DIGITAL TRANSMISSION OF ANALOGY SIGNALS

Instructor: Mr Nasolwa Edson

Email: nasolwaedson@gmail.com
Mob: 0765278090
Office: AB14 (Administration Block)
 Introduction
 What is Transmission?
 What are the Different Types of Transmission?
 Introduction
 What are the key factors in Transmission?
 Introduction
 Communication Modalities
 The main sources of information are broadly
categorized as follows: text (e.g., alphanumeric
characters), audio (e.g., speech, music), and visual (e.g.,
image, video). The confluence of voice, data, image,
music, text, graphics, and video has led to what is widely
known as multimedia.

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 Introduction
 After converting analog sources into digital, they are
compressed with a high compression ratio. Compression
is achieved by exploiting redundancy to the largest
extent possible and associating the shortest binary codes
with the most likely outcomes. There are fundamentally
two types of compression methods:
 lossless compression used in texts and sensitive data, so
the original data can be reconstructed exactly (i.e., the
compression is completely reversible)
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 Introduction
 lossy compression used in audio and visual signals, in
that permanent loss of information in a controlled
manner is involved, and it is therefore not completely
reversible. Lossy compression is, however, capable of
achieving a compression ratio higher than that
attainable with lossless compression. Lossy compression
is employed only when degradation in performance to
the end user is either unnoticeable or noticeable, but
acceptable.
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Modes of Signal Propagation

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Modes of Signal Propagation

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 Modes of Signal Propagation
 The propagation characteristics of electromagnetic
waves used in radio channel are highly dependent on
the operating frequencies.
 Ground wave propagation: AM Radio broadcasting, up
to 2MHz
 Sky wave propagation: FM radio broadcasting, from
2MHz to 30 MHz
 Line of Sight propagation: from 30MHz
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 Transmission Impairments
 What is Transmission Impairments?
 Why do you need to know these before?
 Transmission Impairments
1. Multipath Fading
2. Interference
3. Noise
4. Attenuation
5. Distortion

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 Transmission Impairments
 Example
Consider Design of a Point-to-Point link connecting
LANs in separate buildings across a freeway, Distance .
25 mile, Line of Sight (LOS) communication ,Unlicensed
spectrum –802.11b at 2.4GHznMaximum transmit
power of 802.11 AP is Pt= 24 dBm, The minimum
received signal strength (RSS) for 11 Mbps operation is
-80 dBm.Will there be communication? Why?

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 Analog-to-Digital Conversion
 Introduction
 We first discuss the sampling process, which transforms
a continuous-time, continuous value signal into a
discrete-time, continuous-value signal, along with its
theoretical and practical implementation aspects. We
then introduce the quantization process, by which a
discrete-time, continuous-value signal is converted into
a discrete-time, discrete-value signal.

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 Analog-to-Digital Conversion
 Introduction
 Following the quantization process, we describe the
digital pulse modulation with a focus on the pulse-code
modulation, where discrete values are transformed into
short strings of bits. Finally, line codes, which can
convert digital data to digital signals for effective
transmission, is presented

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 Sampling Process
 Through sampling, a continuous-time, continuous-value
signal can be transformed into a discrete-time,
continuous value signal, where samples are usually
spaced uniformly in time.

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 Sampling Process
 What is Sampling?
 Why Sampling?
 What are the different types of sampling?

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 Sampling Process
 Introduction
The sampling process is very widely used in digital
communications and signal processing and is the first
major operation in analog-to-digital conversion.
Sampling, as an indispensable operation, provides a
bridge between analog signals and their digital
representations. Through sampling, a continuous-time,
continuous-value signal can be transformed into a
discrete-time, continuous value signal, where samples
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are usually spaced uniformly in time.
 Sampling Process
 Introduction
The samples do not convey anything about the behavior
of the signal in between the times it is sampled. In other
words, we do not have (or do not care to have) the
values of the continuous-time signal during the time
interval between two adjacent samples, nor do we need
to assume the values are zero. However, it is required
for the signal to make smooth enough transitions from
one sample to another so as to be able to completely
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reconstruct the original
 Sampling Process
 Introduction
continuous-time signal from its discrete version. Noting
that the closer two adjacent samples are, the smoother
the transition is from one sample to another, the
sampling theorem gets to determine the maximum time
interval between two adjacent samples to ensure smooth
enough transitions

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 Sampling Process
 Introduction
How does sampling rate affect the digital transmission
rate and digital processing rate?

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 Sampling Process
 Sampling Rate
How do you choose sampling rate for different types of
messages?

What is Nyquist Sampling Rate?

Why Oversampling is in practice compared to Nyquist

Rate?
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 Sampling Process
 Aliasing Effect
What is aliasing effect?

What should be done to mitigate the effects of aliasing

effect?

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 Sampling Process
 Types of Sampling in Digital Transmission
1. Instantaneous Sampling
2. Natural Sampling
3. Flat Top Sampling

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 Sampling Process
 Instantaneous Sampling
Instantaneous sampling a sequence of impulse functions
is used to obtain the ideal samples of the signal

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 Sampling Process
 Instantaneous Sampling
To understand well the process of instantaneous
sampling let us consider the samples signal in frequency
domain

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 Sampling Process
 Instantaneous Sampling
Let us assume that the waveform of the FT of the input
signal is as follows for simplicity.

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 Sampling Process
 Instantaneous Sampling
What are the benefits of Instantaneous Sampling?

What are the limitations of Instantaneous Sampling?

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 Sampling Process
 Natural Sampling
In natural sampling, the continuous-time signal g(t),
whose bandwidth is W, is multiplied by a periodic pulse
train.
This multiplication can be viewed as the opening and
closing of a high-speed switch.
This sampling is termed natural sampling, as the top of
each pulse in the sequence retains the shape of its
corresponding original segment during the pulse
interval
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 Sampling Process
 Natural Sampling
Despite this difference, the original g(t) can be equally
well recovered using a LPF as long as the sampling rate
fs is higher than the Nyquist rate.

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 Sampling Process
 Natural Sampling
The output of the natural sampler is given as follows

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 Sampling Process
 Natural Sampling
Fourier series formulas

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 Sampling Process
 Natural Sampling
The Fourier transform of the sampled signal using a
natural sampling method is as follows

where are the Fourier series coefficients of

the periodic pulse train
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 Sampling Process
 Natural Sampling
Why do we need Natural Sampling?

What are the disadvantages of Natural Sampling?

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 Sampling Process
 Flat Top Sampling
Flat-top sampling, also known as pulse amplitude
modulation, is the most practical sampling method, in
which the sample-and-hold operation is performed.
In flat top sampling, the top of the samples remains
constant and equal to the instantaneous value of the
modulating signal at the start of the sampling.

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 Sampling Process
 Flat Top Sampling
During transmission, noise is introduced at top of the
transmission pulse which can be easily removed if the
pulse is in the form of flat top. Here, the top of the
samples are flat i.e. they have constant amplitude.
Hence, it is called as flat top sampling or practical
sampling

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 Sampling Process
 Flat Top Sampling

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 Sampling Process
 Flat Top Sampling
Flat-top sampling, also known as pulse amplitude
modulation, is the most practical sampling method, in
which the sample-and-hold operation is performed (i.e.,
the value of each instantaneous sample is maintained
for a duration of τ seconds),

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 Sampling Process
 Flat Top Sampling

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 Sampling Process
 Flat Top Sampling
Why Flat Top Sampling?

What are the disadvantages of Flat Top Sampling?

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 Quantization Process
 What is quantization?
 Why quantization?

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 Quantization Process
 Introduction
Through quantization, a discrete-time, continuous-value
signal can be transformed into a discrete-time, discrete-
value signal, where the discrete amplitudes belong to a
finite set of possible values.

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 Quantization Process
 Introduction
Obviously, if this finite set is chosen such that the
spacing between two adjacent levels is sufficiently small,
then the approximated (quantized) signal (i.e., the
resulting discrete-time, discrete-value signal) can be
made virtually identical to (practically indistinguishable
from) the original discrete-time, continuous-value
signal.

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 Quantization Process
 Introduction
Quantization is a nonlinear and lossy process as
multiple input values can yield the same output value.
Unlike the sampling process, the quantization process is
an irreversible process, in that it is not possible to
completely recover the original continuous-value signal
from the quantized (discrete-value) signal.

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 Quantization Process
 Types of Quantization
1. Scalar quantization
2. Vector quantization

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 Quantization Process
 Scalar quantization
Scalar quantization is a memoryless and instantaneous
process, which means the quantization of a sample value
is not affected by past and future samples, and consists
of two distinct types: uniform quantization and
nonuniform quantization

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 Quantization Process
 Uniform quantization
Uniform quantization is not optimum, but is commonly
used in practice. This type of quantization is basically a
simple rounding process, in which each sample value is
rounded to the nearest value from a finite set of possible
quantization levels.

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 Quantization Process
 Uniform quantization
Basically is a simple rounding process in which each
sample value is rounded to the nearest value from a
finite set of possible quantization level.
We assume that the signal amplitude at the input of the
quantizer ranges between the maximum value and
the minimum value

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 Quantization Process
 Uniform quantization
The amplitude range is a limit set by the
quantizer.
The amplitude range is divided into
quantization levels
The error introduced by this clipping is referred to as
overload distortion or clipping distortion

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 Quantization Process
 Types of Uniform quantization
What are the different types of Uniform quantization?

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