DIGITAL TELECOMMUNICATION

TN 320
INSTRUCTOR : SIR NASOLWA, EDSON.
GROUP NO 12

PARTICIPANTS
N0: NAME REG NO

1. JACKSON Z. TUJI T/UDOM/2017/02767

2. NICETAS SHAYO T/UDOM/2017/02771

3. FRANK S. WAMBURA T/UDOM/2017/15883

 QUESTION

• Discuss different types of diversity schemes applied in digital

communication.
 DIVERSITY
• Diversity is the technique used in communications (wireless) systems to
improve the performance over a fading radio channel.
• Here receiver is provided with multiple copies of the same information
signal which are transmitted over two or more real or virtual
communication channels.
• Thus the basic idea of diversity is repetition or redundancy of information
made by a receiver.
Types of Diversity
Small scale diversity.
Large scale diversity.
 TERMINOLOGIES
FADING
• Fading is variation of the attenuation of a signal with various variables.
These variables include time, geographical position, and radio frequency.
TYPES OF FADING.
 TERMINOLOGIES
FADING CHANNEL
• A fading channel is a communication channel that experiences fading.
 DIVERSITY TECHNIQUES
1. FREQUENCY/MULTIPATH DIVERSITY
• The same information signal is transmitted on different carriers, the
frequency separation between them being at least the coherence
bandwidth.
 DIVERSITY TECHNIQUES

2. TIME DIVERSITY
• The information signal is transmitted repeatedly in time at regularly
intervals. The separation between the transmit times should be greater than
the coherence time, Tc.
• The time interval depends on the fading rate, and increases with the
decrease in the rate of fading.
 DIVERSITY TECHNIQUES
3. SPACE/SPATIAL DIVERSITY
• In space diversity, multiple antennas are used to transmit signals with
carrying information at the transmitter and/or receiver to provide multiple
independent fading paths in space diversity.
 DIVERSITY TECHNIQUES
There are two types of spatial diversity techniques such as receive diversity
and transmit diversity.
Receive diversity
• Multiple antennas are use at the receiver to obtain diversity and employ
switching and combining or selection intending to improve the quality of
received signal.
Transmit Diversity
• Transmit diversity needs multiple transmitting antennas and it does not
utilize channel state information (CSI) in its single information signal.
Effective signal processing technique should be used to extract the noisy
and distorted received signal in transmit diversity.
 DIVERSITY TECHNIQUES
4. POLARIZATION DIVERSITY
• Polarization diversity uses antennas of different polarizations i.e horizontal
and parallel antennas.
• Here, the electric and magnetic fields of the signal carrying the information
are modified and many such signals are used to send the same information.
• Thus orthogonal type of polarization is obtained.
• It enables detection of smaller radar cross-section (RCS) targets, and avoids
the physical, mathematical, and engineering challenges of timeof-arrival
coherent combining.
• The antennas take advantage of the multipath propagation characteristics to
receive separate uncorrelated signals
 DIVERSITY TECHNIQUES
5. ANGLE DIVERSITY( PATTERN/DIRECTION DIVERSITY)
• Here, directional antennas are used to create independent copies of the
transmitted signal over multiple paths.
• This diversity system needs a number of directional antennas those
responds independently to wave propagation.
• An antenna response to a wave propagates at a specific angle and receives
a faded signal which is uncorrelated with other signals.
DIVERSITY TECHNIQUES
6. ANTENNA DIVERSITY
• The technique reduces fast fading and inter-channel interference effects
in the wireless network system so as to improve performance.
• In an antenna diversity system, two or more antennas are used and fixed
in positions which will provide uncorrelated signals with the same power
level. Then the signals are combined and created an improved signal.
• We can expect that if one signal from one antenna is highly faded, other
signals from other antennas are not faded such way and these signals are
our expected quality signals
 CONCLUSION
• The diversity is used to provide the receiver with several replicas of the
same signal.
• Diversity techniques are used to improve the performance of the radio
channel without any increase in the transmitted power.
• As higher as the received signal replicas are de-correlated, as much as
the diversity gain can be achieved.
• Different types of diversity schemes have their own merits and demerits
So in different environment different diversity schemes are selected.