The University of Dodoma

College of Informatics and Virtual Education

Department of Telecommunication and Computer
Network
ASSIGNMENT: ANALOG TO DIGITAL (ADC) AND
DIGITAL TO ANALOG CONVERSION (DAC)

By
Student Name: MAJALA, ISSA J.
Student Reg#: T/UDOM/2012/00633
Course Code: TN 412
COURSE NAME: DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING
ASSIGNMENT MODE: INDIVIDUAL
Submitted to: Ms. RUKIA MWIFUNYI
2015/2016
4th Yea
ANALOG TO DIGITAL (ADC) AND DIGITAL TO ANALOG CONVERSION (DAC)
Introductions
The analog signal is continuous in both time and amplitude. Analog signals in the real world
include current, voltage, temperature, pressure and light intensity. In digital signal is the digital
values converted from the analog signal at the specified time instants.
ANALOG TO DIGITAL CONVERSION (ADC)
A/D converter transforms an analog signal into a digital sequence. A/D converters comprises
three steps as indicated in the figure below

A/D converters

1. Sampler: The sampler converts the continuous-time signal xa (t) into a discrete-time
sequence x (n) by extracting the values of .xa(r) at integer multiples of the sampling
period, Ts and x (n) = xa (nTs) because the samples xa (nTs) have a continuous range of
possible amplitudes.
Sampling: It is the conversion of a Continuous-Time signal into Discrete-Time signal
obtained by taking. The rate at which the signal is sampled is Fs: Fs= 1/T and Fs is called
the SAMPLING RATE or SAMPLING FREQUENCY (Hz)“Samples” of the continuous
time signal at discrete time instants.
2. Quantization: This is the process of converting a Discrete Time (DT) continuous
amplitude signal into digital signal by expressing each sample value as a finite number of
digits. Amplitude quantization transforms the sample amplitude xa (nTs) into amplitude
Xq (n) =Xs (nTs) take from a finite set of possible L amplitudes.
3. Coding: The coding process in A/D converters assign a unique binary numbers to each
quantized levels. If we have L level we need at least L different binary numbers. With a
 length of b bits we can create 2b different binary numbers. Hence we have 2b ≥ L or
equivalent to b ≥ log2L

DIGITAL TO ANALOG CONVERTERS (DAC)

D/A converter is used to interpolate the signal between samples. It can be done by Sampling
theorem, Zero order hold Method and Linear interpolation. The following are the block diagram
of Digital to Analog converters

D/A converters

The reconstruction (analog low pass) filter is adopted after DAC to remove the spectral images
that exist in the sample-and-hold signal and obtain the smoothed analog signal. The sample-and-
hold DAC effect may distort the baseband spectrum, but it also reduces image spectrum.

The DAC configuration and perform digital pre-equalization using the flexible digital filter
whose magnitude frequency response is against the spectral shape effect due to the hold circuit.

We can increase the sampling rate using oversampling and interpolation methods when a
higher sampling rate is available at the DAC. Using the interpolation will increase the sampling
rate without affecting the signal bandwidth, so that the baseband spectrum and its images are
separated farther apart and a lower-order anti-image filter can be used

References
 Lecture 3 Discrete Time Signals and System
 Digital Signal Processing Fundamentals and Applications by Li Tan
 Schaum’s ouTlines Digital Signal Processing