MATH 102 - ASSIGNMENT 5

(1) Let

(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
(g)

1
0
1
u= 2
v = 1
w= 0
1
6
1
Find a vector that is perpendicular to both v and w.
Find the angle between u and v.
Find dist(u, v).
Find proju v.
Find the area of the parallelogram spanned by v and w.
Find the volume of the parallelepiped defined by u, v, w.
Do the three vectors lie in a plane? Explain.

1
(a) v w = 6 is perpendicular to both v and w.

1

uv
= arccos(4/ 6 37) = 1.299 rad.
(b) = arccos kukkvk


1
p

2
2
2

(c) dist(u, v) = ku vk =
3 = 1 + 3 + (5) = 35
5

2/3
1
uv
(d) proju v = uu
u = 46 2 = 4/3
2/3
1
(e) The parallelogram spanned by v and w has area
p

kv wk = (1)2 + 62 + 12 = 38
(f) The volume of the parallelepiped defined by u, v, w is
u (v w) = 1(1) + 2(6) + 1(1) = 12
(g) No, if the three vectors did lie in one plane then they would form a
parallelepiped of volume 0 (i.e. the shape would have no height).
(2) (a) Find the distance from the line y = 2x + 3 to the point (1, 2).
(b) Find the distance from the point (2, 0, 2) to the plane x 2y + 2z = 5.
Both of these problems can be solved using projections, but we will use
the distance formulas here.
(a) We write the line as 2x y + 3 = 0, to get the distance

|2(1) 1(2) + 3|
= 3/ 5
d= p
2
2
2 + (1)
(b) The distance is
d=

|1(2) 2(0) + 2(2) 5|

p
= 1/3
12 + (2)2 + 22

0
1
3
2

(3) Let u =
1 and v = 2 .
2
2
(a) Find the projection of u onto v.
(b) Find the portion of u that is perpendicular to v.
(c) What is the distance from u to v?
(d) What is the distance from the point given by u to the line passing
through the origin and the point given by v?

4 3
(a) projv u = uv
vv v = 17 2 = ukv the portion of u that is parallel
2
to v.
(b) The portion of u that is perpendicular to v is

1
0
1
2 12/17 22/17

uv = u ukv =
1 8/17 = 9/17
42/17
8/17
2


1


1

(c) dist(u, v) = ku vk =
1 = 19 = 4.359


4

1
| 2618 = 3.01. Notice that this
(d) This distance is given by kuv k = | 17
is shorter than dist(u, v).

(4) Consider the lines in R3

y(x) = (1, 2, 3)x + (1, 0, 1) and y(x) = (1, 1, 1)x + (0, 1, 1)
(a) Are the lines parallel? Explain.
(b) Find a vector n, that is perpendicular to both lines (hint: you may
find the cross product useful for this).
(c) Find the minimum distance between these two lines (hint: start by
finding some vector that starts on one line and ends on the other; then
think about projections).
(d) Do theses lines intersect? Explain.
(a) No, their slope vectors are not parallel (i.e. (1, 2, 3) 6= (1, 1, 1))
(b) n = (1, 2, 3) (1, 1, 1) = (5, 2, 3) is perpendicular to both lines.
(c) First we choose a point on each line, the most obvious point on a line
is the point for when x = 0. We will let P = (1, 0, 1) and Q = (0, 1, 1).
w = P Q = (1, 1, 0) joins the two lines. The projection
projn w =

3
n
38

represents the shortest line segment joining the two lines (it is perp to
both lines). So the distance between the two lines is
 

3
k projn wk =   knk = 3/ 38
38
.
(5) (a) Find the equation
of the plane that passes
the point

through

0
1
P = 1 and is perpendicular to n = 2 .
1

0
1
(b) Find the distance from the line y = 1 + t 1 to the plane
2
1
from part (a).
(a) By n, we know that the the plane is of the form 1x + 2y + 1z = d,
and by plugging P into this equation, we are able to solve for d; d =
1(0) + 2(1) + 1(1) = 3. So the plane has the equation
x + 2y + z = 3

(b) Let Q = (0, 1, 2), a point on the line. So w = P Q = Q P = (0, 0, 1)

joins the line to the plane. Notice that n is perpendicular to both the
plane and the slope of the line, so
1
projn w = (1, 2, 1)
6
represents the shortest line segment joining the line to the plane. So

1
k projn wk = | |k(1, 2, 1)k = 1/ 6
6
is the distance between the line and the plane.
(6) Find the distance from the point P to the

1
1
2
1

P =
L(x) =
1
1
1
1

line L.

x + 0
1

First join the point to the line: Let Q = (1, 0, 1, 0), this is a point on

the line. Let w = P Q = Q P = (0, 2, 0, 1), this joins the point to

the line.
Next project w onto the slope of the line: Let v = (1, 1, 1, 1) the
slope of the line.
1
projv w = (1, 1, 1, 1) = wkv
4
This is the part of w that is parallel to the line.

Find kwv k:
wv = w wkv = (1/4, 7/4, 1/4, 5/4)
represents the shortest line joining the point to the line. So
1
kwv k = k(1/4, 7/4, 1/4, 5/4)k =
76
4
is the distance from P to L.
(7) Let T (x1 , x2 ) = (x1 2x2 , x1 + 3x2 , 3x1 2x2 )
(a) Find the domain and codomain of T
(b) Find the standard matrix for T
(c) Determine if T is a linear transformation
(d) Find a vector ~x such that T (~x) = (1, 4, 9)
(a) T defines a transformation from R2 to R3 . That is, T : R2 R3 so
the domain is R2 and the codomain is R3 .
(b) Rewriting the transformation in matrix notation,

w1
x1
1 2
w2 = 1
3 x2 .
3 2
w3
x3

1 2
3
Then the standard matrix is A = 1
3 2
(c) For ~u = (u1 , u2 ), ~v = (v1 , v2 ) R2 ,
T (~u + ~v )
= ((u1 + v1 ) 2(u2 + v2 ), (u1 + v1 ) + 3(u2 + v2 ), 3(u1 + v1 ) 2(u2 + v2 )
= (u1 2u2 , u1 + 3u2 , 3u1 2u2 ) + (v1 2v2 , v1 + 3v2 , 3v1 2v2 )
= T (~u) + T (~v ).
And for c a scalar,
T (c~u)
= ((cu1 ) 2(cu2 ), (cu1 ) + 3(cu2 ), 3(cu1 ) 2(cu2 ))
= (c(u1 2u2 ), c(u1 + 3u2 ), c(3u1 2u2 ))
= c(x1 2x2 , x1 + 3x2 , 3x1 2x2 )
= cT (~u)
Thus T is a linear transformation.
(d) For ~x = (5, 3) then T (~x) = (1, 4, 9)
(8) Given the vectors ~u = (7, 6, 10, 3, 3), ~v = (5, 9, 2, 4, 3)
(a) Find the Euclidean inner product ~u ~v
(b) Find the Euclidean distance between ~u and ~v
(c) Verify the Cauchy-Schwarz inequality holds
(a) ~u ~v = (7)(5)
+ (6)(9) + (10)(2) + (3)(4) + (3)(3) = 112
p
(b)
d(~u, ~v ) = (7 5)2 + (6 + 9)2 + (10 + 2)2 + (3 4)2 + (3 + 4)2 =
562

(c) |~u ~v | =
p112

k~uk = p (7)2 + 62 + 102 + (3)2 + (3)2 = 203

k~v k = 52 + (9)2 + (2)2 + 42 + (3)2 = 3 15

Then k~ukk~v k 165.54 |~u ~v |
(9) Find the standard matrix of the linear transformation T : R3 R3 given
by orthogonal projection onto the plane x 2y + z = 0. (It is helpful to
note that this plane contains the origin).

a1
Let ~a = a2 be a point in R3 . We want to find the standard matrix
a3
corresponding to T (~a). First we find a vector from ~a to point in the plane.
Since (0, 0, 0) is a point in the plane, we have the vector

a1
0
a1
~v = a2 0 = a2
a3
0
a3

1
Now, the plane has the normal vector ~n = 2 , so the projection of ~v
1
along ~n is given by

1
a1 2a2 + a3
2 .
proj~n~v =
6
1
Then the orthogonal projection of ~v onto the plane (the transformation
were looking for) is given by
~v proj~n~v

1
a1
= a2 a1 2a62 +a3 2
1
a3
5a

1 +2a2 a3
=

6
a1 5a2 +a3
3
a1 +2a2 +5a3
6

5/6
1/3 1/6
a1
1/3 a2
= 1/3 5/3
1/6
1/3
5/6
a3
Thus the standard matrix of

a1
T a2
a3
is

5/6
1/3
1/6

1/3
5/3
1/3

1/6
1/3
5/6

(10) Determine the standard matrix for the linear transformation T : R2 R2

that first dilates a vector by a factor k = 3, then reflects about the line
y = x, then projects onto the y-axis.
Dilation by a factor 3 can be given as multiplication by the vector


3 0
0 3
Reflection about the line y = x can be given as multiplication by the vector


0 1
1 0
And projection onto the y-axis can be given as multiplication by the vector


0 0
0 1
Then the transformation T (~u) for ~u = (u1 , u2 ) R2 is given by




 


0 0
0 1
3 0
u1
0 0
u1
T (~u) =
=
0 1
1 0
0 3
u2
3 0
u2
and the standard matrix is


0
3

0
0