‫ميكـانيــك المـوائــع الحســـابي‬

‫‪Computational Fluid Dynamics‬‬

‫)‪(CFD‬‬
 ‫المقرر‪:‬‬
‫❑ ميكانيك الموائع الحسابي (لطالب السنة الرابعة قسم الهندسة النووية)‬

‫❖ استاذ المقرر‪ :‬د‪ .‬خالد اصطيفي‬

‫❖ النظري‪ 4 :‬ساعات (محاضرتين اسبوعياً)‬

‫❖ العملي ‪ 2‬ساعة (جلسة مخبر أو مسائل اسبوعياً)‬

‫❑ توزيع العالمات‬

‫❖ ‪ %70‬امتحان نهاية الفصل‪.‬‬

‫❖ ‪ %30‬اختبارات عملية‪.‬‬

‫‪Lecture 1,‬‬ ‫‪Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD),‬‬ ‫‪Dr. Khaled Esteifi ,‬‬ ‫‪2013-2014‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
 :‫المقرر‬
‫❑ الغاية من المقرر‬

‫❖ تعريف الطالب أساسيات ميكانيك الموائع الحسابي (تقريب المعادالت التفاضلية الحاكمة‬
.)‫ ثم حل مجموعة المعادالت الجبرية الناتجة‬،‫لنظام هندسي إلى معادالت جبرية‬

‫❑ مراجع المقرر‬

❖ Computational Methods for Fluid Dynamics, 3rd revised ed., J. H.

Ferziger and M. Peric.
❖ An Introduction to Computational Fluid Dynamics (THE FINITE
VOLUME METHOD), 2nd ed., H K Versteeg and W Malalasekera.

.)ً‫❖ المحاضرات النظرية (الحضور أساسي جدا‬

.‫❖ مسائل جلسات العملي‬

Lecture 1, Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD), Dr. Khaled Esteifi , 2013-2014 3
 ‫محتويات المقرر‪:‬‬
‫❑ ما هو ميكانيك الموائع الحسابي وما هي تطبيقاته؟‬
‫) ‪)What is CFD – CFD Applications‬‬

‫❑ كيف يعمل كود ميكانيك الموائع الحسابي (?‪)How Does CFD Code Work‬‬

‫❑ مفاهيم مهمة في ميكانيك الموائع الحسابي (‪)Important Concepts in CFD‬‬

‫❑ مصادر الخطأ في ميكانيك الموائع الحسابي ( ‪)Sources of Errors in CFD‬‬

‫❑ المعادالت الناظمة لجريان الموائع‬

‫(‪)Governing Equations of Fluid Flow‬‬

‫❑ االضطراب ونمذجته (‪)Turbulence and its Modelling‬‬

‫‪Lecture 1,‬‬ ‫‪Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD),‬‬ ‫‪Dr. Khaled Esteifi ,‬‬ ‫‪2013-2014‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬
 :‫محتويات المقرر‬
.)Numerical Solution of Equations( ‫❑ الحلول العددية للمعادالت‬

.)Solving Linear Systems( ‫❑ حل أنظمة المعادالت الخطية‬

.)Finite Difference Methods( ‫❑ طريقة الفروقات المنتهية‬

.)Finite Volume Methods( ‫❑ طريقة الحجوم المنتهية‬

.)Velocity and Pressure Coupling( ‫❑ ربط حقلي الضغط والسرعة‬

.)Unsteady Problems( ‫❑ المسائل غير المستقرة‬

Lecture 1, Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD), Dr. Khaled Esteifi , 2013-2014 5

 Introduction
What is CFD?
• CFD: Computational Fluid Dynamics.

• Many modern engineering systems require a detailed knowledge of flow

behaviour.

• Experiments provide useful data, but are often costly and time-consuming. It can
also be difficult to measure the details required:

➢ Measurements probes may disturb the flow excessively, and/or optical

access may not be convenient.

➢ obtaining the correct parameter scaling may be difficult.

➢ Reproducing some flow conditions safely (eg. explosions) may be difficult.

• Empirical correlations can be useful for simple problems, or first estimates, but
are usually not available or applicable for complex problems.

Lecture 1, Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD), Dr. Khaled Esteifi , 2013-2014 6

 Introduction
What is CFD?
• The equations governing fluid flows are set of coupled, non-linear partial
differential equations:

➢ Continuity:
𝝏𝝆 𝝏 𝝆𝑼𝒋
+ =𝟎
𝝏𝒕 𝝏𝒙𝒋
➢ Momentum:

𝝏 𝝆𝑼𝒊 𝝏 𝝆𝑼𝒊 𝑼𝒋 𝝏𝑷 𝝏 𝝏𝑼𝒊

+ =− + 𝝁 + 𝝆𝑭𝒊
𝝏𝒕 𝝏𝒙𝒋 𝝏𝒙𝒊 𝝏𝒙𝒋 𝝏𝒙𝒋

• Many real problems may include additional equations, governing heat transfer,
chemical species, turbulence models, etc.

• Analytical solutions are known only for a few very simple laminar flow cases.

Lecture 1, Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD), Dr. Khaled Esteifi , 2013-2014 7

 Introduction
What is CFD?
• An alternative is to solve the governing equations numerically, on a computer.

• Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) is this process of obtaining numerical

approximations to the solution of the governing fluid flow equations.

• With the growth of available computing power, it has become possible to solve
numerically the governing equations of fluid flow, even in very complex
flowfields, giving detailed information about velocity filed, pressure,
temperature, etc.

• Note the use of word “approximations” above; this implies that all CFD solutions
will have some error associated with them. This means that they may not be the
exact flow one would obtain in the physical world.

• It should be noted, therefore, that CFD does not remove the need for
experiments; numerical codes and models need to be validated to ensure they
produce reliable and accurate results.

Lecture 1, Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD), Dr. Khaled Esteifi , 2013-2014 8

 Introduction
What is CFD?
• The key to successful use of CFD is an understanding of where the above errors
come from; what their implications are; and how to ensure they are small
enough to be acceptable in a particular application.

• In general, errors in the CFD solution arise from three sources:

➢ Modelling of the governing differential equations.

➢ Approximating the differential equations by a set of algebraic equation

(discretization).

➢ Solving the system of algebraic equations.

• This unit is mainly concerned with the second two of the above error sources,
although some comments will also be made regarding the first.

Lecture 1, Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD), Dr. Khaled Esteifi , 2013-2014 9

 Introduction
What is CFD?
• The main aims of this course are to:

➢ Give an understanding of the process involve in approximating differential

equations by a set of algebraic (discretized) equations.

➢ Allow an appreciation of the accuracy and stability issues associated with

different approximations.

➢ Provide an understanding of how the resulting set of equations are solved,

and how coupled sets of equations are handled.

• A number of commercial CFD codes are available (Fluent, Star-CD, CFX, …). These
may appear as “easy-to-use”, but to do so reliably requires a good understanding
of the above issues and of the numerical methods employed by the programs.

• Only with these requirements, one can select appropriate options for particular
problems.

Lecture 1, Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD), Dr. Khaled Esteifi , 2013-2014 10

 Introduction
What is CFD?
• For example, the default numerical approximations in such codes are often diffu-
sive (a term that will be explained later). This make the solution more stable, so
an inexperienced user is more likely to get a converged result, but the errors in it
can be very large so the result may not correspond closely to the true flow.

• Informed use of CFD codes also requires a good understanding of basic fluid
mechanics so that one can choose appropriate physical models for a particular
problem and recognize whether solutions coming from simulations make sense
or not.

• Most CFD approaches involve the generation of a

grid, or mesh, covering the flow domain.

• The aim is then to obtain values for the velocity,

pressure, temperature, etc. at each grid node (for
example at the centre of each grid volume).

Lecture 1, Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD), Dr. Khaled Esteifi , 2013-2014 11

 Introduction
What is CFD?
• The process in CFD is to take the governing differential equation; approximate
these by a set of algebraic equations, linking the values of velocity, pressure,
temperature, etc. at each grid node; and then solve this set of equations.

Lecture 1, Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD), Dr. Khaled Esteifi , 2013-2014 12

 Introduction
CFD Applications
• Aerospace

• Automotive

• Marine

• Combustion
Engines

• Civil Engineering

• Environmental
Engineering

• Biomedical

• Sports

Lecture 1, Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD), Dr. Khaled Esteifi , 2013-2014 13

 Introduction
CFD Applications
• Aerospace

• Automotive

• Marine

• Combustion
Engines

• Civil Engineering

• Environmental
Engineering

• Biomedical

• Sports

Lecture 1, Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD), Dr. Khaled Esteifi , 2013-2014 14

 Introduction
CFD Applications
• Aerospace

• Automotive

• Marine

• Combustion
Engines

• Civil Engineering

• Environmental
Engineering

• Biomedical

• Sports

Lecture 1, Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD), Dr. Khaled Esteifi , 2013-2014 15

 Introduction
CFD Applications
• Aerospace

• Automotive

• Marine

• Combustion
Engines

• Civil Engineering

• Environmental
Engineering

• Biomedical

• Sports

Lecture 1, Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD), Dr. Khaled Esteifi , 2013-2014 16

 Introduction
CFD Applications
• Aerospace

• Automotive

• Marine

• Combustion
Engines

• Civil Engineering

• Environmental
Engineering

• Biomedical

• Sports

Lecture 1, Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD), Dr. Khaled Esteifi , 2013-2014 17

 Introduction
CFD Applications
• Aerospace

• Automotive

• Marine

• Combustion
Engines

• Civil Engineering

• Environmental
Engineering

• Biomedical

• Sports

Lecture 1, Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD), Dr. Khaled Esteifi , 2013-2014 18

 Introduction
CFD Applications
• Aerospace

• Automotive

• Marine

• Combustion
Engines

• Civil Engineering

• Environmental
Engineering

• Biomedical

• Sports

Lecture 1, Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD), Dr. Khaled Esteifi , 2013-2014 19

 Introduction
CFD Applications
• Aerospace

• Automotive

• Marine

• Combustion
Engines

• Civil Engineering

• Environmental
Engineering

• Biomedical

• Sports

Lecture 1, Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD), Dr. Khaled Esteifi , 2013-2014 20

 The End

Lecture 1, Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD), Dr. Khaled Esteifi , 2013-2014 21