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Project Report: (Project Semester January-June)
Project Report: (Project Semester January-June)
PROJECT REPORT
(Project Semester January-June )
Submitted by
SACHIN GUPTA
Roll No 1040556
AMANDEEP SINGH
Roll No 1040544
June/December 200
ANNEXURE VIII
DECLARATION
I hereby declare that the project work entitled (Title of the project) is an authentic record of
my own work carried out at (Place of work) as requirements of six months project semester
for the award of degree of B.E. (Civil Engineering), Thapar Institute of Engineering &
Technology (Deemed University), Patiala, under the guidance of (Name of Industry
coordinator) and (Name of Faculty coordinator), during June to December, 2003).
(Signature of student)
(Name of Student)
(Roll No.)
Date: ___________________
Certified that the above statement made by the student is correct to the best of our
knowledge and belief.
Faculty Coordinator
Coordinator
Industry
ANNEXURE VI
CONTENTS OF THE REPORT
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Please note the case of letters in the cover page. The 3 rd. line is 16
pt bold and other lines are 12 pt. The page is centered. Department
and Institute names are bold.
The matter contained in the report should be typed in MS word (1.5
spacing) Times New Roman, 12 pt or equivalent with other
software.
Figures and tables may be inserted in the text as they appear or
may be appended in order.
List of references shall be appended at the end.
Subject matter should be typed on both sides.
A total of THREE copies may be prepared one for the student,
second for the industry coordinator and third for the institute.
INDEX
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Summary
Introduction
Work
Industry Review
Details of the work including work programme & results
Conclusions and Future Scope of Work
References (if any)
Impediments/difficulties faced during project semester on project work;
Suggestions related to work/project semester
1)
INTRODUTION............................................................................................................4
2)
3)
3.1)
SUPERVISORY CONTROL........................................................................................................5
3.2)
DATA ACQUISITION.................................................................................................................6
4)
MAIN FEATURES.......................................................................................................6
6.1)
Frequency Control....................................................................................................................9
6.2)
Voltage Control.........................................................................................................................9
6.3)
Line loading............................................................................................................................10
6.4)
Operating manpower...............................................................................................................11
7)
COMPONENTS OF SCADA.................................................................................11
7.1)
Transducers.............................................................................................................................11
7.2)
7.3)
7.4)
MODEM.................................................................................................................................18
7.5)
7.6)
7.7)
8)
8.1)
9)
DATA DISPLAYS.......................................................................................................20
Sources & types of Data.........................................................................................................23
COMMUNICATION MEDIA.................................................................................25
10.2)
Communication Front-Ends....................................................................................................28
10.3)
ICCP servers...........................................................................................................................30
10.4)
ISR servers..............................................................................................................................31
10.5)
DTS server..............................................................................................................................33
10.6)
Development server................................................................................................................34
10.7)
Operator consoles...................................................................................................................34
10.8)
10.9)
Functional overview................................................................................................................38
11.2)
Data acquisition.......................................................................................................................39
11.3)
Host SCADA..........................................................................................................................39
11.4)
11.5)
11.6)
RTU........................................................................................................................................40
11.7)
Data flow................................................................................................................................42
11.8)
External data...........................................................................................................................42
11.9)
Data processing.......................................................................................................................42
12.2)
12.3)
12.4)
Interchange displays...............................................................................................................48
12.5)
12.6)
12.7)
12.8)
Alarms: -.................................................................................................................................52
14.2)
Tagging: -................................................................................................................................52
14.3)
Trending: -..............................................................................................................................53
1) INTRODUTION
Power Grid Corporation of India Ltd. has implemented the Unified Load Dispatch &
Communication Project for all the constituents of Northern Region and central sector. Under
this project computerized SCADA/ EMS (Supervisory Control & Data Acquisition/ Energy
Management System) has been installed at SLDC Patiala and two Area Load Dispatch
Centers (ALDCs) at Lalton Kalan (Ludhiana) and Jamsher (Jalandhar). 19 Nos. Remote
Terminal Units (RTUs) have been provided by PGCIL itself under this scheme.
PSEB has already implemented Interim SCADA scheme provided by M/s C-DAC
Bangalore, through which on line data is available at SLDC Ablowal from 15 Nos. RTUs
since 1997-98. On line data with NRLDC is also being exchanged through this scheme. 6
Nos. additional RTUs have recently been provided by PSEB. Thus in total data from 40
Nos. important Sub-Stations and Generating stations of PSEB are available for online
monitoring and Energy Management through SCADA/ EMS system at SLDC Patiala and at
the ALDCs.
From Remote Terminal Units to control center connectivity PLCC, Fiber optics &
Microwave communication network is used, whereas for inter control center connectivity,
wide band trunk line Microwave system is used.
4) MAIN FEATURES
The project involves the following main features:-
2) On-Line acquisition of data viz. MW, MVAR, Direction of Power Flow, Voltage,
Frequency from 40 nos. stations including most of the Generating Stations situated
within Punjab state (List Enclosed)
3) Acquisition of Digital status of all circuit breakers, isolators, tap changers &
Sequence of Event (SOE) recording covered under the scheme.
4) On-Line display at SLDC & ALDCs on Operator Consoles and Magnified Video
Projection Screen at SLDC Patiala.
5) Provision of Remote Video Display Unit for Head Office for Board Management
reporting purpose.
6) On line acquisition of weather data for load forecasting through a weather station
installed at SLDC
220kV Malerkotla.
10
Maximum
Minimum
400
420
360
220
245
200
132
145
120
12
The maximum and minimum values in the above table are the outer limits and all the
constituents would endeavor to maintain the voltage level well within the above limits.
1) In the event of high voltage (e.g., 400kV bus voltages going above 410kV), the
following specific steps would be taken by the respective grid substations /
generating station at their own, unless specifically mentioned by NRLDC otherwise;
a) The bus reactors be switched in
b) The manually switchable capacitor banks be taken out
c) The switchable line/ tertiary reactors be taken in
d) Operate synchronous condensers for VAR absorption
e) Operate hydro generators / gas turbines as synchronous condenser for VAR
absorption wherever possible
f) Opening of the lightly loaded lines in consultation with NRLDC, keeping in
view the security of the balance network.
2) In the event of low voltage, (e.g., 400kV bus voltages going down below 390kV),
the following specific steps would be taken by the respective grid substations /
generating station at their own, unless specifically mentioned by NRLDC otherwise;
a) The bus reactors be switched out
b) The capacitor banks be switched in
c) The switchable line / tertiary reactors be taken out
d) Operate synchronous condensers for VAR generation
e)
13
contingencies & continuously evaluating the system under his control against these
contingencies.
7) COMPONENTS OF SCADA
The SCADA system used in the SLDC project consists of:
1) Transducers
2) Potential and Current Transformers
3) Remote Terminal Unit (RTU)
4) MODEM
5) Power Line Carrier Communication (PLCC)
6) Front End Processor
7) LAN
8) Main Server
7.1) TRANSDUCERS
Transducer is a device, which provides a transformed output in response
to a specific measured value given as input.
The basic functions of transducer are:
1) Active power
2) Reactive power
14
3) Voltage
4) Current
5) Status of circuit breakers
Out of these the current and the voltage are stepped down to a value
suited to the respective transducers. The status of the circuit breakers are
sensed using energized relays connected to either the OPEN or CLOSE position
of the circuit breaker. While selecting a transducer for any specific measuring,
one should consider the following criteria.
Type of measuring
1) Number of measurements
2) Sensing element
3) Transduction element
4) Range of measurement
The Conversion is a process, which involves presentation of measured
value in a specific format to the user. They convert the analog input to digital
input to be interfaced to the computer directly. The Transducer Panel at SLDC
has 11 Transducers, out of which 8 are the main Transducers and 2 are voltage
Transducers, and one is frequency Transducer. The main Transducer consists of
4 CTs (only R & B phases), 3 PTs, 1 neutral point, 1 earth point, 2 points for dc
supply (48 V, to energize the T/D), 2 points of Ms, and 2 points for MVARs.
15
b) split core
frequency 50 -400 hz
16
Thus the CT operates with its secondary winding nearly under short
circuit conditions. On the terminal of the secondary winding is earthed so as to
prevent damage to the equipment and personnel in the vicinity in the event of
insulation failure in the CT. Specification used in the substation is 230 KV/ 110
KV. The output of PT should be zero when the supply is zero. In order to
nullify the output when the supply is zero, auxiliary supply is used.
Specifications used at SLDC are 600 KV/ 1000 KV.
RTU
has
network
interface
(usually
either
Ethernet,
17
basic requirements would be that they consume minimum power and have
considerable self-diagnostic facility. The main parts of RTUs are:
MAJOR COMPONENT OF SCADA REMOTE TERMINAL UNIT
The RTUs consist of process module, analog and digital input modules and
communication interface, power supply unit and screw termination on the rear of the panel
for field connections. The data is acquired form various stations with the help of RTUs.
The various parameters, which are to be acquired, are first taken from the sub
station/generating station through current transformer and potential transformer and
brought to the control room in the control panels. From these control panels the
connections are taken and given to the transducers, which lower down the energy levels of
the signals. These signals are of two types- digital and analog. RTU support data
transmission at the rate of 50 to 9600 bits per sec.
The basic functions of RTU are:
1) Collect power system data
2) Filter and process the system data
3) Transmit data to control center
4) Receive the control commands
HARDWARE
The general arrangement of sub-system inside the RTU panel is given in figures.
All the sub-systems have been designed in standard 19 rack. The sub systems are
modulated in construction facilitating easy maintenance.
The power supply unit is placed at the top of the panel. The Circuit breakers with
indication lamps are provided for 230V, 48V DC and 24V DC power supplies. A fan tray is
provided below the power supply unit. The 6U rack containing the processor and I/O
module is placed below the fan tray. The 6U rack has a motherboard, which can
accommodate up to 12 I/O modules in addition to processor module (PCU). The sub rack
consists of following hardware modules:
18
19
POWER PANEL
IL
24V
48V
220V PRO V
MCB PANEL
FAN1 (FAN TRAY) FAN2
DIC
AIC
0 1 2 3 4
3 2 1
220V AC SUPPLY
BASE FRAME (100MM)
20
through the OPTO couplers. A ground line running through the center of optocouplers on
both sides of the PCB physically separates the field bus from the logic circuits and the
front bus. This protects the rest of the systems in case any hazards occur in high field
circuitry. The block diagram is given in figure.
LED indication is provided on the front panel for each channel. It lights on a high
input to the respective channel. The detail of the front panel is given in front panel
diagram.
The processor can access any of the 16 channels through the front I/O bus.
3) ANALOG INPUT CARD
The 16 channel isolated analog input module is a complete fully isolated input
system containing 16 different channels on a 6U Euro board. It is ideal for industrial
applications requiring measurement of non-isolated transmitter signals in the presence of
high common
mode voltages and ground loop noise. Each input channel consists of a
highly reliable flying capacitor multiplexer utilizing mercury wetter/dry read relays. These
input channels feed a stable instrumentation amplifier and conversion is accomplished by a
12 bit A/D converter. The result is an input signal having noise immunity up to 100CMV
(Common mode Voltage).
The board accepts 16 channel of analog signal as its input. Depending upon the
particular channel selected, it provides an equivalent 12 bit digital data as output. The
block diagram is given in figure.
The signals are connected to the font D 37 female connecter of the board. When the
board and a particular channel are selected, all the relays are actuated. The capacitor,
which was connected to the selected relay, will now be connected to the input by the
multiplexer ADG508. The change over contacts thus provides necessary isolation during
analog to digital conversion. The output of INA is fed to the input of ADC, which operate
at 0-10V range. The ADC converts this0-10V to its equivalent digital value and store it in a
buffer inside ADC.
COMMUNICATION THROUGH MODEMS:
The Communication at SLDC is possible in two ways:
1) Communication Media like PLCC microwave.
2) Modem
Here I am explaining the Communication through Modems.
22
7.4) MODEM
The term MODEM is an acronym for Modulator-Demodulator. The primary
modem function is to convert digital data into analog form, which is suitable for
transmission on common carrier circuits. Modulation is the D/A conversion in which the
digital data is placed on the transmission line by modulation of a tone or carrier
Demodulation is the reverse process. In a data communication system, transmitting and
receiving modems are necessary at each end of the analog transmission line. The output
transmitting circuits and receiving circuits are networks required for transmitting and
receiving analog information to and from the transmission line.
Three modulation techniques are commonly used:
1) Amplitude modulation
2) Frequency modulation
3) Phase modulation
Modems operate with one functioning as an originate unit and the other as an answer
unit. The originate modem transmits on a low frequency channel, using 1.27 KHz for a mark
and a 1.07 KHz for a space. It receives on a high frequency channel using 2.225 and 2.025
KHz respectively for a mark and space. The answer modem transmits on the high frequency
channel and receives on the lower frequency channel. The timing circuit provides the basic
clocking information for both the transmission as well as reception of signals. A crystal
oscillator to within about 0.05% of the normal value usually controls the internal timing.
Modem is used to adjust the output level of data the computer data is converted to
analog waveforms as carries and this composite signal passes through our common
telephone lines to reach the destination, where the carriers is removed and the original data
is given to the computer. Modems are generally used to convert various nodes of data
network. This is connected between computer and telephone lines, in the information
technology industry, computer is known as data terminal equipment (DTE) and modem is
known as data communication equipment (DCE). Modems are classified by their data rates
or by V. (V.DOT) standards. Modem data rates are the number of bits transferred per second
over the communication line. It does not refer to the data rate at which DTE communicate
with DCE.
23
Attenuation is the measure of the loss of energy between the transmitting and the
receiving terminals and depends upon many factors like frequency, conductor size and
spacing, line configuration, presence of ground wires or parallel circuits, transpositions,
ground sensitivity and weather conditions. The type of coupling used and the phase to which
it is applied affects the total attenuation from terminal to terminal.
8) DATA DISPLAYS
There are two types of displays:
25
1) Online Display
2) Tabular Display
In a one line or single line display whole network is made up of single
lines and graphical symbol are used for different components. One-line
diagrams give the current state of the operating devices and also give on line
data. We can give command from one line diagram to control the state of the
devices and can change the way of displaying the data.
ONLINE DISPLAY
26
Tabular display also gives the state of the operating devices and current
data. But in this case information is in the tabular form i.e. in the form of rows
and columns. Tabular usually contains more information the one line displays.
TABULAR DISPLAY
27
1) ANALOG DATA
Analogs are numeric values representing the state of variable-state
devices, such as power lines, transformers and pumps. Analog measurements
are stored in analog records. In the monitored system a transducer usually
measures a physical variable and the output of transducer is passed through an
analog to digital converter in the RTU. The A/D converter produces a number
that the host computer can process. All analog values are converted to host
computer floating-point numbers and adjusted by the host computer to
represent the physical measurements in MWs
For example: Voltage and Current.
2) STATUS DATA
Status values represent the state of discrete state devices, such as C.Bs,
tap changers and valves. SCADA can accept I/Ps represent a simple on/off or
Open /closed input, or a combination of inputs from a three-state device. All
status point values are stored in POINT records in the SCADA database.
For example: Status change of Circuit Breaker.
3) COUNT DATA
A count measurement is a value from pulse accumulator. Pulse
accumulators are often used to measure the total amount of energy, liquid or
gas that has passed by a specific location in the monitored system. The
detection device alternately opens and closes a contact each time a unit of the
measured matter passes by it. The pulse accumulator counts the contacts
changes and passes the count to SCADA, which stores the total accumulation
of counts since the last time the count was reset.
For example: MWH.
DATA QUALITY
Data quality is a catch all term relating to information the SCADA
operator may want to know about the values SCADA is displaying for
monitored devices. So to provide the operator with answers of certain
questions, SCADA has five groups of data quality indicators:
1) Data source flags
2) Detailed data quality flags
28
9) COMMUNICATION MEDIA
The data is required from various stations with the help of RTU. The
various parameters, which are to be acquired, are first taken from the
substation/generating
station
through
current
transformers
and
potential
transformer and brought to the control room in the control panels. From these
control panels the connections are taken and given to the transducers, which
lower down the energy levels of the signals. These signals are of two typesanalog and digital. Analog signal comprise of voltage, current, frequency,
active power and reactive power while digital signals are the circuit breaker
position, isolators position and tap changing position. Analog and digital
signals are given to the digital and analog cards. These analog signals are then
converted in to the digital signals. Finally these signals are fed to the modem
and transmitted. This transmission can be done in number of ways such as PLC
and VSAT depending upon the distance and Economy involved.
VSAT - Very Small Aperture Terminal, Communication through antenna.
PLC - Power Line Communication
MICROWAVE - Communication through Satellite.
FIBER OPTICS Communication through Co-axial cables
2) SLDC systems configuration. Minor differences existing between the SLDCs are
also introduced here.
3) Sub-LDCs and CPCC systems configuration.
The distributed hardware configuration of the RSCC SCADA/EMS system includes
the following subsystems:
1) The SCADA/EMS servers that support the following system functions (SCADA,
Real-time Dispatching, Power System Analysis and Operation Scheduling
functions). The SCADA/EMS servers operate in a primary-standby relationship for
redundancy purposes. SCADA/EMS software is active only on the application server
assigned the primary role.
4) The ISR server that is used to perform Information Storage and Retrieval functions.
The ISR servers also operate in a primary-standby redundancy.
5) The DTS (Dispatcher Training Simulator) server and its associated DTS operator
consoles that provide the dispatchers training capability.
6) The Development Server and its associated development console that provide
software utilities used to develop and maintain the SCADA/EMS software, displays
and databases.
7) The Operator consoles that handle the man-machine interface for system control
and supervision operations.
30
9) The WAN routers, in a redundant configuration, that allow several connections with
the other Northern Region control centres (SLDCs and CPCC) and with the Remote
VDU (Video Display Unit) located in PGCIL Headquarters.
10)
SCADA/EMS
Servers
Communication
Front-end
ISR
Servers
Operator
Consoles
(*)
DTS
Operator
Consoles
WAN
Routers
To
SLDCs,
CPCC
To RTUs
DTS
Server
ICCP
Servers
Development
Server
Development
Console
Network
Management
Console
Peripheral
Equipment
Remote
VDUs
Headquarters
(*) Five 2-CRT consoles, two 1-CRT consoles and one Operations Scheduling Console
supervising staff. The way monitoring is performed vary according to the hardware type. A
node state for example can be determined by periodically checking that it can respond to a
network (DECNET or TCP/IP) request.
The following section details the hardware components of each subsystem:
1) The real-time SCADA/EMS servers form the central core of the system. They
consist of two high performance Digital 64-bit RISC based AXP machines (Alpha
servers) in a dual redundant configuration (Primary and Stand-by). Only one of the
two is required to be operational in order for the subsystem functions to be
operational. The configuration management utility is running on those SCADA/EMS
servers. The failure of one of the two servers is immediately detected. If the failed
machine had the primary role, the configuration management utility notifies the
SCADA/EMS applications on the standby server to assume the primary role, and the
standby becomes the primary server.
32
33
CFE
CFE
Modem
RTU
Local RTUs
RTU
Splitter
RTU
M
34
ICCP SERVERS
35
36
37
DATA SERVERS
OPERATOR CONSOLES
There are 2 operator consoles with one CRT. Each operator console is a Digital
DPWau AXP workstation, with a 21 colour monitor. Each workstation has a redundant
connection to the LAN. Input is accepted via a mouse device, function keys or alphanumeric
keys.
Each workstation is delivered with 64 Mbytes of main memory, and 4 Gbytes of disk
storage. It is also equipped with one CD-ROM drive.
Operator consoles with 2-CRT.
There are 5 operator consoles with two CRTs. Each operator console is a Digital
DPWau AXP workstation, with two 21 colour monitor. Each workstation has a redundant
connection to the LAN. Input is accepted via a mouse device, function keys or alphanumeric
keys.
Each workstation is delivered with 128 Mbytes of main memory, and 4 Gbytes of
disk storage. It is also equipped with one CD-ROM drive.
Operation Scheduling console
This console is dedicated to the Operation Scheduling activities. Besides the
standard Man Machine Interface (MMI) software, it contains a dedicated software for the
Hydro Thermal Coordination Analysis functions (HTC2).
39
The Operation Scheduling console consists of one Intel Workstation, delivered with
64 Mbytes of main memory and 4 Gbytes of disk storage.
This Operation Scheduling console is equipped with one 21 colour monitor; one
3.5 floppy drive and one CD-ROM drive. The complete and detailed hardware
configuration for Operation Scheduling console is described in the release C of the
document Hardware Configuration for all control centers (ref. NR-A/N-G00-1-A05).
41
42
status points as input and output to the calculation, using any combination of logical,
arithmetic, and comparative operations.
SCADA SUBSYSTEM
SOE
NETWORK
SUBSYSTEM
TAGGING
Obtain data
changes
Determine state
of devices
Store
calculated
values
Obtain data
changes
Obtain values
for calculations
GENCALC
HDR
SCADA
GENERATION
SUBSYSTEM
LOADSHED
Issue control
commands
TFE
HISTORICAL
INFORMATION
MANAGEMENT
SUBSYSTEM
INTERCENTER
COMMUNICATION
SUBSYSTEM
SCADA
CFEs
43
performs reasonability checks on the incoming data, and sets data quality flags to indicate
the reliability of the source of the data.
11.6) RTU
The Remote Terminal Unit (RTU) is the interface with the monitored process. It
collects three primary types of data: the status of process devices (digital inputs), measures
process variables (analog inputs) and accumulators (pulse inputs). These three types of data
are transmitted to the Communication Front Ends using standard data communication
techniques.
44
The first data retrieval function that the Communication Front End requests from its
RTUs is an "Initialization Scan" called also Integrity Scan or General Check. This causes
each of the RTUs to return all of their data. This initialization function allows the
Communication Front End and the host SCADA to initialize their databases with the latest
information available.
This provides the SCADA system with the best starting point. Once the initialization
scan is complete, the periodic scanning functions begin. Data from the RTUs is received by
the host SCADA, processed, and put into the database.
RTU database can be downloaded on operator request, from a PC using the SIM900
software.
RTU protocol chosen for this project is the IEC 870.5.101 unbalanced protocol and
the SINAUT FW-8 protocol for existing SINAUT RTUs.
The software package delivered with S900 RTU allows handling both digital and
analog inputs/outputs. The entities and related functions controlled by the S900 RTU
include:
1) I/O capacity
2) Multiple master station communications
3) Local data logging
4) Archiving
5) Local alarm
6) Synchronization
In addition, the following software tools are delivered:
1) GBD900: It is a Database generator running in a PC environment and using
ORACLE
2) SIM900: It is a master station simulator running in a PC environment.
45
floating point in engineering units. Three types of information are maintained in the
database:
1) Status values, such as circuit breaker position (tripped/closed)
2) Analog values, which are process variables measured by the RTUs (temperature,
pressure etc.)
3) Pulse accumulations, which usually represent quantities delivered (such as
megawatt hours of electricity)
A combination of the RTU identity and the point identity is used for the scanner
module to locate quickly each point in the SCADA database without searching. This method
enables SCADA subsystem to avoid excessive processing overhead. Once located, each
point (status bit or analog value) is processed according to the directions established for that
point.
The following basic data processing functions are provided:
1) Analog value processing - The retrieved values are converted to engineering units
and placed in the database. The system designer can designate a linear or non-linear
conversion method for each individual analog point. The value is checked against
reasonability limits for the point. If the reasonability limits are exceeded, the data is
marked "unreasonable". If the analog is marked for Historical Data Recording
(HDR), the analog value is saved in a Historical Data file with a time tag and a data
quality flag.
2) Pulse Accumulator processing - Pulse Accumulator processing differs somewhat
from normal analog processing. The last retrieved accumulator value is subtracted
from the current reading and adjusted appropriately if the value is negative (a
negative accumulator difference indicates counter wraparound). The difference is
then converted to floating point and scaled using a multiplier.
3) Status processing - The status processing detects the existence of status changes,
and generates alarms accordingly. If no status changes have occurred, no processing
is necessary. However, if an unauthorized (uncommanded by the operator) change is
detected, the state of the point in the database is changed and an alarm is generated.
The point is also checked for a defined "normal" state. If none exists, no further
processing occurs. Otherwise, an abnormal condition either just occurred or was just
cleared. If an abnormal condition occurred, a new message is added to the abnormal
summary; if an abnormal condition was cleared, the abnormal message is removed
47
from the abnormal summary. Status points may also be marked for inclusion in the
Historical Data Recording file.
4) Limit Checking - The analog value is compared against the limits (modified by a
deadband), and if a limit is violated, then an alarm is generated. A set of "dynamic
limits" is placed around an analog value by the scanner module, so that, in most
cases only one pair of limits must be checked when an analog value changes, thereby
increasing limit processing efficiency. The limit deadband prevents the generation of
meaningless limit alarms when an analog is subject to slight variations when close to
the limit. Any number of limits can be applied to an analog value as long as space is
available.
48
the electrical connectivity and energization state of power system devices. These results are
available for SCADA displays, Alarm and Mapboard interfaces.
Topology processing is triggered by switching element status changes.
Each power system device is represented in the topology model as a one or two
terminal segment. Each device may be classified as live, dead, unknown or ambiguous. The
live determination is made using voltage analog measurements. Each terminal of a device
may be classified as open, grounded, or connected. Each substation may be classified as live
(there are islands, or parts of islands with live status present in the substation) or not live
(there are no islands or parts of islands with live status present in the substation).
The sorting algorithms used to determine bus and island assignments, as well as
island energization status, are efficient and completely general. Any sort of bus structure can
be reliably processed and identified. The modelling of the topology is incorporated in the
SCADA database.
49
1) RTU Availability - If the RTU is unavailable to perform the requested operation, i.e.
been placed out of service, the command is rejected. If the status point used to
monitor the control results is out of service, a warning message is issued that
verification of the control is not possible, but the command is transmitted to the
RTU.
3) Tagged - If the point is tagged to prevent control action, the command is rejected.
4) Command Interlock - A status point can be associated optionally with a control. If
the associated status point is not in the required state, the control is rejected (e.g., a
device can only be operated when the associated device is in a specified state). This
provides a means to interlock controls.
1) Menu Directory Display - A display that lists all the menu displays.
2) System Directory Display - A display that lists all the SCADA system displays.
3) Transmission System Overview Display - A graphic overview display of the
transmission system (provided by PGCIL)
5) Substation Graphic Displays Menu Display - A graphic display which lists all the
existing substation graphic displays.
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8) Transmission Line Graphic Displays - A graphic display which shows the entire
line and all of its connections (provided by PGCIL)
functions in the sub-group. Once you select a group button, the sub-groups are listed with
their functions definitions which provide the way to call up the relevant menu display.
For the power stations, the maximum real power output is also
displayed.
The functionality of this display is carefully designed to give operations personnel a
comprehensive overview into the system. This allows them to analyze quickly system state.
Using the Transmission System Overview display, the operator can see at a glance the
general condition of the entire system by panning and zooming to navigate through the
display. Once the operator has determined what to look at in more details, he can quickly go
to the relevant displays, by selecting a substation, a power station or a transmission line.
5) System Frequency Display - This is a display that contains the schematic diagram
showing the geographical location of the tie-line substations. For each of them,
telemetric frequency buses are shown, and the frequency value displayed.
according to the voltage level. In a voltage level view, the data are driven by the SCADA
database, and show the tie-line and the associated substation names. These names are
displayed inside buttons, and allow the navigation to the relevant displays (Transmission
Line Graphic displays and Substation Graphic displays).
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ISR server stores data of all substations after each 15 minutes. It can store data
for maximum two years.
The whole Database is Oracle based. Real time data server collects data
periodically, changes it in to specified database and sends it to the HIM
recorder. ISR can achieve and restore data. One can store data in magnetic tape
and jukebox or optical disc as backup data. Data can be restored from tape and
jukebox to the relational database on users demand.
Data files like HDR, HABITAT databases; SAVECASES can be restored
on the server on users demand. ALARM application on real time data server
send the alarm & events data to the ASCII files. Then these files are stored in
ISR server and restored in relational database. Then these files are removed
from real time data servers. One can check the data history for load
forecasting. Sequential query language interacts between operator consoles and
HIM.
Operator console is the key with which operator interacts with the
database
14.1) ALARMS
If there is abnormal condition in the monitored system, it can respond by
taking various actions to alert the operator of the condition. The response of
SCADA to a specific condition occurring on a specified point is defined in the
database. When a normally closed circuit breaker trips, system causes an
audible alarm to be issued for that breaker, SCADA can detect problems that
occur for status, analog and count points, RTU and other equipment in the
communication system and software. SCADA can issue alarm when status point
returns to normal form an illegal state or an abnormal state or a communication
path to a SCADA site comes up or goes down. Alarm is also issued when
scanning of data fails.
Each alarm belongs to a category. There should be a proper location of
an alarm in the SCADA system. For other alarms, typically designated the
name of the EMS subsystem that issues the alarm. Alarms should be grouped
per area i.e. transmission area, distribution area etc.
14.2) TAGGING
A tag is placed on a device for both safety and informational purposes.
Tagging enables us to place tags on status devices modeled in SCADA. These
tags can prevent a device from tripping and display a comment about the
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device. Its tag type determines the effect of a giving tag on a device. Tags of
different types prevent device from tripping.
TAGGING
14.3) TRENDING: The purpose of trending is to reconstruct the post status of SCADA data.
One should select the point for trending and define sampling rate and scale
values also assign the point to a console for trending. It shows us how the
different parameters behaving in the system.
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