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)(Motion of System of Particles

1-6 : )(center of mass

)(1-6

).(1-6

) (translational

) (

) (2-6

. ) (2-6

)(2-6

155

 2-6

C .
) (center of mass

2-6
) (

. )
( m1 m2 x1

x2
) .(3-6

y
x

:
1
) (m1 x 1 + m 2 x 2
M

m1 x 1 + m 2 x 2
m1 + m 2

m2

m1

c.m. x2

x1

)(3-6

= x c .m .

)(1-6

. M = m1 + m 2
1-6

m1=1 kg m2=4 kg 3m
: )

( m1 x1=0

.x2=3 m ) (1-6:
)(2 kg)(0) + (4 kg)(3 m
=2m
6 kg

2 m .m1

156

m1 x 1 + m 2 x 2
m1 + m 2

= x c .m .

3-6
) (1-6 m1 m2 m3
r1 r2 ... r3 ).(4-6
:
N

m r

i i

i =1

m1r1 + m2 r2 + " 1
1
=
= )" (m1r1 + m2 r2 +
" m1 + m2 +
M
M

= Rc .m .

)(2-6

ox oy oz :
N

m x
m y

yc .m .

i =1
N

1
M
1
=
M
1
=
M

= xc .m .

i =1
N

m z
i

i =1

m2
c.m.

m3

m1

r2

z c .m .
z
r1

rcm

m6

r3

y
m4

r5 r4

r6

m5

)(4-6

2-6

)(3-6

m1=1 kg : ) (1,2,2 m2=0.5 kg ) (0,2,1m3=2 kg

) (1,0,0 m4=1.5 kg ).(2, 1, 2

: ) (3-6:

)1((1) + 0.5(0) + 2(1) + 1.5(2

= 0.4 m
1 + 0.5 + 2 + 1.5
)1((2) + 0.5(2) + 2(0) + 1.5(1
= 0.3 m
= y c .m .
1 + 0.5 + 2 + 1.5
)1((2) + 0.5(1) + 2(0) + 1.5(2
= z c .m.
= 0.1 m
1 + 0.5 + 2 + 1.5
= x c .m .

157

 4-6
3-6
m1=1 kgm2=2 kg

m3=3 kg

5,5 3
m3

10 cm ).(5-6

: ox oy ) (5-6

) (0,0 ) (10,0 ). (5,5 3

m2

m1
)(0,0

)(10,0

)(5-6

) (3-6:

)1(0) + 2(10) + 3(5

= 5.8 cm
1+ 2 + 3

= xc .m .

) 1(0) + 2(0) + 3(5 3

= 4.3 cm
1+ 2 + 3

= y c.m.

m1 ) m2 (yc.m. 4.3 cm.

4-6 )(density

M .V
mi ) ri = (x i , yi , z i

1 N

(m i )x i
X c .m . = M i
=1

1 N

(m i )y i
= Y c .m .
M i =1

1 N
Z
=
(m i )z i
c
m
.
.

M i =1

)(4-6

mi
ri .

158

) (4-6 mi
dm ) (6-6

) (4-6 :
N
1
1

= lim (m i )x i
xdm
X c .m . = M m
MV
i 0 i =1

N
1
1

= lim (m i )y i
ydm
= Y c .m .
m i 0 i =1
M
M
V

N
1
1
Z
=
= lim (m i )z i
zdm
.
.
c
m

M mi 0 i =1
MV

dm

)(5-6
x

)(6-6

M
V

)(6-6

m:

m
V

)(7-6

m V
:
dm
dV

)(8-6

dm ) (5-6 :

1
xdV
= X c .m .
M V

1
= Yc .m .
ydV
M
V

1
zdV
= Z c .m .
M V

)(9-6

159

 5-6

.
) (6-6
. .

.

5-6

. m1 m2 .. m3 mn

r1 r2 .. r3 rn .
) (2-6:
MR c .m . = m1r1 + m2 r2 + " + mn rn

)(10-6

:
dr
dR c .m .
dr
dr
= m1 1 + m 2 2 + " + mn n
dt
dt
dt
dt

dri /dt = v i i dR c .m. /dt = Vc .m.

. :

MVc .m . = m1 v1 + m2 v 2 + " + mn v n

)(11-6

.
):(11-6
dv 2
dVc .m .
dv n
dv1
= m1
+ m2
+ " + mn
dt
dt
dt
dt

dv i /dt = ai i dVc .m . /dt = ac .m . :

Mac .m . = m1a1 + m2 a 2 + " + mn an

160

)(12-6

.
Fi = m i a i i

. ) (12-6:

Mac .m . = F1 + F2 + " + Fn = (Fext )T

)(13-6

(Fext )T

.
):(13-6
(Fext )T = Mac .m .

)(14-6

.
.

.
.

.
4-6

m1=1 kg

m2=2 kg m3=3 kg

y
20 N

) (7-6
.

: :
1
) (m1r1 + m 2 r2 + m 3 r3
M

m3
)(4,1

m1

)(0,2

10 N
m2

14 N

)(-2,-2

= rc .m.

)(7-6
161

 6-6

ox oy:
1
[1(4) + 2(0) + 3(2)] = 0.33 m
6
1
[1(1) + 2(2) + 3(2)] = 0.17 m
6

= x c .m .
= y c.m.

:
Ma c .m . = F1 + F2 + F3

:
6a x = 0 + 10 14 = 4 a x = 0.67 m/s 2
6a y = 20 + 0 0 = 20 a y = 3.33 m/s 2

:
a c .m. = a x2 + a y2 = 3.40 m/s 2

:
= 5 79

ay
ax

= tan

6-6 )(Linear Momentum

.
.

.
.

.
. .

m v :
p = mv

162

)(15-6

) (quantity of motion
p .
.kg.m/s

.
5-6

10 m/s .

60 kg

vMT
vTE

2 m/s
)(8-6

)(8-6

: ) (8-6 A B
. p = mv

vMT vMT=2 m/s :

PMT = mv MT = (60 kg)(2 m/s) = 120 kg.m/s

vMT vTE:

v ME = v MT + v TE = 2 + 10 = 12 m/s

:
p ME = (60 kg)(12 m/s) = 720 kg.m/s

7-6
:
p = mv

:
dp
d
=
) (mv
dt
dt

m :
d
dv
(mv ) = m
= ma
dt
dt

163

 7-6

ma (Fext )T
:
dp
dt

= (Fext )T

)(16-6

.
.

) (2-6:
dr
dR c .m .
drn
dr
= m1 1 + m 2 2 + " + m n
dt
dt
dt
dt

v i = dri /dt p i = m i dri /dt

Vc .m . = dR c .m. /dt Pc .m . = MdR c .m . /dt

Pc .m . = p1 + p 2 + " + p n

)(17-6

.
) (17-6 :
dPc .m . dp1 dp 2
dp n
=
+
+"+
dt
dt
dt
dt

Fi = dp i /dt ) ( i
:
dPc .m .
= F1 + F2 + " + Fn
dt

F1 + F2 + " + Fn

(Fext )T ) (26-6 :
dPc .m .
dt

164

= (Fext )T

)(17-6

. )

(.

8-6

) (17-6:

= (Fext )T = 0 Pc .m .

)(18-6

.
).(conservation of linear momentum

) (18-6
:
= (Fext )Tx = 0 (Pc .m . )x
= (Fext )Ty = 0 (Pc .m . )y

)(19-6

= (Fext )Tz = 0 (Pc .m . )z

.

) (

165

 8-6
6-6

8 kg 2 m/s

3 kg

6 m/s

M
v2

) .(8-6

m2

m1

v
v1

)(8-6

) (8-6
. :

) () =P (P
)=Mv (P
)= m1 v1 + m 2 v 2 (P

:
Mv = m1 v1 + m2 v 2

1
) (Mv m2 v 2
m2

= v2

v:
v 2 = 0.4 m/s

.
7-6

70 kg 1 m/s 1000 kg
10 m .

166

:
. :
P = m1 v1 + m2 v 2

m1 v1 m2 v2

) ( .

) (
.

m1 v1 + m 2 v 2 = 0

:
m1
v1
m2

v2 =

m1
v1 = 0.07 m/s
m2

= v2

: 10

m . v:

v1 = v + v 2 v = v 1 v 2

v1 v2:
v = (1 + m1 /m 2 )v1 = 1.01m/s

10 m :
s = vt t = s /v = 9.90 s

167

 9-6
s = v 2t = (0.07 m/s)(9.90 s) = 0.70 m

.10 m
.
9-6 )(

.

t M

M u

v
v+v

) (9-6

) (M M

u
M

MM

)(9-6

) . (v + v

:
Mv = (M M )(v + v ) + (M )v

v .

M (v v ) = Mv

)(20-6

Mv .
v u
) v + v ( :
v = (v + v ) u

):(20-6
Mu = M v

168

t t 0:
dM
dv
=M
dt
dt

)(21-6

R = dM /dt
a = dv /dt :
Ru = Ma

)(22-6

Ru
.

Ru ) (thrust . T ) (22-6 :
T = Ma

)(23-6

.
M1 M2 )(21-6

dM
= dv
M
M1
M2

v 2 v1 = u ln

)(24-6

.
8-6

450103 kg

R=1.2103 kg/s 2800 m/s .

169

: :
T = Ru = (1.2 103 kg/s)(2800 m/s) = 3.36 106 N

:
T
= 7.47 m/s 2
M

= T = Ma a

m r

i i

rdV

p = mv

1
M

= Rc .m.

1
M

= Rc .m .

PT = pi

F = dp /dt

= FT = 0 PT

dM
dv
=M
dt
dt
M1
v 2 v1 = u ln
M2

1-6 2.5 kg
2 m1.5 m

2-6 m1=1 kg

) (0,0 m2=1 kg ) (3,0 m3=2 kg )(3,4

3-6 m1=73 kg m2=59 kg 3.6 m

4-6 L 2.5 cm

3.5 cm
5-6 3.8108 m

170

6-6
7-6 7400 kg 40 m 20 m
1400 kg .

8-6 L

9-6 L

10-6 U
11-6 )(10-6
12-6 )(11-6
20 cm
20 cm

R/2

20 cm
60 cm

)(11-6

)(12-6

13-6 1.61013 J .
14-6 )(12-6

16 N
4 kg

15-6 m2=m1=35 kg
v1=12ij m/sv2=20i+14j m/s

16-6 m1=0.1 kg m2=0.3 kg

.0.01 N

8 kg

)(4,1

)(0,2

30 N
4 kg

)(-3,-2

14 N

)(12-6

)( )( m1 m2

1 m

171

17-6 816 kg
2650 kg 16 km/h

18-6 1 kg F=26i12t2j N t1=1 s

t2=3 s

19-6 145 g 30 m/s

45 .

20-6 20,000 kg 40 km/h .50 km/h

)( )(

21-6 80 kg 0.5 kg 2 m/s

22-6 50 g 500 m/s

) .( )(

23-6 10 kg 40 g

.1km/s 15

24-6 180 N 50 g 100

.m/s

25-6 5.81026 kg

1.21022

kg.m/s 6.41023 kg.m/s

.

26-6 8 kg 2 m/s
.

16 J

27-6 50 kg 70 kg 8 m

) .( )(

172

2.2 m )(

28-6 m2=m1=0.5 kg
0.5 m ) .(
)( 20 g

29-6 m M v

) .( )(

30-6 15 g 650 m/s .10 kg

31-6 120 kg 12 m/s

15 g .630 m/s

32-6 700 kg 1500 kg

65 km/h .

33-6 4000 km/h

80 km/h .

34-6 w W v0 .
vrel

35-6
n

36-6 20 kg 50 kg 5 m
10 m ) .( )( 2

m ) (.

37-6 80 kg 400 kg 18 m
4 m/s .

2 m/s
173

38-6 3 m
30 kg

0.4 m
. 80 kg 39-6

500 m/s 60

2R

A
m

m
B

)(13-6

. 50 s
.
40-6 m R
2R A ) (13-6

.B .

41-6 6000 kg) .(

1000 m/s )(

20 m/s2
.

42-6 2.6105 kg
480 kg/s 3.3 km/s .20 s

43-6 180 m/s 490 m/s .

3 kg/s

)-339

257870-950/( .

. " "

174