You are on page 1of 19

q_l ? a Qrl O_ Of9r _f ? M Q9A_ ?_At_ 9 = _ ?

G9J_ p%
)*(

) ( c G c G I b c c G G A F b E G d

? a Qrl O_
vvc G c G I O f9r vv bvv _f ? M Q9A_ ? _At_ m vvc c G vv G avvK pl

) ** (
j Q t_ ?p _M
Ga G c d _f
.? c=Qg_ G HG O_=_ G d p ? a Qrl O_ B9T QO
c G c G G Ya QWl_ uQ9Wl sT l F a , Qar H l EJ9=

) ** * (
d ]9l M 9Ap_ O=f G

.? cQO tT
F DG ?gl9G ? T9 T_ m _g_ mTr , c c G a G d p U QOA ?8 c cJ a ]f

? lOrl
vv

q
dv Av_G B9vcOvJvAv_G RQv=C Hvl ?vcvaGQvrvlvcO mvtvJ mvdvF yE c9vrvAvF:G v ?vcv=Qvgv_G Q9vavrFG QvM.vA Ovgvc
yE ?v _v lv Av tv l c9v rv Av FG ?v _9v J caOv _G gPv J Ov Kv Wv A m_ ?vcv ]9*G ?v _c_v rv _G Oav rvgv _G c;v Mv p .>Qv gv _G 9v Kv Kv GGav c
?vcv=Qvgv_G HGOv _v =v _G cvMGO ?vcvaGQvrvlvcOv_G B9vTGQOa BGQvWCvl c;vM Hvl uv_P Ovt.vA Ovra .?vcvaGQvrvlvcOv_G
,m9vf cvtvWv= ?vcv=Qvgv_G HGOv_v=v_G v ?vcvaGQvrvlvcOv_G B9vTGQO YaQvWvl B9vlvJ9vTvl 9vKvFvl dvAv_G ,9vKvGQ9vMa
)1 (
. [ aZM _G \ Ga zf Q W f Hl 9D_ G j aFT _G A9 r__G B 9T_ Ga

>9v=vTC cavJ ,YaQvWvlv_v_ QvWvf Hvl9vDv_G A9vrv_v_G 9vKv= LQvM dvAv_G Hv89vAvFv_G mvJC Hvl IOvJGa cvgv_a
cvt v ?v_vf9vp ?vcvMvcQ9vA ?v_vAvt >9vcvi avJ ,?vcvaGQvrvlvcO mvtvJ mvdvF yE c9vrvAvF:G v ?vcv=Qvgv_G Q9vavrFG QvM.vA
o
IOv f9v r zv f 9v Kv pGQv aC {v = ?v r;v gv _Ga ?c_v MGOv _G 9v Kv A9v lv cv dv Fv A Uv TCv A ?v _v Av t ;?v cv =Qv gv _G Q9v av rFG Hv l Qv av r
cvGC Hvla .dv aGQv rv lv cO mvtvJ m9vdvF ?vl9vrE cvGC Hvl u~vWvl cvtvWv= 9vKvpGQvaC cvlvgvAa ,?vcvaGQvrvlvcOv_G
k
mvA ,?vcvaGQvrvlvcOv_G IOvf9vr zvf ?vcvMvcQ9vAv_G ?v_vAvtv_G mavKvpvlv= GOvcOvJvA gOvZvrvF 9vl Kvcv]avA v ?vlvJ9vT*G
.? TG QO_G gP J O G Of E

v ?vcvaGQvrvlvcOv_G B9vTGQO YaQvW* QvWvf hvT9vAv_G javFvTv_G A9vrv_v_G :yE BvlOvr qv_*G GPvJ sGQaC ,cvZFG v )* (

mavrvc qavTa ,2009 ac_avc/RavlvA 25 NvcQ9vAv= ,OQavpvTvtC ?vgvl9vG ,HvcQvD9vt BvF9vT ?c_vt v Ovrvf jPv_G ?vcv=Qvgv_G HGOv_v=v_G
k
. 9 = c Q r Q O Z c >9 A t v A 9 r _ _ G G P J h 8 9 r a Q W F = ? c = Q g _ G I O Ja _ G B 9 TG Q O R t Q l

dr_alkuwari@hotmail.com. : dFa ~t_ DG Oc} _G ) ** (

abdelfattah.mady@gmail.com. :d Fa~ t_D G Oc }_ G )* ** (

c O h l ? = Q f c O _ ? Q 9 r l ? T QO > Q g _ Q M. A ? a Q r l O _ y
a vvv vvvcvvv vvv a vvv vvvF vvv vvv vvv G ? vvv vvv G vvv vvv a vvvcvvv G vvv vvv vvvc vvv G E Ha Q M6 c r A
vvv G vvv vvv vvvF G G P9* )1 (

HGOv _v =v _G v ?v cv aGQv rv lv cOv _G B9v TGQO YaQv Wv l ,dv ]9v l M9v Av pv _G Ov =v fa jQGav tv _G ?v pc_v M xv f Qv cQv Jv Aa sv cv Tv Fv A , i QM
vv C

.26 vvvv 25 [ ,)2009 ,?c=Qg_G IOJa_G B9 T G QO Rt Ql : B a|= ( ? c= Qg _ G

120
121 / d]9l M9Ap_G O = fa jQGat_G ?pc_M xf

Q9vvavvrFG zvvf ?vvrvv=vvTvvl QvvaC aC B9vvcQvvdvvF svvcvv=vvavvAvv_ ?vv_a9vvJvvl BvvTc_ ,w9vvAvv_9vv= ,?vvTGQOvv_G gPvvJa
?v pv_v Av M*G gO9vgv=.v= vvvvv Xvcvg*G dv =Qv gv _G hvrGav _G ?vlvGQvA maQvA ?vcv8GQvrv Av TG ?vTGQO dv J 9v lv FEa ,?v cv =Qv gv _G

cvtv_ ?v=vT9vFvl cvlvf bvavMa ?vl9vf ?vcCQ yE vvvvv \cvp IQvpavA*G ^avKvFv_G B9vF9vtvl@v=a ?vfavFvA*G gQva9vMvlv=a
q o
9v Kv lOv r Q9vtv pCa mvcv J9v pv l Hv l GPv J v Ov cv pv Av TvA ?vTGQOv _Ga .hv rGav _G GPvJ |v cv jv A v mv Kv Tv A c9v rvAv FG ?v _9v J
q q q
?vcv=Qvgv_G Q9vavrFG 9vKv= QvlvA dvAv_9vt Y9v]a.v= BQvl caO >Q9vGvA Hvla ,Havrv=9vT HavcvT9vcvTa HaQvtvpvl

Hv l ,1990 m9vf \vTvcvT.vA PvFvl ,?vcvaGQvrvlvcOv_G B9vTGQO YaQv Wv l \v Gv Av FC 9v l cvlvtvAvTvA dvJa .mac_G

?vcvaGQvrvlvcOv_G dvf9vT*G RvcRvgvAv_ ?vt~vWvl ?vcCQ OGOvfEa ?vcvlvFvA cvGC Hvl BGQGavJa EavJv=a B9vTGQO
.? c=Qg_ G HG O _=_G v
k
yE |vWvc y?vcvaGQvrvlvcOv_G IOvf9vr zvf ?vcvMvcQ9vAv_G ?v_vAvtv_Gz mavKvpvl HC yE ,?vcGOv= ,IQ9vWDG QOvGvAa
jQv=9vGv_G Ov=9vf OvlvJvla dvWvlGQvi avcvFavavFC iOv_ ?vcvMvcQ9vAv_G ?v_vAvtv_G Kv_vavZvl c9vGvl Hvl svcv]C c9vGvl
iav rv _Ga BGQ9v cvAv_G {v= ?v cv aGQvrvlv cOv_G cvGC Hv l q;vAv8G av J 9v Fv J gOv Zv rv F 9v lv p .>v cv Tv J Hv cOv _G |v Ma
mvvtvvJ m9vvdv F yE c9vvrvvAvvF:G cv GC Hvvl ?vvgv lvvAvvGv l cvvlv gvvAa ,dvvlv _vvTvv_G |v cv jvvAv _G OvvWvvFv A dvvAv _G ?vvcvvT9vvcvvTv _G
q
BGQ9vcvAv_G gPvJ cvMGO jC( 9vKv_vMGO ?vcvaGQvrvlvcOv_G ?vTQ9vlvlv= uv_P v ?vlRvAv_vl ,{vgvl Ov_v= v dvaGQvrvlvcO

qGOv vJFG Ov vJC 9v vKv vFav vt >v vF9v vG yE vvvvv ?v vcv vaGQv vrv vlv vcOv v_G HC Q9v v=v vAv vfG zv vf uv v_Pa ,9v vKFv vcv v= 9v vl va )iav vrv v_Ga
k
q;vAv8G dvJ ?v_vAvtv_G HE .qGOvJFG uv_vA ?vcvrv= svcvrvJvAv_ ?vcvT9vTC ?v_vcvTa 9v]vcC dvJ vvvvv i}vtv_G ?vcvFvaav_G

>Rv Jz cv =9v rv l v ,dv aGQv rv lv cO Qav Av TO sv cv =v av Aa hv ]av = ?v =v _9v a*G cv GC Hv l y>v gv Wv _G >Rv Jz m9v cv rv _
{v vpv vda*G Hvvvl Hv vcQvvvavvv]*Ga {vvvrv vp9vvvF*Ga Hc_Ga*G Hv vl dvvv=Qvvvgvvv_G mvvvt9vvvJvvv_G gOv vWv vJvvvc jPv v_G ymv vt9vvvJvvv_G

.mJ |i a c9 lf FG c9G Q ^ g=a {cla lg_ G


k q r k
yE c9vrvAvF;v_ 9vcvMvcQ9vA >QvG*G svcQvav_G QGaviC }vT ?vTGQOv_G ca9vJvA ,mOvrvA 9vl zvf 9vTvcvT.vAa
BGQ9vTvlv_v_ cvcOv=vt ,dv T9vcv Tv _G |vcvjvAv_G OvWvFvA dv Av _G iav rv_G cvAvtvA av Ja ,dvaGQvrvlv cOv_G mvtvJv_G ?vlvdvFC
)2 (
Hvf uv_P mvAvcvTa . dvGQ9vMv_G aRvjv_G aC BGQavDv_G aC ?vcQvtvTvgv_G B9v=;vrvF:G cvDvl ,|vcvjvAv_v_ ?vpvcvFvgv_G
UvlvM Hvf ?v=9vGDG c;vM Hvl y?vcvaGQvrvlvcOv_G IOvf9vr zvf ?vcvMvcQ9vAv_G ?v_vAvtv_Gz mavKvpvl bv=v] svcQva
:d J ,?_8T C

y ? a Qrl O_
c G c G I O f9r zf ? M Q 9A ? _A t yc c z E Ia fO_ P9* :
G G : aC

= Qf Q ar c t v
?d

>QvrC QvlC dvJ dv=Qvf Qvavr cvt v ?vcvaGQvrvlvcOv_G IOvf9vr zvf ?vcvMvcQ9vA ?v_vAvt A9vFv= yE IavfOv_G HE
q
)1937 vvvvv 1891 ( dvWvlGQvi avcvFavavFC w9vavcDG dvT9vcvTv_Ga Qvtvp*G 9vKvlOvr dvAv_G Q9vtvpFG QvJavG yE
q
.B9v c9v jv _Ga cv tv Wv _G v q;v Av MG hv l ,HaQv MBa jQv =9v Gv _G Ov =9v f Ov lv Jv l .O dv =Qv j*G dv =Qv gv _G Qv tv p*Ga
k
\vAvFaQvl vvvvv >Qvgv_G HavcvT9vcvTv_Ga HavpvrvD*G GOvcvG 9vKvcvgvc HC >vGvc dvAv_G vvvvv dvWvlGQvi B9vlvT RQv=C cvgv_a

dvAv_G ?vcvTvtQ9*G v IOvl9vGv_G >v_Gavrv_v_ mv8GOv_G gO9vrvAvFGa ,?vcQvdvFv_G \vA9vf9vFvr |vcvjvA zvf \vAQOvra ,?vcQvtvpv_G

vvvv 31 [ ,\v Tv pv F QOv Z*G :v y,?v cv aGQv rv lv cO mv tv J mv dv F yE c9v rv Av F:G cv MGOv lz ,dv ]9v l M9v Av pv _G Ov =v f :Qv dv FG )2 (

.83
d=Qg_G c=rAT*G / 122

q
cvvGC Hvvl Hc_vv]9vvF*G jC ,y{vvcavv]vvgvv_G {vvpvvrvvD*Gz
Hvvf \vvAQvvtvvp GPvvta ,|vvjvvA*G hvvrGavv_G hvvl ^Q9vvgvvAvvA
o
AGav T ,?v cv Mv cQ9v Av _G ?v _v Av tv _G AGQa ?v gv pGOv _G Iav rv _G Hav _v tv Wv c Hv cPv _G ,?v cv Mv cQ9v Av _G mv Kv A9v gv lv Av Gv l 9v c9v ]v r
\v vAv vtQv vJ {v v= saQv vpv v_G RGQv v=E zv vf cv vlv vgv vc H9v vt HC Ov vgv v=v vp ,GPv vKv v_a .{v vcOc_v vrv vAv v_G aC mv vKv vFv vl {v vcQv vZv vgv v_G
q
,y?vcvMvcQ9vAv_G ?v_vAvtv_Gz IQvtvp dvWvlGQvi mOvr ,9vlvKvGvlOv_ ?v_a9vJvl ?vcC b9v=vJEa ,{vcvtG~vW:Ga ?vcvfavcvWv_G
q k
{c_G}c_v_Ga {vcvfavcvWv_Ga {vcvtG~vW:9vt ,M;vZDGa |vcvjvAv_G OvWvFvA dvAv_G B9v8vpv_G cvt mv] 9vpOvKvAvTvl
q
RQv=FG B9vcOvJvAv_v_ jOvZvAv_9v = ?v_vcvpvt ?v_vAvtv_G gPv J HC Q9v=vAvf9v= ,>avFvGv_G Hvl ?vTvcvFvtv_Ga ,c9vlvWv_G Hvl
EGOvJE jC ,?Fvcvgvl ?vcvMvcQ9vA ?vdvJv_ v gOv_v=v_ mvJFGa
,jO9vvZvvAvvr:Ga dvvT9vvcvvTvv_Ga dvvf9vvlvvAvvG:G |vvcvvjvvAvv_G a;vvAvvFG ,vv$ ?vv+vvMvv*Q9vvAvvyG ?vvzvvAvvwvvyG
,>avvFvvGvv_Ga c9vvlvvWvv_G {vv= |vv=vvtvv_G Ba9vvpvvAvv_G A9vvKvvFEa
?v=vy9vav}vzvy y>vgvWvyG HRvIz e9v+vtvy
)3 ( q
. ? cW 9p__ jO ZA_Ga
,vvvv_GQvvvvtvvvvFO Q(vvvvAvvvvSO hvvvv\(vvvv<

?v8vcv=vA zvf cvlvgvc MGQ Ovrvp ,jQv =9v Gv _G .O 9v lC jPvyG y~vv9v=G HRvIz {v<9vtv| ,vp
n
o
Q9v av rFGa >Qv j*G zv f 9v Kv pv cv cv tv Aa dv Wv lGQv i IQv tv p f(vvtvvp9vv"vv|h f(vvyG(vv| &vvy OvvWvvJvv*
k
gPvvvJ v >Qvvvgvvv_G gOvvvcQvvvc 9vvvl HC G}vvvAvvvgvvvl ,?vvvcvvv=Qvvvgvvv_G ...d9}f}G d9FQ ^g<h

m ac _ ?v_vGvl v >v Av t 9v lvt


G ,av J ?v cv Mv cQ9v Av _G ?v dv Jv _v _G

qGOvJC cavJ hvlvAvG*G Hvl ?v]vcQvf B9v8vp hvlvGvA ?v_vAvtz ,)1982 }vlvpavF/dvF9vDv_G HvcQvWvA( h =9 T _
v v v G

?vvcO9v ZvvAvvr:Ga ?v cvvT9vvcvvTvv_G ,?c_9v c}vvlDGa Q9v lvvgvvAvvT:G ?vvFv lvvcv J Hv l QQvvJv Avv_9vv= : aC svv_vvgvvAv A ?v Jvv]Ga
k

hvcRavAv_G ,I|v=v t ?vGQO yE ,9vKv lvtv Jvc ?v FRGavAvl ?vcv f9v lv Av GG B9v r;v f ?v l9v r@v = 9 vvcvvF 9 D sv_vgvAvAa ,?vcQvtvpv_Ga
vv

k )4 (
?v _v Av tv _G Hv f G|v Dv t jQv =9v Gv _G >v Av t Ov ra . y...L9v Av F<v _ cv ZGav Av l Oav Kv Gv l Q9v aE v IaQv Dv _v _ cO9v gv _G
)5 (
. ?_ A J* G ? c F c a T _p _G d] GQ F G a >Q j *G v ? Z9M =a ,? cM cQ 9A_ G

YaQv W*G qGOv JC IOv f9v r zv f ?v cv Mv cQ9v Av _G ?v _v Av tv _G ?v l9v r@v = >v cv Tv J Hv cOv _G |v M .O jO9v Fv c 9v lv t

{v = ,?v cv Mv cQ9v Av _G ?v cav Tv Av _G aC dv Mv cQ9v Av _G sv pGav Av _G yE >Qv rC ?v jv cv Zv t ,?v Av Tv _G dv =Qv gv _G jav ]v Kv Fv _G

9vKvAvcavJa ?vlFG OavGa qOvKvAvTvA dvAv_G ?vlvGvKv_G ?vKvGGa* OvcvJa Q9vcvMvta ,?vlFG v ?vcvTvcv8Qv_G BGQ9vcvAv_G
)6 (
. 9 JO Q G ala 9 K_ ; r A T G a
q k
g9v lv TC 9v lvvfa ,ydvvFvvaav _G YaQv W*Gz Hvvf G|v Dv t jQv Wvv=vv_G sQ9vva Q9v Wv Av T*G >vvAvvt Qv Zvvl va

<http://www.marxists.org/archive/ :{c_9v Av _G {v gv ra*G zv f dv Wv lGQv i c9v lv fC ^v gv =a qv cv WQC Qv dv FG )3 (

<http:// :v \v vFv vf >v vAv vt 9v vl GPv vta <http://www.theory.org.uk/ctr-gram.htm#role>a ,gramsci/index.htm>

www.internationalgramscisociety.org>.

..?vcvMvcQ9vAv_G ?v_vAvtv_Gza ,2004 /5 /11 ,O9J A: y,?bvFvgvl j.v= ..?vcvMvcQ9vAv_G ?v_vAvtv_Gz :jQv=9vGv_G
v v G Ov=9vf OvlvJvl )4 (

.2004 /5 /18 ,O9JA: y,v9rD_G G ?c a_aC a


zv v fa ,<http://www.aljabriabed.net> dv vvZvv vMv v Wv v _G \v v gv vvrav v l zv vvf IQv v pavv vAv vvl jQvv v=9v v Gvv v_G .O B:9v v rv v l )5 (

<http://www.alittihad.ae/wajhatauthor. :O9 J A: IOvvvcQvvvG


vvv vvv G v yQvvvdv vF B9v vKvvvGaz ?vvvJvvvpvvvZ v \vvvA:9vvvrvvvl qvvvcvvvWQC
php?AuthorID=26>.

IQ9vWE hvl ?vlIv_ ?vTvcv8Qv_G BGQ9vcvAv_G hvlvGvA y?vcvMvcQ9vA ?v_vAvtz yE ?vG9vJv_G cavJz ,>vcvTvJ HvcOv_G |vM :QvdvFG )6 (

.14 [ ,)2007 QcG}p/b9=W( 336 OOg_G ,29 ? F T_ G , d = Qg _ c = r A T*


G G y ,sGQ g_G ?_9J y E ?Z9M
123 / d]9l M9Ap_G O = fa jQGat_G ?pc_M xf

q
9v Kv A9v Fav tv la 9v Kv pv 8Gav aa ?v lFG B9v f9v lv Gv _ Hv ]9v Jv _Ga hv l9v Gv _G Q9v aDG av J jPv _G ,ydv T9v TFG Q9v cv Av _Gz
)7 ( q q
va . yBvrav_G B GP v 9vKvfavFvAa 9vJOOvgvA zvf evp9vJvca 9vKvgvlvGvcz jPv_Ga ,?vcvf9vlvAvG:Ga ?vcvT9vcvTv_G
IOv Jav _G svcvrvJvA ^Qvjv= u9vFvJ ?vcvMvcQ9vA ?v_vAvt m9vcvr IQvtvp Hvf dv J9v Fv G \v _v _G Ov=vf .C >vAvt Hv cQv Jv =v _G
)8 (
. ?c = JP *G a ? c p 8 9 a _ G B9 l9 T r F :G zf A 9] r _ G a ? c F a a_ G

:HGav Fv gv = jQGav tv _G ?v pc_v M xv f .O 9v JQv Wv F ?v rQa v ?v cv Mv cQ9v A ?v _v Av t IQv tv p B9v Z9v JQE R}v Aa
)9 (
IOGQE A9v Fv = HC ?v rQav _G Ov tCv A Ev cv J , y?v cQ9v ]v J ?c_v lv f 9v JQ9v =v Av f9v = ?v cv lv Fv Av _v _ cv ]v pC mv Kv p av Jv Fz
?vcvf9vlvGv_G IQOvrv_Gz :9vlvJ ,{vAQOvr zvf RvtvAQvA ?vcvT9vTC ?vcvFv= >v_vavAvc ,?v_aO ?vcC v ?vcvlvFvAv_v_ ?vcvgvlvAvGvl
B9vrv_vavFvl IQav_v= zvf ?vcvf9vlvGv_G IQOvrv_Gza ,y?v cv T9v TFG \v rav rv Ja H9v Tv F:G ?v lGQv t ?v c9v lv Jv _ ?v lR;v _G
)10 (
. y hl A G * G I | T l |F A ?_ c ZC ?c Q t p
q
Hav lv ]v lv = Hv JGQv _G m9vlvAvJ:G ?vGavl OavlvJvl >vcvGvF dv tR .O qavTv _vcvpv_Ga Qvtvp*G sv=vT Ovra
9vlvJ}vAvfGa ,|vtvpvAv_G IOvJaa |vcvjvAv_G IOGQE Hvf ? _ r g _ 9 A9 J v >vAvt 9vlOvFvf ?vcvMvcQ9vAv_G ?v_vAvtv_G c vv vv vv G vvFvv vvcvv

k
:;v v89v vr bv v=G~v v_G uv v_P Oav vlv vJv vl >v vcv vGv vF dv vtR Ov vtCv vca .qOv vKv v_G IOv vJa zv vf HGRv vtv vAQv vAa {v vAv vlR;v vAv vl
dv]vAvrvc OvJGav_G qOvKv_G HF ,qOvKv_G IOvJav= :E svrvJvAvA : |vtvpvAv_G IOvJa HC dvJ cavrv_G ?vZ;vMaz
)11 (
. y \i a_= H a O c a Jc 9 l >FA GF HC a ,\ c_E 9F _Zac 9 l Q9 AMF HC gQa O=

: AlRv G dv J ?v cv aGQv rv lv cOv _G IOv f9v r zv f ?v cv Mv cQ9v A ?v _v Av t ?v cv lv Fv A yE Iav fOv _G HC Qv tPv _9v = Qv cOv Ga
RvcRvgvA qvraz qGOvJC Hvla ,y?vcv=Qvgv_G HGOv_v=v_G v ?vcvaGQvrvlvcOv_G B9vTGQO YaQvWvlz qGOvJC Hvl CRvGvAvc
dvJ YaQvW*Ga qvrav_G qGOvJ.vp .H9vlRv_G Hvl HvcOvrvf avJvF PvFvl y?vcvaGQvrvlvcOv_Ga iQavWv_G B9vTGQO
iavrv_Ga ?vcQvtvpv_G BGQ9vcvAv_G iOv_ ?vt~vWvl mvTGavr O9vGvcEa ,?vcvaGQvrvlvcOv_v_ cv]vpC dv=Qvf mvKvp ?vcvlvFvAz
k )12 (
yE c9vrvAvF:G v IOvf9vT*G dvJ zvfC ?vc9vi yE :avZa , y?vcv=Qvgv_G ?vJ9vTv_G zvf ?v_vf9vpv_G ?vcvT9vcvTv_G
k )13 (
,qGOvJFG gPvJ Hvl 9vr;vavFGa . ?vcv=Qvgv_G HGOv_v=v_G v ?vcvaGQvrvlvcO mvtvJ mvdvF A9vTQEa ,?vcvaGQvrvlvcOv_G

,B9v TGQOv _v _ IQv cRv Gv _G Rv tQv l :?v JaOv _G( 8 ;IQv cRv Gv _G s GQaC ,? lI _ vv vv dvv T 9 T Q9 A J vv C vvcvv avv vvF ,jQv Wv =v _G sQ9v a )7 (

.)2008

QGO :Ba|v=( Hvvc QJ=__ 9 Al ;l


vv vv vv vv vvKvv vv A vv a j Q =9 G _ y
vv vv vv G E dvv Wl Qivv G vv Hvv l ? M Q9 A _ ? _ A t _
vvcvv vvc vv vv G vv vv vv vv G ,dvJ9vFvG \v_v_G Ov=vf )8 (

.)2004 ,?c=OFG R aFt _G


, dvv = Q g _ c = r A T*
vv vv G vv vv vv vv G y,?v cQ9v ]v J ?c_v lv f 9v JQ9v =v Av f9v = ?v cv lv Fv Av _v _ cv ]v pC mv Kv p av Jv Fz ,jQGav tv _G ?v pc_v M xv f )9 (

.27 vvvv 4 [ ,)1983 UQ9l/QGPB( 49 OOg_G ,5 ?FT _G


E J= ?f lGl avv vv vv avv vv vv : dvv =Q g _ H _ M _ v ? l A _ 9 9 ] r b p _ m l
vv vv G c vv vv G vvcvv vvFvv vv G vvc vv vv a vv vvFvv G avv vvJ ,jQGav tv_G ?v pc_vM xvf :QvdvFG )10 (

.26 [ ,)1985 ,hcRaA_Ga ? l G ~ _ G a Q W F _ _ ? l d 9 t ? t Q W : B c a t _ G ( B9 T Q O B Q ]9 Jl G a G a

k
9vv]vvcC QvvdvvFGa 84 [ ,)1979 ,saQvvWv _G QGO :IQvvJ9vvrvv_G( ? _ r g _ 9 A9 J v ,OavvlvvJvvl >vvcvvGvvF
c vv vv vv G vv Fvv vv cvv dv tR )11 (

.87 vvvv 65 [
xv f :v qv rav _G GPv J H.v W v jQGav tv _G ?v pc_v M xv f .O >9v av M Hv lv ]v Av c jPv _G )2 ( mv rQv _G sv Jv _*G :Qv dv FG )12 (

:Ba|v=( ?vcv=Qvgv_G HGOv_v=v_G v ?vcvaGQvrvlvcOv_G B9vTGQO YaQvWvl ,? vcv a Qrl O_ cG G v v vc v G v C Hv l Q J ,QQvJvl G av ,jQGavtv_G ?vpc_vM

.176 -175 [ ,)1996 ,QWF_Ga ?f9 =a__ ?g c_a_ G Q GO


q
OvfC ,? a Qr l O_ vcv G v v vc v G dv f 9 T * R R g A _ ? _ = r A T l ? CQ J
v G vc v v v c v v v v v vc av vF : ? a Qrl O_ vcv G v v vc v Ga dv =Qg_ H _M_ :QvdvFG
v v G c v v G )13 (
q
.12 [ ,)2002 ,?c=Qg_G IOJa_G B 9 TG Q O R t Q l : Ba | = ( jQ G at _ G ? pc_ M x f 9 JQQ Ja ?T G QO _ G
d=Qg_G c=rAT*G / 124

n n n
Q9vavrFG Hvl OOvf v 9vKv= m9vcvrv_G mvA dvAv_G ,y?vcvaGQvrvlvcOv_G cv=vrvAvTvl ?vTGQOz m9vAvM v YaQvW*G EvJv=
q
Ov_v= cvt v ?vcvaGQvrvlvcOv_G dvf9vT*G RvcRvgvAv_ ?c_v=vrvAvTvl ?vcCQ ?vcvlvFvA cv=vT yE qQvgvAv_G ?vcvlvJC ,?vcv=Qvgv_G
)14 (
. \A T GQ O mAA

IOvf Hvl dv=Qvf Ov_v= cvt v ?vcvaGQvrvlvcOv_G IOvf9vr zvf ?vcvMvcQ9vA ?v_vAvt m9vcvr yE IavfOv_G sv_vavFvAa
B9v lav tv Jv _G ^v gv = ?v la9v rv l mv iQ zv gv p .?v cv =Qv gv _G Q9v av rIv _ ?v cv T9v cv Tv _G Y9v ]aF9v = cv Zv Av A sv 89v rv J
k
?v cv T9v cv Tv _G ?v =Qv Gv Av _G H@v p ,?v cav lv Fv Av _G Hv lG}v _G Hv l 9v ]v gv = 9v Kv rv cv rv Jv Aa ?v cv =v Fv GFG ?v Fv lv cv Kv _v _ ?v cv =Qv gv _G

m_ vvvvv q9v a*G ?v c9v Kv F v vvvvv 9v Kv FC yE |v Wv A c;v rv Av T:G Ov gv = 9v l ?v _v JQv l v B9v lav tv Jv _G gPv Kv _ IQv Z9v g*G
m_a cv= ,?vcvf9vlvAvG:G ?v_GOvgv_G :a ,?vcO9vZvAvr:G ?vcvlvFvAv_G :a ,dvFvaav_G QQvJvAv_G : ,9vKvA9vgvlvAvG* >v_vGvA
o q
?v cv =Qv gv _G 9v Kv Av cav J B9v lav rv l zv f :a ,?v cv gv cv =v av _G 9v Kv AGaQv D zv f :a ,?v cQv Wv =v _G 9v Kv AGQOv r zv f ev p9v Jv A
Qv cav av A v B9v lav tv Jv _G uv _v A cv Wv p av J Qav Zv rv _G GPv J >9v =v TC RQv =C Ov JC Hav tv c 9v lv =Qa .?v cv l;v TDGa
q
B9v 8v pa OGQv pF ?v rv cv ] Kv _9v Zv l ?v Fv lv cv Ja ,9v Kv =av gv W Kv _9v Zv l cv GC Hv l cv lv gv A IOv cv WQ mv tv J ?v lv dv FC
q
.? cFaa_ G K _9 Z* G > 9T J zf ?F c gl

Adv Wv _9v = Bv Tc_ ?v _aOv _G IQGOE cv =v Ta mv tv Jv _G ?v lv dv F.v = m9v lv Av J:G mOv f ?v pB HC yE 9v Fv J |v Wv Fa


k
,?vp;vMv_G cavJ )|( OvlvJvl dv=vFv_G Bavl Ovgv= {vlv_vT*G q;vAvMG Hvf GOvcvgv=vp .>Qvgv_G OvFvf OvcOvGv_G

HQvrv_G Hvl caFG qvZvFv_G v 9vW9v= xvf OvlvJvl ?v]vKvF H@vp ,IQvJ9vFvAvl sQvpa hvcvW yE mvKvl9vTvrvFG mvD
o
cvvG yE BOvvAvvlG vvvvv EvvcOvvJvv_G QvvZvvgvv_G v ?vvcavv]vvKvvF ?vvcvv=Qvvf ?vv=QvvGvvA caC dvvJ dvvAvv_G vvvvv QvvWvvf hvvT9vvAvv_G
)15 (
dv Tv Fav Av _G Hv cOv _G |v M ?v =Qv Gv Aa . mv tv Jv _G Y9v av r GOv f 9v l v ,?v ]v Kv Fv _9v = cv Zv Av A dv Av _G B9v f9v av rv _G
q
e9vvvpvvvAvvvJ:G v H9vvvavvv_vvvTvvv_Ga j9vvv=vvv_G ?vvv=vvviQ cvvvgvvvpvvv= BvvvfOvvvZvvvA cavvv=vvvFvvvavvvTE va UvvvFavvvA v M;vvvZ<vvv_

PavpvFv_G YGQvZ HC :E ,LQ9vMv_G zvf {vAv=QvGvAv_G M9v Av pv FG mviQ zvfa .?vrv_va*Ga ?vgvTGav_G 9vlvKvA9vav_vTv=
n r
.HcO _G |M B:a9Jl cWp v mJ9Ta ,?cQZ*G ?=QGA_G ^KnGC ?c=aQaFG i ar_G {=

,9vKcvp ?vcvlvFvAv_G B9c_vlvf ?vW9vWvJa ,?vcv=Qvgv_G Q9vavrFG qvgv] mviQ zvfa ,\vFC >vF9vG yE ,GPvJ
9v vKv vgv vrav vla Q9v vav vrFG gPv vJ OQGav vl H@v vp ,?v vcv vGQ9v vMv v_G 9v vKv vpv vrGav vl qv vgv v]a ,9v vKv vFv vl cav vrv vgv v_G IQv vGv vJa
k k k
qOv Kv Av Tv A B9v av av M* 9v JQv Tv la i}v t ?c_aO iav rv _ 9v lv 8GO 9v pOv J 9v Kv Fv l cv gv Gv A dv Gv cv AG~v Tav cv Gv _G
?v=Q9vJ* OvAvlvA BvJGQ ?v]v=vrv_G gPvJ HC avJ QvavMFGa .HGOv_v=v_G gPvJ BGQOvrvl zvf ?v]v=vrv_G m9vtvJE
k
Hvl 9vpavM ;9vJ|via ?c_G}c_a ?vcQ9vTvca ?vcvlavra ?vcvl;vTE Hvl ,dvFvaav_G \vGavAv_G BGP BGQ9vcvAv_G cvt
k k
yE IQvpavA*G Iavrv_G cvlGavf 9vKv_vcavJvAa ?vlv89vrv_G B9vlavtvJv_v_ 9vcvFvaa ;vcOv= BGQ9vcvAv_G gPvJ cvtvWvA HC

crA
vv vv vvF G G P9* :v Qv Wv f Hv l9v Dv _G jav Fv Tv _G A9v rv _v _ ?v cv l9v Av Mv _G ?v Tv _v Gv _G v jQGav tv _G ?v pc_v M xv f ?v _v MGOv l Qv dv FG )14 (

.230 vvvv 229 [ , i Q M c O h l ? =Q f c O _ ? Q 9 r l ? T QO > Q g _ Q M. A ? a Q r l O _ y


vv C a vv vvcvv vv a vv vvF vv vv vv G ? vv vv G vv vv a vvcvv G vv vv vvc vv G E Ha Q M6vv G

k
y,?vcv=Qvgv_G HGOv_v=v_G ?vTGQOv_ m9vf bvavMvl :?vcv=Qvgv_G HGOv_v=v_G v ?vcvaGQvrvlvcOv_G cv=vrvAvTvlz ,jQGavtv_G ?vpc_vM xvf :9v]vcC QvdvFG
.69 -54 [ ,)1996 }l paF /d F9 D_ G HcQWA( 213 OO g_G ,19 ? F T_ G , d = Qg _ c= r A T*
G G

bvlvFv_G zvf ?v_aOv_G Hvf HvcOv_G cvZvp \vAv_a9vJvla ,QvJRFG M;vZ@v= xvf OvlvJvl m9vlvAvJG mOvf >vF9vG yE GPvJ )15 (

E OJ_ vvc vv vv G =Q g _ Q t p _ v
dvv vv vv G vv vv vv G dvvF 9l_g_
vv vv vv vv Ga dvvFvvc O_
vv G Hvvc Q9 A _ { =
vvcvv vv G vv YG Q Z _ ,Qv J9v ] cv l9v t Ov lv Jv l :Qv dv FG
vv vv G .dv =aQaFG

.54 vvvv 39 [ ,)1994 ,QWF_Ga ?f 9=a_ _ d Fa| =_G Q G O : B a | = ( Q Z9 g * Ga


125 / d]9l M9Ap_G O = fa jQGat_G ?pc_M xf

q
OOvKvA dvAv_G ?vcv=Qvjv_G ?cvp9vrvDv_G ?vlvGvKv_G Hvf uvcvJ9vF ,GPvJ .?c_aOv_G ?vJ9vTv_G v IQvDCvl IQOvr cvlGavf
q
.? cl; TDG mcr_Ga ,?c=Qg_G ?p9rD_Ga ,?c=Qg_G ?j__G ?Z9M=a ,?caKo__ ?cTc8Q_G B9lar*G

B9v=vTvAvtvl yE ?vp9v]DGa ,?vc*9vgv_G B9vcOvJvAv_G ?vKvGGavl v ?vcv=Qvgv_G Q9vavrFG ?vlvJ9vTvl HC 9v lvt

IavfO yE av_viaC OaGO OvlvJC .O hvpO 9vl GPvJa .?vc9vjv_v_ IOaOvJvl ?vlvJ9vTvl dvJ ,IQvZ9vg*G IQ9v]vJv_G

dv vAv v_G B9vvcOvvJv vAvv_G ?v vKvvGGa* bv vrvvp Uc_ ,d*9v vgv v_G jQ9v v]v vJv v_G gQaO IO9v vgv vAv vTG yE dv vl;v vTDG m_9v vgvv_G
k
,?vcv=Qvjv_G |via ?vcv=Qvjv_G B9vgvlvAvG*G P9vrvFE v 9v]vcC m9vKvT<v_ 9vlvFEa ,?vcvl;vTDG B9vgvlvAvG*G 9vKvKvGGavA
)16 (
ya C HC v uv vW :a . IQv vZ9v vg*G ?v vcv v=Qv vjv v_G IQ9v v]v vJv v_G 9v vKv vARQv vpC dv vAv v_G Qv vAav vAv v_G b9v vrvvF ?vvKv vGGav vla
v 9v Kv =av gv W m9v lC ?v _aCv Tv l mv tv J mv dv F A9v Fv = dv J ?v cv =Qv gv _G Q9v av rFG v QaOv _G GPv J IO9v gv Av TG BGav av M
.HG O_ =_G gP J

q
Hv l dv =9v Gv cDG cv lv gv _G v dv J ?v Fv JGQv _G ?v cv Mv cQ9v Av _G ?v dv Jv _v _G v iav Zv rv _G ?v cav _aFG H@v p ,GPv Kv _a

jC ,ydv Mv cQ9v Av _G OGOv Tv F:Gz Kv _9v Z mv W9v J .C g9v lv TC 9v l Kv Av pa ,Y9v ]aFG gPv J Hv l LaQv Mv _G cv GC
)17 (
cvtv= ,L9vAvJvc dv=9vGvcDG cvlvgv_G GPvJ cvDvla . s;vavF:G Hvl {vlv_vT*Ga >Qvgv_G hvFvlvc jPv_G QGOvGv_G
k
zvf Havtvc vvvvv 9v]vcC dv=Qvgv_G 9vlv=Qa ,dvFvaav_G iavAvT*G zvf vvvvv ?v_vf9vp ?c_vJC B9vlvcvdvFvA ?vcvlvFvA yE ,Ovcvt.vA
mvvTGavvr yE cvvZavvAvv_9vv= ?vvcvvMvvcQ9v vAv v_G ?c_aCvvT*G iav vAv vTv vl yE Y9vvpvvAQ:G zv vf IQO9vvr BGO9vvcvvr 9vvKvvTCQ
k
Qv f9v Wv _G cav rv _ 9v rGOv Zv l GPv Ja .dv =Qv f Qv av r cv t v ?v gv l9v G ?v cv aGQv rv lv cO ?v tQv J ?v cv lv Fv Aa ,?v t~v Wv l
o
. y Ga O9 T mK_9KqG H* IGQT :a ,mK_ IGQT : b ]a p U 9F _G K _ Zc :z :d =Qg_ G

, ? a Qr l O_ Of9 r zf ? M Q9A _ ? _At_ l q O _ 9 l 9 9 D


c G c G I c c G G H K G : cF

B9 9i l R9 G v m TA ? tl P_ 9l c H g FE K HC H c j G a

k k k
9vcvMvcQ9vA 9vpOvJ qOvKvAvTvA IOavWvF*G ?vcvMvcQ9vAv_G ?v_vAvtv_G HE cavrv_G Hvtvlvc ,mOvrvA 9vl zvf 9v=vcvAQvA
mvtvJv_v_ ?vpv_vAvM*G c9vtvWFG Ra9vGvA avJa ,?vcv=Qvgv_G 9vFvA9vgvlvAvGvl \vWvcvgvA jPv_G mvJFG jOvJvAv_9v= cvZvAvc
. ?c a G Q r l c O mt J m dF ? l9rE a ,s _a* G
k q
mvtvJ m9vdvF yE :aC dv=Qvf Qvavr cvt ?vG9vJ yE |vWvA ?vcv=Qvgv_G HGOv_v=v_v_ ?vcvMvcQ9vAv_G ?vdvJv_v_G HE

hvlvAvG*G mvcvr hvl mvGvTvFvAa ,>avgvWv_v_ ?vfaQvW*G Kv_9vZ*G svrvJvAa ,cvMGOv_G Hvl hv=vFvA ,dvaGQvrvlv cO

HC Q9v=vAvfG zvf uv_Pa ,?vcvaGQvrvlvcOv_G ?vl9vrE v ?vJv_vZ*G BGP ?vcvFvaav_G iavrv_G ?vp9vt 9vKvcvlvJvAa ,\vAvp9vrvDa

?vvrvvavvF*G gPvvJ HGOvv_vv= hvv]vvA H.vv= ,?vvFvvJGQvv_G mvvtvvJvv_G mvvdvvF Hvvl 9vvJ|vvi Hvvl QvvDvvtC ,?vv_vvcvvpvvt mvvdvvFvv_G gPvvJ
?vv_GOvvgvv_Ga ,?vvcvvlvvFvvAvv_9vvt ,i}vvtvv_G ?vvcvvFvvaavv_G B9vvc9vvjvv_G ?vvcvvrvv= R9vvGvvF@vv= cvvcvvpvvtvv_G svvcQvvavv_G zvvf 9vvKvv=avvgvvWa
o
dvv=vvJP*Ga dvvpvv89vvavv_G H9vvrvvAvvJ:G \vvGaC cvvt ?vv_GREa ,?vvcavvKvv_G zvvf e9vvpvvJvv_Ga ,QQvvJvvAvv_Ga ,?vvcvvf9vvlvvAvvG:G
k
yE :av Za ,{v cv =Qv gv _G cv l9v tv Av _Ga cv Av tv Av _G av Jv F BGQOv rv _G \v cv Gav A GPv ta ,9v J|v ia dv Fv cOv _Ga dv rQv gv _Ga

?vgvGGQvla QvcQvJvAa >vcQvgvA ,? Q9]J_ B: JA_ > l v vc v v v G av v v G vKv dv l; T v DG m_ 9g _


v v G ,av_viaC OaGO OvlvJC :QvdvFG )16 (

.)2006 ,?c_aO_G s a Q W_ G ? = A t l : I Q J 9 r _ G ( m F 9 i dl ac=_ G m cJGQ =E


:HOvFv_( =Q g _ m_ 9 g _ v Q
? dvv vv vv G vv vv G A_
vvc avvFvv vv G Ya Q W l c W p P9*
vv vv vv vv G M Q9 A _ O O T : ,Kv_9vZ mvW9vJ :QvdvFG
: dvv vvc vv vv G G vv vvF G )17 (

.19 [ ,)2007 ,dr9T_G Q GO


d=Qg_G c=rAT*G / 126

)18 (
zvf ,HvtvlvAvAvT ?vcvaGQvrvlvcOv_G B9vlavtvJv_G HE . cvAvtvAv_Ga Kv_9vZ*G ?vjv_ :E qQvgvc : m_9vf v IOvJav_G
q
dv Av _G mPQv Wv Av _G ?v _9v J Hv l Ov Jv _Ga ,B9v f9v av rv _G ?v p9v t >v cv Zv A dv Av _G Qav JOv Av _G ?v _9v J qv ra Hv l ,cv rFG

. ? r a F * G H GO _ = 9 Kc F 9 gA

n q q
cvt cv MGOa ,>RvJa Q9v cvA cv t v vvvvv mavrv _G IGQv T vvvvv A;v rv gv _G zv f mv AvJv A ?v cv Mv cQ9v Av _G ?v _v JQ*G HE

I9vrv_*G ?c_aCvT*G mvGvJ yE Y9vpvAQ:Ga ,mvKvA9vgvlvAvGvla mvKv=avgvW P9vrvFE yE dvfGOvAv_G ,mvcvdvFvAa ?vf9vlvG

cv Av tv Av _Ga ,?v cv Mv cQ9v Av _G ?v dv Jv _v _G gPv J v mv Kv rv A9v f zv f


q
A:CvJ uQvJvAa .?v_aCvTvl B9vlavtvJ QavKvd cvGC Hvl ?vv+vvMvv*Q9vvAvvyG ?vvdvvJvvzvvyG Qvv+vvWvv@
cv lv gv _Ga Qv tv pv _G BGO9v cv ra B9v lv cv dv Fv Av _G IO9v r( IGQv Tv _G
n n n
?vvF9vvI )vvyE ?vv+vv<QvvgvvyG fGOvvzvv=vvzvvy
l
v cv =v r Hv l EOv J Qv lC )?v cv =Qv gv _G Q9v av rFG v xv JFG
~vwvI ~vdv! )vyE ?v+v<QvgvyG Q9vavs}G
dvFvaav_G QQvJvAv_G B9vtQvJvp ,?vcv=Qvgv_G HGOv_v=v_G Hvl |vDvt
q o ,{vvLGOvvyG #vv| hvv=vv"vv@ ,vv_GQvvtvvFO
OvgvA )c;vrvAvT:G( 9c_vf B9vcav_aC cvGC Hvl c9v]vFv_Ga
k ?vvvfhQvvvWvvv?G Kvvvy9vvvZvvv?G uvvvtvvv:h
\v Av _v tv W jPv _G dv Mv cQ9v Av _G cv Av tv Av _G c9v tv WC Hv l ;v tv W
n n n ~v+vs hv| ~vGvTv"v@h ,9v%v<(vgvWvy
v GPvJ EOvJ .Bvrav_G uv_P v ?vcvFvaav_G BGQ9vcvAv_G ?vp9vt
.&Ap9tCh h}AOG
>RvvvvJ hvvvvl >Qvvvvj*G va ,Ovvvvpavvvv_G >RvvvvJ hvvvvl QvvvvZvvvvl
va ,Qv cQv Jv Av _G ?v Kv =v G hv l Qv 8GRv Gv _G va ,c;v rv Av T:G
y?vcvaGQvrvlvcOv_G ?vcvFvaav_G ?v_vAvtv_Gz \vAvcvlvTvA Hvtvlvc 9vl hvl Bvcavtv_G va ,dvFvaav_G cvlvgv_G ?v_vAvt hvl ?vcQavT
)19 ( q
. 1962 QaATO B g] aa IQTF G QaO BO c J d A _ G ?_ A t _ G u _ A , |l FG h l 9K r p Ga A a

yE Ov Fv Av Tv A ,iQv MC qGOv JC sv cv rv Jv Av _ ?v _v cv Taa qOv Kv t ,?v cv aGQv rv lv cOv _G zv f sv pGav Av _G ?v cv gv rGaa


Y9vlv GE \v=vW ?vlvD ,?vcvT9v TFG BGQ9vcvAv_G {v= YGQvZv _G Hv l Oavrvf Ovgv=a \v FC 9v KvlGavr ?vcQvJavG ?v rv cvrvJ

sQv av = dv T9v cv Tv _G YGQv Zv _G IQGOD Hv Kv Fv la mv tv Jv _v _ m9v dv Fv t ?v cv aGQv rv lv cOv _G zv f BGQ9v cv Av _G gPv J {v =


O9v=*G hvl ^Q9vgvAvc : Qv]9vJv_G 9vFvAvra v Q9vZ ,?vcvaGQvrvlvcOv_G jC ,u~vW*G qOvKv_G GPvJa .?vcvlv_vT
?v_vtvW*Ga .?c_G}c_a ?vcQ9vTvca ?vcvl;vTEa ?vcvlavr Hvl ?vcvT9vcvTv_G iavrv_G mvdvg* ?vcvT9vTFG Bv=GavDv_Ga
q
,9v Kv A9v cav _aC UCQ zv f ?v cv aGQv rv lv cOv _G hv ]a mOv fa ,BGQ9v cv Av _G gPv J Oav Kv G Bv Av Wv A v dv J ?v cv T9v TFG

.9 K_G C H l u~W* G clg_ G I OG QE qg]C j P_G QlF G

,B9vf9vlvGv_Ga OGQvpFG B9vr9va vvvvv iQvMC cvlGavf hvl vvvvv BGQ9vcvAv_G gPvJ {v= YGQvZv_G uv_vKvAvTG Ovrv_
q q k
c9v gv WE v mv J9v Ta ,AGav T Ov J zv f >av gv Wv _Ga >v Mv Fv _G ?v p9v rv Dv = Qv ]Ca ,?v fQ9v Zv Av l GQ9v tv pC Hv Av FCa

Z9vlOv_G uv_P ,OavlvJvl >vcvGvF dvtR Qvtvp*G iO9vF 9vlvt ,yu~vWvl dv=Qvf Z9vlOz yE cavZav_G cvrFG zvf aC )18 (

zvf mavrvc Ov JGa jav ]v f H9v cv t v ^vgv= QGavG yE 9vKv]v gv= ?v Zav ZQ*Ga IQvDvgv=*Ga ?vrQv p*G Q9v tv pFG hvlvGv= cv cv pv tv _G
,)1967 ,saQv Wv _G QGO :Ba|v= ;IQv J9v rv _G( Q Z g _ ? G l v 9 A p9 r D ,OavlvJvl >vcvGvF
vv vv vv G vvKvv G avv vvFvv vv vv vv dv tR :Qv dvFG .sv cQv pv _G MaQ

.9 JOg = 9la 133


G P9* :v ,?v vcv vl9v vAv vMv v_G ?v vTv v_v vGv v_G v \v vAv vlv v_v vt GPv vta ,jQGav vtv v_G ?v vpc_v vM xv vf .O A9v vrv v_v v_G sv vTv vFv vl ?v vlv v_v vt Qv vdv vFG )19 (

26 vvvv 25 [ , i Q M c O h l ? = Q f c O _ ? Q 9 r l ? T QO > Q g _ Q M . A ? a Q r l O _ y
v C a v vcv v a v vF v v v G ? v v G v v a vcv G v v vc v G E Ha Q M6 c r A
v G v v vF G

.230 vvvv 229 a


127 / d]9l M9Ap_G O = fa jQGat_G ?pc_M xf

.?vcvFvcO aC ?vcvrQvf aC ?vcvpv89va aC ?vcv=vJPvl UvTC zvf OvJGav_G hvlvAvG*G B9v8vp {v= A9v]vjv=v_Ga IaGOvgv_G

jPv _G dv l;v TDG Qv tv pv _G Hv l >v F9v Gv = ?v Kv cv =v W dv Ja ,IQ9v ]a ?v cv lOv f B9v fGQv Z B9v fGQv Zv _G gPv J HE

QaOv vA I9v vJQ cv vDv vlv vc ,dv vlOv vf Qv vtv vpz dv vTv vFav vAv v_G dv vl;v vT:G Qv vtv vp*G \v vpv vZa
\v vF.v v= dv vWav vFv vjv v_G Ov vWGQ
)20 (
k
mac_G Bvrav_G H9vJ Ovrv_ . yb9vavJvF:Ga qv_vMvAv_G {vfz avJ jPv_G ,y9vKvAGP mvKvAv_vA GQ9vFa 9vKvTvpvF cavJ

vvvvv 9vKFvcv= MQvav_G ?vl;vf hv]av= ^vgv=v_G 9vKv]vgv=v_ BGQ9vcvAv_G gPvJ dvpvF jC ,yjQvpvZv_G HRGavAv_Gz Ra9vGvAv_
q
hv ]a jC ,dv =9v Gv cDG HRGav Av _G Hv l iQv MC ?v jv cv Z bv Fv =v Aa vvvvv jQv Wv =v _G sQ9v a Q9v Wv Av T*G >v Av t 9v lv t

,?v cQv Jv = cv lv gv _G BGQ9v cv Av _G cv tv _ Hv lv ]v c Ov cv WQ dv T9v cv T m9v dv F ?v l9v rE cv GC Hv l 9v KFv cv = hv lv Gv _G ?v l;v f


. ?c *9 g_G a ? c _ J *G B9 c ] A r * G >T J ?g l9G _ G q GO J FG s c r JA a , 9K A 9c a_ aC > c A Q A a

9vKvAvgvcv=va zvf UvtvgvFvA ?v_vAvtv_v_ ?vgvl9vGv_Ga ?vt~vW*G qGOvJFG gPvJ HC 9vFvJ qvcv]vF HC >vGvca
k k
Uv TC zv f dv Gv cv AG~vvTG qv _9v JvvA dvvJ 9v lv FEa ,9v cv tv cv Av tv A ;v Avvtv A Bv Tc_ ?v _v Avvtv _9v p .?v l9v gv _G 9vvKv A9v lv Ta
q
mvgvA ?vgvl9vG ?vcvFvaa ?vJv_vZvl svrvJvc cvcOv= dvaGQvrvlvcO mvtvJ m9vdvF UvcvT.vA qOvKvAvTvc ,?vcvfav]avl
q
mv tv Jv _G mv dv F yE ?v _v rv _G aC OQv pv _G mv tv J mv dv F Hv l c9v rv Av F:G dv Ja ,hv lv Av G*G B9v 8v p ?v p9v t zv f 9v JOv 8Gav p
q
Hv l bv FOFG OvJv_G Hvlv]vc dv T9v cv T m9vdvF QavKvdv= cvcvpvt cvcOv=v_G GPvJ HC Q9v=vAvfG zvfa ,dv aGQv rv lv cOv _G

OQvp ?vJv_vZvl Uc_a ,?vl9vgv_G ?vJv_vZ*G cvGC Hvl ?vcvT9vcvTv_G iavrv_G cvlvgv_ svcQvav_G OvKqvlvca ,B9vcQvJv_G
iav Av Tv l yE 9v JC9v ]v fC hv pv AQv c ,?v t~v Wv l ?v cv gv lv Av Gv l IOGQE Hv f |v =v gv A ?v _v Av tv _G HE .?Fv cv gv l ?v 8v p aC

cvvvMO*Ga ?vvvt~vvvW*G ?vvvcavvv_aFG zvvvf HavvvrvvvpvvvAvvvca ,?vvvcvvvMvvvcQ9vvvAvvv_G ?vvv_vvvJQ*G 9vvvKvvv=vvv_vvvavvvAvvvA dvvvAvvv_G ?c_aCvvvT*G
.? rJ: ? c M c Q 9A ? _JQ l yE Up 9 F A _G c c G. A z fa , ?] KF __ d Gc A G~ T : G

? _A t_ q Qa m l 9 D_9D
r
n

? G G C J H :

k
9vJQ9v=vAvf9v= ,?vcvaGQvrvlvcOv_G qOvJ zvf dvFvaav_G svpGavAv_v_ ?vjvcvZ dvJ IOavWvF*G ?v_vAvtv_G HC yE GQvdvF
k q k k
yE GQvdvFa ,IOOvJvl ?vcvMvcQ9vA ?vdvJv_ v i}vtv_G ?vcvFvaav_G qGOvJFG ?vcvrv= svcvrvJvAv_ ?v_vcvTaa 9vgvl9vG 9vpOvJ
m9vlC ?vJavAvpvl ?v_vAvtv_G >Gav=C HavtvA HC Hvl Ov= ;vp ,qGOvJFG gPvJ R9vGvF@v= OvJGa Q9vcvA OGQvpvFG ?v=avgvZ
OQv Gv l dv Fv gv A : ?v _v Av tv _G HFa .?v cv aGQv rv lv cOv _G IOv f9v r zv f dv lv _v Tv _G |v cv jv Av _G Ov Wv Fv A dv Av _G iav rv _G cv t
{v = ?v Kv =v G OQv Gv l Bv Tc_z vvvvv jQv =9v Gv _G >v Av t 9v lv t vvvvv dv Kv p ,iav rv _Ga >GRv JFG Hv l OOv f {v = sv cv Tv Fv A
uv_P ?v TQ9vlv l zv f IQO9v rv_G aC hv lvAv G*G v cvgv p 9vKv _ dv Av _G iav rv _G Hv l Hav tv Av A ?v _v Av t dv J cv = ,>GRvJC
\v Tv pv F hv ]v c jPv _G uv _P :E ,qGQv aFG Hv l qQv a jC ?v rv =v Tv l IQav Zv = 9v Kv Fv l bv Fv Dv Av Tv c :a ,cv gv pv _G
)21 (
. y 9 JO ] a 9 KGQ 9 M

k
HavtvA HC Hvl Ov= : >Gav=F9vp .GOvJC Ovgv=vAvTvA :a ,hvl9vG dvFvaa hv=9va BGP IOavWvF*G ?v_vAvtv_G HE

OGOvfE ,9 a = ] 9 QO9 Z l m; T
v Kv v G av a vJ v v : v DG v ? T9 T _ ? f Q W _ :v
v cv v cv v G v cv v v G ,dvWavFvjv_G OvWGQ ?v_vMGOvl QvdvFG )20 (

.199 [ ,)1996 ,dl;TDG m_ 9 g _ G v B 9 cQ J_ G Hf Y 9 pO_ _ d A}c _ : H OF_ ( d lclA _ G m G Rf Qc QJA a


<http://www.aljabriabed.net>. y,?bFgl j.= ..?cMcQ9A_G ?_A t_Gz ,j Q=9G _G O=9 f Ol Jl : v OQ a )21 (
k
<http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Forum/3778/pouvoir_usa_ :hvvvvvvvvravvvvvvvvl zvvvvvvvvf 9vvvvvvvv]vvvvvvvvcC QvvvvvvvvpavvvvvvvvAvvvvvvvvla
islam_4.htm>.
d=Qg_G c=rAT*G / 128

m9v dv F yE c9v rv Av F:G v cv Dv lv A*G ?v _v Av tv _G qOv Kv =


Hv lCv c Hv l cv t m9v lCa ,?v lv t9v Jv _G >v Mv Fv _G m9v lC ?v Jav Av pv l
q
.\vA9vrv=vaa \vpv8Gavaa \vA9v8vp ?vp9vtv= ,\v_vlvt.v= hvlvAvG*G [vMvc dvFvaa qOvJ avJ jPv_G ,dvaGQvrvlvcO mvtvJ
q
sv cQv a hv av rv c Ov ra ,c9v rv Av F:G ?c_v lv f cv Kqv Tv c qav T ,9v Kv Fv l A9v ]v fC aC ,?v lv t9v Jv _G ?v =v Mv Fv _G Oav Ga HE
IQvcOvAvT*G IQv8GOv_G( ?v=QvGvA Hvl QvDvtC v QavlFG BQ9vZ GPvtvJ .?vcvaGQvrvlvcOv_G zvf >;vrvF:Ga IOavgv_G
{v Fv = v 9v lv t ,?v cv rv cQv pFG caOv _G Hv l OOv f v ?v cv lav rv _G BGQv lv AC*Ga ,9v cv rv cQv pC >av Fv Ga GOv Fv _av = cv t v
.)w 9l a c9j FT_G a
q o r n r q
Ov Jav Aa mv JGav r hv lv Gv A dv Kv p ,mv Kv _v Jv l cv Jv A :a ,9v Kc_E {v lv ]v F*G qGQv aFG dv jv _v A : ?v _v Av tv _Ga
q
zvf c9vgvp >v_va ?vcvlvFvA dvJ ,?vgvl9vG 9c_vf ?vcav_aC yE OvFvAvTvc u~vWvl cvlvf Hvl9vFQv= g9vGvA mvJOavKvG
,dvJa .dvaGQvrvlvcOv_G mvtvJv_G yE ?v_vrv_G aC OQvpv_G mvtvJ ?vlvdvFC c9vrvAvFG cvGC Hvl bvjv]v_Ga ,?vcvaGQvrvlvcOv_G
q k k
svpGavA dvJ 9vlvFEa ,IOOvJvl ?vcvf9vlvAvGG aC ?vcO9vZvAvrG HvlGQv= zvf 9vcvMvcQ9vA 9vrvpGavA BvTc_ ,bvFvg*G GPvKv=
q o m
?vcQvJv= cvlvgv_G Hvl ?vcvT9vcvTv_G iavrv_Ga BGQ9vcvAv_G cvt Hv tv lvc dvaGQvrvlvcO dv T9v cv T Q9vaE hv]a cavJ
GPvJa .dvaGQvrvlvcOv_G m9vdvFv_G ?vl9vrE Ovgv= ?v_vAvtv_G qGQvaC Uvp9vFvAvA HF ?vcvF9vtvlE u9vFvKvp ,GPvKv_a .?cvp9vpvWa
k
9vlvt .O9v=vgv_G cGavJC M;vZEa >avgvWv_G Kv_9vZvl ?vlOvM qOvKvAvTvcvT \vFF ,GOvcvlvJ HavtvcvT Uvp9vFvAv_G
9vlvt ,9vKvAGP ?v_vAvtv_G cvMGO m9vgv_G Kv_9vZv_G cvGC Hvl Uvp9vFvAv_Ga QvdvFv_G B9vKvGa q;vAvM: ?vcvF9vtvlE ?vlvD HC
q
A9vFvDC gC9v]vfC qv_vAvMvc jPv_G H9*}v_9v= ^vgv=v_G \vKv=vWvc jPv_G jOvFvKv_G QvlvAC*G >RvJ hvl c9vJv_G dvJ

. OJ Ga QG Q r y E Ha KAFc ? c9 KF_G v m KFC :E ,mKA 9Wr9 Fl


q
BGQ9v cv Av_G {v = H6G mv89vrv_G Qv lO*G s9vrvWv_G Hv f qv _v Av Mvc Ovcvlv Jv_G Uvp9v Fv Av _G GPv J HC v uvW :a
gPv J v 9v Fv A9v cav _aC Hv l Bv Tc_ Qav lC cav Ja ,?v cv T9v cv Tv _G >GRv JFG {v = xv tv Wv _G Uv p9v Fv Av _Ga ?v cQv tv pv _G
9vcGavFv_G cavJa ,dv]9*G EGOvJC |vTvpvA cavJa ,B9vcvGav_avcOvcFG cavJ Uvp9vFvAv_9vt ,?vcvMvcQ9vAv_G ?v_vJQ*G
)22 (
Qv Zv l v dv l;v TDGa jQ9v Tc_G Hv cQ9v cv Av _G Q9v Zv FC ^v gv = qv rGav l yE 9v Fv J Qv dv FG . cv =v rv Av T*G v
{vcvtG~vW:9v= {c_G}c_v_G ?vr;vf yE aC ,^vgv=v_G mvKv]vgv= g9vGvA 9vlvFEa ,?vav_vTv_G g9vGvA Uc_ ,>Qvj*Ga
q
.Qar Hl QDtC v d gc W _ G v v v v v d F T _ G d= JP *G m9 T r F : G a C , ? c = Q g_ G Q 9 a r FG ^ g= v

, ? M Q 9A _ ? _A t_ c tW A _ ? T 9 T F B 9= _a A* 9l 9 g= Q
c c G G c c G G : G

? a Qr l O_ Of9 r zf ?_A t
?y c G P9* c G I z dJ G a

,9 l
vv _
vvKvv aC :cv rFG zv f ){v av =9v ] aC( {v aQv W Oav Ga >v _v av Av c ?v cv Mv cQ9v Av _G ?v _v Av tv _G >9v = Kv Av p HE

,?vcvaGQvrvlvcOv_G dvJ ?vcvMvcQ9vAv_G ?vdvJv_v_G gPvJ v ?vcv=Qvgv_G B9vgvlvAvGvlv_v_ ?vcav_aFGa u~vW*G H.v= H9vlvcDG
q;vvAvvM:G \vvGaC IQGOEa ,9vvKc_v vf caGOvvAvv_Ga ?vvavv_vvTvv_G ?vvTQ9vvl* dv vlv v_v vT HvvKvvFv vlv vta ,mvvtvvJvv_vv_ m9vvdv vFvvt
qGQv aFG B9v lv cv dv Fv A cv MGO ?v cv aGQv rv lv cOv _G ?v TQ9v lv l 9 l vv vvKvvcvvF 9 Da .?v cv lv _v T sQv av = Kv _9v Z*G ^Q9v gv Aa
vv

q
HvcPvJ Hvl qOvKv_Ga .9vKFvcv= 9vl va ,?vcvgvlvAvGvl iavra B9vf9vlvGa >GRvJC Hvl ?vcvMvcQ9vAv_G ?v_vAvtv_v_ ?vFavt*G
EvvcvvJ Hv vla ,?v vcv vaGQv vrv vlv vcOv v_9v v= 9v vKv vF9v vlv vcE Ev vcvvJ Hv vl ,?c_v vgv vp ?v vcv vaGQv vrv vlv vcO iav vr QavvKvvd av vJ {vv=vv_vvavvA*G

k
,)2008 cvvcQv =C/H9v Tvvcv F 18( c O = _ vvc vv vv G y,9vvrvvJ: Uv p9v Fv Avv_Ga H6G ?v cv aGQv rv lvvcOv _Gz ,dvv]9v l M9vvAvvpv _G Ov =v f )22 (

<http://www.abdelfattahmady.net/Opinion.htm>.
129 / d]9l M9Ap_G O = fa jQGat_G ?pc_M xf

Ov cOv Jv A Hv Kv Fv l zv f ?v rv pv Av l iav r Qav Kv d jC ,9v Kv A9v lv cv dv Fv A cv MGOa hv rGav _G ^QC zv f 9v Kv _ 9v Kv Av TQ9v lv l


dv T9v cv Tv _G b9v Wv Fv _G Hv l ?v _9v J O9v Gv cE zv f IQO9v r Hav tv A bv Av J ,?v l9v gv _G BGQGQv rv _G P9v Mv AGa BGQ9v cv Mv _G
k
.? caG QrlcO_ G ? l9 rE cG C H l ;g p b i 9]_ G

?vcvrvFvA 9vKv_vMOvla 9vJ:aC ,m9vKvl IOvgv= m9vcvrv_G ?v_vAvtv_G qGQvaC zvf ,caFG >v_vavA*G yE cavZav_v_a
q
Hv f qv tv _Ga ,^v gv =v _G 9v Kv]v gv = g9v Gv A ?v _O9v =v A*G B9v l9v Kv A:G Hv l ?v pv _v Av M*G iav rv _v _ dv T9v cv Tv _G >9v avMv _G
BGQ9vcvAv_v_ ?c_v=vrvAvT*G qvrGa*G H.vW v hvravAv_G aC ,NvcQ9vAv_G A9vfOvAvTGa dv]9*G Hvf >vcvrvFvAv_G ?vT9vcvT
cvGC Hvl ,dv]9*G B9vp;vM Ra9vGvA ?vT9vcvT >v_vavAvA ?vcvMvcQ9vAv_G ?v_vJQ*G H.v= H9vlvcDG GPvta ,?vpv_vAvM*G
q q k q
.hv lv Av G*G zvf hvpvFv_9v= mvgv ca ,jO~v _Ga s9vrvWv_v_ GOv J hv ]v c }vtC xv=vrvAvTvl dv Mv cQ9v A qOvJ sv cv rv JvA
.d ]9 *G B GR G R J H l mJ C c = r A T *G ? f9 FZ p
q o k
cvcvZvpv_G aC Q9vcvAv_G cvcvZvp aC Q9vcvA cvt dvlvTvc HC 9v]vcC >9vavMv_G ?vcvrvFvA B9v=v_vavAvl {v= Hvla
?v tav tv Z*G B9v cv lv Tv Av _G Hv f O9v gv Av =:G mv Av c HCa ,\v Tv pv F zv f \v rv _v av ca \v =v Jv Av Tv c jPv _G mv T:9v = Qv M6G
gPvJ BvJv=vZC Ovrv_.y?vcavl;vTDGza y?vcvtv8;v_Gza y?vcvF9vlv_vgv_Gz cvDvl ,QvM6G qQvav_G Hvl U9vFv_G |vpvFvAv_
q r q q o
iOv_ ?v=v=vJvl BOv= HEa ,dvJa ,QvM6G Hvl bvJv_Ga ,UvpvFv_v_ ?vcvtRvAa ,O9vgvl qvravlv= ?v_vlvJvl B9vcvlvTvAv_G
o o
HavtvA 9vlv=Q ,OOvZv_G GPvJ va .QvM6G 9vcGavFa OvZ9vrvl v ?vKv=vWv_G |vDvA 9vKvFC :E ,|vJ9vlvGv_G Hvl Y9vavr

Q9v aE Hv lv ] cv lv gv _G zv f 9v Kv AOGQE Bv rv pv AG 9v lOv Fv f ,?v cFv cv av Tv _v pv _G cv 89v Zv pv _G 9v Kv AQ9v Av MG


dv Av _G ?v cv lv Tv Av _G
q
?v_av=vrvla IOvcvlvJ ?vl9vf ?vcvlvTvA vvvvv y?vcvFvaav_G cv89vZvpv_Gza y?vcvl;vTDG cv89vZvpv_Gz jC vvvvv OvJavl w9v]vF
. \_ 9t W C ? p9t = d Faa_G Q 9 cA_G a ,\ _9t W C ? p9t = d l; TDG Q 9c A_G Hl
k k
PE ,c9vG*G GPvJ v 9vlvKvl GQaO EvcOvJv_G c9vZvA:G 9vcvGav_avFvtvAa m;vfDG cv89vTav_ HC v uvW :a
k
BGQOv rv _G Ov cOv =v A Hv l :Ov = ,Oav Kv Gv _G Ov cv Jav Aa Qv dv Fv _G B9v Kv Ga >v cQv rv Av _ ?v _v cv Tav t 9v Kv lGOv Mv Av TG Hv tv lv c

GPE ?vcvMvcQ9vAv_G ?v_vAvtv_G yE m;vfE cv89vTa mv]vFvA HC hvFvlvc 9vl u9vFvJ Uc_vp ,GPvKv_a .B9vl9vTvrvF:G YQRa
k
?vcv89v]vpa ?vcvl;vfE 9vfQPC ?v_vAvtv_G bvFv=vAvA HC aC ,9vKv_vlvf B9c_Ba ?v_vAvtv_G qGOvJ.v= 9vKc_vf Havlv89vrv_G HvlB 9vl
HC 9vlvt .9vKvpGOvJCa ?v_vAvtv_G m9vKvl svcvrvJvA v IOvf9vTvlv_v_ uv_Pa ,dvFvp L9vAvFE B9vtQvWa cv= ,?vcvFa~vtv_Ea
I OG QE BQvpavA 9vl GPE ,?vlvJ9vT*G v ?v=viGQv_Ga ,IQvDC*G ?v cvFv pv _Ga ?vcv l;v fDG BGQOvrv_G Hvl |vDvtv_G u9vFvJ
. ?g l9 G_G qG OJ FG aJ F B9 r9a_ G \ cGa Aa q a p Z _ G Oc J a A zf I Q O9r a IO c W Q a ? Z _ Ml

u~vW*G cvlvgv_G ?vcav_aC HC Hvf ,mvT9vJa dv89vKvF cvtvWv= ,?v_vAvtv_G qGQvaC H;vfE >vF9vG yE GPvJ
q
BQ9v Z GPv tv Ja .?v cv T9v cv Tv _G B9v fGQv Zv _G cv Jv _ dv lv _v T Hv Kv Fv lv ta mv tv Jv _v _ m9v dv Fv t ?v cv aGQv rv lv cOv _G dv J

Xv c9vgv Av _v_ ?v t~vWvl mv TGavr zvf s9vpvA:G mvA 9vcRc_9v la OvFv Kv _G dv pv p ,iQv MC c9vrv Av FG B:9vJ v Qav lFG
H9v ta .?v paQv g*G 9v Kv av =Gav ]a 9v Kv A9v Tv TCv la ?v cv Tv cv 8Qv _G 9v Kv 8O9v =v lv = ?v cv aGQv rv lv cOv _G dv J dv Av _G ,u~v W*G

gPv J ?v lv GQv A 9v lv Kv =v Gav lv = mv A {v Av _v _G {v AGOFG 9v lv J ?v cRc_9*G av Fv lC ?v tQv Ja ,jOv Fv Kv _G Qv lv AC*G >Rv J


HvlO cvGC Hvl c9v]vFv_G dvrvcQvpFG QvlvAC*G >RvJ O9vr 9vcvrvcQvpC >avFvG va .Uavlv_vl hvrGa yE mvTGavrv_G
k
H9v lv cE H9v t cvcRG}v _G va .B9v cQv Jv_Ga savrvJv _Ga ?c_vcv Dvlv Av _G ?v cv aGQv rvlv cOv_G Uv TC yE GO9v Fv AvTG Oav Tv_G
k k
GOvFv_av= va .c9vrvAvF:G v 9vlvT9vJ ;vl9vf dvFO*G mvtvJv_Ga ?vcvaGQvrvlvcOv_9v= XvcvGv_G cvMGO {vcvJ;vZDG
k o
,?vcvT9vcvTv_G ?vtQ9vW*G v svJv_Ga ,9vKv= dvFavF9vrv_G qG~vf:G cavJ 9v=vZvFvl Hvl9v]vA ?v=9vrvF c9v]vF H9vt
q k
. jO O g A da G Q r l c O m 9 d F c ; J Ea d f a c W _ G m tJ _ G A 9 K F E a J z fC q O J yE :a Za
d=Qg_G c=rAT*G / 130

B9v vp;v vAv vM:Ga B9v vF9v vc9v v=v vAv v_G zv vf A9v v]v vrv v_G dv vaGQv vrv vlv vcOv v_G u~v vW*G cav vJ sv vpGav vAv v_G dv vFv vgv vc :a
?v _v Av tv _G qGQv aC qG~v f: IQaQv ] ?v lv Dv p .?v cv Fv aav _Ga ?v cv l;v TDG BGQ9v cv Av _G {v = ?v lv 89v rv _G ?v cv T9v cv Tv _G
q
dvJ gPvKvp ,mvKvA9vlvcvdvFvAv_ ?vcvT9vcvTv_G HvlG}v_G va ,?vcQvtvpv_G B9vKvGavAv_G v B9vp;vAvMGa B9vFvc9v=vA OavGav=
zv f s9v pv A:G hv l ^Q9v gv Av c : B9v Fv c9v =v Av _G gPv J Oav Ga HC uGQOE mv K*G Hv l HC |v i .A9v cv WFG ?v gv cv =v a
q
mv] Ovrv_ .?vcvaGQvrvlvcOv_G yE cavZav_v_ cvMOvlvt ?vcvMvcQ9vAv_G ?v_vAvtv_G zvfa ,mvtvJv_v_ m9vdvFvt ?vcvaGQvrvlvcOv_G
k k
?v cv T9v cv Tv _G iav rv _Ga BGQ9v cv Av _G Hv l 9v gv TGa 9v pv cv a ,?v cRc_9*G av Fv lC ?v tQv Ja ,jOv Fv Kv _G Qv lv AC*G >Rv J
9vcvrvcQvpC >avFvG v A9v]vcv=v_G ?c_vrFG ?vlavtvJ Bv]a9vp dvAv_G ?v_vAvtv_G HC 9vlvt .?vcvrQvgv_Ga ?vcvf9vlvAvG:Ga
q
B9v 8v pv _v _ Hc_v Dv lv l ,Qv lv AC*G >Rv J >v F9v G yE ,Bv lv ]
c9vlvgv_G cvDvl ,dvT9vcvTv_G cvlvgv_G Hvl ?vlaQvJ*Ga 9vcvFOv_G cQvvvvAvvvvWvvvv?G d(vvvvI uvvvvpG(vvvvAvvvvyG
k
B9vvvvtQvvvvJvvvv_G Hvvvvl GOOvvvvfa ,cvvvvlvvvvgvvvv_G Hvvvvf Hc_vvvva9vvvvgvvvv_Ga A9vv]vvtvvyG ,vv"vvgvv* : ,vv_GQvvtvvFOvvyG
>Rvv vvvvvvJvvvvvvv_ dvvvvvvvT9vvvvvvvTFG ^a9vvvvvvvp*G H9vvvvvvvta ,iQvvvvvvvMFG
PE ,?v+vS9v+vTvyG J9v"v*9v=vAvyG )vzvf
)23 (
. m vv G9 vv F*G c 9v vlf O 9v v JAG U vv c8Q a vv J Q v vlA C* G hv| VQ9vgvAv@ : J9v"v*9v=vAvyG gPv$ fE

v Qv vlFG dv v]v vAv vrv vc ,sv v=v vT 9v vl yE ?v vp9v v]D9v v=a ?vvv+vvv_GQvvvtvvvFOvvvyG )vvvzvvvf b9vvvqvvv@:G

,\v AGP ?v cv aGQv rv lv cOv _G mav Kv pv l bv =v ] ?v cv =Qv gv _G 9v FQ9v av rC .~wJzy e9d"v

mvtvJv_G ?vlvdvFF ?vcvT9vTFG [v89vZvMv_G zvf svpGavAv_Ga


B9v=9vMvAvF:Ga ?vFvaGa*Ga dv aGQv rv lv cOv _G QavAvTOv_9vt ,9vKv= ?vav=vAQ*G ?vcvT9vTFG mvcvJ9vp*Ga dv aGQv rv lv cOv _G

OOv gv Av A mv tv J m9v dv Fv ta IQv tv pv t 9v Kv A.v Wv F Pv Fv l ,?v cv aGQv rv lv cOv _9v p .dv aGQv rv lv cOv _G >Rv Jv _Ga ?v cv aGQv rv lv cOv _G
)25 ( )24 (
, bv _v Mv_Ga \v cav Wv Av _Ga >GQv av ]:G \vGaC Hv l |vDv tv _G 9v KvF.v W v Y9vWv ca , 9vKv fGav FCa 9vKv _9vtvWC
HC v uv W :a .9v Kv = :E dv aGQv rv lv cO m9v dv F jC mav rv c : ?v cv T9v TC [v 89v Zv M 9v Kv _ HC mv iQ zv f uv _Pa
k
GOvKvG >v_vavAvca ,?v_vJQ*G gPvJ v i}vt ?vcvlvJC >vTvAvtvc [v89vZvMv_G uv_vA cavJ ?v_vAvtv_G qGQvaC svpGavA
k k
. {DJ9 =_G a {c lcO9 t FG Hl ? Z9 M=a ,9f O=l a 9r; M
k

?vD;vD QavlF ?v_vAvtv_G qGQvaC mvKvp v QvAavAv_G b9vrvF ?vcvpvZvA zvf cvlvgv_G : aC QvlFG >v_vavAvc 9vlvt
\v Gav _G BGP ?vcvlvFvAv_Ga ?vcvf9vlvAvG:G ?v_GOvgv_G 9vc9v]vra ,?vcvaGQvrvlvcOv_9v= {vcvl;vTDG ?vr;vf :cvrFG zvf
?c_9vtvWE hvl cvl9vgvAv_G >vTvAvtvc ,9vFO9vrvAvfG va .?vcv=Qvgv_G Q9vavrFG v B9c_vrFG ?vc9vlvJ cv=vTa ,dvF9vTvFDG
k k
Hvl |vDvtv_G OavGa mviQ zvfa .9vFvJ 9vlvKvl GOvgv= iQvMFG BGQ9vcvAv_Ga ?vcvl;vTDG BGQ9vcvAv_G {v= ?vr;vgv_G
O9vvG jQvvtvvpa dvvlvvcO9vvtC OvvKvvG yE ?vvG9vvJ u9vvFvvJ HC |vvi ,OOvvZvv_G GPvvJ v BvvlOvvr dvvAvv_G BGO9vvKvvAvvG:G

Veronica Federico and Carlo Fusaro, eds., Constitutionalism and Democratic Transitions: )23 (

Lessons from South Africa (Firenze: Firenze University Press, 2006), pp. 61-62.

,QQvJvl ,jQGavtv_G :v y,??vcv=Qvgv_G HGOv_v=v_G v ?vcvaGQvrvlvcOv_G B9vTGQO RvtQvl GP9*z ,Kv_vZv_G mvd9vt OvcviQ :QvdvFG )24 (

Giovanni Sartori, The Theory of Democracy Revisiteda ,25-23 [ ,? vvvvvv cvvvvvv aQ r l O _ c G


G vvvvvv vvvvvv vvvvvv c vvvvvv G vvvvvv C Hvvvvvv lQ G avvvvvv J
(Chatham, NJ: Chatham House Publishers, 1987), p. 153.

, dv =Q g _ c = r A T*
v v G v v v v G y,?vcv=Qvgv_G HGOv_v=v_G v ?vcvaGQvrvlvcOv_v_ hvl9vG mavKvpvl avJvFz ,jQGavtv_G ?vpc_vM xvf :QvdvFG )25 (
k
Larry Diamond, The :9v ]v cC Qvvdv FG ,mavvKv p*G cav Ja .46 [ ,)2007 cvvcQv =C/H9vvTv cvvF( 338 OOv gvv_G ,29 ?v Fv Tv _G
Spirit of Democracy: The Struggle to Build Free Societies throughout the World (New York: Times Books/

Henry Holt and Co., 2008), pp. 20-31.


131 / d]9l M9Ap_G O = fa jQGat_G ?pc_M xf

q
mvD ,?vcQvtvpv_G 9vKvA9vZ;vMa ?vcv89vKvFv_G 9vKvGv89vAvF [v_vMvAvTvca ,BGO9vKvAvG:G gPvJ v QvdvFv_G svrOvc svlvgvla
q k
mv]vA IOvJGa ?vrvcvDa v 9vKvgv]av_ GOvcvKvlvA ,?vcv89vKvFv_G 9vKFvcvl9v]vl v QGavJv_G AGQvGEa ?vWvr9vFvlv_v_ 9vKvJQvavc
. ?p _ A M* G B G Q 9cA_ G {= ? gl 9G _G B 9t ~ W* G

?v_vAvtv_v_ ?v_vtvW*G iavrv_Ga B9vlvcvdvFvAv_G cvMGO ?vcvaGQvrvlvcOv_G ?vTQ9vlvl avJa , dv F 9 D _ >v_vavA*G 9vlC
v v G

?v cOGOv =v Av T:G B9v TQ9v l*G Hv l |v Dv tv _G Qav Kv d Aav ] v uv _Pa ,iav Zv r ?v cv lv JC >v Tv Av tcv p ,?v cv Mv cQ9v Av _G
zv vf ?v v=av vTvvJ*G iav vrv v_Ga >GRvvJFG ^vvgv v= B9vvTQ9vvl*G gPv vJ Bvv_avvJ PE ,B9v vlvvcv vdvvFv vAv v_G ^v vgvv= cv vMGO
k
9vcC UQ9vlvA : BvJv]C iavrv _G gPv Kv p .?v _v tv W*G Hv l ARvG yE vvvvv ?v cvaGQvrv lvcOv_9v= ?v cO9vF*Ga vvvvv ?v ]Q9v g*G
)26 (
?v v TQ9v v l*G |v v jv v =a . IQv v Z9v v g*G caOv v _G v ?v v ]Q9v v g*G iav v r 9v v Kv v = mav v rv v A dv v Av v _G qv v 89v v dav v _G Hv v l

_ r A m_ l P_ 9 9 { :mac _G >Qvf zvf mvcQvtv_G HBQvrv_G v A9vG 9vl sOvZvc ?vcvaGQvrvlvcOv_G


n q

H av av v G avFv B Hvc v G vKvc C vc

)27 (
k r

. } Ha _ g p A : 9l Ga _ rA
a HC \ __ O f 9 Ar l } t
G F . Ha _ gpA : 9 l
q
,B9vlvcvdvFvAv_G gPvJ v ?vcvaGQvrvlvcOv_G |vc9vg*G Hvl bvFOFG OvJv_G QvpavA dvjv=vFvc QvlFG GPvJ svcvrvJvAv_a
,IQGODG HaCv vWa ?v vT9v v8Qv v_G zv vf caGOv vAv v_G Qv vZv vFv vf Ov vcv vt.v vAa ,9v vKv v_v vMGO IQGODG |v vc9v vgv vl Mav v]a cv vDv vl
q
9v l cv t >v Fv Gv A >v Gv c 9v lv t .dv AGPv _G Ov rv Fv _Ga ,?v JQ9v Z*Ga ?cv p9v pv Wv _Ga ,Qv M6G jCQv _Ga jCQv _G mG~v JGa
q q
9v Kv Gv lGQv =a ?v cv T9v cv Tv _G iav rv _G sv 89v Da v ,9v Kv A9v lav rv lv = cv Mv ca ?v cv aGQv rv lv cOv _G mv cv J9v p*G hv l ^Q9v gv Av c
.M ;ZD G B 9f aQ Wl a ? c=R J_ G

?v cvT9v cvT >v Mv Fa {vcvaGQvrv lvcO IO9vr Qav Kvd av J ?v cv aGQv rv lv cOv _G ?v TQ9v l*G v >v F9v G mv JC cv gv _a
q
B9v8vp ?vp9vt Hvl {vcvFvaav_G {vcvT9vcvTv_Ga {vpvrvD*G mv]vA ?v8vpv_G gPvJa .?vcvaGQvrvlvcOv_G UQ9vlvA ?vcvaGQvrvlvcO
k q
?vgvpGOv_G Iavrv_G ,9vgvl ,Hav_vtvWvc HvcPv_G ,)dvWvlGQvi |v=vgvAv= {vcav]vgv_G {vpvrvD*G aC( \vA9vf9vavra hvlvAvG*G
?v cav 8v pv _Ga ?v cv Zv Mv Wv _G Kv _9v Z*G cv t sav p Hv aav _G ?v Jv _v Zv l Hav gv ]v c Hv cPv _G uv 8v _aC jC ,?v _v Av tv _G AGQa

HaOavrvca ,^avKvFv_Ga |vcvjvAv_Ga cvgvpv_G zvf H9vTvFDG IQOvrv= HavFvlCvc HvcPv_Ga ,?vcvpv89vav_Ga ?vcv=vJP*Ga

>v v_Gav vrv v_G GaRa9v vGv vAv vc HC Hv vl Ov v= : A:Cv vJa .9v vKv vpGOv vJC yE cav vZav v_G cv vGC Hv vl c9v v]v vFv v_G yE ?v v_v vAv vtv v_G
\v= ^avKvFv_Ga hvrGav_G |vcvjvAvp .uv_P |vjvA*G hvrGav_G bvfOvAvTG bvAvl ?vcvGav_avcOvcFG Bv=GavDv_Ga IRvJ9vGv_G
. ?F c gl ? cMcQ 9 A B9 lcdF A= uTlA _G H l aC ?c Q d F Q 9t p F [ ;M DG Hl m J C
q q
,mv cv rv _G cv t Hv l GaQQv Jv A Hv cPv _G {v cR9v Kv Av F:G {v pv rv D*Ga {v cv T9v cv Tv _G yE L9v Av Jv A : ?v _v Av tv _G HE

mv Kv F.v = HaOv rv Av gv c Hv cPv _G {v cv Gav _av cOv cFG yE :a ,?v cav Fv g*Ga ?v cO9*G hv p9v F*G AGQa Hav gv Tv c Gav JGQa
o V n o n r r
?v_9v] ?vlvtvJp v_Gz HE .OavTFGa ^vcv=FG {vFav_v_9v= ?vT9vcvTv_G HaQvc HvcPv_Ga ,?vrv_va*G ?vrvcvrvJv_G Havtv_vAvlvc
Y n n n n n n n n o r n r o r
RvtQvlvAv_G aC dv]9*G v hvravrvAv_G Hvl mvJC cv=vrvAvT*G ?vf9vFvZa ,y9vKnv= svJC avKovp 9vJOvGa EvcvJ Hvlp C*G
p p
.?Fcg l B9 lcdF A= uTlA _G aC B 9 c Qd F _ G c a J

B9vvTQ9vvl*Ga B9vvlvvJ9vvpvvAvv_Ga B9vvf9vvFvvrvv_G gPvvJ svvcvvDavvA QvvlFG dvv]vvAvvrvvc ,svv=vvT 9vvl yE ?vvp9vv]D9vv=a

Alfred Stephan, «On the Tasks of a Democratic Opposition,» Journal of Democracy , vol. 1, )26 (

no. 2 (1990), pp. 44-45.

.3 vvvv 2 H9Ac6G y,qZ_G IQaTz ,m c Qt _ G HB Qr _ G )27 (


d=Qg_G c=rAT*G / 132

B9v f9v lv Gv _Ga >GRvvJFG Hv lGQv =a svv89v Daa ,9v Kv AGP ?v cv Mv cQ9v Avv_G ?v _v Av tv _G sv 89v Daa Hv lGQv = v ?v cv aGQv rv lv cOv _G
q
,c;vrvAvT:G IO9vr B9vf9vFvr mvGQvA PE ,9vFvJ c9vDvl |vM jOvFvKv_G QavAvTOv_G cvgv_a .?vcvMvcQ9vAv_G ?v_vAvtv_v_ ?v_vtvW*G
)28 (
. d aG Qr lc O O _ = H l QD t C v 9 K c _ f q Q 9 g A* G ? c aG Qr l cO _ G O 9 = * G H l O c O g _G H l ] A A dJ a

?v_vAvtv_G cvMGO cvlvgv_G O9v=vl ?vrvcvDa ?vcvMvcQ9vAv_G ?v_vAvtv_G HvlGQv=a sv89vDa Hvlv]vAvA HC Hvl Ov= :a
k
?vlRv_*G QavlFG Hvl 9vJQ9v=vAvf9v= ,9vrv=vTvl ?v_vAvtv_G qGQvaC 9vKc_vf svpGavAvc HC Hvl Qvpvl : dvAv_G ,?vcvMvcQ9vAv_G
q
?vgvcv=va c F :?vcvlvJFG ?vc9vi v 9vlvJ ,cvrFG zvf
a G ,HvcQvlC OOvJvA HC ?vrvcvDav_G gPvJ zvfa .qGQvaFG cvtv_
q
B9c_Ba X9vvrv Fvv_Ga QGav Jv _vv_ ?vvlvvt9vvJvv_G O9v =*G avvKv p dvvF 9D_
vv vv G Qv lFG 9vvlC ,9vvKv pGQv aCa 9v KvvpGOvvJCa ?vv_vvAvvtvv_G
q
Ov fGav ra ,9v Kv _v MGO Qv dv Fv _G B9v Kv Ga v B9v p;v Mv _G ^v p sQv aa ,?v _v Av tv _G cv MGO BGQGQv rv _G yE cv Zav Av _G
GPv J HaOa .?v _v Zv _G BGP QavlFG Hvl uv_P |via ?vcvGQ9vMv_Ga ?c_vMGOv_G 9vKvA9vr;vfa ,9vKvlvT9v= EOvJvAv_G
k
B9v pv _9v Jv Av _G Hv l 9v J|v i Hv f G|v Dv t ?v cv Mv cQ9v Av _G ?v _v Av tv _G qv _v Av Mv A : Ov rv p ,?v lRv _*G sv 89v Dav _G Hv l Yav Fv _G
q
.?c=Qg _G mZG ag _G H l |Dt_ G v dpAM Aa QKdA d A_G ? WK_G B 9K= G_G a
q o q
cv tv Wv A vvvvv ?v cv aGQv rv lv cOv _G 9v JGav rv =a ?v cv Mv cQ9v Av _G 9v Kv pGOv J.v =a ?v cv lv JFG uv _v Av = vvvvv ?v cv Mv cQ9v A ?v _v Av t HE

?vl9vrEa OGOv=vAvT:G uvcvtvpvAv= ?v_vcvpvtv_G m9vK*9v= m9vcvrv_v_ ?v_vAvtv_G qGQvaC 9vKc_E OvFvAvTvA dvAv_G ?v=v_vZv_G ?vcv]QFG

. ?T GQ O _ G Hl |M FG a w 9A _ G A R G _ G v \_ a9F A F T 9l G P Ja . ?c a GQ r l c O mt J md F
k

9 = m9 r_ ?_At _ q Qa zf >G A_ m9 * 9l 9 Tl9M


K c G G G C c d G K G :

?_At _ q O srJ AA A J ? G G JC b

:d J , ? D ; D Q a9 Jl v 9K= m 9cr_ G ? _At _ G qG Q aC zf d A_G m9 K* G RQ=C QaZA H tlc

? a Q r l O _ 9 = { l C*
vv cvv G vv vv vv c vv vv vv Fvv G g 9 G A m A9 tQ J A ? _ A t _ q Q a >9 a M
vv vv vv Kvv vv vv vv a vv vv vv vv G G vv C vv vv vvvvv 1

u~Wl qO t K

OvcvJavA ?v_a9vJvla mvtvJv_v_ m9vdvFvt ?vcvaGQvrvlvcOv_9v= HvcO9vF*G IOvf9vr hvcvTavA avJ QavJ*G GPvJ qOvJa
k
dvAv_G B9v8vpv_G mvGvJ [c_vrvAa ,mvKv_ ?vJv_vZvl ?vcvaGQvrvlvcOv_G v HaQvc Hvl IOvf9vr hvcvTavA jC ,mvKvpavpvZ

>avFvG v 9vlvt ,iQvMC caO v QavlFG BQ9vT GPvtvJ .HvJGQv_G hv]av_G zvf A9vrv=DG v 9vKvAvJv_vZvl iQvA
)29 (
. ?c = a F G _ G 9 c Q a t a u c T t *G a 9 c F 9 = T E a 9 c r c Qp C
q
QOv rv A ?v cv aQv rv lv cO IO9v cv r R Q = zv f cv lv gv _G ?v cv aGQv rv lv cOv _9v =
a vv Hv cO9v F*G IOv f9v r hv cv Tav A >v _v av Av ca
q
Hv cQv M6G hv l ?v tQ9v W*Ga ,dv f9v lv Gv _G cv lv gv _G Qv Zv Fv gv = zv Jv Av Aa ,9v JGav Av Tv l yE dv rv AQv Aa ?c_aCv T*G

vvvv 48 a 40 vvvv 38 [ y,?vcvaGQvrvlvcO mvtvJ mvdvF yE c9vrvAvF:G cvMGOvlz ,dv]9vl :QvdvFG ,cvcvZ9vpvAv_G Hvl OvcR* )28 (

Larry Diamond, Juan J. Linz and Seymour Martin Lipset, eds., Democracy in Developinga ,53
Countries , 4 vols. (Boulder, CO: L. Rienner; London: Adamantine Press, 1989), vol. 3: Asia , pp. 11-12,

and Sumit Ganguly, «Explaining India's Transition to Democracy,» in: Lisa Anderson, ed., Transitions
to Democracy (New York: Columbia University Press, 1999), p. 227.

.74 vvvv 68 a 63 vvvv 60 ,53 vvvv 48 [ ,\T pF Q OZ*G , d ] 9 l : Q d F G , c c Z9 p A _ G H l OcR * )29 (


133 / d]9l M9Ap_G O = fa jQGat_G ?pc_M xf

.?v rv _v a*G ?v rv cv rv Jv_G u;vAvlG A9vfOGa A;vgv Av T:Ga A9vZv rDG ?c_v rv f Hv f xv MvAv_Ga ,mvKvgv l cv ZGav Av_Ga
B9vlvT cvtv= uvTvlvAv_G Hvl GPvJ \vcv]vAvrvc 9vl hvl ,q~vJvl cvtvWv= ?vT9vcvTv_G ?vTQ9vlvl >vF9vG yE GPvJ
n n
?v gv GGQv la dv AGPv _G Ov rv Fv _Ga cv cav av _G Uv pv Fv _Ga ?c_v JQ*Ga ?v cv A9v lv iG}v _G Hv l ,Hcv p~v J*G {v cv T9v cv Tv _G
q k
,B9v cOv Jv Av _v _ jOv Zv Av _Ga cv lv gv _G Hv lGQv = hv ]a v ?v pv a9v gv _G Hv l :Ov = cv rv gv _G zv f O9v lv Av f:Ga ,BGPv _G
q
?vt~vWvl ?vcvFavt HvFvT OavGav= H9vlvcDGa ,HvcQvM6G >Q9vGvA Hvla ,dv]9*G A9vavMC Hvl mv_vgvAv_G GPvta
?v F9v gv Av T:Ga ,cv lv gv _G mv cv Tv rv A COv =v l mG~v JGa ,m_9v gv _G cav J sv a9v F*Ga BGQ9v ]v Jv _G Hv l |v Dv tv _G {v =
q
.{Z ZMA *G a A G }M_ 9=

q
bvTa qv_vMvAv_Ga OGOv=vAvT:G ?vp9vrvD QvavM uGQOE ?vcvT9vcvTv_G iavrv_Ga {vcvaGQvrvlvcOv_G IO9vrv_G zvfa
Hvla HavF9vrv_G Hvl B;vpDG ?vp9vrvDa ,qavMv_G ?vp9vrvD( ?cvp9vrvDv_G 9vJO9vgv=C ?vKvGGavl zvf cvlvgv_Ga ,|vJ9vlvGv_G
q o
Hv l iQv A B9v rv =v a O9v Gv cE( ?v cav cv Fv =v _Ga ,)hv lv Av G*G B9v 8v pa B9v rv =v a cv G {v = O9v Tv pv _G {v Fv rv Aa ,>9v rv gv _G
m;vfE cv89vTa Hvl ?vFvtvl*G cv89vTav_G cvt mGOvMvAvT9v= uv_Pa ,)HvJGQv_G hv]av_G zvf A9vrv=DG 9vKvAvJv_vZvl
,?vcvaGQvrvlvcOv_Ga ?vFvaGa*G ?vp9vrvD QvWvFv_ RvtGQvl A9vWvFE GPvta ,IQvW9v=vl BGA9vrv_a QvWvFa ?vp9vJvZa ?vcv=QvAa
)30 (
. u_ P |i a

m9v K*G Hv l OOv gv = m9vvcvvrvv_G ?vvcvvMv cQ9vvAvv_G ?vv_v Av tv _G qGQv aF HvvtvvlC ,QavvlFG gPv J BQv pav A 9v l GP@v p
uQvJvAv_v_ ?vJ9vA*G ?vJ9vT*G mGOvMvAvTG 9vKvlvJC ,?v_vJQ*G gPvJ qOvJ yE cavZav_9v= ?v_vcvpvtv_G ?vcvT9vTFG
k
zvf ?vcvMvcQ9vAv_G ?v_vAvtv_G HavtvA HC avJ dvT9vTC qOvJ yE :avZa uv_Pa ,c9vrvAvF:G ?c_vlvf A9vFvDCa cv=vr
\vvvAvvvcvvvlvvvTvvvA zvvvf Kvvv_vvvavvvZG 9vvvl jC( hvvvlvvvAvvvG*G v
dvvvT9vvvTFG Q9vvvcvvvAvvv_G dvvvJ ?vvvcvvvaGQvvvrvvvlvvvcOvvv_G IOvvvf9vvvr
q
?vcvaGQvrvlvcOv_G v iQvA IOvcOvG B9v8vp >vTvta ,OOvgvAv_Ga YavFvAv_G A9vrv= hvl hv=vav_9v= uv_Pa ,)Mainstream
,?v Kv G Hv l ?v cv aGQv rv lv cOv _9v = ?v =v _9v a*G ^v r9v Fv A mOv f Ov cv t.v A zv f cv lv gv _G Hv l Ov = : 9v Fv Ja .9v Kv _ ?v Jv _v Zv l
uv_vA svcvrvJvA v Ovf9vTvc ?vcvaGQvrvlvcOv_G svcvrvJvA HC RGQv=Ea cv= ,iQvMC ?vKvG Hvl ?vcav8vp Kv_9vZvlv= ?v=v_9va*Ga
)31 (
. ? ca8p_ G K_9 Z* G
q
Ovcvc.vA >vTvt cvGC Hvl c9vgvp cvtvWv= YQ9vWv_v_ ?vcvaGQvrvlvcOv_G ?v_vAvtv_G ?v8v=vgvA mvAvA HC Hvl Ov= : 9vlvt

mOv r Bv cav tv _G dv pv p ,dv =Qv f Ov _v = Hv l Qv Dv tC v ?v cv aGQv rv lv cOv _G ?v p9v rv D Qv Wv Fv _ Rv tGQv l A9v Wv FD B9v J~v rv l u9v Fv J )30 (
k k
QvZ9vF ?v_vMGOvl QvdvFG .?vlFG Uv_vG* 9vgv=9vA Havtvc ?vcvaGQvrvlvcOv_G ?vp9vrvDv_ Bvcavtv_G RvtQvl A9vWvFD 9vJG~vrG hvF9vZv_G QvZ9vF
.233 [ ,? a Q r l O _
vcv G v v vc v G dv f9 T* R R g A _ ? _ = r A T l ? C Q J
v G vc v v v c v v v v v vc av vF : ? a Qrl O_
vcv G v v vc v Ga dv =Q g_ H _M _ :v hvF9vZv_G
v v G c v v G

IQv J9v rv _G Rv tQv l 9v Kv Fv l ,qv cv rv Dv Av _Ga >v cQOv Av _G c9v Gv l v ?v _v D9v lv l QGaO.v = ?v cv rav rv Jv _G B9v lv dv F*G Hv l OOv f mav rv c Qv Zv l va
Ha|vDvtv_G 9vfO ?vcv=Qvgv_G HGOv_v=v_G v ?vcvaGQvrvlvcOv_G B9vTGQO YaQvW* QvWvf Hvl9vDv_G A9vrv_v_G va .H9vTvFDG savrvJ B9vTGQOv_
?vGvcOvM( B9vlvG~v_Ga BvF~vFDG ?vtv=vW Hvl IO9vpvAvT:Ga ,)dvl9vWv_G Ov_9vM( QvcavFvAv_G ?vtQvJ v m;vfDG QaOv= m9vlvAvJ:G yE
q
m9v Wv Ja dv J9v Wv _G Ov lv JC( dv =Qv gv _G QGQv rv _G Y9v Fv Zv _ ?v cv aGQv rv lv cOv _G B9v TGQO YaQv Wv l L9v Av F Rv Gav l mv cOv rv Aa ,)Bav pv Z
.)jOvWQ ?vl9vTCa ?vpc_vMv_G QvZ9vF( dv=Qvgv_G HvaGavlv_v_ ?vcvT9vcvTv_Ga ?vcOQvpv_G B9vcQvJv_Ga savrvJv_v_ ?vrvcvDa IQav_v=a ,)Kv_vZv_G
h l ? =Qf c O _ ? Q 9r l ? T QO > Qg _ QM .A ? a Q rl O _ y
v vcv v a v vF v v v G ? v v G v v a vcv G v v vc v G E Ha Q M 6 cr A
v G v v vF G G P9* :v B;vMGO*G gPvJ QvdvFG
. i QM c O
C a

g9vlvTC 9vl mOvrvA ,QvcavFvA ?vtQvJv= 9vKcvp iO9vF jPv_Ga ,?vcvMvcQ9vAv_G ?v_vAvtv_G cavJ dvl9vWv_G Ov_9vM ?v_vMGOvl QvdvFG )31 (

.238 vvvv 237 [ ,\T pF QOZ *G : v ,?c Faa _G K _9Z *Ga ?c a8p_ G > _9a* G { = yIOa rp* G ?r _ J_ G z
d=Qg_G c=rAT*G / 134

q
>9vvAvvtvv_9vvt ,hvvlv AvvG*G v IQvvDC*G B9vv8vvpvv_G mvvfO zvvf cavvZvvJvv_Ga ,|vvJ9vvlvvGvv_G Hv l ?vvAvvl9vvZvv_G ?vvcvv=v _vviFG

B9v8vp bvTa ?vcvaGQvrvlvcOv_9v= jO9vFvA ?vcvlv_vT B9vtQvJvA ?vcC hvcvGvWvAa ,{vcv]9vcQv_Ga {vF9vFvpv_Ga {vpvrvD*Ga
bvjv]v_G Hvl OvcRvl ?vTQ9vl* B9vtQvJvAv_G gPvJ gQvpavA jPv_G mvMRv_G Hvl IO9vpvAvT:Ga ,?vpv_vAvM*G hvlvAvG*G
o
hvlvra ?vlv89vrv_G Y9v]aFG QGQvlvAvTG ?vpv_vtvA hvpQ v mvKvTvA QavlC 9vKv_vt gPvJa .?vcvaGQvrvlvcOv_G cvGC Hvl
. {cJ; ZD G

,?vcvaGQvrvlvcOv_G IOvf9vr zvf ?vcvf9vavr B;vAvtvA QavKvd zvf cvlvgv_G QavJ*G GPvJ v m9vK*G RQv=C Hvla
q
mv D ,Q9v cv A cvt cvMGO ?v cvaGQv rv lv cO B9vrv pGav A ?v l9vrD cv =v Tv _G cvt vvvvv uav_v T zv f Ev Jv _Ga vvvvv Hv f Ev Jv=v _Ga
BGQO9v=*G cvt zvf M9vAvpvF:G GPvta ,?vpv_vAvM*G ?vcvaGQvrvlvcOv_G iavrv_G Hvl IOvJGa ?v_vAvt ?vcvlvFvA zvf cvlvgv_G
)32 (
Hv l QvDvtC v EOvJ 9vl GPvJa dv =Qv gv _G dv lav rv _G iav Av T*G zv fa ,?v cv =Qv gv _G Q9v av rFG cv MGO ?v _v D9v l*G
.
q q
Bv_vlvf dvAv_G IOvJa*G ?vcvaGQvrvlvcOv_G ?vKv=vGv_G 1983 m9vf Bv_vtvWvA 9vcvrvcQvpC >avFvG dvpvp ,?vJvG9vF ?v=QvGvA

cOvAvfG 9vcvF9v=vTE va .RvcvcvlvAv_G A9vKvFEa ?v_vl9vtv_G ?vFvaGa*G zvf cavZvJv_G avJ ,u~vWvl qOvJ cvGC Hvl
)33 (
. {l c_G ia r B _At A 9 lt ,{ct G ~W :G h l Hac fa cW_G c At A mD , {c fa cW_G >9 aM

GPv J v ?vcvMvcQ9vAv_G ?v_vAvtv_G Q9vTvl \vGGavc HC dv gv cv =v av _G Hv l \v FC yE 9vFvJ IQ9vWDG ?vcvlvJFG Hvla


c9vrvAvF:9vp .B9vgvGGQvA OvKvWvc Ovr \vFE cv= ,B9v=vrvgv_Ga Qva9vM*G Hvl |vDvtv_G ,Qa9vJ*G Hvl g|via ,QavJ*G
q
?vFQ9vrvl ?v_av=vrvl Qva9vMvl dvJa ,?v_aOv_Ga hvlvAvG*G zvf Qva9vMvl 9vKcvpa ,?v=vtQvl ?c_vlvf ?vcvaGQvrvlvcOv_G yE
jPv_G QvlFG avJ ?vcQvJv_Ga ?vlGQvtv_9v= QavgvWv_9vp ,Hac_vi H9vJQv= QavAvtOv_G >vAvt 9vlvt ,?vgvravA*G 9vJOv8Gavpv=
)34 (
?v_vAvtv_G qGQvaC zvf ,GPvKv_a . Qva9vM*G ?vKvGGavla QGQvlvAvT;v_ ?vcvaGQvrvlvcOv_G Q9vZvFC \c_v f Hv JGQv c

qGOv Kv Av TG dv F9v gv c Ov r u~v Wv l cv lv f j.v p .?v lv tv Jv = 9v Kv gv l cv l9v gv Av _Ga Qv a9v M*G uv _v A QO9v Zv l uGQOE
va .^v gv =v _G BGOv cGRv l aC ,gOv ] mv Kv pav raa mv Kv r9v rv Wv FE aC \v pGQv aC ^v gv = q;v Av MG aC ,\v _ ^v gv =v _G
:U9v Fv _G Hv l cc_v r OOv f yE Ov Fv Av Tv c Ov r dv f9v lv Gv _G cv lv gv _G v [;v MDG HC yE IQ9v WE mv cQv tv _G HBQv rv _G
k

B 9 J _9 Z _
vv vv vv vv G G avv _lf
vv vv a l
G avvFvv B Hvvc P_ : ^g= zf m ]g=
vv G E vv vv vv vvKvv vv vv j= _ 9a_M_
dvv vv c A vv vv vv vv G l |Dt
Hvv G vv vv HE a {
)35 (
9vlvFEa ,9vKvlvfOv_ : B9vf9vlvGv_9v= svJvAv_vc Hvl U9vFv_G Hvl HC Hvl QvMB QvcPvJvA ?vlvDa . }m vJ 9l c _r
v c v a

q
m vvKvvFvv t_ mt l m
vv a vv vvFvv vvJ 9l mt * m
vv a vv vvF vvKvvF E \vv _ _9 =
vv vv H avv p_J
vv vv vvc a { :cv Ga Rvf \v_v_G cavrvc ,9vKFvcv= ?vrQvpv_G Ev=v_
)36 (
. } Ha rQp m r c a

BGQO9v=*G zvf M9vAvpvF:G yE dva9vlvrv_G ?vgvlvG 9vfO ,?vcvaGQvrvlvcOv_G B9vTGQO YaQvW* QvWvf Hvl9vDv_G A9vrv_v_G v )32 (

9vlC .9vJ|via >GRvJFG B9vcvrvAv_vla ,dvl;vTDG dvlavrv_G QGavJv_G BGQvlvACvla ,>Qvgv_G {vcvaGQvrvlvcOv_G ?vtv=vW cvDvl ,iQvMFG

^v gv = 9v Fv tQ9v Wv A dv Av _G caOv _G hv l Ha9v gv Av _G Qav Tv G Ov la LQ9v Mv _G zv f M9v Av pv F:G IQaQv ]v = iO9v F Ov rv p ,?v pc_v Mv _G Qv Z9v F
.237 vvvv 236 a 235 vvvv 233 [ , \ T p F Q O Z * G : Q d F G . K _ 9 Z* G
Nancy Bermeo, «Myths of Moderation: Confrontation and Conflict during Democratic )33 (

Transitions,» in: Anderson, ed., Transitions to Democracy , p.133.

Hv l Q J ,QQvJvl
G av ,jQGavtv_G :v y,?vcv=Qvgv_G ?vrvavF*G v ?vcvaGQvrvlvcOv_G ?vTvtvF :?vl9vf ?vlOvrvlz ,Hac_vi H9vJQv= )34 (

.10 [ ,? a Q rl O_ cG
c G c G C

.24 ?c6 G y, [ IQ aT z ,m Qt _ c G HB Qr _ G )35 (

.56 ? c 6G y , ? = a A _ G I Q a T z , \ Tp F Q O Z * G )36 (
135 / d]9l M9Ap_G O = fa jQGat_G ?pc_M xf

q
9vKvFvl ,9vKv= xvJvAv_G ?v_vAvtv_G qGQvaC zvf bv=Gav]a >GOB dvf9vlvGv_G cvlvgv_Ga jCQv_G v q;vAvM;v_a
hvl av_a svJv_G yE YavGQv_Ga BGPv_G ?vgvGGQvla ,Q9vtvpFG Bvpv_vAvMG 9vlvKvl [9vMvWIv_ cO9v=vA*G mG~vJ:G
Hvvl cvv89vva : B:O9vvGvvl OQvvGvvl ?vv_vvAvvtvv_G BGQGavvJ cvvt HavvtvvA I|vvMFG ?vvlvvTvv_G gPvvJ HaOvvp ,mvvZvvMvv_G

Ov vf9v vTv vA dv vAv v_G QavvlFG Hv vl B9v vWv vr9v vF*Ga BGQa9v vJ*G v Hc_v v_Ga sv vpQv v_Ga Kv vl9v vTv vAv v_G HC 9v vlv vt .9v vKv v8GQa

mvvZ9vvMvvA aC QavvlFG OvvrvvgvvA B:9vvlvvAvvJG Hvvl cvv_vvrvvAa ,?vvt~vvW*G qGOvvJFG yE cavvZavv_G zvvf hvvcvvlvvGvv_G
.mJ QG9 WAa ^ g=_ G

? lt9J _ ? =M _ G F G g 9 GA m A9 t QJ A ? _ At _ q Qa > 9 a M
K a G G C vvvvv 2

OGOv =v Av T:G Uv TC uv cv tv pv A cv GC Hv l bv i9v ] dv T9v cv T >9v av M IQav _v = av J Qav J*G GPv J qOv Ja
r
BGav av Mv _G hv cv Tav A cav =v ra cR9v Fv Av _G Hv l Ov cRv l yE ?v lvt9v Jv _G ?v =v Mv Fv _G hv pO zv f cv lv gv _9v = uv _Pa ,mv 89v rv _G
GPv J yE cavZav_G HC v uvW :a .?vcvaGQvrvlvcOv_G jC ,dv gvcv =vav _G 9vJ9v Kv Av Fv l yE 9vJQvcavavAa ?vcvJ9vAvpvF:G
|vcvjvAv_G ?vcvF9vtvl@v=a ?vcvaGQvrvlvcOv_9v= {vFvlC*G Hvl Hc_vA : ?vlvcRvfa ?vcavr ?vcvT9vcvT IOGQE >v_vavAvc qOvKv_G
Ha O |vvcvvjvvA :a ,UvvpvvFvv_G v ?vvrvvDvv_G mOvvfa U.c_Ga m;vvTvvAvvT:G ?vvp9vvrvvD hvvl |vvcvvjvvA ;vvp .^avvKvvFvv_Ga
R9v Gv F@v = Gav l9v r Hv cQv MB {v cvaGQv rv lv cO A9v av Wv Fa ?v cv aGQv rv lv cO iav r HCa ,Hv tv lv l |v cv jv Av _G H.v = Y9v Fv Av r:G

. mKA9 gl AGl v \= 9 W l | c jA
q q
:E B9v gvlv Av G*G {v = Ba9v pv Av _G 9vla ,QvWv =v _G cv tv _ ,cv Ga Rv f ,\v _v _G 9v Kv Fv T ?v cv Fav t Hv Fv T |v cv jv Av _v _v p
k
cv t v IOv 89v Tv _G Y9v ]aIv _ 9v rv pa ?v J9vvA*G [Qv pv _G c;v jv Av TGa cv lv gv _G va ,cv gv pv _G IOGQE v Ba9v pv A
n n
zvf QGQvZDGa ,xvJQ*G cvlvgv_Ga cvcavav_G UvpvFv_G ?vT9vcvTv= xvJvAv_G IQaQv] GPvKv= bv=vAQvca .hvlvAvGvl
.?v_vAvtv_G cvlvf v >v_vTv_9v= QvDCvc aC ?vcvaGQvrvlvcOv_G hvl ^Q9vgvAvc 9vl cvt ^vpQ zvf ?vlaGO*Ga R9vGvFDG
Hv l ,Oav TFGa ^v cv =FG {v Fav _v _9v = Qav lFG yE Qv dv Fv _G Ra9v Gv Aa ,B9v cv 89v Fv Dv _G ?c_v rv f Hv f xv Mv Av _G HC 9v lv t

.c9 G* G G P J v ? cT9 TF G B 9=_ aA* G

,?v_vJQ*G gPvJ qOvJ R9vGvFD ?vlR;v_G m9vK*9v= m9vcvrv_G 9vKv_ HvtvlC ,GPvKv= ?v_vAvtv_G qGQvaC BvFvlB GP@vp
L9v vlOv vF:9v v= ?v v_v vAv vtv v_G qGQv vaC AGQv viE ?v vlv vt9v vJv v_G ?v v=v vMv vFv v_G B:a9v vJv vl ?v vla9v vrv vl 9v vKv vlv vJC dv vAv v_G
m9v vdv vFv v_G v
q
IOOv Gv Av la ?v fav Fv Av l ?v lv dv FFG iOv _ >v cv i~v _Ga >v cv J~v _G BGaO.v p .\v A9v 8v cv Ja \v A9v TvTCv l v 9v Kv 8Gav Av JGa
k q
Hvl bvTv=v_G >vJvT qOvKv= ,?vcvaGQvrvlvcOv_v_ Uvt9vg*G g9vGvA:G v 9vlaO cvlvgvAa ,)\v=vJPa Rvg*G qvcvT(

c;vrvAvT:G Hvl ?vJ9vTvl zvf e9vpvJv_G >vGvc ,GPvKv_a .?vFvtvl*G cv=vTv_G cvtv= |vcvjvAv_G Q9vZvFC mGOvrC BvJvA
cvlvgv_Ga ,dvFO*G hvlvAvG*G B9vlvdvFvla ?vlv89vrv_G >GRvJFGa B9v=9vrvFv_G zvf e9vpvJv_G c;vM Hvl m9vdvFv_G Hvf
Hvl H9vTvFDG savrvJ 9vc9v]vrv_a ?vcvaGQvrvlvcOv_v_ HvcQvZ9vF*G Hvl OOvf }vtC mvfO GPvta ,9vKvlvfO >vTvt zvf
q
cv gv G av J 9v Fv J qOv Kv _Ga .bv av Tav _G ?v rv =v av _Ga {v F9v Fv pv _Ga Hv cQv tv p*Ga {v cv pv Jv Zv _9v t ,?v pv _v Av Mv l B9v 8v p
.mO rA 9l t , h lA G* G B9 8 p Hl Ht l l OO f } t F ? J_ Z l ?c a GQ r l c O_ G

,mv 89v rv _G m9vdv Fv_G 9vKvcvfOvc dv Av _G ?v cv fQv Wv _G ?v W9v Wv J qvWvt zvf cvlvgv_G IQaQv] >vF9vG yE GPv J
k k
cv= ,\vFvl Hc_OvAvg*Ga {vcvJ;vZDG LaQvM aC m9vdvFv_G cGOvAvfG avJvF ,9vlaO ,9vJavAvpvl >9v=v_G uQvA hvl Hvtv_
q
cvlvgv_Ga ,?vlvt9vJv_G ?v=vMvFv_G cvMGO ?vcvJ;vZDG QvZ9vFvgv_G zvf ,mvdvFvla UaQOvl cvtvWv= ,M9vAvpvF:G >vGvc
,Havpvravca m9vdvFv_G zvf Havdvp9vJ*G >v_vrvFvc Ovr GPvJ |vjv=vp .?vcvMvcQ9vAv_G ?v_vAvtv_G qavpvZ v mvKv=vTvt zvf
d=Qg_G c=rAT*G / 136

,m9v dvvFvv_G ?vvcv fQvvW ?v W9v Wv J qv Wv t dv ]v Av rvvca .M9v Av pvvF:Ga M;vvZDG B9c_v lv f cv t ,dv 89vvKv F cv tvvWv =
H9vvTvvFDG ?vvlGQvvt B9vvcOvvGvv=F m9vvdvvFvv_G BGRa9vvGvvA qvvWvvt zvvf cvvlvvgvv_G ,9vvKvvFvvl mvv89vvr avvJ 9vvl q9vvgvv]Ea
k
iQvMC caO v {vFvaGa*9v= ?vcv=Qvgv_G 9vFQ9vavrC v H9vTvFDG Y9v]aC ?vFQ9vrvl zvf 9vlaO cvlvgv_Ga ,\vravrvJa

.c 9G *G G PJ v Bl OrA
q o k
?vlvK*G QavlFG Hv l Ovgvc mv89vrv_G m9vdvFv_v_ dv T9v cv T cvcOv= O9vGvcE zvf cvlvgv_G HC zvf ;v]vp ,GPvJ
k k
9vcvT9vcvT 9vl9vdvF cvcOv=v_G Havtv c Ovrvp ,iQv MC yE ?v_aO Hvl cvcOv=v_G GPvJ qv_vAvMvc Ovra .9vFvJ ?vlvT9vJv_Ga
k k k
aC ,?v cv rv cv rv J ?v cv aGQv rv lv cO B9v=9vMvAvFG AGQvGEa mv89vrv_G QavAvTOv_G cvcvgvpvA aC ,GOv cOv G GQav Av TO aC ,GOv cOv G

uv _Pa ,Qav Av TOv _G v Qv Dv tC aC IO9v l cv cOv gv A OQv Gv l aC ,IOv cOv G ?v cv T9v cv T B9 c_B aC ?v cv J;v ZE Hv lGQv =
.? cM cQ 9A_ G ? _ J Q* G B 9 c a _ a Ca Q a r c t _ ?c _ M G O _ G Y 9 ] a F G > T J
q
cv tv Wv = ,cv lv gv _G dv Ja ,?v rv =9v Tv _G m9v K*G Hv f ?v cv lv JC cv rv A : iQv MC ?v lv Kv l ?v _v Av tv _G qGQv aC zv fa
q
B9vvTvvTC*G cvvDvvl ,O;vv=vv_G v IQvvDC*G iavvrvv_Ga B9vvTvvTC*Ga iavvrvv_G ?vvF.vvlvva zvvf ,mvvdvvFvvla UaQOvvl
Hv _ ,Hv aav _G B9vTvTCvl Hvl dv J dv Av _G ,B9v Tv TC*G gPv J Kv_9vZvl HC Ovcvt.vAv_Ga ,?vcvFvlFGa ?vcQvtvTvgv_G
q
?c_vJ*G savTv_G iavra i}vtv_G B9vtQvWv_Ga c9vlvfFG c9vGQ ?vF.vlva >vGvc ,GPvta .cv=vrvAvT*G v UvlvA
q
Ovr w9vAv_9v=a ,9vKvJv_9vZvl OOvKvcvT |vcvjvAv_G H.v= iavrv_G gPvJ QvgvWvA Ovr ,QavlFG gPvJ |vjv=vp .?vcv=vFvGFGa
aC ?vvcvvFvvcOv _G aC ?v cv rQvvgv _G B9c_v rFG ?vvF.vvlvva Oav KvvG >v Tv Av tvvA 9v lv t .?vv_vvAvvtv _G Q9vvTvvl c9v Wv pE zvvf cv lv gv A
q k r
.dvvF9v tv Tv _G Yav FvvAv _G BGP B9v gv lv AvvG*G v ?vvZ9v Mv =a ,?vvcvvlv JFG ?v c9vvi v GO9vvgv =C ,BOv Ga HE ,?vvcv =v JP*G

?v _vl9v tv _G ?vFvaGa*G OvKvf


av J Oav Wv F*G Ov Kv gv _G HC ,B9v =v T9v F*Ga cv p9v J*G ?v p9v t v ,Ov cv t.v Av _G >v Gv c ,GPv Kv _a
k k
cvZGavAv_G >vGvc ,G|vMCa .QavlFG gPvJ R9vGvFE zvf ;vgvp cvlvgv_G mvD ,HavF9vrv_G m9vlC IGa9vT*Ga ?v_vl9vWv_Ga
?v _vcvTavt ,dv =v Tv F O9vcv Jv= hvAv lv Av A dv Av _G LQ9v Mv _G v dv FO*G hvlvAvG*G B9v lvdvFvla ?c_aOv_G B9v lvdvF*G hvl
. c M GO _ G v ? c a G Qr l c O _ G c G C H l b j ] _ _

L Q9M_ G g 9 G A ? _ At _ q Qa > 9 a M
G G C vvvvv 3

?vcvaGQvrvlvcOv_G yE c9vrvAvF:G ?vcvF9vtvlE v HvcQvDC*G mvJC Hvl avJ ?vcv=Qvgv_G Q9vavrFG hv]a v LQ9vMv_G

zv f >v Gv c ,9v FO9v rv Av fG va .?v cv Mv cQ9v Av _G ?v _v Av tv _G cv =v r Hv l Q9v =v Av f:G v gPv MC >v Gv c uv _Pv _a ,\v lOv f Hv l
q
hvvla ,LQ9vvMvv_G v ?vvcvvaGQvvrvvlvvcOvv_G Q9vvZvvFCa {vvcvvlvvcO9vvtFGa HvvcQvvtvvp*G hvvl cvvZGavvAvv_G ?vv_vvAvvtvv_G qGQvvaC
Hvl bvjv]v_v_ ?v_vcvTavt uv_Pa ,dv=vTvF O9vcvJv= hvAvlvAvA dvAv_G dvFO*G hvlvAvG*G B9vlvdvFvla ?c_aOv_G B9vlvdvF*G
. c M GO _ G v ?c a GQ r l c O_ G c G C
q q q
?vpvZvFvl IQvdvF dvFv=vA zvf LQ9vMv_v_ EvJ \v cvpvp ,?vcvrvavF*G ?vcvT9vcvTv_G \v=9v=vTC uQvJvAv_G GPvKv_a
Havvt ?vvrvvcvvrvvJ Ovvcvvt.vvA HvvTvvJvvc ,m9vvf cvvtvvWvv=a .Ovvcvvgvv=vv_G i O* G v ?vv_O9vv=vvA*G ?vvfaQvvW*G Kvv_9vvZvvlvv_vv_
dv Av _G ?c_aOv _Ga ?v cv lc_v rDG 9v c9v ]v rv _G hv l cv l9v gv Av _G zv f 9v J|v i Hv l QOv rC ?v cv aGQv rv lv cOv _G B9v lav tv Jv _G
v ,I|v Dv t H9v cv JC v ,?vlv89vrv_G B9vlavtvJv_G Bv_vWvp dv Av _G 9v c9v ]v rv _G uv_vA ,?vcv=Qvgv_G Q9vavrFG 9vKvKvGGavA
HC OvcQvA : ?vcv=vFvGC Qv8GaO OvGavA \vFC IQvZ9vg*G ?c_aOv_G ?vT9vcvTv_G sv89vrvJ Hvl H9vt GPEa .9vKvAvGv_9vgvl

HC iQvAa ,m_9vgv_G Hvl ARvGv_G GPvJ v 9vKv=avgvW m9vlC ?v_aCvTvl ?vcvaGQvrvlvcO ?vcv=Qvf B9vlavtvJ QvKvdvA
137 / d]9l M9Ap_G O = fa jQGat_G ?pc_M xf

k
Hvl 9vKv=vTvt Hvtvlvc iQvMC 9vpGQvaC u9vFvJ H@vp ,9vKvJv_9vZvl H9vlv]v= cvcvpvt ?c_9vJv_G ?vlvdvFFG QGQvlvAvTG
Hv _ c9v rv Av F:G uv _P HC yE Bv F.v lv aG
dv J GPE ,?v cv aGQv rv lv cOv _G yE ?v cv =Qv gv _G mv tv Jv _G mv dv F c9v rv Av FG cv GC
q
gOQvpvlv= cvcvpvt i}vtv_G ?c_aOv_G iavrv_G IGO9vgvl HE .?vfaQvW*G 9vKvJv_9vZvla 9vKvFvlC >9vTvJ zvf Havtvc
)37 (
?vlvtvJv_Ga . cvMGOv_G v 9vJR9vGvFE v ?v_vAvtv_G qGQvaC KvGvFvA Ovr dvAv_G iQvMFG m9vK*G cvt O9vTvp@v=
k
.:9 rl m9r l ct _ HE carA

r
IOvF9vTvla mvfOv_G GPvJ ?vgvGGQvl yE m9vdvFv_v_ ?vlvfGOv_G ?c_aOv_G iavrv_G hvpO avJ QavJ*G GPvJ qOvJa
v uv_Pa ,dvaGQvrvlvcO mvtvJ m9vdvF yE c9vrvAvF:G v ?vgvF9vl*G mOvf cvrFG zvf aC ,?vcvaGQvrvlvcOv_G >v_9va*G
BQv vKv vdC Ov vrv vp .dv vGQ9v vMv v_G mv vfGOv v_G GPv vJ Oav vGa ?v v_9v vJ
OavvGa ?vvcvvlvvJC dvvaGQvvrvvlvvcOvv_G c9vvrvvAvvF;vv_ B:9vvJ IOvvf
e;vTvAvS:G ?vp9vtvC hv| Qv+v+vjv@ :
|v vi cv vrFG zv vf aC c9v vrv vAv vF;v v_ Ov vcCv vl dv vGQ9v vM cv vl9v vf
,vvvvp ?vvvvtvvvvDvvvvyG eOvvvvfh Szvvvv+vvvvyGh q
mv vfO cv vtv vW 9v v=aQaC sQv vW B:9v vJ dv vpv vp .\v v_ hv vF9v vlv vl
Y9"Avs:G fhO Qv+v+vjv@ :h ,Uvqv"vyG k k
9v cv T9v TC ;v l9v f IOv Jv A*G B9v c:av _Ga ?v cv =Qv jv _G caOv _G
.#wG Q++jAyG fz<
?vvFvvlvvcvvJ hvvpQ >vvF9vvG yE GPvvJ ,B:9vvJvv_G uvv_vvA M9vvGvvFvv_

A9vvjvv_Ea 9vv=aQaC sQvvW caO Hvvf dvvA9cvvpavvTvv_G >vvav rvv_G


cv Zv pv _G m9v dv F ?v cQv gv A v ?v cv GQ9v Mv _G bav jv ]v _G Bv lv J9v T ,9v cv rv cQv pC >av Fv G va .qv cFv cv Gv cQv = COv =v l
?vcvaGQvrvlvcO ?v]Q9vgvl QavKvd Ovf9vT 9vlvt .\va9vrvTD Bv_vAvtvA dvAv_G iavrv_G OavKvG RvcRvgvAa ,jQvZvFvgv_G

,{v vcv v=c_v vpv v_G v Uav vtQ9* dv vtv vcQv vlFG mv vfOv v_G QGQv vlv vAv vTG mOv vf zv vf cv vMGOv v_G v ?v vav vi9v v]a ?v vcv vrv vcv vrv vJ
Hvl ?c_aOv_G iavrv_G qvrGavl |vcvjvA HC avJ 9vFvJ O9vpvAvT*G UQOv_Ga .?vcv=avFvGv_G 9vcQavt v {vcQvtvTvgv_v_a
k k
|via ,cOvAvgvl dvT9vcvT >9vavM jP dvaGQvrvlvcO cvcOv= OavGav_ ?vcvrvavFvl ?vGvcvAvF H9vt ?vrv_va*G ?vlvdvFFG
. >Q j_ _ Om 9gl

dv F9v Dv _Ga ca FG Hv cQav J*G m9v Kv l mv dv gv l R9v Gv FE HC uGQOE ?v cv Mv cQ9v Av _G ?v _v Av tv _G qGQv aC zv f HE

Rvcvt~v_Ga LQ9v Mv _G v IQvDC*G iav rv _G g9v Gv A ?v_vAvtv_G qGQvaF dv T9v cv Tv _G >9vavMv_G cGOvAvfG mRv_vAvTvc
{v Zv _v M*G Hv l mv Kv lv dv gv la( mac_G ?v lv 89v rv _G ?v lv dv FFG dv ]Q9v gv l ^v gv = HE .xv MGOv _G qOv Kv _G zv f
o
,LQ9vMv_G v Qv8GaOv_G uv_vAv_ ?vcvF9vGvl B9vlOvM ,OvZvr ;v= ,HaOvTvc )mvKvFGOv_v= zvf HvcQavcvjv_Ga {vcvFvaav_G

Q9vvlvvgvvAvvT:G ?v ]vvJ9vvFvvlv t i}v t qGOvvJC {v = mvvKvvav _vvMvv= uvv_Pa ,cv MGOv _G v ?vvcvvaGQvvrvvlv cOvv_G AGOvvfFa

: aC AdvvW cvvt R9vvGvvFE {vv= ?vvcQvvpvvZ IGQ9vv=*G mvvKvv_vvgvvGvv=a ,?vvcvvaGQvvrvvlvvcOvv_Ga ,?vvcvvlvvFvvAvv_Ga ?vvFvvlvvcvvKvv_Ga
)38 (
. AdW

Qa Oa dvv=Qvvgvv_G Hc_vvMvv_G ?vvrvvavvFvvl v ?vvcvvJ;vvZDG B9vvtQvvJvv_G NvvcQ9vvA zvvf 9vvFvvJ Y;vva:G Ovvcvvp*G Hvvl \vv_vvgvv_a )37 (

y E I Q9 l vv DG Hvv l B: t _ ,>v cv av Mv _G Ov lv JC :Qv dv FG


vvc avv vv G .yM;v ZDG ?v =Q9v Jv lz >v cv av Mv _G Ov lv JC .O g9v lv TC 9v l v 9v cv F9v av cQv =
,)2007 ,dv=Qvgv_G v9vrvDv_G RvtQ*G :A9v]vcv=v_G QGOv_G( Q9vGvFv_G mvF9vi qGQvWE , dv l r_
av v Ga dvFv a _ c l g _ B9 Q t P ? _ O _
av G v v v G vc v : v a v G

.224 vvvv 218 [


mOvf cv]vpvA 9vKvFC ?vavJvF*G mvlIv_ ?vcv=v_vTv_G B9vl;vgv_G Hvl HE gO9vpvl cavr bvcvgvG m9vWvJ dvTvFavAv_G P9vAvTIv_ )38 (
k k
? f Q W _ :v
vvcvv vv vv G ,dv Wav Fv jv _G Ov WGQ Nv cv Wv _v _ ?v _v MGOv l v OQa ,9v Zv r9v F \c_v f cav Zv Jv _G zv f ;v ZC Adv Wv _G zv f cav Zv Jv _G
.198 [ , 9 a= ] 9 Q O9 Z l m; T
K Ga a J : DG v ? T9 T_ c c G
d=Qg_G c=rAT*G / 138

?l A9 M
cvt v y?vcvaGQvrvlvcOv_G IOvf9vr zvf ?vcvMvcQ9vAv_G ?v_vAvtv_Gz mavKvpvl bv=v] ?vTGQOv_G gPvJ BvpOvKvAvTG
,?vFvJGQv_G ?vcvMvcQ9vAv_G ?v_vJQ*G v ?vcv=Qvgv_G HGOv_v=v_v_ 9vKvAQaQv]a 9vKvAvcvlvJC EvcvJ Hvl uv_Pa ,dv=Qvf Qvavr
uvv_vvA svvcvvrvvJv A cvvGC Hvvl 9vvKvv= m9v cvvrvv_G 9vvKvvpGQvvaC zv f dvvAvv_G m9vvK*Ga 9vvKvvA9vv=vv_vvavvAvvla 9vvKv pGOvvJC EvvcvvJ Hv la
q
?vcvaGQvrvlvcOv_G IOvf9vr zvf ,?vcvMvcQ9vA ?v_vAvt A9vFv= ?vcvpvcvta ,?vcvF9vtvlE zvf m9vlvAvJ:G >vZvFG Ovra .qGOvJFG
o
zv f ?v cv Mv cQ9v A cv Av t ?v cv lv Fv Av _ jQaQv ] Qv MB dv =Qv f Ov gv = bv rv =v ca . Qv av r cv t v dv Fv aav _G iav Av T*G zv f
cv lvvgv _G {vv= ?vvr;v gv _G av Ja ,q9v t cv tvvWv = \v _a9vvFv A mvvAv c m_ ,dvv=Qv f Qv av r cv t v ?v cv aGQv rv lv cOv _G IOv f9vvr
.Qar c t v ? cMc Q 9A_G ? _At _G c lf a ,m9 g_G d =Qg_G i aAT* G z f u~ W* G

?vcvMvcQ9vAv_G cvAvtv_G m9vcvr sv=vTvc ?vcvaGQvrvlvcOv_G dvf9vT*G RvcRvgvA Hvl u~vW*G m9vgv_G c9vG*G GPvJ HE

cv t aC ^v gv = v ?v cv aGQv rv lv cO mv tv J mv dv F yE c9v rv Av F:G Ov gv = Qv lv Av Tv ca \v =v tGav ca ,dv =Qv f Qv av r cv t v


dv l;v fDGa v9v rv Dv _Ga jQv tv pv _G Ov gv =v _G :9v JRQv =C ,O9v gv =C IOv f dv =Qv gv _G cv lv gv _G GPv Kv _a .?v cv =Qv gv _G HGOv _v =v _G

Ovgv=v_Ga ,?vcv aGQvrvlvcOv_G IOvf9vr zvf ?v cvMv cQ9vAv_G ?v_vAvtv_G ?v p9vrv D QvWvFa ,?vcvaGQvrvlvcOv_G dv f9v T*G RvcRvgvAv_
?vvp9vvta B9vvtQvvJvv_Ga >GRvvJFGa QOGavvtvv_vv_ ?vvcvvFvvK*G ?vvcvvlvvFvvAvv_Ga j QG OD G mvvcvvdvvFvvAvv_Ga >vvcQOvvAvv_9vv= cvvZvvA*G
.? caG Q rlcO _G I Of 9r zf ?c Mc Q 9 A _G c A t _G v ?t Q 9 W * G q G Q a F G

yE vvvvv B9v cOv Av Fv l Hv l \v Fv f sv Dv =v Fv c 9v la ,?v cv aGQv rv lv cOv _G B9v TGQO YaQv Wv l uQ9v Wv c HC Hv tv lv ca

,dv lv TQv _G cv lv gv _G B9v Tv TCv la ,xv JFG dv =Qv gv _G cv lv gv _G B9v cOv Av Fv la B9v cv gv lv G Hv l Ov cOv gv _G >v F9v G
?vcv=Qvgv_G HGOv_v=v_G v ?vcvaGQvrvlvcOv_G dvf9vT*G RvcRvgvA v vvvvv iQvMFG waOv_Ga dvlc_vrDG cvlvgv_G c9vtvWCa
?vcvaGQvrvlvcOv_G dvf9vT*G RvcRvgvAa ,?vcv=Qvgv_G HGOv_v=v_G v ?vcvMvcQ9vA cvAvt A9vFv= B9v=v_vavAvl ?vcvlvFvA c;vM Hvl

cavJvAv_G ?v_vJQvl va ,dvaGQvrvlvcO mvtvJ mvdvF yE c9vrvAvF:G OvFvfa ,dvT9vcvTv_G M9vAvpvF:G ?v_vJQvl }vf
HE .?vlv89vr ?vcvaGQvrvlvcOv_G BvlGO 9vl dvaGQvrvlvcO mvtvJ m9vdvF cvt v QvlvAvTvAa OvAvlvA dvAv_G dvaGQvrvlvcOv_G
q
HGQv vlC 9v vlv vJ ?v v_v vrv v_Ga OQv vpv v_G mv vtv vJ m9v vdv vF hv vl ?v vgv vcv vav vrv v_Ga dv vaGQv vrv vlv vcO mv vtv vJ m9v vdv vF yE c9v vrv vAv vF:G
.Hv lRv _G }v f 9v JQGQv rv Av TGa ?v cv aGQv rv lv cOv _G ?v TQ9v l*G QGQv lv Av T: {cv p9v t |v i 9v lv Kv Fv tv _a ,H9v cQaQv ]

?v _v cav av _G dv aGQv rv lv cOv _G cav Jv Av _G ?c_v lv f ?v cv aGQv rv lv cOv _G ?v TQ9v l*G cv MOv A HC yE ?v G9v J ?v lv D ,GPv Kv _a
dv Av _G ?v p9v rv Dv _G ?v _v JQv l yE IQaQv ]v _G ?v _v JQv l Hv l ?v TQ9v l*G gPv J cv rv Fv A dv Av _G ?c_v lv gv _G uv _v A ,i O* G

& B9 f 9lG _G a OG Q pFG ua_T v OT GAA

You might also like