B GIO DC V O TO

TRNG I HC M - A CHT

NGUYN MNH KHI

NGHIN CU VT LIU
POLYME-CLAY NANOCOMPOZIT CH TO
THANH CT NEO CHNG GI CNG TRNH NGM

Chuyn ngnh : Xy dng cng trnh ngm v m

M s

: 62.58.50.01

TM TT LUN N TIN S K THUT

H NI 2012

Cng trnh c hon thnh ti B mn Xy dng cng trnh Ngm v M,

Khoa Xy dng Trng i hc M - a cht

Ngi hng dn khoa hc:

GS. TS Nguyn Quang Phch

Phn bin 1: PGS.TS. Bch Trng Phc

Phn bin 2: PGS.TS. Ng Th Xun Hng

Phn bin 3: TS. Phm Mnh Ho

Lun n s c bo v trc Hi ng chm Lun n cp Trng

ti trng i hc M - a cht
Vo hi ngy . thng nm 2012

C th tm hiu Lun n ti:

- Th vin Quc gia.
- Th vin Khoa hc k thut Trung ng.
- Th vin trng i hc M - a cht.

CC CNG TRNH KHOA HC CNG B

1. Nguyn Mnh Khi, Nguyn Quang Phch, Nguyn Vn Mnh, L Vn

Cng (2012), Mt phng php thit k neo dnh kt theo nguyn l
gia c khi . Tp ch KHKT M - a cht, s 37, tr. 39-43.
2. Nguyn Mnh Khi, Nguyn Quang Phch, V Tn Cnh (2010),
Nghin cu la chn khong vt st ch to thanh neo bng vt
liu polyme-clay nanocompozit. Tp ch KHKT M - a cht, s 31,
tr. 84-87.
3. Nguyn Mnh Khi, Nguyn Vn Hu (2003), Mt s kt qu nghin
cu ban u v b tng ct si thc vt c th s dng trong nghnh
m. Thng tin KHCN M - Vin KHCN M, s 4, tr. 11-13.
4. Phm Minh c, Bi nh C, Nguyn Mnh Khi (2001), Polymecompozit s dng trong ngnh M. Tp ch cng nghip M, s 6, tr.5-6.
5. Nguyn Mnh Khi, Nguyn Quang Phch (2001), Nghin cu kho
st kh nng bm dnh ca nha polyester khng no v si thu tinh
trong vt liu polyme-compozit. Tuyn tp cc cng trnh khoa hc
i Hc M - a cht, s 23, tr. 55-57.
6.

Phm Minh c, Nguyn Mnh Khi (2000),Ch to th nghim mt

s sn phm t vt liu polyme-compozit s dng trong ngnh M.
Hi ngh Khoa hc i hc M - a cht ln th 14, H Ni, tr.87-92.

PHN M U
Tnh cp thit ca ti lun n
Neo l mt loi kt cu chng c s dng rng ri trong ngnh khai thc
m v xy dng ni chung trn th gii v trong nc. Thc t cho thy, neo vi
vai tr kt cu chng tm v chng c nh trong xy dng cng trnh ngm c
hiu qu k thut v kinh t cao. Neo c coi l kt cu chng "a nng", c th
s dng vi mi cng trnh ngm c hnh dng, kch thc khc nhau, trong
nhng iu kin a c hc khi t tt n xu. Ngoi ra, thc t cng
chng minh kh nng kt hp rt tt ca kt cu neo vi cc loi kt cu chng
khc nh b tng phun, li thp, khung thp t hp cng nh v b tng ct thp
lin khi...
chng tm trong qu trnh thi cng chia gng cc cng trnh ngm
tit din ln v cc gng khi khai o trong khi t, mm yu, km n
nh hay gia c trnh sp l trong khai thc than, nu s dng thanh neo bng
thp s gp tr ngi ln trong giai on thi cng tip theo. C th l khi tin
hnh o tip tin gng, m rng hay khai thc than s dng my o, my
khai thc hoc bng phng php khoan n mn th cc thanh neo bng thp kh
b ct t do kh nng khng ct ca thp ln, d gy sp l do ko tt thanh
neo, gy kh nhn cho cng tc xc bc vn chuyn khi sau khi ph n, do
c ln cc thanh neo. Ngoi ra nu s dng cc thanh neo bng thp lm kt cu
chng c nh hay mt b phn ca v chng c nh hn hp th trong mi
trng m t hay mi trng axit thanh ct neo d c th b n mn (in ho,
ho hc), lm gim tui th ca cng trnh.. Mt khc, do trng lng thanh neo
thp ln nn thng gy kh khn, khng m bo cm neo chnh xc khi thi
cng th cng.
Trong xu th tng cng xy dng cc h thng giao thng ngm thnh
ph H Ni, thnh ph H Ch Minh, khai thc than ng bng Bc b trong
cc khi t, mm yu, kt cu neo s c c hi c s dng ngy cng
nhiu, tuy nhin bng vt liu v cc tnh cht hp l.
khc phc mt s nhc im ca neo ct thp, trn th gii ch to
cc thanh ct neo bng cht do v cho cc kt qu kh quan trong thc t. nc
ta, cng tc nghin cu ci thin kt cu neo cng c tin hnh t nhng nm
1996 n nay ti Vin Khoa hc Cng ngh m. Tuy nhin, vn nghin cu
mi ch tp trung vo vic thay th t cht kt dnh v c bng cht kt dnh hu
c. Nghin cu thanh ct neo thay cho thp ang s dng cng c trin khai,
nhng bc u mi ch nghin cu ch to thanh ct neo t vt liu polymecompozit ct si thu tinh v cha c p dng th nghim ti hin trng. Cc
kt qu nghin cu ny c trnh by trong lun vn Thc s k thut ca NCS
nm 2001.
Vt liu polyme-clay nanocompozit l loi vt liu lai to t polyme (vt
liu nn) v khong st (cht phn tn), thu ht s quan tm nghin cu v
ng dng trong vi thp nin gn y trn th gii. Cc kt qu nghin cu u
1

cho thy cc c im vt tri v c tnh, ho tnh v l tnh ca vt liu

polyme-clay nanocompozit so vi vt liu polyme-compozit thng thng, xut
pht t s tng hp ca polyme nn vi khong st v pht huy hiu ng cu
trc nano ca cc lp khong st.
Vit Nam, vt liu polyme-clay nanocompozit cng c mt s n
v khoa hc trin khai nghin cu nh: Vin Khoa hc v Cng ngh Vit Nam,
Trng i hc Bch khoa H Ni, Hc vin K thut Qun s-B quc phng
Song cc cng trnh nghin cu v sn phm ny tp trung p ng cc yu cu
s dng trong cc lnh vc in, in t, sn chng n mn v mt s ch phm
phc v i sng dn sinh
Cc cng trnh nghin cu trn th gii cho thy tnh cht c l ca vt
liu polyme-clay nanocompozit nu c tng cng bng si thy tinh vi hm
lng hp l, s cho ta vt liu c bn ko tng khong gp 3 ln so vi thp,
nhng bn ct li thp hn thp. Vt liu mi ny cho php to nn cc sn
phm c cng cao v khng b n mn, chu mi mn cao. Ngoi ra vt liu
ny li cho php d gia cng, x l c kch thc ph hp (d un do, ca
ct c chiu di tu iu kin bnh thng).
Lun n Nghin cu vt liu polyme-clay nanocompozit ch to thanh
ct neo chng gi cng trnh ngm c hnh thnh xut pht t cc yu cu
thc t v cc tin b khoa hc trn th gii cng nh Vit Nam. Mc ch ca
cng tc nghin cu l tip cn cng ngh ch to v ng dng h vt liu
polyme-clay nanocompozit, tng bc nghin cu vt liu thay th thp lm
thanh ct neo vi ngun nguyn liu clay trong nc, nhm p ng yu cu s
dng ca thc tin sn xut trong ngnh than, cng nh xy dng cng trnh
ngm dn dng ni chung v khng nh vai tr nghin cu xu hng hi nhp
quc t.
Mc tiu, i tng v phm vi nghin cu ca lun n
Xut pht t yu cu cp thit nu trn, mc tiu ca lun n l to ra vt
liu t hp c tnh nng vt tri cng nh khc phc c cc nhc im so
vi vt liu thp khi s dng lm thanh ct neo. t mc tiu ny, lun n
tp trung nghin cu nhng vn sau:
1- Hnh thnh c cng ngh thch hp ch to polyme-clay
nanocompozit quy m phng th nghim, trn c s polyme l cc ch phm
sn c th trng Vit Nam.
2- Nghin cu nh hng ca claynano (nano st) n cc tnh cht c l
( bn ko v bn ct) ca vt liu polyme-clay nanocompozit.
3- Nghin cu, kho st ch to thanh ct neo t nha nn polyme-clay
nanocompozit c gia cng bng si thu tinh.
4- Nghin cu, nh gi kh nng s dng thanh ct neo c ch to
so vi thanh ct neo bng thp hin ang chng gi cng trnh ngm, thng qua
nghin cu trin khai p dng ti cng a im, theo cng nguyn l thit k,
lm vic v vi dy chuyn cng ngh thi cng nh nhau.
2

 ngha khoa hc, thc tin v nhng ng gp mi ca lun n

Lun vn tp trung nghin cu cc c s khoa hc phc v cho vic xy
dng cng ngh ch to thanh ct neo trn c s vt liu epoxy-clay
nanocompozit vi mc ch ng dng trong thc t v rt ra mt s ng gp
mi nh sau:
1- phn tn thnh cng claynano c ch to t bentonit Bnh Thun
vo trong nn epoxy n mc tch lp hon ton (expholiated) v xc nh
c cc thng s ch yu ca qu trnh phn tn.
2- xy dng cng ngh ch to thanh ct neo polyme-clay nanocompozit
ct si thu tinh, trn c s nha nn epoxy-claynano c gia cng bng si
thy tinh, vi t l thnh phn: 60% phn khi lng si thy tinh; 40% phn khi
lng nha nn epoxy-claynano (trong c 5% clay MMT).
3- th nghim thnh cng thanh ct neo polyme-clay nanocompozit ct
si thu tinh ti m than Hng Thi vi cht lng tng ng ct neo thp
vi cng mc ch s dng.
T nhng ng gp mi ny, bc u lun n c mt s ngha v l
lun v thc tin nh sau:
V l lun: claynano chnh l nhng ht st c kch thc nanomet, c
a vo vt liu polyme nhm to ra mt bc nhy v tnh cht c, l ca vt
liu. Polyme-clay nanocompozit c tnh nng vt tri so vi vt liu truyn
thng c cng mc ch s dng trong xy dng cng trnh ngm ni chung hay
khoa hc vt liu ni ring. Nhng kt qu nghin cu ban u ny s c gi tr
tham kho trong vic ging dy, u t v pht trin lnh vc vt liu mi, tng
bc thay th vt liu truyn thng trong xy dng cng trnh ngm v m.
V thc tin: to ra mt t hp vt liu mi vi ngun nguyn liu chnh
l clay trong nc, c tnh nng c l vt tri, s dng ch to thanh ct neo
chng gi cng trnh ngm nhm thay th mt phn no vt liu thp truyn
thng v s lng, cng nh phm vi s dng v cc yu cu chu lc, song phi
khc phc c cc nhc im ca thp c cng mc ch s dng.
Kt cu ca lun n
Lun n gm phn m u, ba chng, phn kt lun, phn ph lc. Ton
b ni dung ca lun n c trnh by trong 117 trang, trong c 31 bng, 50
hnh v th vi 152 ti liu tham kho. Phn ln kt qu ca lun n c
cng b trong 6 bi bo v bo co ti cc hi ngh trong nc.
NHNG NI DUNG C BN CA LUN N
CHNG 1: TNG QUAN V KT CU NEO TRONG XY DNG
CNG TRNH NGM V NGUYN VT LIU S DNG NGHIN CU
CH TO THANH CT NEO
1.1. NEO CHNG GI CNG TRNH NGM

1.1.1.Tnh hnh nghin cu v s dng neo trn th gii

Neo c t cui th k XIX v trong 5 thp k gn y c s dng
rt rng ri trong cng tc chng gi cc cng trnh ngm trn th gii. Hng
3

nm ti Lin X (c) chng gi khong 500 km ng l bng neo. Ti

M hng nm a vo s dng khong 20 triu chic neo cht do ct thp, Ty
c khong 1,5 triu chic v neo cng c s dng rng ri mt s nc
khc nh Ba Lan, Php, Trung Quc v Nht Bn
Cng vi nhu cu s dng ngy cng nhiu kt cu chng gi bng neo.
Cho n nay trn th gii c hng trm loi neo ra i, trong c neo
polyme-compozit v c ng dng thnh cng. phn loi neo, ngi ta
da vo tnh nng k thut; kh nng mang ti; vt liu lm neo nh: g, thp,
polyme-compozit, hoc cu to neo nh dng: ng, thanh, si v nguyn l lin
kt lm vic nh: lin kt c hc, lin kt dnh kt v lin kt hn hp, nh s
phn loi hnh 1.2.

Hnh 1.2. S phn loi neo theo nguyn l lin kt

1.1.2. Neo v xu hng s dng vt liu polyme-compozit trong chng

gi cng trnh ngm v m Vit Nam
Xy dng cng trnh ngm v m trong nhng nm gn y v ang l
mt nhu cu bc thit bi cc yu t kinh t, chnh tr, giao thng vn ti v an
ninh quc phng, c bit l trong khai thc khong sn m hm l. T nhng
nm 80 ca th k trc, cc cng trnh nh thu in Ho Bnh, thu in Yaly,
hm giao thng o Hi Vn, o Ngang v khai thc than Qung Ninh s
dng neo chng tm; chng hn hp c nh cho hng trm km ng hm
v ng l, vi nhiu loi hnh neo phong ph v a dng nh neo b tng ct
thp, neo nm ch, neo ng c rnh h, neo cht do ct thp.
Nhng loi neo ny c s dng tu thuc vo tng iu kin a cht c
th v neo c s dng ch yu l neo dnh kt, c th l neo b tng ct thp v
neo cht do ct thp, chng khc nhau v cht kt dnh (v c v hu c) - gi
chung l neo ct thp. Bn cnh nhng u im tuyt vi ca neo ct thp, th
chnh n cn c khng t nhng hn ch lin quan ti iu kin s dng, ti mi
trng kh hu khc nghit trong cng trnh ngm ni chung, m hm l ni ring.
T nhng kt qu nghin cu ng dng trn th gii cho thy thanh ct
neo c lm t vt liu polyme-compozit ct si thu tinh c bn ko tng
ng thp, nhng khc phc c mt s nhc im ca thp nh bn ct
4

thp hn, chnh yu t ny to iu kin thun li khi n mn tin gng, hoc t

hp my o, my khu than cn tin qua, ng thi li bn trong mi trng vi
kh hu nng m v trng lng bng 1/4 trng lng ca thp, cui cng l tnh
ph hp v kch thc trong thi cng ca thanh ct neo polyme-compozit tt hn
thanh ct neo thp rt nhiu. Nh vy, c th thy rng thanh ct neo polymecompozit ct si thy tinh c th thay th v khc phc c mt s nhc im
ca neo thp c cng mc ch s dng.
Cng theo nhng kt qu nghin cu trn th gii cho thy rng, nu trong
vt liu polyme c cha mt hm lng thch hp t 0,55% clay kch thc
nanomet, th s to ra mt bc nhy vt v tnh cht c l ca vt liu polymeclay nanocompozit nh bn ko tng gp 3 ln so vi thp, nhng bn ct
li thp hn thp, c th cho php to sn phm c cng cao, bn nhit, nc
v khng b n mn in ho, ho hc, chu mi mn cao, ngoi ra tnh ph hp
v kch thc rt cao nh: un do, ca ct d, chiu di tu . V vy, n hon
ton c th p ng c l mt vt liu thay th vt liu thp lm ct neo chng
gi cng trnh ngm ni chung.
Song vic nghin cu ng dng v vt liu polyme-compozit ni chung,
cng nh thanh ct neo polyme-compozit ct si thu tinh v thanh ct neo
polyme-clay nanocompozit ct si thu tinh ni ring trong chng gi cng trnh
ngm nc ta cha c u t mt cch tho ng, cho n thi im hin
nay vn ch dng kho st, thm d vt liu kt dnh l polyme-compozit. Do
, vic nghin cu vt liu polyme-clay nanocompozit ch to thanh ct neo
polyme-clay nanocompozit ct si thu tinh thay th thanh ct neo thp c cng
mc ch s dng khng nhng m bo cc yu t k thut, m cn mang li
hiu qu kinh t trong chng gi cng trnh ngm ni chung nc ta l hng
nghin cu c nhiu trin vng. Hnh 1.3 l s phn loi neo theo nguyn l
lin kt lm vic, m trong c b sung thm bi nhng kt qu nghin cu
ca NCS qua tng lun n.

Hnh 1.3. S phn loi neo theo nguyn l lin kt

c b sung bi kt qu nghin cu ca lun n
5

1.2.VT LIU S DNG TRONG NGHIN CU CA LUN N

1.2.1.Tnh hnh nghin cu cng ngh v ch to vt liu nanocompozit

Vit Nam
T gi nhng nm 1990, nc ta tp trung nghin cu cng ngh v
vt liu nano. Trong nhng nm gn y thu c mt s thnh tu ng k
trong lnh vc cng ngh ny nh ch to c than nano lng tng hp t
bt than, sn phm ny dng ch to vi mch cho chp my tnh hoc cc linh
kin bn dn, bn cnh mt s tc gi thuc Vin khoa hc Vt liu Vin
Khoa hc v Cng ngh Vit Nam tng hp c si nano cacbon bng
phng php lng ng pha hi, s dng nguyn liu kh thin nhin.
Mt s cng ty sn xut, kinh doanh trong nc cng bt u quan tm
n vt liu nano v nhng sn phm c ch to t nanocompozit ng dng
trong cng nghip in t, cng nghip m phm, cng nghip lm mng bo v...
cng c cc Cng ty ny a vo v phn phi trn th trng Vit Nam.
Vt liu polyme-clay nanocompozit c ch to t ngun nguyn liu c
bn v quan trng nht claynano. c c nguyn liu ny th phi xut
pht t khong st bentonit v nc ta ngun ti nguyn ny rt a dng v
phong ph. Song, cho n thi im hin nay, tc gi lun n cha tm thy ti
liu cng b ca c nhn hoc n v no Vit Nam v vic ch ng c
cng ngh ch to vt liu claynano t ngun khong st bentonit trong nc,
ng dng ch to thanh ct neo chng gi cng trnh ngm ni chung.
Thanh ct neo nghin cu ch to trong lun n c nhng thnh phn vt
liu c bn sau y:
- Nha nn: bao gm nha polyme v claynano.
- Si thu tinh gia cng.
- Mt s cht ph gia: cht pha long v ng rn
Cng ngh ch to vt liu polyme-clay nanocompozit trong lun n c
thc hin theo cc bc nh sau:
La chn vt liu khong st bentonit c cha montmorillonit hm
lng cao.
Hu c ho montmorillonit c la chn.
Cho montmorillonit sau khi c hu c ho khuych tn vo
polyme bng phng php trn hp c hc.
To vt liu polyme-clay nanocompozit trng thi xen lp n tch
lp hon ton (expholiated).
1.2.2. Khong st bentonit
Bentonit l mt loi khong t nhin m thnh phn chnh l
montmorillonit c cng thc ha hc Mx(Al4-xMgx)Si8O20(OH)4 v mt s khong
st khc nh: saponit, nontronit, beidellit Ngoi ra, ngi ta cn pht hin
thy trong bentonit cn c mt s khong cht khc na nh: kaolinit, clorit,
mica v mt s khong phi st nh: canxit, pirit, thch cao, cc mui kim v
cc cht hu c. Bentonit thng c gi theo tn khong vt chnh l
montmorillonit (vit tt l mont.).
6

Hnh 1.4. Cu trc tinh th l tng ca montmorillonit

Montmorillonit l aluminosilicat t nhin c cu trc lp nh hnh 1.4, cu

trc ny bao gm 2 tm t din cha Si v 1 tm bt din cha Al hoc Mg b
kp gia 2 tm t din. Cc tm ny c chung cc nguyn t oxy nh. dy
ca mi lp mont. khong 9,6A0. Cu trc tinh th c cu to t hai mng li
t din lin kt vi mt mng li bt din gia to nn mt lp cu trc. Gia
cc lp cu trc l cc cation trao i v nc hp ph. Cc lp cu trc c
chng xp song song vi nhau v to nn mt mng li khng gian ba chiu
ca tinh th montmorillonit. Chiu dy mt lp cu trc ca mont. khong
9,6A0. Nu k c lp cation trao i v nc hp ph th chiu dy ca mt lp
khong 15A0. Bng cch trao i ion. Cc phn t nc d dng xm nhp
khong khng gian gia cc lp v lm thay i khong cch gia chng.
Khong cch ny cng vi chiu dy ca mt lp cu trc c gi l khong
cch c bn, c th thay i t 10A0 n 20A0 tu thuc vo lng nc b hp
ph vo khong khng gian gia hai lp cu trc tinh th. Khong cch ny c
th tng n gn 30A0 khi thay th cc cation trao i bi cc ion v c phn
cc, cc phc c kim, cc phn t oligome hu c Trong lun n, NCS
kho st, la chn bentonit 4 tnh l Lm ng, Bnh Thun, Thanh Ho,
Ph Yn v c so snh vi bentonit thng phm ca 2 Cng ty nc ngoi.
1.2.3. Polyme - nha epoxy
Polyme ni chung trn th gii cng nh trong nc c s dng
ph bin lm nha nn trong ch to vt liu compozit dng nha nhit rn
hoc nha nhit do, tu thuc vo mc ch s dng ca vt liu, cng nh tnh
ph bin, thng dng trn th trng v s n gin khi iu chnh tc phn
ng ng rn, ngi ta la chn polyme lm nha nn.
Nh trnh by trong phn m u, l thanh ct neo polyme-clay
nanocompozit c nghin cu ch to cn c kh nng chu ko cao (tng
ng vi thp), song phi chu ct thp hn thp v bn trong mi trng vi kh
hu m t v khng b n mn in ho hay ho hc. ng thi thanh ct neo
7

c nghin cu ch to t claynano vi si tng cng trn c s nha nn

thng phm. Do , tc gi la chn polyme nha nn l nha epoxy, v:
- Epoxy c s dng nhiu trong cng nghip compozit. Do nhng c
tnh c hc cao ca nha epoxy, ngi ta s dng n to ra compozit c
bn cao, phc v cc ngnh: ch to my bay, v tr, tn la...
- Nha epoxy vi nhng u im c bn nh: tnh cht c hc cao (ko, nn,
un, va p...); chu c nhit n 120C; bn ha hc cao; co ngt thp
(0,51%); thm thu vo vi v si rt tt v kh nng bm dnh vi kim loi cao.
Tuy nhin, n cng c mt s nhc im nh: rn v gi thnh cao.
C th trong lun n la chn s dng Epicote-828; cht pha long Heloxy505 l mt sn phm ca Hng Sell, y l mt loi polyepoxid c nht thp,
khi phi trn vi nha epoxy va lm gim nht va tham gia qu trnh ng
rn ca nha nn ngi ta cn gi l cht pha long hot tnh v la chn cht
ng rn vi m hiu adduct epicure-3125, vi t l 1:1, y cng l mt sn
phm c hng Sell sn xut t epoxy-828 vi DETA (dietylentriamin). Nhm
mc ch khc phc nhng nhc im trong qu trnh ng rn.
1.2.4. Si gia cng - si thu tinh
Si gia cng cho vt liu polyme-compozit trn thc t c rt nhiu loi
si khc nhau nh si cacbon, si thp, si gm, si thu tinh, si bng, si vi
v c si giy, nhng si tng cng ny c s dng tu thuc vo mc
ch ca vt liu compozit.
Qua tham kho cc ti liu cho thy si thu tinh l loi si ph bin,
thng dng v si thu tinh di dng khi rt gin, d b nt. Ngc li khi
c gia cng di dng si ng knh nh (vi chc micronmet), thu tinh s
mt cc tnh cht trn v c nhiu u im trn phng din c hc. Tu theo
cu to, ngi ta ch to c nhiu loi si thu tinh khc nhau. Trong thc t
ngi ta thng s dng cc loi si thu tinh ny vi cc mc ch c th, nh
chn cc loi si R;S ch to cc kt cu c bn c hc cao, loi C lm cc
lp ph trn cc chi tit my, loi E c ng dng chung. Cc loi si thu tinh
lun c phun ph cht lin kt b mt ngay sau khi hnh thnh si, nhm to
nn mt lp chuyn tip gia chng v nn polyme, vi mc ch gia cung s
lin kt trong ni b si ct v to ra cc cu ni bn vng v pha ct v pha
nn, nh vy ngi ta to ra lin kt ho hc c pha ct v pha nn.
c cng h quy chiu so snh vi cc thanh ct neo polyme-compozit ct
si thu tinh do nc ngoi sn xut v cng l s nghin cu pht huy k tha t
lun n thc s k thut ca mnh, nn NCS la chn si thu tinh E lm si
tng cng cho thanh ct neo c nghin cu ch to trn nn nha epoxy-clay
nanocompozit. C th y l si thu tinh E ca Trung Quc sn xut c ng
knh trung bnh l 17m.
8

CHNG 2: NGHIN CU CH TO NHA NN, THANH CT NEO

V KT QU THC NGHIM
2.1. PHN THC NGHIM

2.1.1. Cc phng php nghin cu

s dng phng php xc nh dung lng trao i cation (TCVN
8466:2010) la chn khong st bentonit cho nghin cu. ch to nha
nn, bng phng php nghin trn c hc phn tn clay c hu c ho
vo nha epoxy n tch lp hon ton (expholiated). nghin cu ch to
thanh ct neo s dng phng php ko rt qua khun ba khong nhit
(80, 120,1400C). s dng cc phng php ho l v vt l nh: ph XRD,
FT-IR, nh SEM, TEM, knh hin vi kim tng v cc phng php o bn
c hc: bn ko, bn ct.
2.1.2. Phng php hu c ha khong st
Bc 1: cn 20g Bentonit cho vo cc thu tinh, b xung 2000 ml nc
ct 800C. S dng my khuy t khuy trong vng 15 pht, tip tc cho siu
m trong vng 2 n 4 gi ta c dung dch huyn ph A.
Bc 2: cn 8,5g didecyl dimethyl amonnium clorua (DDAC-c cng thc
ho hc (C10H21)2(CH3)2NCl) cho vo cc thy tinh, b xung 800ml dung dch
nc ct v khuy mnh bng my khuy t, ta thu c dung dch huyn ph B.
Bc 3: rt t t dung dch B vo dung dch A. Tip tc khuy trn mnh
lit v siu m nhit 800C trong 6 gi.
Bc 4: tch phn kt ta bng cch cht b phn nc pha trn (sau
khi qua m).
Bc 5: lc, ra kt ta bng nc ct 800C qua phu lc chn khng, n
khi th bng dung dch AgNO3 (5%) n khi ht ion clorua t do, kh trong
khng kh, sau sy trong chn khng 500C550C trong 5 gi (n khi m
khng i l 3%).
Bc 6: sn phm c nghin trong ci nghin bi s v ry qua ry
0,075 mm v bo qun trong bnh ht m.
2.1.3. Phng php ch to nha nn
- Nha epoxy
+ Epicote-828
: 90 phn khi lng
+ Cht pha long Heloxy-505
: 10 phn khi lng
- Khong st bin tnh c iu ch t bentonit ca Lm ng v Bnh
Thun, theo t l 1%; 2%; 3%; 4%; 5%; 6% phn khi lng so vi epoxy.
- Phng php phn tn clay vo nha epoxy
T hp vt liu c khuy trn nhit 900C, thi gian khong 30
pht. c ngui n 250C. Tip tc nghin trn trn my cn ba trc trong
thi gian 3 n 4 gi.
2.1.4. Cng ngh ch to thanh ct neo
Chm si thu tinh c ko qua mng nha vi tc 5m/pht, qua
khun nh dng v loi b nha d. Khun c t ba vng nhit 80
120 1400C, sn phm tip tc c bo dng 800C trong 4 gi v n
9

nh 24 gi ti nhit phng 250C. c c tnh cao, cc nh sn xut thng

iu chnh hm lng si hp l. V vy, NCS la chn kho st 5 loi t l si
thy tinh theo khi lng nha l 30%; 40%; 50%; 60% v 70% kho st
bn c hc ca ca vt liu.
2.2. KT QU NGHIN CU

2.2.1. Kho st v la chn khong st bentonit

Vi khun kh ca lun n, thc hin ly mt s mu khong st
bentonit xc nh dung lng trao i cation ti cc m Bnh Thun, Lm
ng, Ph Yn, Thanh Ha v c so snh vi hai mu bentonit thng phm
ca nc ngoi. Kt qu nh sau:
- Bentonit Bnh Thun:
106,87 mgl/100 g
- Bentonit Lm ng:
35,94 mgl/100 g
- Bentonit Thanh Ha:
13,31 mgl/100 g
- Bentonit Ph Yn:
11,46 mgl/100 g
- Bentonit ca hng Southerm clay Co: 110 mgdl/100 g
- Bentonit ca hng Merck :
100 mgdl/100 g
Da vo kt qu ny NCS chn bentonit ca Bnh Thun v Lm ng l
i tng nghin cu. Bentonit Bnh Thun do Cng ty Trch nhim hu hn
Minh H - KCN Phan Thit cung cp. Bentonit Lm ng do Cng ty c phn
Hip Ph - Lt cung cp. Vic ly mu hon ton ngu nhin.
2.2.2. Xc nh cu trc hnh thi c bn ca khong st bentonit Lm
ng v Bnh Thun trc v khi hu c ha
2.2.2.1. Dung lng trao i cation sau khi hu c ha
- Bentonit Lm ng l 11,40 mgl/100gam (gim 65,28%).
- Bentonit Bnh Thun l 13,30 mgl/100gam (gim 87,55%).
2.2.2.2. Phn tch bng ph nhiu x tia X (XRD)
Hnh 2.6 l ph nhiu x tia X ca bentonit Lm ng v Bnh Thun
trc v sau khi bin tnh.
- Peak nm trong khong 2 =1070 c trng cho montmorillonit, khong
cch c bn ca mont. Lm ng d001 = 26,103 A0 vi cng bc sng
500Cps, cn ca mont. Bnh Thun d001 = 27,784 A0 vi cng bc sng
720Cps. iu ny chng t kh nng phn ng vi didecyl dimethylamonnium
clorua ca mu bentonit Bnh Thun ln hn so vi mu bentonit Lm ng.

Hnh 2.6. Cng ph nhiu x tia X (XRD) ca bentonit Lm ng v Bnh Thun

trc v sau khi hu c ha bin tnh
10

2.2.2.3. Phn tch bng ph hng ngoi (FT-IR)

T ph hng ngoi hnh 2.7 u xut hin vt ph ti vng 28002950
-1
cm , y l c trng ca nhm hu c c mt trn b mt ca bentonit. Tuy
nhin cng ph ca mu bentonit Bnh Thun ln hn nhiu, iu chng
t kh nng phn ng ca mu bentonit Bnh Thun ln hn so vi mu bentonit
Lm ng.

Hnh 2.7. Ph hng ngoi ca bentonit Lm ng v Bnh Thun trc v

sau khi hu c ha

Kt hp gia cc s liu phn tch vi ph k tia X v hng ngoi (IR) c

th s b rt ra nhn xt: kh nng phn ng vi mui amin ca bentonit Bnh
Thun ln hn bentonit Lm ng.
2.2.3. Kho st cu trc b mt ca bentonit Lm ng, Bnh Thun
trc v sau khi hu c ha bng knh hin vi in t qut (SEM)
Chp nh SEM mu bentonit ca Lm ng v Bnh Thun c thc
hin trn thit b 5410 LV (Nht Bn) ca Trung tm Khoa hc Vt liu- Khoa
Vt l, Trng i hc Quc gia H Ni.
- Mu bentonit ca Bnh Thun l bentonit kim, nn trong nc c
trng phng ln, ht nh mn, ht phn tn cao.
- Bentonit Lm ng thuc loi bentonit kim th, kh nng trng phng
km, d b sa lng trong nc, khi kh cc tinh th bentonit t b co ngt, kch
thc ht ln hn v b mt phng hn so vi bentonit kim. iu ny th hin
rt r hnh 2.8 v hnh 2.9.

Hnh 2.8. nh SEM ca bentonit

Lm ng v Bnh Thun trc khi hu c ha
11

Hnh 2.9. nh SEM ca bentonit

Lm ng v Bnh Thun sau khi hu c ha

Kt lun: hu c ha thnh cng montmorillonit, l thnh phn ch yu ca

bentonit Lm ng v Bnh Thun vi vi cc c trng trnh by trong bng 2.4,
nhm tng s tng hp v khuch tn gia claynano vi polyme. y cng
chnh l nhng nguyn liu u vo cho cc nghin cu tip theo ca lun n.
Bng 2.4. c trng mont. ca Lm ng v Bnh Thun trc v sau khi
hu c ho
TT
1
2
3

Lm ng
Bnh Thun
Trc
Sau
Trc
Sau
Mu sc
vng sm vng nht ghi sng trng xm
0
d001 (A )
15,674
26,103
13,857
27,784
Kch thc ht qua ry 0,075 mm 0,075mm 0,075mm 0,075mm
Thng s

2.2.4. Kho st s phn tn ca claynano trong nha nn

2.2.4.1. Quan st bng knh hin vi in t truyn qua (TEM)
Ta c th quan st thy cc si clay c mu en vi kch thc nanomet v
vi chiu dy khong 12 nanomet c phn b trong cc mu Bnh Thun
(M1), Lm ng (M2) nh sau:
- T l 1% nh hnh 2.10 cho thy phn tn khng u, tha t, c bit l
mu M2 kt bi, phn tn trong epoxy km, mu M1 c phn tn tt hn.

Hnh 2.10.T l 1 % claynano theo khi lng epoxy

- T l 2% nh hnh 2.11 cho thy mc phn tn trong epoxy c ci

thin hn so vi t l 1%, tuy nhin hin tng kt bi hai mu vn din ra,
song mu Bnh Thun (M1) c phn tn tt hn.

Hnh 2.11. T l 2 % claynano theo khi lng epoxy

- T l 3% mc nh hnh 2.12 cho thy phn tn trong epoxy c ci thin

ng k hn so vi t l 2%, tuy nhin hin tng kt bi hai mu vn din ra
v mu M1 vn c phn tn tt hn mu M2.
12

Hnh 2.12. T l 3 % claynano theo khi lng epoxy

- T l 4% nh hnh 2.13 cho thy mc phn tn trong epoxy c ci

thin r rt so vi t l 3%, hin tng kt bi hai mu vn cn, nhng mu
M1 khng ng k, mu M2 th rt r vi nhng m en ln v mu M1 cho
thy c phn tn tt hn mu M2.

Hnh 2.13. T l 4 % claynano theo khi lng epoxy

- T l 5% nh hnh 2.14 cho thy mc phn tn trong epoxy tng i

ng u c hai mu, hin tng kt bi ch cn mu M2, nhng mc
thp hn so vi mu cng loi 4%, v mu M1 cho thy c phn tn tt hn
hn so vi mu M2.

Hnh 2.14. T l 5% claynano theo khi lng epoxy

- T l 6% nh hnh 2.15 cho thy mc phn tn trong epoxy km v

hin tng kt bi ln li xut hin c hai mu, tuy nhin mu M1 cho thy c
phn tn vn tt hn so vi mu M2.

Hnh 2.15. T l 6 % claynano theo khi lng epoxy

13

Qua kt qu quan st 12 mu nha nn c th thy vi t l t 1% 6%

claynano so vi khi lng ca nha epoxy th mc phn tn claynano trong
epoxy tng i ng u, song mc phn tn ca claynano t bentonit M1
tt hn nhiu so vi claynano t bentonit M2.
2.2.4.2. Kho st cu trc epoxy-claynano bng nhiu x tia X (XRD):
Ti hnh 2.16 ph cho thy sau khi phi trn vi epoxy, xut hin peak
ti 2 = 20 th khong cch c bn d001 ca clay Lm ng, Bnh Thun, ln lt
l 26,924A0 v 27,536A0. iu ny, c th rt ra nhn xt l epoxy khng
khuch tn c vo khong cch gia cc lp montmorillonit t l 1%.

Hnh 2.16. Ph nhiu x tia X ca epoxy-claynano Lm ng v Bnh Thun

vi t l 1% phn khi lng claynano so vi nha epoxy

Hnh 2.17. Ph nhiu x tia X ca epoxy-claynano Lm ng v Bnh Thun

vi t l 2% phn khi lng claynano so vi nha epoxy

Ph hnh 2.17 cho thy sau khi phi trn vi epoxy, th khong cch c
bn d001 ca clay Lm ng, Bnh Thun, ln lt l 27,924 A0 v 27,499A0.
Nh vy l khong cch d001 c s thay i i vi clay Lm ng, cn
i vi clay Bnh Thun c khng ng k. nh TEM ca hai mu ny chng
minh cho iu : M2 c s khuch tn ca epoxy trong claynano. Cn M1 ch l

14

nhng bi en, c ngha l epoxy khng khuch tn c vo khong cch gia

cc lp claynano.

Hnh 2.18. Ph nhiu x tia X ca epoxy-claynano Lm ng v Bnh Thun

vi t l 3% phn khi lng claynano so vi nha epoxy

Hnh 2.18 l ph ca epoxy-claynano Lm ng v Bnh Thun, vi

hm lng 3%, ti peak 2 = 20, khong cch c bn d001 ln lt l 21,280 A0 v
28,374A0. Nh vy l khong cch d001 c s thay i: i vi clay Lm ng,
d001 cn nh i, TEM cho thy phn ln nh l mu en kt bi ca claynano. Vi
clay Bnh Thun, d001 tng ln v nh TEM cho thy c s khuch tn ca epoxy
vo claynano, tuy nhin cha nhiu v u n. Song, kh nng chn trong epoxy
ca claynano M1 (Bnh Thun) tt hn nhiu so vi M2 (Lm ng).

Hnh 2.19. Ph nhiu x tia X ca epoxy-claynano Lm ng v Bnh Thun

vi t l 5% phn khi lng claynano so vi nha epoxy

Hnh 2.19 l ph ca 2 loi clay ny sau khi phi trn vi epoxy vi t

l 5%. Peak ti 2 = 20, cho khong cch c bn d001 ln lt l 33,83 A0 v
29,191A0. Nh vy l khong cch d001 c s thay i ng k, iu ny cho
thy c s khuch tn ca epoxy vo claynano. Song M2 gi tr d001 gia tng
15

t bin, TEM cho thy nh nhiu kt bi mu en ca claynano. nh TEM ca

M1 cho thy s khuch tn u n ca claynano trong epoxy.

Hnh 2.20. Ph nhiu x tia X ca epoxy-claynano Lm ng v Bnh Thun

vi t l 6% phn khi lng claynano so vi nha epoxy

Hnh 2.20 l ph ca 2 loi clay ny sau khi phi trn vi epoxy vi t l

6%. Peak ti 2 = 20, cho khong cch c bn d001 ln lt l 53,23 A0 v
36,51A0. Khong cch d001 c s thay i t bin c 2 mu, iu ny c ngha
l c s khuch tn ca claynano vo epoxy. Song nh TEM cho thy nhiu kt
bi mu en ca claynano. Do , m s khuch tn ny l iu khng mong
mun v chng th hin khng c s bong trc ca cc lp claynano.
Ph 4% ca claynano Lm ng v Bnh Thun trong epoxy cng gn
tng t nh 5% ca claynano Lm ng v Bnh Thun trong epoxy v nh
TEM cng cho thy iu , nn NCS khng trnh by y trnh trng lp
v ch xin trnh by nhng vn c trng.
T nhng kt qu nghin cu trn y c th rt ra mt s kt lun nh sau:
- Thnh cng bc u vic hu c ha bin tnh khong st Lm ng
v Bnh Thun.
- Phi trn thnh cng clay ca Lm ng v Bnh Thun nhit
thng trong epoxy nn vi kch thc nanomet dng bc lp.
- T l claynano ca 2 loi khong st ny trong epoxy nn t 2% 5%
theo trng lng l tng i ph hp.
- Gi tr khong cch c bn d001 ca clay Lm ng khi phi trn vi
epoxy khng n nh, thay i tht thng v ngc li clay Bnh Thun n nh
hn, hay ni cch khc claynano Lm ng km hn claynano Bnh Thun.
2.2.5. Kim tra tnh cht c l ca nha nn

16

Mu c kim tra theo tiu chun ISO 527-4:1997 ti Trung tm o

lng tiu chun khu vc I. Kt qu c th hin trn hnh 2.22 v hnh 2.23.

Hnh 2.22. ng sut ko nha nn vi cc

t l khc nhau ca claynano Bnh Thun
trong nha epoxy

Hnh 2.23. ng sut ko nha nn vi

cc t l khc nhau ca claynano
Lm ng trong nha epoxy

T nhng kt qu th nghim trn hnh 2.22 v hnh 2.23, cho thy vt liu
nn khi s dng 5% claynano Bnh Thun t gi tr ng sut ko cc i
(327,29N/mm2). Cn vi claynano Lm ng cho vt liu nn t ga tr ng sut
ko cc i ti t l 3%, nhng gi tr ng sut ko thp (210,20N/mm2). Trong
khun kh ca lun n, nghin cu sinh la chn claynano Bnh Thun sau khi
c hu c ho, phn tn vo epoxy-828 bng phng php cn trn c hc
vi t l 5% theo khi lng epoxy, dng lm nha nn nghin cu ch to
thanh ct neo chng gi cng trnh ngm.
2.2.6. Kho st kh nng bm dnh gia nha epoxy-claynano vi si
thu tinh trong vt liu polyme-clay nanocompozit
kt dnh gia cc pha v cu trc hnh thi ca vt liu c kho st trn
knh hin vi in t qut (SEM). nh chp trn b mt gy ca mu trn hnh 2.26.

Hnh 2.26. nh SEM chp trn b mt gy ca mu 30%, 40%, 50%, 60% v 70%
phn khi lng si thy tinh trong vt liu compozit

kt dnh ca nha trn cc t l si thu tinh khc nhau cng rt khc

nhau th hin trn nh knh hin vi in t qut (SEM). t l 50% 60% phn
khi lng si thu tinh cho ta thy bm dnh ca nha trn b mt si l u
n v tt nht. Vi t l 70% phn khi lng si thy tinh ta thy kt dnh l
rt km, hu nh khng cn vt nha trn b mt si thu tinh. y cn thy b
mt tip xc ca nha vi si thu tinh rt trn nhn, th hin tng tc yu ca
hai pha trn b mt phn chia.
2.2.7. Kho st s phn b si thy tinh trong pha nn epoxy-claynano
17

Quan st mt ct ca vt liu bng knh hin vi kim tng theo cc t l th

nghim 30%, 40%, 50%, 60% v 70% phn khi lng si thy tinh trong vt
liu compozit vi phng i 25 ln (hnh 2.27).

Hnh 2.27. nh knh hin vi kim tng vi phng i 25 ln

Vi hm lng 50% 60% si, c th quan st thy s phn b si v

nha tng i ng u trong vt liu t hp.
2.2.8. Kim tra kh nng chu ko ca vt liu vi cc t l si khc nhau
tin hnh kim tra kh nng bn ko ca vt liu theo tiu chun ISO
527-4, thc hin ko mu trn my ko nn T-50 ca Lin X (c). Ti th
hnh 2.30 cho thy vt liu t gi tr cc i gi tr hm lng 60% phn khi
lng si thu tinh.
2.2.9. Kim kh nng chu ct ca vt liu vi cc t l si khc nhau
xc nh lc ct ca vt liu polyme-compozit, theo tiu chun ASTM
4475-96. Ti th hnh 2.32 cho thy vt liu t gi tr cc i gi tr hm
lng 60% phn khi lng si thu tinh.

Hnh 2.30. th tng quan ng sut

ko vi cc t l si thy tinh

Hnh 2.32. th quan h ng sut ct vi

cc t l si thy tinh

Nhn xt: Khi hm lng si thy tinh E ca Trung Quc, t 50%60%

phn khi lng ca t hp nha epoxy-828 vi 5% claynano Bnh Thun, sn
phm epoxy-clay nanocompozit ct si thu tinh c bn ko tng ng vi
thp xy dng CT5 v bn ct thp hn so vi loi thp ny.
2.2.10. Kim tra kh nng bm dnh ca ct neo vi cht kt dnh
La chn cht kt dnh do Vin Khoa hc cng ngh M sn xut, cht
do s dng l loi K 2335. Tc ca my lp t neo c xc nh l 400

18

vng/pht v thi gian quay l 25 giy. Thi gian gi l 60 giy. M hnh th

nghim nh hnh 2.33 v kt qu c trnh by trong bng 2.9.
- Thi gian ko tt c cc v neo u sau 24 gi k t khi lp t.
- Mu b tng kch thc 200x200x400mm mc b tng 10 MPa.

Hnh 2.33. Mu th nghim kh

nng bm dnh ca neo epoxy-clay
nanocompozit ct si thy tinh

Bng 2.9. S liu th nghim ko neo th nghim tnh bm dnh

TT
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15

ng knh ng knh l Chiu di cht do Ti trng cc

thanh neo (mm) khoan (mm)
kt dnh (cm)
i (kN)
22
28
30,5
97
22
28
32,0
95
22
28
31,5
89
22
28
29,5
71
22
28
31,0
95
22
28
28,5
79
22
28
28,0
95
22
28
29,0
79
22
28
28,0
87
22
28
29,0
79
22
28
28,5
10
22
28
29,5
97
22
28
29,0
11
22
28
28,0
87
22
28
29,5
92

Kt lun: Kt qu ban u ca ct neo epoxy-clay nanocompozit ct si thu

tinh vi cht kt dnh do do Vin KHCN M sn xut t yu cu k thut.
CHNG 3: NGHIN CU CH TO THANH NEO V
CHNG TH NGHIM
c s ng ca Cng ty TNHH than Hng Thi, Cng ty than Ung
B-TKV; Phng Xy dng m v Vin KHCN m, NCS tin hnh th
nghim chng l dc va V10 mc +30 khu Trng Kh II bng thanh ct
epoxy-clay nanocompozit ct si thu tinh xen k gia cc hng neo cht do
ct thp theo h chiu chng l v dy chuyn cng ngh ang thi cng ti y
(nh hnh 3.1 v bng 3.1).
3.1.V tr, iu kin a cht cng trnh, a cht thy vn ng l
chng th nghim
19

L dc va va 10 mc +30 quay ng nm trong phm vi khu Trng

Kh II, III - Cng ty TNHH than Hng Thi, thuc a bn x Hong Qu,
huyn ng Triu, tnh Qung Ninh c gii hn trong to sau:
X = 390.400 390.600
Y = 32.800 33.000
iu kin a cht cng trnh
Tng cha than khu Trng Kh II, III bao gm: cc loi st than, st kt,
bt kt, ct kt, ct kt ln sn kt. S phn b cc loi di dng thu knh,
cc lp vi dy khc nhau. Mi loi c c trng bi thnh phn, kin
trc v bn khc nhau.
iu kin a cht thu vn
Nc mt
Khu Trng Kh II, III c sui Trng Kh II cch khu vc khai thc v pha
ng Nam t 500 1000m, quanh nm nc chy vi lu lng o c nh sau:
Qmax = 29,020 (m3/s)
Qmin = 1,58 (m3/s)
Nc ngm
Cc thng s a cht thu vn ch yu nh sau:
- cao mc nc tnh: Z+200 = 255m; Z+115 = 245m; Z+30 = 245m
- H s thm: Ktb = 0,05m/ng.; Kmax = 0,103m/ng..
Nc di t c pH = 6 7, hm lng CO2 = 10 15mg/l, hm
lng st t 0,3 13mg/l, thuc loi axit yu.
3.2. C s la chn v h chiu chng l
Hin ti, ng l dc va mc + 30 va 10 - khu Trng Kh III c b
tr trong lp tr v cch va than khong 30 40m, trung bnh 35m. Nh vy,
ng l ny nm ngoi vng nh hng v tc ng ca p lc ta l ch.
Cng tc thit k chng neo, phun b tng trong cc ng l thng da
vo cc s liu kho st a cht, o c ban u v khi cn thit s c iu
chnh thay i sao cho ph hp vi iu kin a cht thc t trong sut qu
trnh thi cng. Trn hnh 3.1 l mt ct ngang c trng ca h chiu chng l
dc va V10 + 30 quay ng khu Trng Kh II. Bng 3.8 l cc thng s k
thut c bn ca h chiu chng l.

20

Hnh 3.1. Mt ct ngang h

chiu chng l dc va
V10 + 30 quay ng khu
Trng Kh II

TT
1

2
3
4
5
6
7

Bng 3.8. Bng tnh ton cc thng s k thut ca h chiu chng neo [17]
Gi tr
K
Ni dung
n v L DV
on m
hiu
+30/V10
rng
Chiu cao st l theo Tximbarevic
b
m
0,83
0,91
Chiu rng na ng l
a
m
2,00
2,20
Chiu cao ng l
h1
m
3,03
3,15
Gc ma st trong ca

75,96
75,96
H s trung bnh ca t
f
4,00
4,00
H s an ton
kat
1,40
1,40
Chiu di thanh neo
ln
m
1,35
1,43
2
Ti trng nc
qn kN/m
21,7
23,6
2
Mt neo
S neo/m
0,70
0,76
H s vt ti nc
np
1,20
1,20
Kh nng chu ti ca v neo
Pn kN/neo
37,3
37,3
Khong cch gia cc neo
a
m
1,20
1,15

Tnh ton, la chn cc thng s ca v neo cht do ct thp

- S v neo trong 1 vng: 6 neo.
- Chiu su l khoan neo: 1300 mm.
- Chiu di thanh ct neo: 1400 mm.
- ng knh ct thp xon: 22 mm.
- Khong cch gia cc neo trong vng: 1,0 m.
- Khong cch cc vng neo: 1,0 m.
3.3. Thanh ct neo epoxy-clay nanocompozit ct si thy tinh chng
th nghim ti hin trng
Thanh ct neo epoxy-clay nanocompozit ct si thy tinh c nhng thng
s c bn sau y:
- T hp polyme nn gm epoxy-828 c cha 5% claynano Bnh Thun.
- Si thy tinh E Trung Quc vi hm lng t 50%60% phn khi lng.
21

- Sn phm vt liu epoxy-clay nanocompozit ct si thy tinh to ra, l

dng thanh trn, c ng knh 22mm. NCS la chn ng knh ny l c
th so snh tng ng vi thp vn s dng lm thanh ct neo.
- Thn neo c gia cng c rnh xon. u thanh neo c bt thp tin
ren, chiu di 100mm nh hnh 3.2.
La chn cc thng s ca v neo epoxy-clay nanocompozit ct si thu
tinh nh sau: Mt ct h chiu chng neo epoxy-clay nanocompozit ct si
thu nh hnh 3.3.
- S v neo trong 1 vng: 6 neo.
- Chiu su l khoan neo: 1300 mm.
- Chiu di thanh ct neo: 1400 mm.
- ng knh ct neo: 22 mm.
- Khong cch gia cc neo trong vng: 1,0 m.
- Khong cch cc vng neo: 1,0 m.

Hnh 3.2. Mt s hnh nh m t qu trnh gia cng ch to thanh ct neo

3.4. Chng th nghim ti hin trng

Hnh 3.3. S khoan,

lp t neo epoxy-clay
nonocompozit
ct si thy tinh

- H chiu chng gi vi bc chng ca v neo l 1m x 1m (c khoan,

lp t xen gia hai vng neo cht do ct thp c thi cng t K 400
K 403). Chiu di thanh neo l 1,4 m. ng knh ct neo l 22 mm. Chiu
su l khoan l 1,3 m. ng knh l khoan 32mm. S lng thanh neo trong
mt vng l 6 neo. S lng vng neo l 3 vng (18 thanh neo). S dng 01 thi
cht do m hiu CK2335 do Vin KHCN M sn xut trn dy chuyn cng
ngh ca Trung Quc lm cht kt dnh cho mi l neo.
- V dy chuyn cng ngh thi cng v bin php an ton, tng t vi thi
cng lp t neo cht do ct thp ca Vin Khoa hc Cng ngh m - TKV ang
c p dng ti cng ty TNHH Hng Thi - Cng ty than Ung B - TKV. Hnh
3.4 m t dy chuyn cng ngh thi cng lp t v neo ct epoxy-clay
nanocompozit ct si thy tinh ti hin trng.
22

Hnh 3.4. Mt s hnh nh m t dy chuyn cng ngh thi cng lp t v neo ct

epoxy - clay nanocompozit ct si thy tinh ti hin trng

- Thi gian lp t 1 thanh neo: trung bnh 1 pht/1 neo (cc v tr).
- lp t c 16 thanh neo cho 3 vng: vng th nht: 6 thanh; vng
th 2: 5 thanh; vng th 3: 5 thanh.
- Ti vng s 2 v s 3 (st gng), hai v tr neo hng, sau mt pht
khuy trn cht kt dnh, chng ti thc hin th nghim m men xon ca
thanh ct neo bng cch cho my khoan tip tc xoay (ui neo c ngm
cng bi cht kt dnh) n khi u thanh neo b t ti v tr ming l khoan.
3.5. Th nghim kh nng mang ti ca thanh neo
Sau khi chng hon tt 3 vng neo th nghim, 48 gi sau, tin hnh ko
rt th nghim kh nng mang ti ca v neo vi xc xut 5% tng s neo chng
th nghim v nhng v tr khc nhau trong mt vng neo bng thit b kch
ko PA-3 do Lin X c sn xut (hnh 3.5). Kt qu th nghim ti bng 3.9.
Hnh 3.5. Mt s hnh nh m t
quy trnh ko rt th nghim
kh nng mang ti ca v neo
thanh ct epoxy-clay
anocompozit ct si thy tinh
Bng 3.9. Kt qu th nghim kh nng mang ti ca thanh neo
TT
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16

V tr
Thanh neo s 1, vng th nht
Thanh neo s 2, vng th nht
Thanh neo s 3, vng th nht
Thanh neo s 4, vng th nht
Thanh neo s 5 vng th nht
Thanh neo s 6, vng th nht
Thanh neo s1, vng th 2
Thanh neo s 2, vng th 2
Thanh neo s 3, vng th 2
Thanh neo s 4, vng th 2
Thanh neo s 5, vng th 2
Thanh neo s 1, vng s 3
Thanh neo s 2, vng s 3
Thanh neo s 3, vng s 3
Thanh neo s 4, vng s3
Thanh neo s 5, vng s 3

Lc ko (kN)
66,7

Ghi ch
Kim tra m men xon
Khng lp t c kch ko

51,3
58,9
Khng lp t c kch ko
Kim tra m men xon
55,0
Khng lp t c kch ko
58,9
Khng lp t c kch ko
51,5
66,7
Khng lp t c kch ko
58,9
62,8
23

TT
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

Bng 3.10. Kt qu th nghim kh nng mang ti ca neo cht do ct thp

p lc du Gi tr lc ko
Ni theo yu cu
Ghi ch
(MPa)
(kN)
Rt th ti b neo s 1
30
87,1
t ui neo
Rt th ti b neo s 2
30
87,1
t ui neo
Rt th ti b neo s 3
31
90
Ren neo b ph hy
Rt th ti b neo s 4
32
92,9
Ren neo b ph hy
Rt th ti b neo s 5
32
92,9
Ren neo b ph hy
Rt th ti b neo s 6
30
87,1
Ren neo b ph hy
Rt th ti b neo s 7
28
81,3
t ui neo
Rt th ti b neo s 8
29
84,2
Ren neo b ph hy
Rt th ti b neo s 9
28
81,3
Ren neo b ph hy
Rt th ti b neo s 10
29
84,2
Ren neo b ph hy

So snh vi s liu ko rt th neo cht do ct thp ca phng Xy dng

M, Vin KHCN m, ti l dc va V10 mc +30 khu Trng Kh II, ti
K380 K390, Cng ty Than Hng Thi ti bng 3.10, cho thy kh nng
mang ti ca v neo epoxy-clay nanocompozit ct si thu tinh hon ton c th
p ng yu cu thc t, vt ti thit k cho mt neo 2,5 ln m khng b ph
hy v tng ng thanh neo cht do ct thp.
T nhng vn trnh by nh trn v qua kt qu chng th nghim v
kim tra kh nng mang ti ca thanh neo, c th rt ra mt s kt lun sau:
- Vt liu epoxy-clay nanocompozit ct si thy tinh hon ton c th d
dng gia cng ch to thanh ct neo chng gi cng trnh ngm v m.
- Dy chuyn cng ngh, thit b thi cng v cht kt dnh c s dng lp
t v neo hon ton nh khi thi cng lp t v neo cht do ct thp.
- Cc thng s k thut sau khi th nghim cho thy ph hp v tng
ng nh neo cht do ct thp ang c s dng, nhng nng sut lao ng
c ci thin mt cch ng k: trng lng nh, lp t n gin, khng b n
mn trong qu trnh bo qun v s dng
- Theo nh gi s b th gi thnh chng gi 1m l bng thanh ct neo
epoxy-clay nanocompozit ct si thy tinh khng cao hn so vi 1m l chng
bng v neo cht do ct thp.
KT LUN V KIN NGH
1- n nh c cng ngh bin tnh montmorillonit t bentonit ca Lm
ng v Bnh Thun vi quy m phng th nghim.
2- Thnh cng trong vic a clay vi kch thc nanomet vo nn
epoxy, t nh gi c u im ca vt liu c cu trc nanomet ch to
c so vi cc vt liu c cu trc thng thng cng loi.
24

3- Xc nh c t l clay ti u theo khi lng khi phi trn vi

epoxy nn l 5%.
4- S dung 40% nha nn epoxy-clay nanocompozit (c hm lng 5%
claynano) v 60% si thy tinh E c th gia cng ch to thanh ct neo chng
gi cng trnh ngm v m.
5- Kh nng mang ti ca v neo epoxy-clay nanocompozit ct si thy tinh
cht do c th p ng yu cu thc t, vt ti thit k cho mt v neo 2,5 ln
m khng b ph hy (thanh ct neo khng b t).
Nhng kin ngh
1- Cn tip tc nghin cu hon thin quy trnh cng ngh ch to gia cng
thanh ct neo.
2- Cn tip tc nghin cu ch to v sn xut vi quy m cng nghip
thanh ct neo epoxy-clay nanocompozit ct si thy tinh s dng trong xy
dng ni chung, xy dng cng trnh ngm ni ring.

25