I S TUYN TNH

Ti liu n thi cao hc nm 2005

Phin bn chnh sa

PGS TS M Vinh Quang

Ngy 24 thng 1 nm 2005

9. Gii Bi Tp V H Phng Trnh

Tuyn Tnh
27) Gii h phng trnh tuyn tnh

2x1 + x2 + x3 + x4 = 1

x + 2x x + 4x = 2
1
2
3
4

x1 + 7x2 4x3 + 11x4 = m

4x1 + 8x2 4x3 + 16x4 = m + 1

Gii: Lp ma trn cc h s m rng A v dng cc php bin i s cp trn dng a ma
trn A v dng bc thang. Nhn xt rng h ban u tng ng vi h c ma trn cc h s
m rng l ma trn bc thang sau cng. C th ta c

2
1
A=
1
4

1
1 1 1
1 2 1 4 2
d1 d2 2 1

2 1 4 2
1 1 1

1 7 4 11 m

7 4 11 m
8 4 16 m + 1
4 8 4 16 m + 1

1
2 1
4 2
d2 2d2 +d3
0 3
3 7 3
d2 2d1 +d2

0
5 3
7 m 2 d3 d2
d3 d1 +d3
d4 4d1 +d4
0
0
0
0 m7

1
2 1
4 2
1
2 1
4 2
0 1
d3 3d2 +d3 0 1
3
7
m

8
3
7
m8

0 3

3 7 3
0
0 6 14 3m + 21
0
0
0
0 m7
0
0
0
0 m7

Nu m 6= 7 th h v nghim
Nu m = 7 h tng ng vi

1
2 1
4 2
0 1
3 7 m 8

0 6 14 0
0
0
0
0 0
1

h c v s nghim ph thuc mt tham s l x4 . Ta c

7
x3 = x4 ,
3

x2 = 3x3 7x4 + 1 = 1

7
5
x1 = 2 2x2 + x3 4x4 = x4 4x4 =
x4
3
3
Vy, trong trng hp ny, nghim ca h l

x1 = 5a

x = 1
2

x3 = 7a

x4 = 3a

(a R)

28) Gii h phng trnh:

2x1 x2 + x3 2x4 + 3x5 = 3

x + x x x + x = 1
1
2
3
4
5

3x1 + x2 + x3 3x4 + 4x5 = 6

5x1 + 2x3 5x4 + 7x5 = 9 m

Gii: Lp ma trn cc h s m rng

2 1
1 2 3 3
1
1 1 1 1 1
1
d1 d2 2 1

1 1 1 1 1
1 2 3 3

A=
3

3
1
1 3 7 6
1
1 3 7 6
5
0
2 5 4 9 m
5
0
2 5 4 9 m

1
1 1 1 1 1
1
1 1 1 1 1
d2 d2 d3 0 1 1

0 3
3
0 1 1
0 0 1
d2 2d1 +d2

0 2

4
0 1 2
4
0 1 2
d3 3d1 +d3 0 2
d4 5d1 +d4
0 5
7
0 2 4m
0 5
7
0 2 4m

1
1 1 1 1 1
1
1 1 1 1 1
d4 2d3 +d4 0 1 1

0 1 1
0 0 1
0 0 1
d3 2d2 +d3

0
6
0 1 0
0
6
0 1 0
d4 =5d2 +d4 0
0
0
0
0 0 9m
0
0 12
0 2 9m
Nu m 6= 9 th h v nghim.
Nu m = 9 th h c dng

1
1 1 1 1 1
0 1 1
0 0 1

0
0 6
0 1 0
0
0
0
0 0 0

rank A = rank A = 3 nn h c v s nghim ph thuc 2 tham s l x4 , x5 , ta c

1
x3 = x5
6
1
x2 = x3 + 1 = x5 + 1
6
x1 = x2 + x3 + x4 x + 5 + 1
1
1
4
= x5 1 x5 + x4 x5 + 1 = x5 + x4
6
6
3
2

Vy, trong trng hp ny nghim ca h l

x1 = a 8b

x2 = b + 1
x3 = b

x4 = a

x = 6b
5

a, b R

29) Gii v bin lun h phng trnh

mx1 + x2 + x3 = 1
x1 + mx2 + x3 = m

x + x + mx = m2
1
2
3
Gii: Lp ma trn cc h s m rng

m 1 1 1
1

1
1 m 1 m
A=

1 1 m m2
m

0
0

1 m m2
m 1 m
1 1 1

1
m
m2
m 1 1 m m m2
1 m 1 m2 1 m3

m2
1
1
m

1m
m m2
0 m 1
2
2
3
0
0
2mm 1+mm m

Ch rng 2 m m2 = (2 + m)(1 m). Ta

m = 1, h tr thnh

1
A= 0
0

1 1 1
0 0 0
0 0 0

rank A = rank A = 1 nn h c v s nghim ph thuc hai tham s x1 , x2 . Nghim l

x1 = 1 a b
x2 = a
a, b R

x3 = b
m = 2, h tr thnh

1 1 2 4
0 3 3 6
0 0
0
3

h v nghim

m 6= 1, m 6= 2, h c nghim duy nht

m2 + 2m + 1
1 + m m2 m3

x
=
=
3

(2 + m)(1 m)
m+2

2
m + 2m + 1
1
x
=
x

m
=

m
=
2
3

m+2
m+2

3
2
2

x1 = m2 x2 mx3 = m + 2m 1 m(m + 2m + 1) = m 1
m+2
m+2
3

30) Gii v bin lun h phng trnh

mx1 + x2 + x3 + x4 = 1
x1 + mx2 + x3 + x4 = 1

x + x + mx + x = 1
1
2
3
4
Gii: Lp ma trn cc

m 1 1 1

1 m 1 1
A=
1 1 m 1

h s m rng

1
1 1 m 1 1
d d3
1 m 1 1 1
1 1
1
m 1 1 1 1

1
1
1
m
1
d d1 +d2
0
0
2
0 m 1 1 m
d3 md1 +d3
2
0 1m 1m 1m 1m

1
1
m
1
1
d3 d2 +d3
0
1m
0

0 m 1
2
0
0
2mm 1m 1m

()

Ch rng 2 m m2 = (1 m)(2 + m). Ta c cc kh nng sau

m = 1 h tr thnh

1 1 1 1 1
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0
rank A = rank A = 1, trng hp ny h c v s nghim ph thuc ba tham s x2 , x3 , x4 .
Nghim ca h l

x1 = 1 a b c

x = a
2
a, b, c R

x3 = b

x4 = c
m = 2 h tr thnh

1 1 2 1 1
0 3 3 0 0
0 0 0 3 3

Ta c rank A = rank A = 3 nn h c v s nghim ph thuc mt tham s l x3 . Ta c

x4 = 1, 3x2 = 3x3 x2 = x3
x1 = x2 + 2x3 x4 + 1 = x3
Trong trng hp ny nghim ca h l

x1

x
2

x3

x4

=a
=a
=a
=1

aR

m 6= 1, 2. Khi , t () ta thy h c v s nghim ph thuc tham s x4 v m. Ta c

(2 m m2 )x3 = (1 m) (1 m)x4 x3 =

(1 m) (1 m)x4
1 x4
=
2
(2 m m )
m+2

(m 1)x2 = (m 1)x3 x2 = x3
(m + 2) (1 x4 ) m(1 x4 ) (m + 2)x4
1 x4
x1 = 1 x2 mx3 x4 =
=
m+2
m+2
4

Vy, trong trng hp ny h c nghim l

x1

x
2

x3

x4

1a
m+2
1a
=
m+2
1a
=
m+2
=a

31) Cho aij l cc s nguyn, gii h

x1 = a11 x1 + a12 x2 + + a1n xn

1x = a x + a x + + a x
2
21 1
22 2
2n n
2

...

xn = an1 x1 + an2 x2 + + ann xn

2
Gii: H phng trnh cho tng ng vi

(2a11 1) x1 + 2a12 x2 + + 2a1n xn = 0

2a x + (2a 1) x + + 2a x = 0
21 1
22
2
2n n
...

2an1 x1 + 2an2 x2 + + (2ann 1) xn = 0

Gi ma trn cc h s ca h phng trnh trn l An , ta c

 2a11 1
2a12
...
2a1n

 2a21
2a22 1 . . .
2a2n
det An = 
...
...
...
...

 2an1
2an2
. . . 2ann 1

Ch rng aij l cc s nguyn nn cc phn b i s ca (An )ij cng l cc s nguyn, do

nu khai trin nh thc theo dng cui ta s c


 2a11 1

2a12
...
2a1,n1


 2a21

2a

1
.
.
.
2a
22
2,n1

det An = 2k + (2ann 1) 

...
...
...
...


 2an1,1 2an1,2 . . . 2an1,n1 1 
= 2k + (2ann 1) det An1
= 2k + 2ann det An1 det An1
= 2l det An1
Do , det An + det An1 = 2l l s chn, Suy ra det An v det An1 c cng tnh chn l
vi mi n, m det A1 = 2a11 1 l s l nn det An l s l v do det An 6= 0 (v 0 l s
chn). V h phng trnh c det An 6= 0 nn h trn l h Cramer v c nghim duy nht l
x1 = x2 = = xn = 0.

32) Gii h phng trnh

x1 + x2 + + xn = 1

n1

x1 + 2x2 + + 2 xn = 1
x1 + 3x2 + + 3n1 xn = 1

...

x + nx + + nn1 x = 1
1
2
n
Gii: Gi s x1 , x2 , . . . , xn l nghim ca h phng trnh cho. Xt a thc
f (X) = xn X n1 + xn1 X n2 + + x2 X + x1 1 = 0
V x1 , x2 , . . . , xn l nghim ca h nn X = 1, 2, . . . , n l cc nghim ca a thc trn. V f (X)
c bc 6 n 1 m li c n nghim phn bit nn f (X) 0 (f (X) l a thc khng), do
ta c xn = xn1 = = x2 = 0, x1 = 1. Vy h phng trnh cho c nghim duy nht
x1 = 1, x2 = x3 = = xn = 0.
33) Chng minh h phng trnh

a11 x1 + a12 x2 + + a1n xn = 0

a x + a x + + a x = 0
21 1
22 2
2n n

an1 x1 + an2 x2 + + ann xn = 0

trong aij = aji v n l, c nghim khng tm thng.
Gii: Gi A l ma trn cc h s, theo gi thit (A)ij = (A)ji do A = At . Do tnh cht
nh thc det A = det At nn ta c
det A = det(At ) = (1)n det At = (1)n det A = det A( do n l)
Bi vy suy ra det A = det A hay det A = 0, tc l rank A = r < n. Theo nh l CroneckerCapelly h c v s nghim (ph thuc n r tham s) do h c nghim khc (0, 0, . . . , 0).