‫ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺻﺤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺍﻟﺠﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﻔﻮﺟﺮﺍﻓﻴﻚ ﻭ ﺧﺮﺍﺋﻂ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻼﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺔ

ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺼﻮﺻﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻬﺮﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﻗﻊ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﻧﺤﻦ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎء ﺍﻟﺤﻴ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎء ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎء ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎء ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎء ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎء ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎء ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ‬

‫ﺇﻏﻼﻕ ﻣﺼ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎء ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻗﻄﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﺠﻠﻔﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎء ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﺣﺪﺙ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺿﻮﻋﺎﺕ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺿﻮﻋ‬
‫ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﻣﺤﻠﻮﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺸﻐﻞ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎﻣﻴﻜﺎ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺃﺳﺌﻠﺔ ﻭﺇﺟﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎء ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﻟﺸﻐﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻲ ‪Mechanical work‬‬

‫ﻣﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﻗﺪ‬
‫** ﺍﻟﺸﻐﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻰ ﻫﻮ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﺿﺮﺏ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻹﺯﺍﺣﺔ ﻭﻳﺮﻣﺰ ﻟﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﺮﻣﺰ )‪ (w‬ﺣﻴﺚ‪:‬‬

‫‪w = FΔL‬‬

‫** ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻣﻌﻨﺎﻩ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﺜﻴﺮﻣﻮﺩﻳﻨﺎﻣﻴﻚ ﺃﻭﺳﻊ ﻣﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﺸﺘﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﻐﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺬﻭﻝ ﺿﺪ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﺫﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺭﺿﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻐﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﻲ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﺎﺑﻌ‬ ‫‪ (...(electrical work‬ﺍﻟﺦ‪.‬‬

‫** ﺳﻨﺮﻛﺰ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﺡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﻐﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺠﻢ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻏﺎﺯ ﺗﺤﺖ ﻅﺮﻭﻑ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﺷﺘﻘﺎﻕ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﻐﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻐﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻢ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺿﻐﻂ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ‬

‫‪n More‬‬ ‫** ﺇﺫﺍ ﺍﻓﺘﺮﺽ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻏﺎﺯ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺳﻄﻮﺍﻧﺔ ﻣﺰﻭﺩﺓ ﺑﻤﻜﺒﺲ ﻣﺘﺤﺮﻙ ﻋﺪﻳﻢ ﺍﻟﻮﺯﻥ ﻭﺍﻻﺣﺘﻜﺎﻙ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺳﻄﺤﻪ )‪ (A‬ﻋﻨﺪ ﻅﺮﻭﻑ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻢ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻭﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ‪.‬‬

‫ﺣﻤﻞ ﺗﻄﺒ‬

‫ﺃﺿﻐﻂ ﻋ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺎﺑﻌﻭﻥ‬

‫** ﻓﻌﻨﺪ ﺗﻤﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﻳﺪﻓﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺒﺲ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﺿﺪ ﺿﻐﻂ ﻣﻀﺎﺩ )‪ (P‬ﻣﻌﺎﻛﺲ ﻻﺗﺠﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺮ )ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﺍﻟﺠﻮﻱ ﻣﺜﻼ ً( ﻣﻨﺠﺰﺍ ً ﺷﻐﻼ ً ﺿﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻴﻂ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﺑﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻳﻌﺮﻑ ﺑﺄﻧﻪ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻠﻄﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺣﺎﺕ ﻓﺈﻥ‪:‬‬

‫ﻣﺗﺎﺑﻌ‬
‫‪P = F/A‬‬
‫ﺃﺭﺷﻴﻒ‬
‫‪F = PA‬‬
‫ﻳﻮﻟﻴﻮ ‪018‬‬
‫ﻭﺑﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ‪:‬‬
‫‪w = FΔL‬‬

‫ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﻌﻮﻳﺾ ﻋﻦ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ‪ F‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ‪ F = PA :‬ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ‪ w = FΔL :‬ﻧﺤﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﻐﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺠﺰ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻤﺪﺩ‪:‬‬

‫‪F = PA‬‬
‫‪w = F ΔL‬‬
‫‪w = P A ΔL‬‬

‫ﻭﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺒﺲ ﻳﻨﺰﺍﺡ ﺑﺎﺗﺠﺎﻩ ﻣﻌﺎﻛﺲ ﻻ ﺗﺠﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻢ )‪ (Δv‬ﻳﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﺿﺮﺏ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻄﻊ )‪ (A‬ﻓﻲ ﺍﻹﺯﺍﺣﺔ‬
‫)‪ (ΔL‬ﻣﺴﺒﻮﻗﺔ ﺑﺈﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺳﺎﻟﺐ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ΔV = - A ΔL‬‬

‫ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺘﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺘﻴﻦ ﻧﺴﺘﻨﺘﺞ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﻐﻞ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺣﺴﺎﺑﺔ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ‪:‬‬

‫‪w = - PΔV‬‬

‫ﻭﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺇﻳﻀﺎ ً ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺭﺓ ‪:‬‬

 ‫)‪w = - P (V2 – V1‬‬

‫‪ :V1‬ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻢ ﺍﻻﺑﺘﺪﺍﺋﻲ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﺯ‬

‫‪ :V2‬ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻢ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻲ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﺯ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻟﺒﺔ ﺗﺪﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ ﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺗﻨﺨﻔﺾ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﺰﺩﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻢ ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﻳﻌﻤﻞ ﺷﻐﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻴﻂ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎﺕ ﻫﺎﻣﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﻐﻞ‪w = - P (V2 – V1):‬‬

‫)‪ (1‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺎﺩ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺟﻲ )‪ (P‬ﺃﺻﻐﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺿﻐﻂ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﻳﺘﻤﺪﺩ ﺿﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻴﻂ ﻭﺗﻜﻮﻥ )‪ (V2 > V1‬ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﺈﻥ ‪ΔV‬‬
‫ﻣﻮﺟﺒﺔ ﻭﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻐﻞ )‪ (w‬ﺳﺎﻟﺒﺔ ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺃﻧﺠﺰ ﺷﻐﻼ ً ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻴﻂ )ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﻓﻘﺪ ﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﻛﺸﻐﻞ(‬

‫)‪ (2‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺿﻐﻂ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻴﻂ ﺃﻛﺒﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺿﻐﻂ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﻳﻨﻜﻤﺶ ﻭﻓﻲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺎﺩ ﻫﻮ ﺿﻐﻂ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ ﻷﻧﻪ ﻳﻌﺎﻛﺲ ﺍﺗﺠﺎﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﻭﺗﻜﻮﻥ )‪ (V2 < V1‬ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﺈﻥ ‪ ΔV‬ﺗﺼﺒﺢ ﺳﺎﻟﺒﺔ ﻭﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻐﻞ )‪ (w‬ﻣﻮﺟﺒﺔ ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻴﻂ ﻳﻌﻤﻞ ﺷﻐﻼ ً ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ )ﺗﺰﺩﺍﺩ‬
‫ﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺍﻟﺸﻐﻞ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺑﺬﻝ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ(‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺤﺪﺩ ﻣﺴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﻐﻞ ﻟﻴﺲ ﺗﺎﺑﻌﺎ ً ﻟﻠﺤﺎﻟﺔ‪ ).‬ﻟﻴﺲ ﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ(‬

‫)‪ (3‬ﺍﻟﺸﻐﻞ ﻟﻴﺲ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﻟﻠﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻷﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﻐﻞ ﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ‪ .‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻷﻥ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺤﺪﺩ ﻣﺴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﻫﻮ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ‬

‫ﺃﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﻣﺤﻠﻮﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﻐﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻲ‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪ :(1‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﺗﻤﺪﺩ ﻏﺎﺯ ﻣﺜﺎﻟﻲ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ )‪ (25 Co‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻢ )‪ (2 L‬ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻢ )‪ (5 L‬ﻋﻨﺪ ﺿﻐﻂ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﻓﺎﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﺸﻐﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺠﺰ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ‬
‫ﻳﺘﻤﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ‪:‬‬
‫)ﺃ( ﺿﺪ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺍﻍ‬
‫)ﺏ( ﺿﺪ ﺿﻐﻂ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭﻩ )‪(3 atm‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺤﻞ‪:‬‬
‫)ﺃ( ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺪﺩ ﺿﺪ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺍﻍ‪ :‬ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺎﺩ ﻳﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺻﻔﺮﺍ ً‪:‬‬

‫)ﺏ( ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺪﺩ ﺿﺪ ﺿﻐﻂ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭﻩ )‪(3 atm‬‬

 ‫ﻭﻳﻔﻀﻞ ﺗﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﻭﺣﺪﺍﺕ ‪ L.atm‬ﺇﻟﻰ ﻭﺣﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﻮﻝ ﺣﻴﺚ )‪(1 L.atm = 101.3 J‬‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪ :(2‬ﻳﺘﻤﺪﺩ ﻏﺎﺯ ﻣﺜﺎﻟﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺣﺠﻢ ‪ 15 L‬ﺇﻟﻰ ‪ ، 25 L‬ﻭﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻲ ﻫﻮ ‪ ، 2 atm‬ﺍﺣﺴﺐ‪:‬‬
‫)ﺃ( ﺍﻟﺸﻐﻞ ﺑﻮﺣﺪﺓ )‪(L.atm‬‬
‫)ﺏ( ﺍﻟﺸﻐﻞ ﺑﻮﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺠﻮﻝ )‪(J‬‬
‫)ﺝ( ﻣﺎ ﺩﻻﻟﺔ ﺇﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻐﻞ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺤﻞ‪:‬‬
‫ﻟﺤﻞ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﻧﺘﺒﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ‪:‬‬

‫)ﺃ( ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺸﻐﻞ ﺑﻮﺣﺪﺓ )‪(L.atm‬‬

‫)ﺏ( ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺸﻐﻞ ﺑﻮﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺠﻮﻝ )‪1 L.atm = 101.3 J : (J‬‬

‫ﺃﻣﺎ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻐﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﺑﻮﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻠﻮ ﺟﻮﻝ ‪ kJ‬ﻫﻲ‪:‬‬

‫ﺃﻱ ﻟﺘﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﺍﻟﺠﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻰ ﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻠﻮ ﺟﻮﻝ ﻧﻘﺴﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ )‪(1000‬‬

‫)ﺝ( ﺇﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻐﻞ ﻫﻨﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﺴﺎﻟﺐ ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﻓﻘﺪ ﺷﻐﻼ ً )ﺑﺬﻝ ﺷﻐﻼ ً( ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻴﻂ )ﺿﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻴﻂ(‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪ :(3‬ﺃﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﺸﻐﻞ ﺑﻮﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺠﻮﻝ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﺠﻤﺪ ) ‪ (2 ml‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺎء ﻋﻨﺪ )‪ (0 Co‬ﻭﺿﻐﻂ ﺟﻮﻱ )‪ (1 atm‬ﻟﻴﺼﺒﺢ ﺣﺠﻤﻪ )‪(2.2 ml‬‬
 ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻞ‪:‬‬
‫ﻧﺤﺴﺐ ﺃﻭﻻ ً ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻢ ﺑﺎﻟﻮﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻄﺎﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻠﺘﺮ )‪ (ml‬ﺛﻢ ﻧﺤﻮﻟﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻰ ﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻠﺘﺮ )‪ ،(L‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ‪:‬‬

‫ﻭﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻢ‪:‬‬

‫ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﻐﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺬﻭﻝ‪:‬‬

‫ﻭﺇﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺸﻐﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﺴﺎﻟﺐ ﺗﻌﻨﻲ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺑﺬﻝ ﺷﻐﻼ ً ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻴﻂ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪ :(4‬ﺍﻧﺘﻘﻞ ﻏﺎﺯ ﻣﻦ ﺇﻧﺎء ﺣﺠﻤﻪ )‪ (8 L‬ﺇﻟﻰ ﺇﻧﺎء ﺣﺠﻤﻪ )‪ (3 L‬ﺗﺤﺖ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﺿﻐﻂ ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻲ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭﻩ )‪ .(4 atm‬ﺍﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﺸﻐﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺬﻭﻝ ﺧﻼﻝ‬
‫ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺤﻞ‪:‬‬

‫ﻭﻧﻼﺣﻆ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﻐﻞ ﻟﻪ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻣﻮﺟﺒﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻴﻂ ﺑﺬﻝ ﺷﻐﻼ ً ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪ :(5‬ﺗﻜﺜﻒ ﻣﻮﻝ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻏﺎﺯ ‪ CO2‬ﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪:‬‬

‫ﻓﻲ ﺇﻧﺎء ﺣﺠﻤﻪ )‪ (4 L‬ﺇﻟﻰ ﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺣﺠﻤﻪ )‪ (350 cm3‬ﻋﻨﺪ ﺿﻐﻂ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭﻩ )‪ .(5 atm‬ﻭﺍﻧﻄﻘﻠﺖ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭﻫﺎ ‪ ، 392 kJ‬ﺍﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﺸﻐﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺬﻭﻝ؟‬

‫ﺍﻟﺤﻞ‪:‬‬
 ‫ﻧﺤﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻢ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺗﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻢ‪ ٣‬ﺍﻟﻰ ﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻠﺘﺮ‪:‬‬

‫ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻢ‪:‬‬

‫ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﻐﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺬﻭﻝ‪:‬‬

‫ﻭﺑﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺇﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺸﻐﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻮﺟﺐ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻴﻂ ﺑﺬﻝ ﺷﻐﻼ ً ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪ :(6‬ﺗﻜﺜﻒ ﻣﻮﻝ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻏﺎﺯ ‪ SO2‬ﻓﻲ ﺇﻧﺎء ﺣﺠﻤﻪ )‪ (3 L‬ﺇﻟﻰ ﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺣﺠﻤﻪ )‪ (300 cm3‬ﻋﻨﺪ ﺿﻐﻂ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭﻩ )‪ .(10 atm‬ﻭﺍﻧﻄﻠﻘﺖ‬
‫ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭﻫﺎ ‪: 393 kJ‬‬
‫)ﺃ( ﺃﻛﺘﺐ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﻳﺔ‬
‫)ﺏ( ﺍﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﺸﻐﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺬﻭﻝ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺤﻞ‪:‬‬
‫)ﺃ( ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﻳﺔ‪:‬‬

‫)ﺏ( ﺍﻟﺸﻐﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺬﻭﻝ‪:‬‬

 ‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪ :(7‬ﺣﺪﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺃﻱ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﺑﺬﻝ ﻓﻴﻬ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺷﻐﻼ ً ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻴﻂ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻞ‪:‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺤﻞ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﺓ ‪:‬‬
‫)‪ (1‬ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺗﺠﺔ )‪ (np‬ﺃﻛﺒﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻔﺎﻋﻠﺔ )‪ (nR‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﻗﺪ ﺯﺍﺩ ﺣﺠﻤﻪ‬
‫)ﺗﻤﺪﺩ( ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺷﻐﻼ ً ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻴﻂ‪.‬‬

‫)‪ (2‬ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺗﺠﺔ )‪ (np‬ﺃﺻﻐﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻔﺎﻋﻠﺔ )‪ (nR‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﻗﺪ ﻗﻞ ﺣﺠﻤﻪ‬
‫)ﺍﻧﻜﻤﺶ( ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻴﻂ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺷﻐﻼ ً ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ‪.‬‬

‫)‪ (3‬ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺗﺠﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺘﻔﺎﻋﻠﺔ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻢ ﻳﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺻﻔﺮﺍ ً ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻻ ﻳﺤﺪﺙ ﺷﻐﻞ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﺑﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻼﺕ‪:‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‪:‬‬

‫ﺑﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ )‪ (np < nR‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻢ ﻗﻞ ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻴﻂ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺷﻐﻼ ً ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ‪:‬‬

‫ﺑﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ )‪ (np > nR‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻢ ﻗﺪ ﺯﺍﺩ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﻳﻌﻤﻞ ﺷﻐﻼ ً ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻴﻂ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ‪:‬‬

‫ﺑﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ )‪ (np = nR‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻢ ﻟﻢ ﻳﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻻ ﻳﺤﺪﺙ ﺷﻐﻞ‬

 ‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪ :(8‬ﺳﻤﺢ ﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﻣﺜﺎﻟﻲ ﺣﺠﻤﻪ )‪ (20 L‬ﻭﺿﻐﻄﻪ )‪ (15 atm‬ﺑﺄﻥ ﻳﺘﻤﺪﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺘﻴﻦ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ‪ :‬ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺟﻲ ﻗﺪﺭﻩ )‪(8 atm‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ‪ :‬ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺟﻲ )‪(2 atm‬‬
‫ﺍﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﺸﻐﻞ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺒﺬﻟﻪ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺤﻞ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ ‪ :‬ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺸﻐﻞ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺟﻲ ‪(8 atm):‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﻫﻨﺎ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻟﻢ ﻳﺤﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻢ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻲ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺳﻴﺆﻭﻝ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺗﻤﺪﺩﻩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ‪ ،‬ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺸﻐﻞ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﻷﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﻐﻞ ﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ‪:‬‬
‫)‪w = - P (V2 – V1‬‬
‫ﻭﻻ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﺣﺠﻤﻪ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻲ ﺇﻻ ﺑﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺑﻮﻳﻞ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ‪:‬‬

‫ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺸﻐﻞ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ‪:‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ‪ :‬ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺸﻐﻞ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺟﻲ )‪:(2 atm‬‬
‫ﻭﻓﻲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﻧﺠﺪ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻢ ﺍﻹﺑﺘﺪﺍﺋﻲ )‪ (V1 = 37.5 L‬ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻢ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻲ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻡ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻳﺼﻌﺐ ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺸﻐﻞ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺑﻨﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻓﺈﻧﻨﺎ ﻧﻮﺟﺪ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻢ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻲ )‪ (V2‬ﻣﻦ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺑﻮﻳﻞ‪:‬‬

‫ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺸﻐﻞ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ‪:‬‬

 ‫ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﻐﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺒﺬﻟﻪ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﻓﻲ ﻛﻼ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺘﻴﻦ‪:‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺍﺟﻊ‪:‬‬
‫ﺃﺳﺲ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎء ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎﺋﻴﺔ ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺠﺰء ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‪.‬ﻋﻤﺮ ﺑﻦ ﻋﺒﺪ ﷲ ﺍﻟﻬﺰﺍﺯﻱ ‪ ،‬ﻗﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎء‪ -‬ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ – ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺃﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻯ – ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﻮﺩﻳﺔ‬

‫ﺷﺎﺭﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻟﻪ ﻣﻦ ﻫﻨﺎ‬

‫ﺃﺳﺌﻠﺔ ﻭﺇﺟﺎﺑﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎء ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎء ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻟﻠﺪﻳﻨﺎﻣﻴﻜﺎ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﻳﺔ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺑﻘﺎء ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ‬

‫ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺗﻌﻠﻴﻘﺎﺕ‬

 ‫ﺍﻟﺗﻌﻠﻳﻕ ﺑﺎﺳﻡ‪:‬‬

‫ﺇﻋﻼﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﺷﺭ‬

‫ﺃﺷﺘﺮﻙ ﻣﻌﻨﺎ ﺣﺘﻰ‬ ‫ﺃﻗﺴﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﻗﻊ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﻧﺤﻦ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎء ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﺳﺌﻠﺔ ﻭﺇﺟﺎﺑﺎﺕ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎء ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎء ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﻳﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎء ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎء ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎء ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎء ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﻗﻊ " ﺗﻌﺮﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎء " ﺑﺪﺃ ﻧﺸﺎﻁﻪ ﻓﻰ ﺃﻭﺍﺧﺮ ﺩﻳﺴﻤﺒﺮ ‪ 2016‬ﺣﻴﺚ‬
‫ﻳﻬﺘﻢ ﺑﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻭﺗﻌﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎء ﻭﻳﻨﺎﻗﺶ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎء ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺃﻧﺸﺄﻩ‬
‫ﺗﺤﻤﻴﻞ ﺑﺮﺍﻣﺞ ﻭﻛﺘﺐ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﻔﻮﺟﺮﺍﻓﻴﻚ ﻭﺧﺮﺍﺋﻂ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻼﺕ‬ ‫ﺷﺎﺏ ﻣﺼﺮﻱ ﻳﺪﻋﻰ ﻣﺤﻤﻮﺩ ﻣﺸﻬﻮﺭ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻜﺎﻟﻮﺭﻳﺲ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﻗﺴﻢ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎء ﻗﺎﺻﺪﺍ ً ﺍﻟﻤﻮﻟﻰ ﺳﺒﺤﺎﻧﻪ ﻭﺗﻌﺎﻟﻰ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﻗﻊ ﻧﺎﻓﺬﺓ ﻟﺘﻌﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎء‬
‫ﺟﻤ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺍﻟﺠﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﻯ‬
‫ﻟﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﺭ‬
‫ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺻﺤﻴﺔ‬