecorrectspelling.
Iamswimming.(swim,win,plan,sit,stop)
Youarecutting.(cut,run,dig,shop,getup)
(Noticethatverbswiththestressbeforethelastsyllabledonotfollow
this pattern. They do not take a double consonant, vsit visiting,
nter centering,lmit limiting)
(Afewmoreexceptionstotheruleofthedoubleconsonantareverbs
thatendinw,x,ory.Theydonotdouble.Writetheformsbelowwith
thecorrectspelling.)
Heisbuying.(buy,relax,grow)
Weareplaying.(play,fix,pay,saw)
4. Verbsthatendinie changetheie toy andadding.Verbsthatend
inothervowelssimpletakeing.
Sheisdying.(die,lie,tie,go,see)
III.Grammar Subjectverbagreement+presentcontinuous
Rewritetheparagraphsbelow,addingthecorrectformoftheverbs.
Theverbbe mustagreewiththesubject.Themainverbtakesing.
Manyfarmpeopleare coming intothecities,(come)They________
theirfarmsforalifeinthecity.(leave)They________forjobs,houses,
andanewsetoffriends.(lookfor)Thecities________verycrowded.
(become)Thegovernment________tohelpthepeople,buttheprob
lemistooserious,(try)Theheadcityplanner________worriedabout
thefuture.(get)
We_____not_____newhousesfastenough,hesays.(build)The
city________outofroom,water,jobs,andhouses.(runout)We___
_____ about a limit on growth. (think about) Our big cities ___ _____
too fast.(grow)Fewfarmers________grainandvegetablesforusto
eat.(raise)Thissituation________thewholecountryindanger.(put)
IV.Controlled Composition Dictocomp
Yourteacherwillreadtheparagraphbelowthreetimes.Listencare
fully,butdonottakenotes.Afterthethirdreading,writetheparagraph
aswellasyoucanfrommemory.
72
Somegovernmentsaretryingtoplanforthefuture.Theyarebuilding
new roads, putting up new houses, finding more water, and limiting
growth in certain areas. Still, city planners are getting worried. People
are crowding into the cities faster than the cities can take them. The
citiesarerunningoutofroom.Whatistheanswertothisproblem?
V.Grammar
The general rule for the definite article is that we use the when we
know the identity of the noun. We often know which particular noun is
meantifthereisaprepositionalphrasetodefineit.
Example:
EverypersonhasX problems.(Noarticlebecauseprob
lemsisaverygeneralwordhere.)The problemsofcities
areserious.(Hereweusethe becauseweknowwhichprob
lemswearetalkingabout.Theyaretheproblemsofcities.)
Writethesephrases.Addthe atthebeginning.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
__________growthofcities
__________smellofpollution
__________noiseofthecrowd
__________pollutionfromcars
__________carsinthestreet
__________governmentsofSouthAmerica
__________productsfromourfactories
__________noisefromfactories
__________soundofahorn
__________historyoftheworld
VI.Sentence Construction
Makingquestionsabouttopics
Thereisusuallymorethanonewaytoaskaquestion.Foreachtopic
below you may ask a question at least two ways. Use the vocabulary
thatisgivenandwritetwoquestionsforeachtopic.Youwillneedtoadd
auxiliaryverbs.
1. moving
where/farmers/moving Wherearefarmersmoving?
farmers/moving/tothecity
Arefarmersmovingtothecity?
73
2. lookingforjobs
what/people/lookingfor
people/lookingfor/jobs
3. growing
howfast/cities/growing
cities/growing/veryquickly
4. building
what/governments/building
governments/building/newroadsandhouses
5. lookingforwater
what/governments/lookingfor
governments/lookingfor/water
6. feeling
how/cityplanners/feeling
cityplanners/feeling/worried
AnInterviewwithaCityPlanner
Reporter: AreyouRogerCollins?
Planner: Yes,Iam.ImRogerCollins.Areyouthereporterfromthe
ChicagoPress?
Reporter: Yes,ImKentClark.______________________________?
Planner: Yes,itsagoodtimetotalk.NormallyIamaverybusyman,
butrightnowImjustkillingtime.
Reporter:_______________________________________________?
Planner: Imwaitingforaphonecallaboutanewairpollutionrule
fromthegovernmentoffice.Imveryworried.
Reporter:_______________________________________________?
Planner: Becausethephonecallislate.Itsanimportantcall.We
needanewpollutionrule.
Reporter:_______________________________________________?
Planner: Because the air in the city is very dirty. Its a dangerous
74
situationforoldpeopleandforchildren.Wearemaking
planstomovesomeofthecompaniesintothecountry.
Reporter:_______________________________________________?
Planner: Somecompaniesagree,butothersdont.Thisnewrulewill
makeourjobeasier.
Reporter:_______________________________________________?
Planner: Yes, there are several companies in the country now. The
AllenFoster Insurance Company, for example, is in the
country.Theirmoveisagreatsuccess.
Reporter:_______________________________________________?
Planner: Well, no, not really. An insurance company is actually quite
clean.ButtheAllenFosterCompanyissettingagoodex
ample,andtheirworkersareveryhappynow.
Reporter:_______________________________________________?
Planner: These moves help the city in many ways. First, we need to
limit growth. Second, we need to cut pollution. Third, we
needtolimittrafficinthecity.
Reporter:_______________________________________________?
Planner: Yes,wedo.Wehaveotherplanstohelpthecity.Forexam
ple,withwater
Reporter:_______________________________________________?
Planner: Yes,weare.Werelookingforwater.Andhouses
Reporter:_______________________________________________?
Planner: Yes, we are. Were building 200 new houses. Excuse me,
myphonecallishere.
Reporter: Goodbye,andthankyoufortheinterview.
VIII.!ontrolled !omposition Choosingrelevantinformation
Choose sentences from the list below and write two separate para
graphs.Chooserelevantinformationandorganizethesentencesintoa
clearorder.Thetopicsare:CrowdingandPollution.Eachparagraph
willhavesixsentences.
1. First,youngpeoplefromthecountryarelookingforbetterjobsin
thecity.
2. Second,manypeoplethinkthatcitylifeismoreinteresting.
3. Farmersworkveryhard,andtheydontearnmuchmoney.
4. Therearemanykindsofpollution.
75
Manypeoplethrowgarbageontheground.
Whyaresomanypeoplemovingintothecity?
Therearetworeasons.
Airpollutioncomesfromcarsandfactories.
Therearemoretheaters,parks,andshopsinthecity.
Waterpollutioncomesfromfactories,too.
Noise pollution comes from car horns, factories, trains, and
crowdsofpeople.
12. Garbageisakindofpollution.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
76
CHAPTER THIRTEEN
SUPERM!RKETS
I.Mechanics
A. Spellingofing forms
Followtherulesinchapter12,sectionIIandadding totheseverbs:
die,close,lose,employ,stay,buy,offer,shop,miss,compete
B. Capitallettersforthenamesofcompaniesandstores
Thenamesofcompaniesandstoresbeginwithcapitalletters:
SuperValu ShopRite
BobandMarshasGrocery
Acronymsandabbreviationsusecapitalletters,too.
UNESCO IBM IGA
Copythesentences,andmakeallthecorrectionsthatarenecessary.
1. bobandmarshasgroceryisamaandpaoperation
2. theirstorebelongstotheiga,theindependentgrocers
association
3. theydontbelongtoalargecompanylikeshopriteorsupervalu
4. theigahelpsthemordercannedfood
5. bobandmarshabuyfruitsandvegetablesfromlocalfarmerslike
oscarlindstrom
6. theresalsoaspecialpartofthestoreformexicanfood
7. bobandmarshasisonmidwayavenueandriverdrive
8. theresashopritestoreonemileaway
9. theshopritestoresellsfoodfromchinalebanonmexicoandItaly
10. shopriteandsupervalusellagreatervarietyoffoodatcheaper
prices
II.Grammar
Comparisonofadjectives
Englishhasthreedegreesofcomparisonforadjectives.Theyarethe
positive,thecomparative,andthesuperlative.Studytheseexamples:
Spaghettiischeap.(positive)
Breadischeaper.(comparative)
Riceisthe cheapest.(superlative)
Fishisexpensive.(positive)
Porkismore expensive.(comparative)
78
Comparative
smaller
closer
Superlative
thesmallest
theclosest
Comparative
hotter
Superlative
thehottest
(Therearesomeexceptionstotheruleofthedoubleconsonant.Ad
jectivesthatendinw,x,ory donotdouble.Writetheformsbelowwith
thecorrectspelling.)
79
Positive
slow
new
low
gray
Comparative
slower
Superlative
theslowest
Comparative
hungrier
Superlative
thehungriest
4. All other adjectives of two or more syllables take the words more
andthe most forcomparisons.Writetheformsbelowwiththecorrect
spelling.
Positive
important
delicious
pleasant
expensive
crowded
modem
difficult
dangerous
polluted
Comparative
more important
Superlative
themost important
Makingcomparisons
2. supermarkets/cornerstores/modern
3. theworkinghoursofsupermarkets/theworkinghoursofcorner
stores/long
4. thepricesatsupermarkets/thepricesatcornerstores/low
5. cornerstores/supermarkets/friendly
6. cornerstores/supermarkets/closetohome
7. freshbread/oldbread/soft
8. freshvegetables/cannedvegetables/delicious
9. supermarkets/cornerstores/crowded
10. supermarkets/cornerstores/noisyandbusy
IV.Controlled Composition Choosingrelevantinformation
Choose sentences from the list below and write two separate para
graphs.Chooserelevantinformationandorganizethesentencesintoa
clear order. The topics are: I Hate Supermarkets and I Like Super
markets.Eachparagraphwillhaveeightsentences.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
Ireallydontlikeshoppinginsupermarkets.
Supermarketsaretoobig,andIcantfindanythingthere.
Theclerksareunfriendly.
Iamsohappytolivenearasupermarket!
IcanfindfoodfromItaly,Mexico,China,andJapan.
Theyarenoisy,busy,crowdedplaces.
Theyarelight,clean,large,modernstores.
Nobodyhelpsme.
Thepricesarelow,andthefoodisfresh.
ThesupermarkethasallthekindsoffoodthatIneed.
ThevarietyoffoodissogreatthatIcantchoose.
Ihavetowaitinlinealongtimetopay.
Sometimesthestoreservesfreecoffeeandcake.
Mysupermarketisopenfrom7:00inthemorninguntilmidnight.
Ialwaysspendtoomuchmoney,andIgetaheadache.
My friendsfromotherpartsofthecity shop there,too.
V. Controlled Composition
Dictocomp
Food habits are changing in America. Some people are trying vege
tarianfood.Theydontlikemeat.Theyeatotherthings.Thiskindofdiet
doesntincludemeat.Itishealthyanyway.Vegetarianshavemanyfood
choicesforprotein.Theycaneateggs.Theycaneatcheese.
ManyAmericansaretryingfoodfromothercountries.Peoplecometo
Americafrommanyplaces.ThereisagreatvarietyoffoodintheUnited
States.Foodhabitsarepartofanationalculture.Peoplebringtheirfood
habitswiththem.Soonpeopletrythefoodofothercountries.Itappears
in all the grocery stores. People eat this food in restaurants. They learn
tocookitathome.
VIII.Vocabulary and Spelling
Crosswordpuzzle
Theendinger canbeaddedtoaverbtomakeanoun.Itmeans,the
personorthethingthatdoesForexample,ahelperisapersonwho
helps,andafreezerisamachinethatfreezesfood.
Adder toeachverbinthelistsbelow.Usethesenewwordstofillin
thecrosswordpuzzle.
(Verbsthatendwithasinglestressedvowelfollowedbyasinglecon
sonantVCmustdoubletheconsonantbeforeaddinger.Verbsthat
endiny changethey toibeforeaddinger.)
1.
2.
3.
6.
8.
9.
10.
12.
15.
16.
18.
4.
5.
7.
11.
13.
14.
17.
19.
20.
21.
DOWN
amachinethatdries
apersonwhoflies
apersonwhoswims
apersonwhoruns
apersonwhocutswood
apersonwhospeaks
amachinethatreceives
apersonwhodrives
apersonwhovotes
apersonwhosells
apersonwhorides
ACROSS
apersonwhowins
apersonwhorules
amachinethatwashesdishes
apersonwhoreads
apersonwhoemployspeople
apersonwhobelieves
apersonwhoeats
amachinethatheats
apersonwhoearns
apersonwhocatches
83
CHAPTER FOURTEEN
FAMILY ROLES
Father is running after Junior.
Mother is taking Sis on her bike to
day care. Then she will go to
work. Dad is cooking dinner. Mom
is putting oil in the car and filling it
with gas. And whats this? Two
policemenkissing? They are
Mr. and Mrs. Thomas. They share
the cooking, the housework, and
a job on the police force.
Family roles are changing. In
Grandmothers day, a woman was
a mother, a wife, a cook, a laundress, a nurse, and a teacher.
These jobs were all part of her
role, but she stayed home all day.
Grandmother worked only for her
family. Grandfather was the
money earner in the family. Little
boys expected to grow up and to
get jobs outside the home. Little
girls looked forward to marriage
and to motherhood.
Some families keep the traditional pattern: Father works and
Mother stays home. In other families, there are other patterns:
Mother and Father work, or Mother works and Father stays home.
In a few families, two people
share a job. There is more variety
in lifestyles now than there was
before.
I.Mechanics
A.Nounplurals
Thepluralofman ismen,andthepluralofwoman iswomen.Follow
therulesinchapter3,sectionIIandmakethesenounsplural:bike,car,
kiss,policeman,policewoman,job,wife,laundress,nurse,pattern,per
son,lifestyle.
B.Thecolonbeforealistofexamples
Thecolon(:)issometimesusedtointroduceaseriesoralist.
Themembersofthelistareseparatedbycommas.
In Grandmothers day, a woman had many roles: wife, moth
er,cook,laundress,nurse,andteacher.
Copythesentences,andmakeallthecorrectionsthatarenecessary.
Usecapitalletterswheretheyareneeded.
Example: ingrandmothersdayawomanhadmanyrolesmotherwife
cooklaundressnurseandteacher
In Grandmothers day, a woman had many roles: mother,
wife,cook,laundress,nurse,andteacher.
1. mrandmrsthomassharemanyjobsthecookingthehouseworkthe
shoppingandajobonthepoliceforce
2. inmodernfamiliesamanmayhelpathomeinmanywayscleaning
shoppingandcooking
3. inmodernfamiliesmanywomenhavetwojobsoneathomeand
oneoutsidethehome
4. inthepastsomejobswerealwaysformenbankingpolicework
businessmedicineandlaw
5. afewjobsweresavedforwomennursingteachingandwaitress
work
6. nowthereareotherpatternsmotherworksmotherandfatherwork
ormotherandfathershareajob
II.Grammar
Thepasttenseoftobe
Studytheformsfortheverbtobe inthepast.Theyareirregular,so
85
theymustbelearnedseparately.Rewritetheparagraphbelow,chang
ingallthebe verbstothepasttense.
I
you
he
she
it
was
were
we
were
they
were
was
IRememberErnie
IrememberErnie.Heisafriendofmine.Hesatruckdriverfromthe
UnitedStates.Imethimatasquaredance.Heandhiswifearegood
dancers,andtheyarealotoffun.Heisgenerousandwarmhearted.
Allhisfriendsarefriendly,too.Irememberthedancemusic.Itisfast
andloud.Squaredancingisagoodhobby.
III.Grammar Thepasttensewithregularverbs
Regularverbstakeaned endingtoformthepasttense.Thespelling
rulesdependonthespellingandthesyllablestressoftheverb.
1. Verbsthatendwithe simplyaddd.Writetheformsbelowwith
thecorrectspelling.
Wedanced.(dance,live,hope,move)
Theysmiled.(smile,save,shave,love)
2. Verbsthatendinadoubleconsonant(VCC)orinadoublevowel
followed by a consonant (VCC) simply add ed. Write the forms below
with the correct spelling.
Sheworked.(work,wait,count,wash,call)
Hehelped.(help,cook,watch,rush,turn)
3. Verbs that end in a single stressed vowel followed by a single
(VC)mustaddanotherconsonant beforetakinged.Write
consonant
theformsbelowwiththecorrectspelling.
Iplanned.(plan,whip,brag,sob,chop)
(Noticethatverbswiththestressbeforethelastsyllabledonotfollow
thispattern.Theydonottakeadoubleconsonant.
86
visit visited
enter entered
limit limited
(A few more exceptions to the rule of the double consonant are verbs
that end in w, x, or y; They do not double. Write the forms below with
the correct spelling.)
You relaxed. (relax, play, fix, saw)
4. Verbs that end in a consonant and y (Cy) change the y to i and add
-ed. Write the forms below with the correct spelling.
She studied. (study, fry, try, cry, marry, carry)
Rewrite this paragraph, changing all the verbs to past tense forms.
In most restaurants, all the cooks and waitresses work together. The
head cook plans the meals. His helper shops for meat and fresh
vegetables. There is one cook for the vegetables. He washes, chops,
and cooks vegetables. One cook works with desserts. He whips the
cream and bakes the cakes. One cook fries chicken and potatoes. The
waitresses move quickly. They talk to the customers, ask for orders,
pick up the food, and carry it back to the table. Everyone tries to make
the restaurant a success.
IV. Controlled Composition Dicto-comp
Your teacher will read the paragraph above three times. Listen carefully, but do not take notes. After the third reading, write the paragraph
as well as you can from memory. Check the spelling of all the past
tense forms.
V. Sentence Construction Comparisons with more, less, and fewer
The word more can be used with plural and noncount nouns. Less is
used with noncount nouns. Fewer is used with plural nouns. Study the
words in the lists below.
Plural nouns
more
fewer
jobs
people
problems
customers
cars
Noncount nouns
more
less
87
work
variety
traffic
food
noise
freedom
acountrydoctor/acitydoctor/work
asupermarket/acornerstore/variety
asupermarket/acornerstore/jobs
anemptyrestaurant/acrowdedrestaurant/customers
atraditionalculture/amodernculture/problem
afatperson/athinperson/food
thecity/thecountry/noise
abusystreet/aquietstreet/traffic
abusystreet/aquietstreet/cars
acity/atown/people
VI.Grammar Sentencecombining:compoundsentenceparts
When two sentences are very similar except for one part, they can
oftenbecombinedintoonelongersentencewithacompoundpart.The
mostcommonconjunctionforthiskindofsentenceisand.
Combine each pair of sentences below into one longer sentence.
Youmayneedtochangetheverb.Leaveoutthepartsinparentheses.
Example: Father(istakingcareofthechildren.)
Motheristakingcareofthechildren.
FatherandMotheraretakingcareofthechildren.
1. Grandmotherwasawife.
(Grandmotherwas)acook.
(Grandmotherwas)alaundress.
(Grandmotherwas)anurse.
(Grandmotherwas)ateacher.
2. Littleboysexpectedtogrowup.
(Littleboysexpected)togetjobs.
3. Littlegirlslookedforwardtomarriage.
(Littlegirlslookedforwardto)motherhood.
88
4. Therolesofmen(arechanging.)
(Therolesof)womenarechanging.
5. Father(works.)
Motherworks.
6. Motherworksathome.
(Motherworks)inarestaurant.
7. Myparentssharethecooking.
(Myparentsshare)thehousework.
8. Mr.Thomas(worksonthepoliceforce.)
Mrs.Thomasworksonthepoliceforce.
9. Momisputtingoilinthecar.
(Momis)fillingitwithgas.
10. Nowlittleboys(canlookforwardtoajoboutsidethehome.)
(Now)littlegirlscanlookforwardtoajoboutsidethehome.
Choosingrelevantinformation
Choose sentences from the list below and write two separate para
graphs.Chooserelevantinformationandorganizethesentencesintoa
clearorder.Thetopicsare:WorkingWomenaBadIdeaandWork
ingWomenaGoodIdea.Eachparagraphwillhaveeightsentences.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
Itisbadforwomentoworkoutsidethehome.
Workingwomenhavetoomuchfreedom.
Itishealthyforwomentoworkoutsidethehome.
Workingwomenareinterestingpeople.
Theyhavenewideastosharewiththeirfamily.
Theextramoneymakeslifebetter.
Theyforgettheneedsoftheirfamily.
Thehousebecomesdirty,anddinnerisalwayslate.
Allthepeopleinthefamilyhelpeachother.
Childrenandhusbandslearntodohousework.
Workingwomendontneedtheirhusbandsanymore.
Theylovetheirjobsmorethantheylovetheirhusbands.
Ifthehusbandissickoroutofwork,thewifecanearnmoneyfor
thefamily.
14. Familiesaresaferwhenwomenwork.
15. Itisbetterforwomentostayathome.
90
CHAPTER FIFTEEN
TALL TALES
Old Stormalong
Old Stormalong was the greatest and the biggest sailor of all. He was
a large baby, and then he grew even bigger. He was as big as the ships
of New England. He drank his soup out of a whaling boat. He slept on the
deck of the ship, because there was not enough room below deck for him.
They dont make ships big enough for me, said Stormalong.
Old Stormalong went to sea with Captain Starbuck on a whaling ship,
the Nancy Ann. They sailed to the middle of the ocean and looked for
whales.
There she blows! A whale! And another! called the lookout.
Its a whole school of whales! called the second lookout.
Into the boats! cried Captain Starbuck.
Stormalong jumped from the ship into a whaling boat, but the whaling
boat wasnt big enough for him. He was so big that he made a hole in the
bottom of the boat. The water ran in, and the sailors fell out.
You big elephant! cried Captain Starbuck. Im sorry I ever saw you.
91
I.Mechanics
A. Reviewofcomparisons
Follow the rules in chapter 13, section II and write the comparative
and superlative forms of these words: great, large, lucky, strong, won
derful,fast,hard,angry,dangerous,small,wild,high,low,deep,dry
B. Quotationmarks()
When you tell a story, you may sometimes tell the exact words
thatapersonsaid.Putquotationmarksaroundthesewords:
Theshipsaretoosmall,saidStormalong.
Donotputquotationmarksaroundthenamesofthepeoplewhoare
talking.
Copythesentences,andmakeallthecorrectionsthatarenecessary.
Usecapitalletterswhentheyareneeded,andusequotationmarks.
1. theydontmakeshipsbigenoughformesaidStormalong
2. theresheblowsawhaleandanothercalledthelookout
3. itsawholeschoolofwhalescalledthesecondlookout
4. intotheboatscriedcaptainstarbuck
5. youbigelephantcriedcaptainstarbuckimsorryieversawyou
6. iwillcatchthatwhalelikeafishhesaid
7. itwasaluckydaywhenimetyouStormalongsaidthecaptain
8. youbigelephantcriedcaptainstarbuckagainyoulostmywhale
9. itriedsailinganditriedwhalingsaidStormalong
10. theshipsaretoosmallandamangetstirediamgoingtobea
farmerandyoucanbetonthat
II.Grammar
Pasttenseirregularverbs
Lookatthetextandfindthepasttenseformforeachoftheseverbs.
Writethesimpleformwithitspasttense.
is
grow
drink
sleep
say
go
make
run
fall
see
become
do
swim
fly
hit
bite
93
take
cut
put
throw
think
meet
come
eat
sink
lose
Theparagraphbelowtellsaboutheroesandtalltales.Rewritethepa
ragraph,changingalltheverbsfrompresenttopast.Changeheroes to
Stormalong,andchangethey tohe.
HeroesandTallTales
Heroes are larger than life. They grow very big, and they become
very strong. They do wonderful things. They drink more and eat more
than other people do. They swim better, run faster, throw farther, and
hit harder. They dont say much, but they do a lot. They are very
too.Ofcourse,thestoriesaboutheroesarentreallytrue.
independent,
Tall tales about heroes are just stories that people tell for fun.
III.Controlled Composition Dictocomp
Your teacher will read the paragraph about Stormalong (in the past
tense,above)threetimes.Listencarefully,butdonottakenotes.After
thethirdreading,writetheparagraphaswellasyoucanfrommemory.
Check the spelling of all the past tense forms.
IV.Sentence Construction Questionsandnegativeswithdid
The helping verb for the past tense is did. It is used with questions
andnegatives.Studytheseexamples:
HowdidStormalongdrinksoup?
DidStormalongdrinksoupoutofawhalingboat?
Hedidnthaveabowllargeenough.
Use the vocabulary that is given and write a question or an answer
foreachgroup.Youwillneedtoaddthehelpingverbdid.
1. where/Stormalong/sleep/?
Stormalong/sleep/ondeck/?
he/(not)have/abedlargeenough/.
2. where/Stormalong/go/?
Stormalong/go/tosea/?
he/(not)stay/onland/.
3. where/theship/sail/?
theship/sail/tothemiddleoftheocean/?
they/(not)stay/onshore/.
94
4. what/they/lookfor/?
they/lookfor/whales/?
they/(not)lookfor/elephants/.
5. what/thelookout/see/?
thelookout/see/aschoolofwhales/?
he/(not)see/aschoolofchildren/.
6. what/Stormalong/do/?
Stormalong/make/aholeinthewhalingboat/?
they/(not)have/aboatlargeenough/.
7. how/Stormalong/feel/?
Stormalong/becomeangry/?
he/(not)like/tolosewhales/.
8. why/Stormalong/takeamast/?
why/Stormalong/makeafishingpole/?
he/(not)have/awhalingboatlargeenough/.
V.Grammar
Usingvery,too,enough,sothat,andsuchthat
In American tall tales, the heroes often brag. They tell stories about
theirsizeorthewonderfulthingstheycando.Herearesomeexamples.
Davy Crockett was very strong.
4. Theydontmakeshipsbig_____forme,saidStormalong.
(sufficientlybig)
5. Hewas_____big_____hedrankhissoupoutofawhalingboat.
(result)
6. He was _____ _____ large man _____ he couldnt go below
deck.(result)
7. Therewere_____manywhales.(alargenumber)
8. Stormalongjumped_____hard.(abadresult)
9. Theboatwasntbig_____forhim.(sufficientlybig)
10. Hewas_____big_____hemadeaholeintheboat.(result)
11. It was _____ _____ large hole _____ all the sailors fell out.
(result)
12. Stormalongbecame_____angry.(alargedegree)
13. Aregularfishingpolewas_____smallforhim.(abadresult)
14. Amastfromtheshipwaslarge_____forhim.(sufficientlylarge)
15. Hemadea_____longfishingpole.(alargedegree)
16. Itwas_____large_____hecaughtawhalewithit.(result)
17. Thewhalewas_____strong.(alargedegree)
18. Itwas__________strongwhale_____itpulledtheshipthrough
theocean.(result)
19. Thewhalewasntfast_____torunfromthemonster(sufficiently
fast)
20. Stormalong was _____ angry _____ he left whaling and sailing
tobeafarmer.(result)
VI.Controlled Composition Organizingideas
The sentences below tell the story of another American folk hero,
DavyCrockett.Davywasaverystronghunter.Peoplesaythathekilled
animalslikebearswithhisbarehands.Thesentencesinthestoryare
out of order. Notice words like next, then, after, and afterwards. Copy
thestory,puttingthesentencesandparagraphsintoalogicalorder.
Paragraph1
DavyCrockettwasborninthewoodsofTennessee.
Hewantedtogohuntingagainattheageoffive.
Davydidthehousework,buthehatedit.
Hewantedtogohuntingattheageofthree.
Buthismothersaid,Youretooyoungforhunting,Davy.
Thistimehismothersaid,Youcanhuntafteryoudothehousework.
96
Paragraph2
Hemetawildanimalcalledapanther.
Davywasntafraidofthepanther,either.
ThepantherwasntafraidofDavy.
He said to the panther, I can fight harder, shoot farther, run faster,
jumphigher,squatlower,divedeeperandcomeupdrierthananyman
intheseparts!
Afterthehousework,Davywentoutinthewoodstohunt.
Paragraph3
ThepantherjumpedatDavy.
ThenDavyjumpedatthepanther.
Davyneverdidhouseworkagain.
Theyfoughtfortwohours,andDavywon.
Nexthetaughtthepanthertodohousework.
Afterwardshebroughtthepantherhome.
(AdaptedfromIrwinShapiro,DavyCrockett,
Tall Tales of America,ArtistsandWritersPress,
WesternPrintingandLithographyCo.,1958.)
VII.!ontrolled !omposition Respondingtoapicture
Sometimes people really do things that are exciting and difficult.
Look at the picture below. The boy was so lucky that he caught a fish
with his bare hands. Write a story and tell what happened. Use past
tenseverbsandincludesomequotes.Tellwhattheboyandhisfriends
said,andhowtheyfelt.
97
98
CHAPTER SIXTEEN
Here is the recipe for a popular American dessert. Its called a banana
split.
bananas
sauce
cream
ice cream
cherries
nuts
First, take one whole banana. Peel the banana and cut it in half lengthwise. Put the banana in the bottom of a long dessert dish. Set the dessert dish aside.
Next, take out three different kinds of sauce. The most popular kinds
of sauce are chocolate, caramel, and pineapple. Heat the chocolate
sauce until it boils. While the chocolate sauce is heating, take out three
different kinds of ice cream from the freezer. The most popular kinds of
ice cream are vanilla, strawberry, and chocolate. Use an ice cream
scoop to make round balls of ice cream. Put the balls of vanilla, chocolate, and strawberry ice cream on each banana.
Pour the caramel sauce on the chocolate ice cream. Pour the pineapple sauce on the strawberry ice cream. When the chocolate sauce is
hot, pour it on the vanilla ice cream.
Next, whip some cream until it is stiff. Chop some nuts. When the
cream is stiff, put some whipped cream on the ice cream. Put chopped
nuts over everything. Finally, put a cherry on top.
Enjoy your banana split!
99
I.Mechanics
A.Regularandirregularpasttenseverbs
Followtherulesinchapter14,sectionIIIandwritetheseverbsinthe
past tense: start, peel, heat, chop, whip, scoop, pour, cover, top. Use
thelistofirregularverbsintheappendixinthebackofthebooktowrite
theseverbsinthepasttense:have,take,cut,put,set
B.Usingacommaafterasubordinateclause
Aclausethatbeginswithasubordinateconjunction(suchasbefore,
after, when, while, until) is called a subordinate clause. If the subordi
nate clause comes first in a sentence, you must separate it from the
mainclausewithacomma.Studytheseexamples:
Beforeyoueatabanana,peeltheskinoff.
subordinateclause(comma)mainclause
Peeltheskinoffbeforeyoueatabanana.
mainclause(nocomma)subordinateclause
Copythesentences,andmakeallthecorrectionsthatarenecessary.
Usecommas,andusecapitalletterswhentheyareneeded.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
beforeyoubeginhaveeverythingready
peelthebananabeforeyoucutit
afteryoucutthebananaputitinadish
heatthechocolatesauceuntilitboils
whileitsheatingtakeouttheicecream
whenyouscoopouttheicecreammakelittleroundballs
puttheicecreamonthebananabeforeyoupourthesauce
whenthechocolatesauceishotpouritovertheicecream
whipsomecreamuntilitisstiff
chopsomenutswhileyourfriendiswhippingthecream
whenthecreamisstiffputitontheicecream
afteryouputonthecreamaddnutsandacherry
100
II.Grammar
Thepastprogressivetense
Thepastprogressivetenseisacombinationoftwoverbs.The
auxiliary is a form of to be, in the past, and the main verb takes
aning ending.
Wewere eating icecream.
Changethesentencesbelowfrompresentprogressivetopastpro
gressive.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Lavonne,Shirley,andLindaaremaking bananasplits.
Lavonneispeeling bananasandcutting theminhalf.
Shirleyisscooping outicecreamballs.
Lindaisheating thesauce.
Whilethesauceisheating,sheisalsochopping nuts.
Lavonneiswhipping creamuntilitisstiff
Shirleyispouring thesauceovertheicecream.
Lavonneisputting whippedcreamontheicecream.
Lindaisputting nutsandcherriesonthedesserts.
Thewomenareserving customersinanicecreamshop.
III.Controlled Composition
Pastnarration
Therecipeforabananasplitusedmanysimpleverbforms,andthe
subject (you) was usually not given. Recipes and other directions are
written that way. To write a report of something that happened in the
past, you need to add a subject to every clause, and use past tense
verbs.
Changetheparagraphbelowfromimperativetonarrativestyle.
1.AddasubjectIandusepasttenseverbs.
2.Simpleverbschangetopasttense.
3.Presentprogressivechangestopastprogressive.
Have everything ready before you start. First take one whole banana.
Peelitandcutitinhalflengthwise.Putthebananainthebottomofalong
dessertdishandsetitaside.
Heat some chocolate sauce. While the sauce is heating, chop some
nuts.Whipsomecreamuntilitisstiff.Scoopouticecreamandputballs
oficecreamonthebanana.Whenthesauceishot,pouritovertheice
101
cream. Cover the ice cream with whipped cream and chopped nuts.
Topeverythingwithacherry.
IV.Grammar Sentencecombiningwithadverbclauses
Usethesubordinateconjunctionsbefore,after,until,when,andwhile
tocombinetheclausesbelow.(Whileisusedwithaprogressivetense.)
Write each sentence in two ways: with the main clause first; then with
thesubordinateclausefirst.
Example: Shirleytookallthefoodout.
before
Thewomenbegantocook.
Shirleytookallthefoodoutbeforethewomen
begantocook.
Beforethewomenbegantocook,Shirleytookallthe
foodout.
1.
Lavonnecutthebananasinhalf. after
Shepeeledthem.
2. Lindawasheatingthesauce.
while
Shirleywasscoopingouticecream.
3. Thesaucewasheating.
while
Lindawaschoppingnuts.
(Writeonesentence
4.
Lavonnewhippedthecream.
only,mainclausefirst)
until
Itwasstiff.
5. Thesauce(it)washot.
(Useapronoun
Shirleypouredthesauce(it)when inthesecond
overtheicecream.
clause.)
6. Shirleypouredthesauce.
Lavonneputonthewhippedbefore
(Useapronoun
cream.
inthesecond
7. Linda(she)putonnuts.
after
clause
Linda(she)putoncherries.
{
{
V.Grammar
Reviewofarticles,some asaquantifier
Rememberthatnoncountandpluralnounsdonottakeanarticlewhen
themeaningisgeneral,orwhentheyarementionedforthefirsttime.In
many cases, however, the word some is used to give the idea of
102
Takeout_____largebowl,_____smallerbowl,_____electricbeater,
_____ large plate, and _____ wooden spoons. Have ready _____ flat
cake, five egg whites, _____ sugar, and _____ liter of ice cream. You
need_____freezerand_____oven.
Place _____ cake on _____ plate. Put _____ ice cream in _____ large
bowl.Beatitwith_____electricbeateruntilitisalittlesoft.Pile_____
ice cream on _____ cake in _____ pretty shape. Then put _____ ice
creamandcakebackinto_____freezer.Freeze_____icecreamuntil
it is solid.
While _____ ice cream is freezing, put _____ egg whites in _____
smaller bowl. Beat _____ egg whites until they are stiff. While you are
beating, slowly add twothirds _____ cup of sugar. Beat until _____
sugarisdissolvedand_____eggwhitesareverystiff.Turn_____ oven
on very hot.
Take_____cakeoutof_____freezer.Spread_____eggwhites over
_____ ice cream. Cover all _____ ice cream carefully. Put _____ cake
into _____ oven and bake it for three minutes, until _____ egg whites
with
aregoldenbrown.Remove_____dessertandserveitimmediately
_____ chocolate sauce. _____ ice cream is still frozen, but _____ egg
whites are hot. _____ cold ice cream gives this dessert its name,
Baked Alaska.
VI. !ontrolled !omposition
Dictocomp
Your teacher will choose one of the exercises from this chapter and
read it as a dictocomp, either exercise III (past narration), or exercise
V (review of articles.) Listen carefully, but do not take notes. After the
third reading, write the paragraph as well as you can from memory.
Check for articles and tenses.
VII. !ontrolled !omposition
Organizing ideas
Thesentencesbelowgivedirectionsformakinganotherkindoffood,
103
104
CHAPTER SEVENTEEN
I.Mechanics
A.Reviewofcomparisons
Followtherulesinchapter13,sectionIIandwritethecomparativeand
superlative forms of these words: loud, dirty, sad, lonely, thoughtful,
clean, important, expensive, friendly, intelligent, pretty, patient, loyal,
independent,nice
B.Thesemicolon(;)insentencecombining
There are two ways that a semicolon can be used to combine
sentences.
1. If two sentences are very close in meaning, or if they have a
causeeffectrelationship,theymaybejoinedwithasemicolon.
Example: The city already has a leash law; owners must keep their
dogstieduponaleash.(Thetwosentencesareveryclose
in meaning.) Mr. Kovacik trained his dogs well; they dont
makeanytrouble.(Thetwosentenceshaveacauseeffect
relationship.)
2.Conjunctiveadverbsareusedwithsemicolonstojoinsentences.
Use a semicolon before the adverb and a comma after the adverb.
Someconjunctiveadverbsare:therefore,asaresult,however,never
theless,ontheotherhand,besides,moreover,inaddition.
106
Copy the sentences, and make the corrections that are necessary.
Usesemicolons,andusecapitalletterswheretheyareneeded.
1. somepeoplelovedogsotherpeoplehatethem
2. mrbrownwantsalawagainstdogshesaysdogsareaproblemin
thecity
3. dogsareloudanddirtymoreovertheyalwaysrunloose
4. dogsneedroomforrunningthereforetheyshouldnotliveintown
5. dogscantspeakforthemselvesthereforeiwillspeakforthem
6. adogismorethanapetadogisafriend
7. dogsareanimalsneverthelesstheyareintelligent
8. wetrainourdogsasaresulttheycandotricks
9. dogownersshouldbethoughtfultheymustnotlettheirdogsrun
loose
10. thecityalreadyhashealthlawsownersmustcleanupaftertheir
dogs
11. mrbrownisrightabouttheseproblemsontheotherhandthecity
cantpassalawagainstdogs
12. policemenusedogsintheirworkinadditionblindpeopleneed
dogs
II.Grammar
therefore
asaresult
if(introducesacondition)
eventhough
although
(introduce
anideathat
disagrees
withthefirst
idea)
introducearesult
however
nevertheless
ontheother
hand
(introduceanidea
thatdisagrees
withthefirstidea)
besides
moreover
inaddition
(introduceanidea
thatagreesor
givesmorereasons)
107
{
{
unless(meansif not)
because(introducesacause)
Adverbs
Concentration
This is a game you can play with another person. Cut squares of paper to fit over each box below. Cover each box with a square of paper.
Have a pencil and paper ready to write sentences.
The first player turns over two squares. He reads the words in the
boxes. If they make a good sentence, he writes the sentence on his
paper. He leaves the boxes uncovered. If the clauses do not go together to make a long sentence, he covers them again. (Remember what is
under each square of paper!) The second player takes his turn.
Continue playing until all the squares are covered.
The player with the most sentences on his paper is the winner.
108
Dogsaremans theywontcause
bestfriend;
trouble.
Dogsare
dirty;
Dogsare
patient;
Ifyoutrain
yourdogswell,
however,
Mr.Brown
hatesdogs.
theymay
causetrouble.
Mr.Brown
hatesdogs.
therefore,they
arehappier
there.
Unlessyou
trainyour
dogswell,
Dogscanrun
looseinthe
country;
becausethey
canrunloose
there.
Dogsare
happierin
thecountry.
moreover,
dogsareloved.
Althoughdogs inaddition,
aremansbest theyareloyal.
friend.
IV.Grammar Modalauxiliaries
The letters to the editor in this chapter have some auxiliary verbs
called modals. They help to express your ideas, opinions, and feel
ings:can,cant, have to, dont have to, must, must not, should, should
not.
Study the meanings of these verbs. Copy the paragraph below and
writeamodalverbineachblank.
must necessity(thesame
ashaveto)
mustnot necessitynottodo
something,prohibition
should,obligation,agood
idea
shouldnot obligationnotto
dosomething,nota
goodidea
Thecity_____passahealthlaw,andthecity_____passaleashlaw;
however,it_____passalawagainstowningdogs.Thelawsaysthatdog
owners_____tieuptheirdogs;they__________letthedogsrunloose.
can ability
cant lackofability
haveto necessity(the
sameasmust)
donthaveto freedom
ofchoice,no
obligationor
necessity)
109
The city _____ take a dog from its owner unless the dog hurts somebody.
Dogowners_____followtheselaws,orthey_____paymoneyforbreaking
the laws. In addition, dog owners _____ try to be thoughtful. They _____
think about their neighbors, and they _____ _____ do anything to make
theirneighborsangry.Thecity_____passalawtomakepeoplethought
ful,butwe_____alltrytothinkofourneighbors.
V.!ontrolled !omposition Dictocomp
Yourteacherwillreadtheparagraphabovethreetimes.Listencare
fully,butdonottakenotes.Afterthethirdreading,writetheparagraph
as well as you can from memory. Check your punctuation and sen
tencecombiningtechniques.
VI.!ontrolled !omposition Varietyinsentencetypes
Good writers use some short, simple sentences and some longer
sentences. Rewrite the paragraph below and vary the length of the
sentences.
Youmaymakesomelongerbycombiningthemwithcoor
dinateconjunctions,subordinateconjunctions,orconjunctiveadverbs.
Hereisalistoftheconnectorswehaveusedsofar:
Coordinate
Conjunctions
and
but
or
so
Subordinate
Conjunctions
after
although
because
before
eventhough
if
sothat
suchthat
unless
until
when
while
Conjunctive
Adverbs
asaresult
besides
however
inaddition
moreover
nevertheless
ontheotherhand
therefore
CatsandDogs
Somepeoplelikecats.Otherpeoplelikedogs.Peoplehavestrong
ideasaboutcats.Peoplehavestrongideasaboutdogs.Peopleoften
donthavebothcatsanddogsinthesamehouse.
Catownerstalkabouttheirpetswithlove.Catsarequiet.Catsare
clean.Catsaregoodinapartments.Theydontneedalotofspace.They
110
dontrunaroundalot.Theapartmenthasmice.Catscatchthem.Cats
are independent. They can stay home alone. The owners go to work.
Cats are pretty animals. They are fun to watch.
Dog owners think dogs are nice. They dont want any other animal.
Dogsarefriendly.Dogsareloyal.Dogsarepatient.Dogsaregoodwith
children.Theycanlearntobehavecorrectly.Theycanlearntostayout
ofyourfood.Catscantlearntostayoutofyourfood.Dogsprotectthe
family. Dogs protect the house. Dogs show their love. Cats dont show
their love.
VII. !ontrolled !omposition Incomplete dialog
Police officer Frank Thomas received a complaint about a loud dog in
the neighborhood. He rode his motorcycle to the address, at the corner
ofMidwayAvenueandRiverDrive.Nowheisaskingquestions.
Belowaretheanswersthatheisgetting.Writeagoodquestionbefore
eachanswer.Whenyoufinishyouwillhaveadialogthatyoucanactout
withapartner.
Officer Thomas: Who called in about the dog?
FredBrown:Becausethedogisbarking.ItsSunday.Imtryingtosleep.
OfficerThomas:__________________________________________?
FredBrown:No,IdidntcallMr.Kovacik.Icalledyoufirst.Icanttalk
tohim.Howcanyoutalktoadogowner?
OfficerThomas:Thatsaquestion,Mr.Brown.Illaskthequestions.
FredBrown:Sorry.
OfficerThomas:__________________________________________?
FredBrown:Where?Oh,there.No,thatsnotMr.Kovacik.Idont know
thatman.Heisrunningveryfast,isnthe?
OfficerThomas:Stopinthenameofthelaw!
_________________________________________________?
Thestrangeman:Iwasntdoinganything.Iwasjustinthestore.
OfficerThomas:__________________________________________?
Thestrangeman:BecauseIwantedtobuysomefood.
Officer Thomas: On Sunday? Today is Sunday.That stores not
open. _____________________________________________?
Thestrangeman:Whatbag?Oh,thisbag?Oh,theresnothinginthis
bag.Oh,howdidthatmoneygetinthatbag?
OfficerThomas:Illaskthequestions.
Thestrangeman:O.K.,Officer.Youwin.Itookthatmoneyfromthegro
cerystoreanhourago,butthatbigdogdidntletmegountilnow.
VIII."r## !ompos$t$on
A.Writeaparagraphaboutapet.Itcanbeacat,adog,abird,orany
otheranimal.Tellwhyyoulikethisanimal.
Herearesomevocabularywordsthatmayhelpyou:
nice
catchmice
protectthefamily
learntricks
showlove
friendly
intelligent
pretty
patient
goodwithchildren
loyal
quiet
clean
independent
fun
112
B. Write a paragraph about an animal that you dont like. Give rea
sons.Herearesomevocabularywordsthatmighthelpyou:
loud
dirty
dangerous
expensive
runloose
frightenpeople
bite
bark(fordogsonly)
hurtpeople
maketrouble
113
CHAPTER EIGHTEEN
PLANNING A TRIP
1239LincolnBoulevard
Fairbanks,Alaska99701
U.S.A.
May14,1983
DearRoberto,
Thereareonlytwoweeksnowbeforemytripbegins.Imvery
excited.Icanhardlywaittoseeyou.
My uncle has sent me my plane tickets, and I have received
them already. I have written letters to both grandmothers, so
theyknowwhenImcoming.IhaventseenGrandmotherTaylor
in Chicago for two years. I havent seen Grandmother Singer in
MiamisinceIwasten.
Ill stay in Chicago for a week, and Ill be in Miami for another
week.MyplanewilllandinCaracasonJune14,justonemonth
fromtoday.Illstaywithmyuncleforamonth,untilJuly15.
WhatclotheswillIneedinVenezuela?Ihaventboughtany
thing new yet. Ive never visited outside the United States be
fore. Ive never flown alone before, either. I wont be afraid. My
uncle will pick me up at the airport in Caracas. My mom says I
wont have any trouble. I hope not. (Just thinkIll be a world
travellerwhenthistripis over.)
SeeyouinCaracas.
Yours,
Sara
114
+
+
+
+
+
have
have
has
has
not
=
=
=
=
=
Ive
youve
shes
its
havent
we
+ have
= weve
he
they
has
+ has
+ have
+ not
= hes
= theyve
= hasnt
I
you
he
she
it
+
+
+
+
+
will
will
will
will
will
=
=
=
=
=
Ill
youll
hell
shell
itll
we
+ will
= well
they
+ will
= theyll
will
+ not
= wont
Copy the sentences below, and make all the changes that are
Useanapostrophe()ineachcontraction.
necessary.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
sarawontleavefairbanksuntilJune1
shewontbeinCaracasuntilJune14
sheIIvisithergrandmothersinChicagoandmiami
theyIIbehappytoseesara
theyhaventseensaraforyears
sheIIflytoCaracasonJune14
sarasunclelivesinCaracas
heIIpickherupattheairport
hessenthertheticketsandshesreceivedthem
theyvemadealltheirplansalready
sarahasntflownalonebefore
shewonthaveanytrouble
receive
visit
stay
wait
2.Theparticiplesforirregularverbsaredifferent,andmustbelearned
separately.HerearethepastandparticipleformsfortheverbsinSaras
letter.(Amorecompletelistofirregularverbsisinthebackofthebook.)
SimpleForm
PastTense
ParticipleForm
be
begin
buy
fly
have
know
say
see
send
think
write
was,were
began
bought
flew
had
knew
said
saw
sent
thought
wrote
been
begun
bought
flown
had
known
said
seen
sent
thought
written
Make a sentence for each group of words below. Use the present
tense,andusehave orhas withaparticipleform.
perfect
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Sara/receive/hertickets/already
Hertrip/(not)begin/yet
She/(not)buy/anynewclothes/yet
Sara/send/aletter/tohergrandmothers
She/write/toRoberta
She/(not)fly/toCaracas/before
Sarasfather/be/dead/fortenyears
Heruncle/live/inCaracas/foroneyear
Sara/(not)visit /heruncle / inCaracasbefore
Sara / (not) see / Roberta or his family / before
116
May20,1983
DearSara,
Ive received your letter, and Im looking forward to your visit.
Well be happy to meet you. My mother has cleaned the extra
bedroom. Weve made everything ready for you. Weve called
your uncle already. Hes very nice. Weve asked you both to
comefordinner.Wehopeyoullstayforalongvisit.
Yours,
Roberto
V.Grammar
Indefinitepronouns:some,any andone
Thewordssome,any,andone canbeusedaspronounstostandfor
nouns that have already been mentioned. The noun that is mentioned
firstiscalledtheantecedent;thepronounrefersbacktoitsantecedent.
Weuseone forsingularcountnouns.Some andany arepronounsfor
pluralornoncountnouns.Finishthesentencesbelow,usingsome,any,
orone.Followtheexamples.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
Saradoesnthaveadog,butshewantsone.
Saradoesnthavenewclothes,butshewantssome.
Sarahasnthadanytrouble,andshedoesntwantany.
Saradoesnthaveabighouse,
Saradoesnthaveasister,
Saradoesnthaveanymoney,
Saradoesnthaveanynewshoes,
Saradoesnthaveanyproblems,
Saradoesnthaveanynewrecords,
SaradoesnthaveVenezuelanmusic,
Saradoesnthaveajob,
Saradoesnthaveaboyfriend,
VI.Grammar Sentencecombiningpractice
Useconjunctionsorconjunctiveadverbstocombinethepairsofsen
tences below. Remember that the punctuation rules are different for
conjunctionsandadverbs.
1. Manyyoungpeoplewanttotraveltoothercountries.
Theydonthaveenoughmoney.(but)
118
2. Airtravelandhotelsareveryexpensive.
Thereareotherwaystoseeforeigncountries,(however)
3. Educationalexchangesarecheaperthanvacations.
Theyinvolvevaluablelearningexperience,(inaddition)
4. MostyoungAmericanshaveparttimejobs.
Theycansavesomemoneyfortravel,(asaresult)
5. Saragoestoschoolandhelpshermother.
Shefindstimetoworkatagrocerystore,too.(eventhough)
6. Shehas$1000ofherownmoney.
SheisplanningtovisitheruncleinVenezuela,(so)
7. Saraworkshard.
Shehasverylittlefreetime.(sothat)
8. Saraoftenworks.
Herfriendsarehavingfun.(while)
9. Shelikestohavefunwithherfriends.
Shehasexcitingtravelplans,(ontheotherhand)
10. ShecantgotoVenezuela.
Shepaysforpartoftheairplaneticket,(unless)
11. SarahasanuncleinCaracas.
Shedoesntneedtopayforahotel,(therefore)
12. Sarawillbeveryhappy.
SheseesheruncleandherfriendsinVenezuela,(when)
VII.Sentence Construction
Writingcompletesentences
ThereisagreatdifferencebetweenspokenEnglishandwrittenEn
glish. In speech, people use more contractions and more incomplete
sentences than they do in writing. It is common to use a subordinate
clause alone in speaking. However, in writing English, a subordinate
clause must always be combined with a main clause.
The short conversations below are acceptable in spoken English.
However, the answer in each conversation is an incomplete sentence.
Rewrite each incomplete sentence with a main clause. Follow the
example.
1. When will we eat the cake?
119
3. CanIeattwopieces?
Iftheresenoughcake.
4. WhencanIhavemysecondpiece?
Aftertheguestshaveeaten.
5. Whenwillwehavethecoffee?
Whilewereeatingthecake.
6. Whenwilltheguestsbehere?
Before7:00.
7. Aretheycomingsoon?
Unlesstheyveforgotten.
8. WhydoIhavetowait?
Becauseyouarethehostandtheyaretheguests.
Pastparticiplesasadjectives
Past participles are often used as adjectives, even though they look
likeverbs.Theymaycomebeforethenounoraftertheverbtobe,just
likeotheradjectives:
Heisatired man.
Thedogwaslost.
Readeachdefinitionbelow;andwriteeachparticipleasanadjective
before a noun. Each singular count noun needs an article, a or an.
Followtheexamples.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
adessertthathasbeenfrozen
afrozendessert
breadthathasbeenbuttered
butteredbread
abananathathasbeenpeeled
saucethathasbeenheated
creamthathasbeenwhipped
nutsthathavebeenchopped
chickenthathasbeenfried
vegetablesthathavebeencanned
fruitthathasbeendried
applesthathavebeenbaked
achildwhohasbeenfrightened
amanwhohasgrown
arecordthathasbeenbroken
120
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
awomanwhohasmarried
atravellerwhohasworried
amanwhohasbeeneducated
astudentwhohasbeenbored
airthathasbeenpolluted
spacethathasbeenlimited
achildwhohasbeenlost
121
CHAPTER NINETEEN
PHOBIAS
Doophobia
122
I.Mechanics Nonrestrictiverelativeclauses
Onemethodofcombiningsentencesistouseanonrestrictiverelative
clause. In this clause, you give extra information about a person or a
thing that you already know. Non restrictive relative clauses are separat
edfromtherestofthesentencewithcommas.
The following sentences all contain nonrestrictive clauses. Copy the
sentences and make all the corrections that are necessary. Set off the
nonrestrictive clauses with commas. Follow the example.
1. myunclelouiswhorunsa grocery store is afraid of germs
MyuncleLouis,whorunsagrocerystore,is afraid of germs.
2. hisstorewhichisinthemiddleofthecityisalwaysveryclean
3. heneversellsmilkwhichcanbecomesour
4. heneversellsmeatwhichcanturnbad
5. heneversellsvegetableswhichcancarrygerms
6. hesellsonlycannedfoodwhichdoesntgobad
7. unclelouiswhohasmicrophobiaishardtolivewith
8. auntselmawhoismymotherssistercantgonearhim
9. thechildrenwhosenamesaredonandcandynevertouchhim
10. thisproblemwhichstartedafterhissicknesslastyearismore
thanthesicknesswas
serious
II.Grammar
Restrictiverelativeclauses
Restrictiverelativeclausesrestrict,orlimit,themeaningofthenoun
theyfollow.Theymakeanounlessgeneralandmorespecific,andso
theyhelptoidentifythenoun.Forexample,thissentenceissogeneral
thatitisnottrue:
A man is hard to live with. However, a restrictive relative clause will
makethestatementtrue:
Amanwhohasmicrophobia ishardtolivewith.
Noticethatrestrictiveclausesarenotseparatedfrom the rest of the
sentencebycommas.
Combinethesentencepairsbelowintoonelongersentence.Substi
tutetherelativepronounwho fortheunderlinedwords.
1. Apersonhaspathophobia.He isafraidofdisease.
Apersonwhoisafraidofdiseasehaspathophobia.
123
2.
3.
4.
5.
A
A
A
A
personhas
personhas
personhas
personhas
Substitute the pronoun whose for the underlined word and combine the
two sentences.
6. Aunt Selma is the woman. Her husband has microphobia.
Aunt Selma is the woman whose husband has microphobia.
7. Louis is the man. His grocery store is so clean.
8. He is the man. His phobia is hard to live with.
9. He is the man. His hands are always clean.
10. Don and Candy are the children. Their father is so sick.
Substitute the pronoun which for the underlined words.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
Substitute the pronoun which for the underlined words and move the
pronoun to a position between the two sentences.
16. A
A
17. A
18. A
19. A
person
person
person
person
person
may
may
may
may
may
Find the antecedent for each relative clause below. Copy the para
graph,andwriteinthecorrectformoftheverbineachblank.
Therearemanyphobiaswhichactually_____(protect,protects)peo
ple.Therearemanypeoplewho_____(is,are)afraidofheights.Aero
phobia,which_____(is,are)thefearofhighplaces,helpspeopletobe
careful.Apersonwho_____(is,are)carelessinahighplacemayfall and
hurthimself.Anotherphobiawhich_____(is,are)actuallyhelpfulispyro
phobia.Peoplewho_____(has,have)pyrophobiaareafraidoffire.Fireis
onethingwhich_____(is,are)reallydangerous.
IV.!ontrolled !omposition Dictocomp
Yourteacherwillreadtheparagraphabovethreetimes.Listencare
fully,butdonottakenotes.Afterthethirdreading,writetheparagraph
aswellasyoucanfrommemory.Trytouserelativeclauses,andcheck
yoursubjectverbagreement.
V.#entence !onstruction Writingdefinitions
Write a onesentence definition for each word below. Use a main
clauseandarestrictiverelativeclausetolimitit.
Example:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
atruckdriverAtruckdriverisapersonwhodrivesatruck.
aclothesdrierAclothesdrierisamachinewhich
driesclothes.
abusdriver
acatlover
ashortstorywriter
adishwasher
amoneyearner
avegetablefarmer
aspaceheater
acityplanner
relative pronoun. Rewrite the paragraph and substitute that for which
or who.
Whatistheworstthingwhich everhappenedtoyou?Theworstthing
which everhappenedtomewasthis.WhenIwasalittlegirl,wehadan
oldiceboxwhich wekeptinbackofthehouse.Itbelongedtothepeople
who had lived there before us. It was small, and it had a door which
closed tight. There was a shelf which had held large pieces of ice. The
shelfwasalwaysempty,fornobodyusedtheiceboxanymore.Theshelf
made a little seat which was very comfortable. I liked to sit there. It was a
habit which almost cost me my life. One day I was sitting in the icebox,
and my brother closed the door. There was nobody who could let me
out.Soontheairwhich wasintheiceboxwasalmostgone.Iscreamed
andmadenoiseuntilmymotheropenedthedoor.Itwasanexperience
which Iwillneverforget.NowIhaveagreat fear of closed places, and I
alwayswill.
VII. !ontrolled !omposition Organizing ideas
The sentences below can be arranged into two paragraphs describ
inghowpeoplecanlosetheirphobias.However,thesentencesareout
of order now, and they are not in proper paragraph form. Arrange the
sentences into a clear order and copy the paragraphs.
Losing a Phobia
Paragraph 1
The fear started when she was four years old.
My sister has ochlophobia, which is the fear of crowds.
She wasvery upset.
We werein acrowdof peopleat a fair, andshegot lost.
Shewaslostforfourhoursbeforewefoundher.
Paragraph2
Everydayhegoeswithhertoacrowdedplace.
Nowsheis18yearsold.
Thefirstdaytheydidntgoveryfarintothecrowd.
Sheisseeingadoctortohelpherloseherfear.
Sheisbecominglessafraideveryday.
Theseconddaytheywentalittlefarther.
Thethirddaytheywentevenfarther.
Soonshewillbeabletoliveanormallife.
126
127
CHAPTER TWENTY
Sara:Whatabeautifulbeach!Justlookatthewater.Icanhardlywait
togoin.
Saras Uncle: It is very popular. At least, its certainly crowded.
Roberto:Wellseemanypeoplethatweknow.Hey!Theresmycousin
Luis!
Sara:Really?Whichone?
Roberto:Theoneinthegreenswimmingsuit.
Sara:Iseetwoguysingreen.Ishethetalloneortheshortone?
Roberto:Thetallonewithblackhair.
Mrs.Perez:AndtheresMaria,too.
ShesLuissister.
Sara:Whichgirlisshe?
Roberto:Theshortoneinthered
suit,withsunglasses.
Sara:Wellmeetyourwholefamily
heretoday.
I.Mechanics Quotationsandparagraphs
Theconversationaboveisindialogformlikeaplay.Conversationcan
also be written in paragraph form, and each new speaker has a new
paragraph.Copythesentences below in paragraph form. Use quotation
marks for the exact words of each speaker. Remember to indent each
newparagraph.Makeallothercorrectionsthatarenecessary.
whatabeautifulbeachsaidsarajustlookatthewatericanhardlywait
to go in it is very popular her uncle answered at least it s certainly
crowded we II see many people that we know roberto told them hey
theresmycousinluisreallyaskedsarawhichonetheoneinthegreen
swimming suit replied roberto is he the tall one or the short one asked
sara the tall one with the black hair said roberto
II.Grammar
Finalreviewofarticles
Generalmeaning
(firstmention,
ortheidentity
ofthenounis
notknown.)
Specificmeaning
(secondmention,
oranyothertime
whentheidentity
ofthenounis
known.)
Singular
Count
Plural
Count
a friend
X books
an idea
(Noarticle
(Youmustuse meansall
anarticle.)
booksin
general.)
OR
some books
(Somegives
theideaofan
indefinite,
limited
number
thefriend
theidea
thebooks
Noncount
Noun
X food
(Noarticle
meansallfood
ingeneral.)
OR
some food
(Somegives
theideaofan
indefinite,
limited
quantity.)
thefood
Thechartaboveisasummaryoftherulesforarticlesinthisbook.Use
129
thecharttofillintheblanksintheparagraphbelow.
A.When____persontakes____tripto____beach,heshouldbring ____
things to make ____ trip more pleasant. He will need ____ towel, ____
frisbee,____books,____food,____suntanoil,____sunglasses,____
money,and____radio.I always bring ____ friend along, too. We sit on
____ towel, read ____ books, eat ____ food, and listen to ____ radio.
Thenweplaywith____frisbee.Ofcourse,wespend____money,too.
Thedefinitearticlethe canbeusedthefirsttimewementionanoun
if the noun is unique, or the only one of its kind. This means that the
identityisalreadyknown.Someexamplesofuniquenounsare:thesun,
the moon, the ceiling, the floor. If you are in a room with only one door,
youcansaythe door.Ifyouareatabeachandeveryoneisswimmingin
thesamewater,youcansaythe water.
Copy the paragraph below and choose articles to fill in the blanks.
B.Whenyougoto____beachatMiami,becarefulof____sun.____sun
isstrongandhot.Stayin____waterasmuchasyoucan.If____skyis
clear,____dangerofsunburnisgreat.If____skyiscloudy,youcanstay
outlonger.Alwayscheck____weatherbeforeyougoto____beach.
III.Controlled Composition Dictocomp
Your teacher will read the paragraph above (either IIA or IIB) three
times. Listen carefully, but do not take notes. After the third reading,
write the paragraph as well as you can from memory. Check your use
of articles.
IV. Grammar Reduced relative clauses
Relative clauses can be made shorter sometimes by taking out the
subject and the auxiliary verb, and leaving a phrase. The phrase that re
mainscanbeaprepositionalphraseoraparticipialphrase.Itactslikean
adjectivetodescribethenounitfollows.Studytheexamplesbelow:
The boy who is in the green swimming suit is my cousin.
130
131
4. Doesoneoftheseswimmingsuitsbelongtoyou?
(brown,withyellow
flowers)
5. Doyouknowanyofthemenhere?(tall,intheyellowcoat)
6. Doyouknowanyofthegirlshere?(thin,fromFairbanks)
Ones isapronounforpluralnouns.Answereachquestionusingthe
pronounones andanadjectivephrasetodefineit.Followtheexample
below.
Doyoulikefolksongs?(sad,aboutlove)
Yes,Ilikesadonesaboutlove.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
Doyoulikefolksongs?(funny,aboutpeople)
Doyoulikesportscars?(foreign,withfastengines)
Doyoulikedesserts?(sweet,withlotsofwhippedcream)
Doyoulikefolkdances?(Latin,withcolorfulcostumes)
Doyoulikeradioshows?(popular,withmodernmusic)
Thekind islikeapronounfornoncountnouns.Answereachquestion
using the words thekind and adjectives to define it. Follow the
examplebelow.
DoyoulikeMexicanfood?(hot,withlotsofpeppers)
Yes,Ilikethehotkindwithlotsofpeppers.
12.
13.
14.
15.
Doyoulikepizza?(thick,withlotsofcheese)
Doyoulikemusic?(classical,withafullorchestra)
Do you like this weather? (hot, with lots of sun)
Do you like candy? (sweet, with chocolate and nuts)
VII.Controlled Composition
Varietyinsentencetypes
Good writers use some short, simple sentences and some longer
sentences. Rewrite the story below and vary the length of the sen
tences.Combinesomesentencesbyusingrelativeclausesorreduced
relativeclauses.
SaraTaylorarrivedinCaracasonJune14.Herunclemetheratthe
airport. They were walking to the luggage counter. They saw a young
boy. He was wearing a blue shirt. He was wearing dark pants. He was
with an older woman. She was in a white dress. He was with an older
man. The older man was dressed in a business suit. The boy was
a large present. The present had a ribbon on it. The boy
carrying
and her uncle carefully. They were the only Americans.
looked at Sara
They were speaking English. They were in the airport. The young boy
came up to Sara and her uncle. The young boy was in the blue shirt
and the dark pants.
Excuse me, he said. Are you Sara Taylor? I am Roberto Perez.
Welcome to Caracas!
The woman was Robertas mother. She was in the white dress. The
man was Robertos father. He was in the business suit. They gave the
present to Sara. They welcomed her to Venezuela.
VIII. Vocabulary and Spelling
Irregular verbs
Find the past tense or participle form for the irregular verbs on page
134. Use these words to fill in the crossword puzzle. You may look at
the list of irregular verbs in the appendix at the back of the book.
133
DOWN
1. pastoffeed
2. pastofhide
3. pastofbegin
4. pastofeat
5. participleforfly
6. participleforrun
7.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
participleforthink
participleforwrite
pastofget
pastofdo
simpleformofis
pastoflose
pastofhear
17.
19.
23.
24.
25.
27.
pastoftell
participleforsteal
participleforrise
pastofcome
pastofsink
pastoflead
ACROSS
3. participleforbeat
5. pastofforget
8. pastofhide
9. pastofgrow
11. participleforgrow
12. participlefordrink
13.
14.
15.
16.
18.
20.
21.
participleforbite
pastoflet
pastofhave
pastofhit
simpleformofdoes
pastofspend
pastofsing
22.
24.
26.
28.
29.
30.
participlefordrive
pastofchoose
pastofsplit
pastofmeet
participleforspeak
participlefordo
134
APPENDIX A
COMMONIRREGULARVERBS
The verbs below are the ones most commonly used in English. Most
arefoundinthetextsandexercisesinthisbook.
SimpleForm
PastTense
Participle
be
beat
become
begin
bend
bet
bite
blow
break
bring
build
buy
catch
choose
come
cost
cut
dig
do
drink
drive
eat
fall
feed
feel
fight
find
fly
forget
forgive
freeze
was,were
beat
became
began
bent
bet
bit
blew
broke
brought
built
bought
caught
chose
came
cost
cut
dug
did
drank
drove
ate
fell
fed
felt
fought
found
flew
forgot
forgave
froze
been
beaten
become
begun
bent
bet
bitten
blown
broken
brought
built
bought
caught
chosen
come
cost
cut
dug
done
drunk
driven
eaten
fallen
fed
felt
fought
found
flown
forgotten
forgiven
frozen
135
SimpleForm
PastTense
Participle
get
give
go
grow
have
hear
hide
hit
hold
hurt
keep
know
lay
lead
leave
lend
let
lie
light
lose
make
mean
meet
pay
put
quit
read
ride
ring
rise
run
say
see
sell
send
set
shake
got
gave
went
grew
had
heard
hid
hit
held
hurt
kept
knew
laid
led
left
lent
let
lay
lit
lost
made
meant
met
paid
put
quit
read
rode
rang
rose
ran
said
saw
sold
sent
set
shook
gotten
given
gone
grown
had
heard
hidden
hit
held
hurt
kept
known
laid
led
left
lent
let
lain
lit
lost
made
meant
met
paid
put
quit
read
ridden
rung
risen
run
said
seen
sold
sent
set
shaken
136
Simple Form
Past Tense
Participle
show
sing
sink
sit
sleep
speak
spend
split
spread
stand
steal
swim
take
teach
tear
tell
think
throw
understand
wear
win
write
showed
sang
sank
sat
slept
spoke
spent
split
spread
stood
stole
swam
took
taught
tore
told
thought
threw
understood
wore
won
wrote
shown
sung
sunk
sat
slept
spoken
spent
split
spread
stood
stolen
swum
taken
taught
torn
told
thought
thrown
understood
worn
won
written
137
Sentencepatternswithbe 1.V
Sentencepatternswithpresenttenseverbs2.V
Adverbsoffrequencywithbe andothermainverbs2.VI
Adverbsoftimeatthebeginningofthesentence2.VII
Questionswithbe 5.V
Questionswithothermainverbs(do)5.VI
Negativestatementswithdont anddoesnt 6.II
Sentencecombiningwithcoordinateconjunctions7.III
Adjectivesbeforenouns7.V
Sentencecombiningwiththemainverbdeleted8.II
Singlewordcompoundnouns9.VIII
StatementswithThereis andThereare 10.III
QuestionswithIsthere andArethere 10.IV
Prepositionalphrasesatthebeginningofthesentence10.V
Twowordcompoundnouns10.VIII
Informationquestions(whwords)11.II
Sentencepatternswiththepresentprogressive12.III,12.VI
Sentencecombiningwithcompoundsentenceparts14.VI
Questionsandnegativesinthepast15.IV
Sentencepatternswiththepastprogressive16.II
Sentencecombiningwithsubordinateconjunctions16.IV
Sentencecombiningwithconjunctiveadverbs17.II
Sentencepatternswiththepresentperfect18.II
Questionswiththepresentperfect18.III
Completesentencesvs.fragments18.VII
Pastparticiplesasadjectivesbeforenouns18.VIII
Sentencecombiningwithrestrictiverelativeclauses19.II
Presentparticiplesasadjectivesbeforenouns19.VIII
Reducedrelativeclauses20.IV
140
APPENDIX C
ANSWERSTOPUZZLES
Page7
Page24
Page43
141
Page 83
142
Page 134
143
DevelopingWriting
Writing Skills Practice Book for EFL
PAT R I C I A W I L C OX P E T E R S O N
EachofthetwentychaptersinDevelopingWriting isintroduced
byatopicalreadingselectionincorporatingthelessonsmodel
structures, mechanics, and grammar points. Following each
readingareactivitiesdesignedforstudentstostudycomposi
tion,vocabulary,andspelling.Thegoalofthisbookistotake
thestudentfromthemechanicsofbasicsentencewritingtothe
abilitytoconstructasimpleparagraph.Appendicesincludean
irregularverblist,grammarruleindex,andanswerkeys.
BOOK FOR
OF
STATE
OfficeofEnglishLanguagePrograms
PETERSON
4155
EFL
Developing
Writing