6.

002

CIRCUITS AND

ELECTRONICS

Introduction and Lumped Circuit Abstraction

6.002 Fall 2000

Lecture 1

ADMINISTRIVIA

Lecturer: Prof. Anant Agarwal

Textbook: Agarwal and Lang (A&L)

Readings are important!

Handout no. 3
Assignments

Homework exercises
Labs
Quizzes
Final exam

6.002 Fall 2000

Lecture 1

Two homework assignments can

be missed (except HW11).
Collaboration policy
Homework
You may collaborate with
others, but do your own
write-up.
Lab
You may work in a team of
two, but do you own write-up.
Info handout
Reading for today

Chapter 1 of the book

6.002 Fall 2000

Lecture 1

What is engineering?
Purposeful use of science

What is 6.002 about?

Gainful employment of
Maxwells equations
From electrons to digital gates
and op-amps

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Lecture 1

Nature as observed in experiments

V

12

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

6.002

Physics laws or abstractions

Maxwells
abstraction for
Ohms
tables of data
V=RI
Lumped circuit abstraction
+
V
C
L
R

Simple amplifier abstraction

Operational
amplifier abstraction
abstraction

+
-

Filters
Analog system
components:
Modulators,
oscillators,
RF amps,
power supplies 6.061

Digital abstraction
Combinational logic

Clocked digital abstraction

Instruction set abstraction
Pentium, MIPS 6.004
Programming languages
Java, C++, Matlab 6.001
Software systems 6.033
Operating systems, Browsers

Mice, toasters, sonar, stereos, doom, space shuttle

6.455
6.170
5

6.002 Fall 2000

Lecture 1

Lumped Circuit Abstraction

Consider

The Big Jump

from physics
to EECS
I

Suppose we wish to answer this question:

What is the current through the bulb?

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Lecture 1

We could do it the Hard Way

Apply Maxwells
Differential form
B
Faradays
E =
t

Continuity J =
t
Others

E =
0

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Lecture 1

Integral form
B
E dl = t
q
J dS = t
q
E

dS
=

Instead, there is an Easy Way

First, let us build some insight:

Analogy
F

a?

I ask you: What is the acceleration?

You quickly ask me: What is the mass?
I tell you:

F
You respond: a =
m
Done !! !

6.002 Fall 2000

Lecture 1

Instead, there is an Easy Way

First, let us build some insight:

Analogy

F
a?
In doing so, you ignored
the objects shape
its temperature
its color
point of force application
Point-mass discretization

6.002 Fall 2000

Lecture 1

The Easy Way

Consider the filament of the light bulb.

A
B
We do not care about

how current flows inside the filament

its temperature, shape, orientation, etc.

Then, we can replace the bulb with a

discrete resistor

for the purpose of calculating the current.

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10

The Easy Way

A
B
Replace the bulb with a

discrete resistor

for the purpose of calculating the current.

A
+
V

I
R

and

V
I=
R

In EE, we do things
the easy way

R represents the only property of interest!

Like with point-mass: replace objects
F
with their mass m to find a =
m

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11

The Easy Way

A
+
V

and

I=

In EE, we do things
the easy way

R represents the only property of interest!

R relates element v and i

I=
R

called element v-i relationship

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R is a lumped element abstraction

for the bulb.

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R is a lumped element abstraction

for the bulb.
Not so fast, though
I
A
+ S
A

V
B

SB

black box
Although we will take the easy way
using lumped abstractions for the rest
of this course, we must make sure (at
least the first time) that our
abstraction is reasonable. In this case,
ensuring that
V I
are defined
for the element
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14

I
SA

V
B

must be defined
for the element

SB

black box

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15

must be defined. True when

=
I out of S B
q
True only when
= 0 in the filament!
t
I into S A

J dS

SA

J dS

SB

q
J dS J dS = t
SA
SB

from ell
w
x
a
M

IA

IB

q
=0
I A = I B only if
t
So lets assume this

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16

Must also be defined.

see
A&L

So lets assume this too

B
=0
t
outside elements

VAB defined when

So

VAB = AB E dl

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Lumped Matter Discipline (LMD)

Or self imposed constraints:

More in
Chapter 1
of A & L

B
= 0 outside
t
q
= 0 inside elements
t
bulb, wire, battery

Lumped circuit abstraction applies when

elements adhere to the lumped matter
discipline.

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18

Demo
only for the
sorts of
questions we
as EEs would
like to ask!

Demo

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Lumped element examples

whose behavior is completely
captured by their VI
relationship.

Exploding resistor demo

cant predict that!
Pickle demo
cant predict light, smell

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19

So, what does this buy us?

Replace the differential equations

with simple algebra using lumped
circuit abstraction (LCA).
For example

V
+

a
b

R1
R2

R3

R4

d
R5

What can we say about voltages in a loop

under the lumped matter discipline?

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What can we say about voltages in a loop

under LMD?

a
b

V
+

R1

R3

R4

R2

R5

c
B
under DMD
E dl = t
0
E dl + E dl + E dl = 0

ca

ab

bc

+ Vca + Vab + Vbc

= 0

Kirchhoffs Voltage Law (KVL):

The sum of the voltages in a loop is 0.
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What can we say about currents?

Consider

I ca

S
a

I da
I ba

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What can we say about currents?

I ca

S
a

I
da
I ba

q
S J dS = t

under LMD
0

I ca + I da + I ba = 0
Kirchhoffs Current Law (KCL):
The sum of the currents into a node is 0.
simply conservation of charge

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23

KVL and KCL Summary

KVL:

j j = 0
loop

KCL:

jij = 0
node

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