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hnh hc phng
Trn Mnh Sang
1. Mc tiu
Sau bi ny, hc sinh cn nm c
a. Kin thc: Bit nh l Con nhm v cch chng minh nh l.
b. K nng: Bit vn dng nh l trong vic gii mt s bi ton hnh hc
phng, c bit l chng minh hai ng thng vung gc.
2. Chun b ca gio vin v hc sinh
a. Gio vin: Chun b gio n, mt s bi tp cho hc sinh.
b. Hc sinh: n li nh ngha v tnh cht ca vecto, cc php ton:
Cng, tr vecto, nhn vecto vi mt s, cc quy tc tm tng hai
vecto.
3. D kin phng php ging dy
Vn p, gi m, trc quan, thuyt trnh.
4. Tin trnh dy hc.
Thc hin bi hc trong 4 tit.
Tit 1.
C nhiu bi ton hnh hc phng m nu gii theo phng php hnh hc thun thy th
s rt kh khn. Tuy nhin, khi s dng cng c vecto th vic gii quyt bi ton tr ln
n gin. Mt trong cc nh l v vecto c ng dng ln l nh l Con nhm.
Chng ta cng nghin cu nh l Con nhm v cc ng dng ca n.
Trc ht chng ta cng nhc li mt s kin thc v vecto:
nh ngha , php cng , tr hai vecto, nhn vecto vi mt s, cc quy tc hnh bnh
hnh, quy tc 3 im.
Ta n vi hai kt qu quan trng sau:
1.Cho ABC v im M thuc cnh BC.
Khi ta c:
MC MB
AM
. AB
. AC
A
BC
BC
Chng minh
K MN song song vi AB
N
Theo nh l Talet, ta c:
AN MC
AB BC
suy ra
MN
MB
AC BC
Ta c:
AN
NM
AN MC
. AB
. AB
AB
BC
MN MB
. AC
. AC
AC
BC
MC MB
AM AN NM
. AB
. AC
BC
BC
p dng nh l Talet ta c
AB ' AB c
AM
IC B ' C CB a
AN AC ' AC b
IB C ' B CB a
B'
C'
Hay
c
AM a IC
AN b IB
A'
Suy ra
c b
AI IC IB
a a
aIA bIB cIC 0 .
aIA bIB cIC a AM bBN cCP
a AM bBN cCP
MC MB AN CN
a
AB
AC b
BC
BA
a
b
a
b
BP
AP
c
CB
CA
c
c
MC CN AB AN AP BC BP MB CA
0.
P
I
A1 A2 e1 A2 A3 e2 ... An A1 en 0 .
Ta chng minh nh l bng phng php quy np.
Gi s nh l ng vi n=k, ta xt vi n=k+1.
A1 Ak e Ak Ak 1 ek Ak 1 A1 ek 1 0
Theo gi thit quy np, trong a gic A1 A2 ... Ak ta
c
A_
k+
A1 A2 e1 A2 A3 e2 ... Ak 1 Ak ek 1 Ak A1 (e) 0
1
A_
Suy ra
1
A1 A2 e1 A2 A3 e2 ... Ak Ak 1 ek Ak 1 A1 ek 1 0
Vy nh l c chng minh.
A_
2
Chng ta n vi mt s bi tp p dng.
Bi 1: Vi J l mt im bt k trong ABC . H
JM, JN, JP vung gc vi BC, CA, AB. Chng
minh rng:
a b c
JM
JN
JP 0 .
JM
JN
JP
A_
k
IM BC
IP IN IM
V c IP hng
vo trong tam gic, ta
phi chn IP . p dng nh l con nhm
cho ABC , ta c:
aIM bIN
cIP
0
b. aIA bIB cIC 0
M
N
Ta c:
aIA bIB cIC a ( IM MA) b( IN NB) c ( IP PC )
aMA bNB cPC
Ta c:
BM CB
AB
AC
AM
CM
CM
BM CM BM CM
AM
AC
AB
AC
AB
CB
CB
a
a
Tng t ta c:
AN CN
BN
BC
BA
b
b
Vy
0.
Tit 2.
Bi 3: Cho ABC khng u, BC l cnh nh nht. ng trn ni tip tm I ca tam
gic tip xc vi cc cnh BC, CA, AB ln lt ti X, Y,
A
Z. G l trng tm ca XYZ . Trn cc tia BA, CA ly cc
im E, F sao cho: BE=CF=BC. Chng minh rng:
IG EF .
e
E
Chng minh
F
Vi nhng bi ton s dng vecto chng minh hai
ng thng vung gc vi nhau, ta thng chng minh
mt vecto c gi l mt trong hai ng cng phng vi
Y
mt vecto vung gc vi ng cn li.
Z
G
BC.IX FC .IY EB.IZ EF.e 0
BC IX IY IZ EF.e 0.
3.BC
.
IG
EF.e
0
Nhn thy, vi phng php vecto, chng ta khng cn thit phi xc nh im G trn
hnh v m vn gii quyt c bi ton.
Chng ta n vi mt s bi tp tng t.
Bi 4: Cho ABC c gc A nhn. V bn ngoi cc tam gic vung cn nh A l ABD
v ACE. Gi M l trung im ca BC. Chng minh rng AM DE.
Chng minh
Xt trong tam gic EAD, ta c:
AB AD
AC AE
Gi e l vecto n v vung gc vi ED v
E
A
AB AC ED.e 0
2 AM
ED
.
e
0
OD AB
ADC , c OE AC
OD OE
v
B
Gi vecto v vung gc vi DC, c hng ra pha ngoi min tam gic ADC v c ln
bng OD.
p dng nh l con nhm cho ABC , ta c:
AD.OD AC .OE DC.v 0
1
AC .OD AC.OE DC.v 0
2
1
1
AC .OD AC OA OC DC.v 0
2
2
1
AC OD OA OC DC.v 0
2
3
AC .OG DC.v 0
2
Ta nhn thy, mun ng dng phng php vecto vo vic chng minh 2 ng thng
vung gc th chng ta phi gn c mt ng vo cnh ca mt a gic.
Ta n vi bi ton tip theo.
Bi 6: Cho hnh ch nht ABCD. K l hnh chiu vung gc ca B trn AC. M, N ln
lt l trung im ca AK v CD. Chng minh rng: BM MN .
Chng minh
Bi ton a ra yu cu chng minh
BM MN . Ta xem xt tm ra c mt
A
a gic cha mt trong hai ng v chng
ta c th p dng nh l con nhm cho a
gic .
M
Nhn thy, BK MC v BC NC , vy ta
c th p dng nh l con nhm cho MNC .
K
Gi e l vecto n v vung gc vi MN v
N
c hng ra pha ngoi ca MNC .
D
p dng nh l con nhm cho tam gic
MNC, ta c
MC NC
(1)
BK
BC MN .e 0
BK
BC
MC NC
Ta phi tnh
BK
BC theo MB .
BK
BC
KC KM
Nhn thy BK
BM
BC
MC
MC
Kt hp vi (1), ta c
MC KC KM NC
BM
BC
BC
MN
.
e
0
BC
BK MC
MC
MC KC MC KM NC
BM
BC
BC MN .e 0
BK MC
BK MC
BC
KC
KM
NC
BM
BC
BC MN .e 0
BK
BK
BC
Ta c: cot BAC
AK 2 MK AB 2 NC
BK
BK
BC
BC
Hay
MK NC
BK BC
Vy ta c
KC
BM MN .e 0
BK
Tit 3.
Bi 7: Cho hnh vung ABCD. Cc im M, N thuc cc cnh BA, BC saho cho
BM=BN. H l hnh chiu vung gc ca B trn CM. Chng minh rng DH HN
Bi 8: Cho ABC cn ti A.H l trung im BC,
D l hnh chiu ca H trn AC,
A
M l trung im ca HD.
Chng minh rng: AM BD .
Ta xt trong BHD , c
AH BH
AD HD
e l vecto n v vung gc vi BD, hng ra
ngoi.
M
B
BD AC
BH DH
AD AC DC
BA
BD
BH 0
BA
BD
BH
Ta c nhn xt: BD BA BH
Suy ra:
AD AC DC
BA BD BH
Hay
h
h2 b2 b
a
h2 a 2 h
h 2 ab
a2
a
a.
a.cot EHD
DE
DE
V th h a
a b
h
ab
h 2 a (a b )
h
Cu c v d chng ta lm tng t.
Bi ton c gii quyt.
Bi 10: Cho ABC vung ti A c AB c, AC b . Tm im D AC sao cho BD AM
vi AM l trung tuyn ca ABC
P
B
Gii.
Ta dng mt tam gic c mt cnh l
mt trong hai ng, sau p dng
nh l Con nhm cho tam gic .
M
Dng tam gic AMN, vi N l hnh
chiu ca M trn AC. K BP MN .
Trong
BP MN
AMN c BD AM
BA AN
(1)
DN AD
BD
BN
BA
AN
AN
Nn t (1) ta c
MN AN AM DN AM AD
BP
BA
BN
BA 0
BP
BA
BD AN
BD AN
MN AN AM AD AM DN
BP
BN 0
BA
BP
BD AN
BA BD AN
c b
a 2 AD
a 2 DN
BP
BA
BN 0
b
2 BD b
2c 2 BD b
Do ta c: BN BP BA nn ta suy ra
c b
a 2 AD
a 2 DN
b 2c 2 BD b 2 BD b
BD c DN
BD 2ac AD
b 2 2c 2
2c 2
DN 2
AD
b 2c 2
Trng hp nu b 2 2c 2 0 th N nm ngoi A v N, ta l tng t.
AB1 MN1
y N1 , N 2 ln lt l trung im ca
AB, AC .
MN1
MN 2 B1C1 e 0
AC
AB
Do bi c: AB. AB1 AC . AC1 nn ta c
B1
M
N1
C1
N2
2 AB1
MN1 MN 2 B1C1 e 0
AC
2 AB1
MA B1C1 e 0
AC
Tit 4.
Bi 12: Cho I l tm ng trn ni tip t gic ABCD. Gi E, F l trung im ca AC,
BD. Chng minh rng: I, E, F thng hng.
Chng minh
Ta c k hiu nh hnh v.
C
Ta c nhn xt sau:
z
M
z
t
IM
IB
IC
tz
tz
IN z ID y IC
yz
yz
IP y IA x ID
x y
x y
IQ x IB t IA
xt
xt
z
t
F
x
y
A
t z IM z y IN y x IP x t IQ 0
y t IA IC x z IB ID 0
y
D
2 y t IE 2 x z IF 0
B2
B1
C2
C1
A1
A2
Tht vy, ta c
OA2 OB2 OC2
OA2 OB2 OC2
OA1
OB1
OC1
OA1
OB1
OC1
OA1
OB1
OC1
a.
b.
c.
OA1
OB1
OC1
0
( do nh l Con nhm trong ABC ).
Vy O l trng tm ca tam gic A2 B2C2 .
A1
A2'
A4'
O
A4
A3
A3'
Bi 14: Tm tt c nhng im N trong ABC tha mn: NA1 NB1 NC1 0 , trong
A1 , B1 , C1 ln lt l chn ng vung gc h t N xung BC, CA, AB.
Chng minh
Nhn thy, cc vecto NA1 , NB1 , NC1 ln lt
vung gc vi 3 cnh ca tam gic, v th ta c
th p dng nh l Con nhm trong ABC .
Gi e1 , e2 , e3 ln lt l cc vecto n v vung
gc vi cc cnh BC, CA, AB v hng ra pha
ngoi ABC . p dng nh l Con nhm cho
ABC , ta c
ae1 be2 ce3 0
a
b c
NA1
NB1
NC1 0
NA1
NB1
NC1
A
B1
C1
N'
N
A1
A'
AN1 B
AN1C
AN1 B
AN1C
BAA'
C AA'