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19. Principal Stresses

I Main Topics
A Cauchys formula
B Principal stresses (eigenvectors and eigenvalues)
C Example

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19. Principal Stresses

hKp://hvo.wr.usgs.gov/kilauea/update/images.html
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19. Principal Stresses

II Cauchys formula
A Relates tracPon
(stress vector)
components to stress
tensor components in
the same reference
frame
B 2D and 3D
treatments analogous
C i = ij nj = njij
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Note: all stress components

shown are posiPve

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19. Principal Stresses

II Cauchys formula (cont.)
C i = njji
1 Meaning of terms
a i = tracPon
component
b nj = direcPon cosine
of angle between n-
direcPon and j-
direcPon
c ji = tracPon
component
d i and ji act in the
same direcPon
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nj = cosnj = anj
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19. Principal Stresses

II Cauchys formula (cont.)
D Expansion (2D) of i = nj ji
1 x = nx xx + ny yx
2 y = nx xy + ny yy

nj = cosnj = anj
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19. Principal Stresses

II Cauchys formula (cont.)
Note that all contribuPons must act in x-direcPon
E DerivaPon:
ContribuPons to x
1 x = w(1) xx + w(2) yx
2

Fx Ax Fx(1) Ay Fx( 2 )
=
+
An An Ax An Ay

3 x = nx xx + ny yx
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nx = cosnx = anx
ny = cosny = any
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19. Principal Stresses

II Cauchys formula (cont.)
Note that all contribuPons must act in y-direcPon
E DerivaPon:
ContribuPons to y
1 y = w( 3) xy + w( 4 ) yy
2

3
4
A Fy( ) Ay Fy( )
= x
+
An An Ax An Ay

Fy

nx = cosnx = anx
ny = cosny = any

3 y = nx xy + ny yy
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19. Principal Stresses

x = nx xx + ny yx
y = nx xy + ny yy

II Cauchys formula (cont.)

F AlternaPve forms
1 i = njji
2 i = jinj
3 i = ijnj
x xx

y = xy

z xz

yx
yy
yz

zx nx

xy ny

zz nz

5 Matlab
a t = s*n
b t = s*n
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3D

nj = cosnj = anj
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19. Principal Stresses

III Principal stresses (eigenvectors and eigenvalues)
A
B
C

xx
=
xy

nx Vector components
=

ny Let =

xx

xy

yx nx

yy ny

Cauchys Formula

nx
yx nx

ny
yy ny

The form of (C ) is [A][X=[X], and [] is symmetric

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9. EIGENVECTORS, EIGENVALUES, AND

From previous notes

FINITE STRAIN

III Eigenvalue problems, eigenvectors and eigenvalues (cont.)

E AlternaPve form of an eigenvalue equaPon
1 [A][X]=[X]
SubtracPng [IX] = [X] from both sides yields:
2 [A-I][X]=0 (same form as [A][X]=0)
F SoluPon condiPons and connecPons with determinants
1 Unique trivial soluPon of [X] = 0 if and only if |A-I|0
2 Eigenvector soluPons ([X] 0) if and only if |A-I|=0

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9. EIGENVECTORS, EIGENVALUES, AND FINITE STRAIN

From previous notes

III Determinant (cont.)

D Geometric meanings of the real
matrix equaPon AX = B = 0
1 |A| 0 ;
a [A]-1 exists
b Describes two lines (or 3
planes) that intersect at
the origin
c X has a unique soluPon
2 |A| = 0 ;
a [A]-1 does not exist
b Describes two co-linear
lines that that pass
through the origin (or
three planes that intersect
a line or plane through
the origin)
c X has no unique soluPon
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Intersecting lines have non-parallel normals

AX = B = 0
nx(1)
nx(2)

ny(1)
ny(2)

x
y

|A| = nx(1) * ny(2) - ny(1) * nx(2) 0

n1 x n2 0
Parallel lines have parallel normals
AX = B = 0
nx(1)
nx(2)

ny(1)
ny(2)

x
y

d1=0
d2=0

|A| = nx(1) * ny(2) - ny(1) * nx(2) = 0

n1 x n2 = 0

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d1=0
d2=0

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9. EIGENVECTORS, EIGENVALUES, AND FINITE STRAIN

From previous notes

III Eigenvalue problems, eigenvectors and eigenvalues (cont.)

J CharacterisPc equaPon: |A-I|=0

3 Eigenvalues of a symmetric 2x2 matrix
a 1 , 2 =
b 1 , 2 =
c 1 , 2 =
d
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( a + d ) ( a + d )2 4 ( ad b 2 )

a b
A=

b d

2
( a + d ) ( a + 2ad + d )2 4ad + 4b 2

2
( a + d ) ( a 2ad + d )2 + 4b 2

1 , 2 =

2
( a + d ) ( a d )2 + 4b 2
2
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Radical term
cannot be
negaPve.
Eigenvalues are
real.
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9. EIGENVECTORS, EIGENVALUES, AND

From previous notes
FINITE STRAIN
L DisPnct eigenvectors (X1, X2) of a symmetric 2x2 matrix are
perpendicular
Since the leo sides of (2a) and (2b) are equal, the right
sides must be equal too. Hence,
4 1 (X2X1) =2 (X1X2)
Now subtract the right side of (4) from the leo
5 (1 2)(X2X1) =0
The eigenvalues generally are dierent, so 1 2 0.
This means for (5) to hold that X2X1 =0.
Therefore, the eigenvectors (X1, X2) of a symmetric 2x2
matrix are perpendicular

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19. Principal Stresses

III Principal stresses (eigenvectors and eigenvalues)
xx

xy

nx
yx nx

yy ny
ny

D Meaning
1 Since the stress tensor is symmetric, a
reference frame with perpendicular axes
dened by nx and ny pairs can be found
such that the shear stresses are zero
2 This is the only way to saPsfy the
equaPon above; otherwise xy ny 0,
and xy nx 0
3 For dierent (principal) values of , the
orientaPon of the corresponding
principal axis is expected to dier

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19. Principal Stresses

V Example
Find the principal stresses
given

ij

xx = 4MPa xy = 4MPa
=
yx = 4MPa yy = 4MPa

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19. Principal Stresses

V Example
xx = 4MPa xy = 4MPa
ij =
yx = 4MPa yy = 4MPa

First nd eigenvalues (in MPa)

1 , 2 =

( a + d ) ( a d )2 + 4b 2

1 , 2 = 4
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2
64
= 4 4 = 0, 8
2
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19. Principal Stresses

IV Example
xx = 4MPa xy = 4MPa
ij =
yx = 4MPa yy = 4MPa

64
Eigenvalues (MPa)
= 4 4 = 0, 8
2
Then solve for eigenvectors (X) using [A-I][X]=0

1 , 2 = 4

4 0
4 nx 0
For 1 = 0 :
=
n
4nx 4ny = 0 nx = ny
4 0 y 0
4

4 ( 8 )
n
4

x = 0 4nx 4ny = 0 nx = ny
For 2 = 8 :

4
yy ( 8 ) ny 0

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19. Principal Stresses

IV Example
xx = 4MPa xy = 4MPa
ij =
yx = 4MPa yy = 4MPa

nx2 + ny2 = 1
2nx2 = 1

Eigenvalues
1 = 0MPa

2 = 8MPa
y

nx = 2 2
ny = 2 2

nx = ny
nx2 + ny2 = 1

Eigenvectors
nx = ny

2nx2 = 1
nx = 2 2
ny = 2 2

Note that X1X2 = 0

Principal direcPons are perpendicular
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19. Principal Stresses

V Example (values in MPa)
xx = - 4

xn = - 4

xx = - 8

xn = - 8

xy = - 4

xs = - 4

xy = 0

xs = 0

yx = - 4

yn = + 4

yx = -0

ys = +0

yy = - 4

ys = -4

yy = 0

yn = 0

n
s

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19. Principal Stresses

V Example
Matrix form/Matlab

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>> sij = [-4 -4;-4 -4]

sij =
-4 -4
-4 -4
>> [v,d]=eig(sij)
v =
0.7071 -0.7071
0.7071 0.7071
d =
-8 0
0 0
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Eigenvectors
(in columns)
Corresponding
eigenvalues
(in columns)
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