DIVERSITYTECHNIQUES

Preparedby
Deepa.T,Asst.Prof./TCE

Introduction

Threetechniquesareusedindependentlyorintandemto
improvereceiversignalquality
EqualizationcompensatesforISIcreatedbymultipathwith
timedispersivechannels(W>BC)
Linearequalization,nonlinearequalization
Diversityalsocompensatesforfadingchannelimpairments,
andisusuallyimplementedbyusingtwoormore
receivingantennas
Spatialdiversity,antennapolarizationdiversity,frequency
diversity,timediversity

Diversity

Diversity: Itisthetechniqueusedtocompensate
forfadingchannelimpairments.Itisimplemented
byusingtwoormorereceivingantennas.While
EqualizationisusedtocountertheeffectsofISI,
Diversityisusuallyemployedtoreducethedepth
anddurationofthefadesexperiencedbyareceiver
inaflatfadingchannel.Thesetechniquescanbe
employedatbothbasestationandmobile
receivers.SpatialDiversityisthemostwidelyused
diversitytechnique.

SpatialDiversityTechnique A
BriefDescription
Inthistechniquemultipleantennasarestrategically
spacedandconnectedtocommonreceiving
system.Whileoneantennaseesasignalnull,oneof
theotherantennasmayseeasignalpeak,andthe
receiverisabletoselecttheantennawiththebest
signalatanytime.TheCDMAsystemsuseRake
receiverswhichprovideimprovementthroughtime
diversity.

DiversityTechniques Highlights
UnlikeEqualization,Diversityrequiresno
trainingoverheadasatransmitterdoesnt
requireone.
Itprovidessignificantlinkimprovement
withlittleaddedcost.
Itexploitsrandomnatureofwave
propagationbyfindingindependent(
uncorrelated)signalpathsfor
communication.

FundamentalsofEqualization

ISIhasbeenrecognizedasthemajorobstacletohigh
speeddatatransmissionovermobileradiochannels.
Equalizationisatechniqueusedtocombatinter
symbolinterference.Asthemobilefadingchannels
arerandomandtimevarying,equalizersmusttrack
thetimevaryingcharacteristicsofthemobile
channel,andthusarecalledadaptiveequalizers.

DiversityTechniques Highlights
Itisaverysimpleconceptwhereinone
pathundergoesadeepfadeandanother
independentpathmayhaveastrongsignal.
Asthereismorethanonepathtoselect
from,boththeinstantaneousandaverage
SNRsatthereceivermaybeimproved,
oftenasmuchas2030dB

ChannelCoding

Channelcoding:Itisthetechniquewhichimproves
mobilecommunicationlinkperformancebyadding
redundantdatabitsinthetransmittedmessage.In
thistechnique,thebasebandportionofthe
transmitter,achannelcodermapsadigital
messagesequenceintoanotherspecificcontaining
greaternumberofbitsthanoriginallycontainedin
themessage.Thecodedmessageisthen
modulatedfortransmissioninthewireless
channel.

ChannelCoding(Contd)

ChannelCodingisusedbythereceiverto
detectorcorrectsomeoralloftheerrors
introducedbythechannelinaparticular
sequenceofmessagebits.Theaddedcoding
bitslowerthesetherawdatatransmissionrate
throughthechannel.Therearetwotypesof
codes:Blockcodesandconvolutionalcodes.

Operatingmodesofadaptive
equalizer

1) Trainingmode

2) TrackingMode

DIVERSITY
Adiversityscheme isamethodthatisusedtodevelop
informationfromseveralsignalstransmittedover
independentfadingpaths.

Itexploitstherandomnatureofradiopropagationbyfinding
independent(uncorrelated)signalpathsforcommunication.

DiversityTechnique
Objective:

Combining the multiple signals in such a fashion so as to

reduce the effects of excessive deep fades.

Types:

Diversity

Macroscopic diversity

Microscopic diversity

Diversity Technique

TypesOfDiversity
MACROSCOPICDIVERSITY

MICROSCOPICDIVERSITY

PreventsLargeScalefading.

PreventsSmallScalefading.

LargeScalefadingiscausedby
shadowingduetovariationinboth
theterrainprofileandthenatureof
thesurroundings.
LargeScalefadingislognormally
distributedsignal.

SmallScalefadingiscausedby
multiplereflectionsfromthe
surroundings.Itischaracterizedby
deepandrapidamplitude
fluctuationswhichoccurasthe
mobilemovesoverdistancesofafew
wavelength.

Thisfadingispreventedbyselecting
anantennawhichisnotshadowed
whenothersare,thisallowsincrease
inthesignaltonoiseratio.

Thisfadingispreventedbyselecting
anantennawhichgivesastrong
signalthatmitigatesthissmallsignal
fadingeffect.

SpaceDiversity
Principle:
Amethodoftransmissionorreception,or
both,inwhichtheeffectsoffadingareminimized
bythesimultaneoususeoftwoormorephysically
separatedantennas,ideallyseparatedbyonehalf
ormorewavelengths.

SpaceDiversity

Signalsreceivedfromspatiallyseparatedantennasonthemobile
wouldhaveessentiallyuncorrelatedenvelopesforantennaseparations
ofonehalfwavelengthormore.
Generalizedblockdiagramof
spacediversity.

Space Diversity

Selection Diversity

Scanning Diversity

Maximal Ratio Combining

Equal Gain Combining

SelectionDiversity

Principle:
Selectingthebestsignalamongallthe
signalsreceivedfromdifferentbrachesatthe
receivingend.

DerivationofSelection
DiversityImprovement
ConsiderM independentRayleighfadingchannels availableat
receiver

Diversitybranch

Assumptions:
EachbranchhasthesameaverageSNR
InstantaneousSNRforeachbranch=i

SelectionDiversity
TheSignaltoNoiseratioisdefinedasfollows
SNR

= =

E
N

Eb ,N0 areconstants

Where

Eb AverageCarrierEnergy
N0 Noisepowerspectraldensity
Arandomvariableusedtorepresent
amplitudevaluesofthefadingchannelwith
respecttoEb/N0

TheinstantaneousSNR(i)canbedefinedas
i= Instantaneoussignalpowerperbranch
Meannoisepowerperbranch

SelectionDiversity(contd)
ForRayleighfadingchannels,hasaRayleigh
distributionandso2 andconsequentlyihavea
chisquaredistribution withtwodegreesoffreedom.
Theprobabilitydensityfunction forsuchachannelis
1

p ( i ) =
exp i
i 0

ThepdfforasinglebranchthathasSNRlessthansome
threshold is
Pr (

) =

p ( i ) d

1
exp( i ) d

= 1 e

SelectionDiversity(contd)
TheprobabilitythatallMindependentdiversitybranches
receivesignalswhicharelessthanathresholdis

P r ( 1 ,...... M ) = 1 e
= PM ( )

IfasignalbranchachievesSNR>thentheprobability
thatSNR>foroneormorebranchesis

Pr (

) = 1 - PM

( ) = 1 1 e

Selection Diversity

Cumulativedistributioncurves foroutputsignalsfromselection
diversityforvariousvaluesofM

Thepercentageoftotal
timeintervalduring
whichasignalis
belowanygivenlevel
iscalledoutagerate
atthatlevel.
WhenM=1
/ =1
10Log(/ )=0

Pr = 1 1 e 1

= e 1 = 0 . 36 = 36 %

Determinationofaverage
signaltonoiseratio

Findthepdfofthefadingsignal
ComputethederivativeofPM()

d
M

p M ( ) =
PM ( ) =
1 e
d

ThemeanSNRis

=
Where

x =

p M ( )d = Mx [1 e

M -1

x M -1

e x dx

Selection Diversity

EvaluatingthisequationtheaverageSNRimprovementusingselection
canbefound

k =1

1
k

Selection Diversity

SelectionDiversityExample

Assumingfourbranchdiversityisused,whereeachbranchreceives
anindependentRayleighfadingsignal.IftheaverageSNR is20dB,
determinetheprobabilitythattheSNRwilldropbelow10dB.
Comparethiswiththecaseofasinglereceiverwithoutdiversity.
=10dB
=20dB
/ =0.1
WithSelectionDiversity

WithoutDiversity

P 4 ( 10 dB)
P 1 ( 10 dB)

= 1 e

0 .1

= 1 e

0 .1

= 0 .000082

= 0 .095

Selection Diversity

Conclusion
Selectiondiversityoffersanaverageimprovementinthelink
marginwithoutrequiringadditionaltransmitterpower or
sophisticatedreceivercircuitry.
Selectiondiversityiseasytoimplement becauseallthatis
neededisasidemonitoringstationandanantennaswitchat
thereceiver.
Howeveritisnotanoptimaldiversitytechnique becauseit
doesnotuseallofthepossiblebranchessimultaneously.
InpracticetheSNRismeasuredas(S+N)/N,sinceitisdifficult
tomeasureSNR.

Scanning Diversity

Conclusion
Thismethodisverysimpletoimplement,requiringonlyone
receiver.
Theresultingfadingstatisticsaresomewhatinferiortothose
obtainedbytheothermethods.

MaximalRatioCombining
Principle:
Combiningallthesignalsinacophased
andweightedmannersoastohavethe
highestachievableSNRatthereceiveratall
times.

DerivationofMaximumRatio
CombiningImprovement

Maximum Ratio Combining

ConsiderMbrancheswhicharemaximalratiocombinedinacophased
andweightedmannerinordertoachievehighSNR

Maximal Ratio Combining

Assumptions:
Thevoltagesignali fromeachoftheMdiversity
branchesarecophasedtoprovidecoherentvoltage
additionandareindividuallyweightedtoprovide
optimalSNR.
EachbranchhasgainGi
EachbranchhassameaveragenoisepowerN

Maximal Ratio Combining

Resultingsignalenvelopeappliedtothedetectoris

rM =

Gr
i =1

i i

Assumingthatallamplifiershaveadditive
noiseattheirinputandthatthenoiseis
uncorrelatedbetweendifferentamplifiers.

ThetotalnoisepowerNT appliedtothedetectoristheweightedsumof
thenoiseineachbranch.
M

N T = N G i2
i =1

WhichresultsinaSNRappliedtothedetectorM

rM2
=
2NT

UsingChebychevsinequalityMismaximizedwhen
Gi =

ri

MaximalRatioCombining
TheMaximizedvalueis

Now

M =

( ) =
)
N(
ri 2

1
2

1
2

ri 2

Wehave

i =1

ri 2
=
N

i =1

1 2
1
receivedenvelop
i =
ri =
T c2 + T s 2
2N
2N
E z (t ) =

TheEfield

T c2 ( t ) + T s 2 ( t ) = r ( t ) = r i

Thereceivedsignalenvelopeforafadingmobileradiosignalcanbemodeled
fromtwoindependentGaussianrandomvariablesTc andTs eachhaving
zeromeanandequalvariance2 .

MaximalRatioCombining

Hence M isachisquaredistributionof2MGaussianrandom
variablewithvariance

Theresultingpdffor M is

p ( M ) =

2N

M 1
M
M

e
for M 0
( M 1) !

Theprobabilitythat M islessthansomeSNRthreshold is

Pr { M } =

p (
0

)d M = 1 e

( )

k 1

(k 1 )!
k =1

Maximal Ratio Combining

Determinationofaverage
signaltonoiseratio
Thebeforeequationistheprobabilitydistributionformaximalratio
combining.
HencethemeanSNRis

M =

i =1

= M
i =1

EqualGainCombining
Principle:
Combiningallthesignalsinacophased
mannerwithunityweightsforallsignallevels
soastohavethehighestachievableSNRat
thereceiveratalltimes.

EqualGainCombining

Equal Gain Combining

EqualGainCombining

Incertaincasesitisnotconvenienttoprovideforthe
variableweightingcapability.

Thisallowsthereceivertoexploitsignalsthatare
simultaneouslyreceivedoneachbranch.

Theprobabilityofproducinganacceptablesignalfroma
numberofunacceptableinputsisstillretained.

Theperformanceismarginallyinferiortomaximalratio
combiningandsuperiortoselectionDiversity.

PolarizationDiversity

Principle:
Polarization diversity relies on
the decorrelation of the two
receive ports to achieve diversity
gain. The two receiver ports must
remain cross-polarized.

PolarizationDiversity

EffectiveDiversityisobtainedwithaCorrelationCoefficient
below0.7
Inordertokeepthecorrelationatthislevel
spacediversityatabasestationrequiresantenna
spacingofupto20wavelengthsforthebroadsidecase,
andevenmorefortheinlinecase.
Polarizationdiversityatabasestationdoesnotrequire
antennaspacing.

PolarizationDiversity(contd)
Atthebasestation,spacediversityisconsiderablyless
practicalthanatthemobilebecausethenarrowangle
ofincidentfieldsrequireslargeantennaspacing.
Thecomparativelyhighcostofusingspacediversityat
thebasestationpromptstheconsiderationofusing
orthogonalpolarization.
Polarizationdiversityprovidestwodiversitybranches
andallowstheantennaelementstobeconsidered.

PolarizationDiversity
Intheearlydaysofcellularradio,allsubscriberunitsweremountedin
vehiclesorusedverticalwhipantennas.Today,however,overhalfof
thesubscriberunitsareportable.Thismeansthatmostsubscribers
arenolongerusingverticalpolarizationduetohandtiltingwhenthe
portablecellularphoneisused.Thisrecentphenomenonhassparkled
interestinpolarizationdiversityatthebasestation.

FrequencyDiversity

Principle:
Thesameinformationsignalistransmitted
andreceivedsimultaneouslyontwoormore
independentfadingcarrierfrequencies.

FrequencyDiversity
Therationalbehindthistechniqueisthatfrequencies
separatedbymorethanthecoherencebandwidthof
thechannelwillnotexperiencethesamefade.
Theprobabilityofsimultaneousfadewillbethe
productoftheindividualfadingprobabilities.
ThisisoftenemployedinmicrowaveLOSlinkswhich
carryseveralchannelsinafrequencydivisionmultiplex
mode(FDM).

FrequencyDiversity
Thistechniquenotonlyrequiressparebandwidth,butalso
requiresthattherebeasmanyreceiversasthereare
channelsusedforthefrequencydiversity.
However,forcriticaltraffic,theexpensemaybe
justified.

TimeDiversity

Principle:
Thesignalsrepresentingthesame
informationaresentoverthesamechannelat
differenttimes.

TimeDiversity
TimeDiversityrepeatedlytransmitsinformationat
timespacingthatexceedsthecoherencetimeof
thechannel.
Multiplerepetitionsofthesignalwillbereceived
withmultiplefadingconditions,therebyproviding
fordiversity.
Amodernimplementationoftimediversity
involvestheuseofRAKEreceiverforspread
spectrumCDMA,wheremultipathchannel
providesredundancyinthetransmittedmessage.

Diversity

Polorization Diversity

Selection Diversity

Space Diversity

Scanning Diversity

Frequency Diversity

Maximal Ratio Combining

Time Diversity

Equal Gain Combining

References

WirelessCommunications
TheodoreS.Rappaport.
MobileCommunicationEngineersTheoryandapplication
WilliamC.Y.Lee.
Cox,D.C.,AntennaDiversityPerformanceinMitigatingtheeffectsofPortable
RadiotelephoneOrientationandMultipathPropagation,
IEEETransactionsonCommunications,vol.62,No.9,pp.26952712,November1983.
Jakes,W.C.,AComparisonofspecificspaceDiversityTechniqueforReductionofFast
FadinginUHFMobileRadioSystems,
IEEETransactionsonVehicularTechnology,Vol.VT20,No.4,pp.8193,November1971.
Lemieux,J.F.,Tanany,M.,andHafez,H.M.,ExperimentalEvaluationof
Space/Frequency/PolarizationDiversityintheIndoorWirelessChannel,
IEEETransactionsonVehicularTechnology,Vol.40,No.3,pp.569574,August1993.

References

Rappaport,T.S.,andHawbaker,D.A,WidebandMicrowavePropagation
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,
IEEETransactionsonVehicularTechnology,Vol.40,No.2,pp.231242,
February1992.
Vaughan,R.,PolarizationDiversityinMobileCommunications,
IEEETransactionsonVehicularTechnology,Vol.39,No.3,pp.177186,August
1990.
Kozono,S.,BaseStationPolarizationDiversityReceptionforMobileRadio,
IEEETransactionsonVehicularTechnology,Vol.VT33,No.4,pp.301306,
November1985.
Lee,W.C.Y,PolarizationDiversitySystemforMobileRadio,
IEEETransactionsonCommunications,Vol.20,pp.912922,October1972.

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