‫)‪(6.

10‬‬
‫ﻤﺎﺌﻊ ﻴﻤﺭ ﻓﻲ ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻤﻔﺘﻭﺡ ﻜﺘﻠﺘﻪ )‪ (1kg/s‬ﻭﺒﺴﺭﻴﺎﻥ ﻤﺴﺘﻘﺭ‪ .‬ﺍﻻﻨﺜﺎﻟﺒﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﻋﻨـﺩ‬
‫ﺩﺨﻭل ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻊ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺘﺴﺎﻭﻱ )‪ (58m) ،(91 m/s) ،(232 kJ/kg‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺍﻟﻲ‪ .‬ﻭﻋﻨﺩ ﺨﺭﻭﺠﻪ ﻤـﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺘﺴﺎﻭﻱ )‪ .(3.35m) ،(15m/s) ،(230kJ/kg‬ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻠﻤﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻗﺒل ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻫـﻲ‬
‫)‪ .(10 kJ/s‬ﺍﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﺸﻐل ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺠﺯ ﺒﺎﻟـ )‪.(kJ/min‬‬
‫‪kJ‬‬ ‫‪q 12 − w 12 = ∆h 12 + ∆KE 12 + ∆PE 12‬‬
‫‪∆h 12 = h 2 − h 1 = 232 − 230 = 2‬‬
‫‪kg‬‬ ‫)‪− 10 − w 12 = 2 + 4.028 + ( −0.54‬‬
‫‪C −C‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫)‪(91) − (15‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪kJ‬‬
‫= ‪∆KE12‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫=‬ ‫‪w 12 = 16.955‬‬
‫‪2000‬‬ ‫‪2000‬‬ ‫‪kg‬‬
‫‪kJ‬‬ ‫‪kJ‬‬
‫‪= 4.028‬‬ ‫‪& =m‬‬
‫‪W‬‬ ‫‪& . ω12 = 1 × 16.955 = 16.955‬‬
‫‪kg‬‬ ‫‪s‬‬
‫) ‪g ( z 2 − z1‬‬ ‫‪= 1017.3 kJ / min .‬‬
‫= ‪∆PE 12‬‬
‫‪1000‬‬
‫)‪9.81(3.35 − 58‬‬ ‫‪kJ‬‬
‫=‬ ‫‪= −0.54‬‬
‫‪1000‬‬ ‫‪kg‬‬

‫)‪(6.11‬‬
‫)‪ (4.5 kg/s‬ﻤﻥ ﻤﺎﺌﻊ ﻴﺘﺩﻓﻕ ﻓﻲ ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻤﻔﺘﻭﺡ‪ .‬ﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻊ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟـﺩﺨﻭل ﻫـﻲ‪ :‬ﺍﻟـﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠـﻕ‬
‫)‪ ،(6 bar‬ﺍﻟــﺴﺭﻋﺔ )‪ ،(250m/s‬ﺍﻟﺤﺠــﻡ ﺍﻟﻨــﻭﻋﻲ )‪ ،(0.3 m3/kg‬ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗــﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﻴــﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻴــﺔ‬
‫)‪ .(2400 kJ/kg‬ﻴﺘﺭﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺘﻭﺡ ﺒﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ )‪ (15m‬ﺍﻭﻁﺄ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟـﺫﻱ ﺩﺨـل ﻓﻴـﻪ‬
‫ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠﻕ )‪ ،(1.6bar‬ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔ )‪ ،(80m/s‬ﺍﻟﺤﺠـﻡ ﺍﻟﻨـﻭﻋﻲ )‪،(0.9 m3/kg‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ )‪ .(1800 kJ/kg‬ﻭﺨﻼل ﻤﺭﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻊ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻓﻘﺩ ﺤـﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟـﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺤـﻴﻁ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺠﻲ ﺒﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭ )‪ .(120 kW‬ﺍﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﺸﻐل ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺠﺯ ﺒﺎﻟـ )‪.(kW‬‬
‫) ‪g( z 2 − z 1‬‬
‫‪h 1 = µ 1 + P1 ν 1 = 2400 + 600 × 0.3‬‬ ‫= ‪∆PE‬‬
‫‪1000‬‬
‫‪= 2580kJ/kg‬‬
‫) ‪9.81(z 2 − 15 − z 1‬‬
‫‪h 2 = µ 2 + P2 ν 2 = 1800 + 160 × 0.9‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= −0‬‬
‫‪1000‬‬
‫‪= 1944kJ/kg‬‬ ‫‪= -0.147 kJ/kg‬‬
‫‪∆h = h 2 − h 1 = 1944 − 2580‬‬ ‫‪− w = ∆h + ∆KE + ∆PE − q 12‬‬
‫‪= −636kJ/kg‬‬ ‫‪w = −∆h − ∆KE − ∆PE + q12‬‬
‫‪C 22‬‬ ‫‪− C12‬‬
‫‪80 − 250‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫⎞ ‪⎛ 120‬‬
‫= ‪∆KE‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= -(-636) - (-28.05) - (-0.147) + ⎜ -‬‬ ‫⎟‬
‫‪2000‬‬ ‫‪2000‬‬ ‫⎠ ‪⎝ 415‬‬
‫‪= −28.05kJ/kg‬‬ ‫‪= 637.53 kJ/kg‬‬
‫‪z 2 = z 1 − 15‬‬ ‫‪& =m‬‬
‫‪W‬‬ ‫‪& . w = 4.5 × 637.53‬‬
‫‪= 2868.887 kW‬‬

‫)‪(186‬‬
 ‫)‪(6.12‬‬
‫ﻤــﺎﺌﻊ ﻴﺘــﺩﻓﻕ ﻓــﻲ ﻨﻅــﺎﻡ ﻤﻔﺘــﻭﺡ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺤــﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟــﻀﻐﻁ ﻭﺍﻟــﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﻋﻨــﺩ ﺍﻟــﺩﺨﻭل )‪،(0°C‬‬
‫)‪ .(900m/s) ،(140 kN/m2‬ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﺨﺭﻭﺝ )‪ .(300m/s‬ﺇﻓﺘﺭﺽ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺩﻓﻕ ﺍﺩﻴﺎﺒﺎﺘﻲ‪ .‬ﺍﻫﻤـل‬
‫ﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﻀﻊ ﻭﺍﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﻭﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻋﻠﻤﹰﺎ ﺃﻥ‪، γ=1.4 :‬‬
‫‪R=0.289 kJ/kg.K‬‬
‫‪γ‬‬ ‫‪1.4‬‬
‫) ‪∆KE = − ∆h = −Cp(T2 − T1‬‬ ‫‪⎛ T ⎞ γ −1‬‬ ‫‪⎛ 629 ⎞ 0.4‬‬
‫⎜‪P2 = P1 ⎜⎜ 2 ⎟⎟ = 140‬‬ ‫⎟‬
‫‪Rγ‬‬ ‫⎠ ‪⎝ T1‬‬ ‫⎠ ‪⎝ 273‬‬
‫=‬ ‫) ‪(T − T2‬‬
‫‪γ −1 1‬‬
‫‪kN‬‬
‫) ‪300 2 − 900 2 = 0.289 × 1.4 ( 273 − T‬‬ ‫‪= 2590 2‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪m‬‬
‫‪2000‬‬ ‫‪1.4 - 1‬‬
‫) ‪∆µ 12 = Cv (T2 − T1‬‬
‫‪T2 = 629 K‬‬
‫‪= 0.717 × 356‬‬
‫‪= 255 kJ/kg‬‬

‫)‪(6.13‬‬
‫ﻤﺎﺌﻊ ﻴﺘﺩﻓﻕ ﺒﻤﻌﺩل )‪ (4 kg/s‬ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﺩﺨﻭل ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻀﻐﻁﻪ ) ‪ (620 kN/m‬ﻭﺴﺭﻋﺘﻪ )‪ (300m/s‬ﻭﻁﺎﻗﺘﻪ‬
‫‪2‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﻴـﺔ )‪ (2100 kJ/kg‬ﻭﺤﺠﻤـﻪ ﺍﻟﻨـﻭﻋﻲ )‪ .(0.37 m3/kg‬ﻭﻋﻨـﺩ ﺍﻟﺨـﺭﻭﺝ ﻴﻜـﻭﻥ ﻀـﻐﻁﻪ‬

‫ـﻭﻋﻲ‬
‫ـﻪ ﺍﻟﻨـ‬
‫ـﺔ )‪ (1500 kJ/kg‬ﻭﺤﺠﻤـ‬
‫ـﻪ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﻴـ‬
‫ـﺭﻋﺘﻪ )‪ (150 m/s‬ﻭﻁﺎﻗﺘـ‬
‫)‪ (130 kN/m2‬ﻭﺴـ‬
‫)‪ .(1.2 m3/kg‬ﻓﻲ ﺍﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻭﺭ ﻴﻔﻘﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻊ )‪ (30 kJ/kg‬ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺤـﻴﻁ‪ .‬ﺍﻫﻤـل ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴـﺭ‬
‫ﺒﺎﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻤﻨﺔ ﻭﺍﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﺒﺎﻟـ )‪.(kW‬‬
‫)‪∆h = (µ 1 − µ 2 ) + ( P1 ν 1 − P2 ν 2 ) = ( 2100 − 1500) + (620 × 0.37 - 130 × 1.2‬‬
‫‪= 673kJ/kg‬‬

‫‪C12 − C 22 300 2 − 150 2‬‬ ‫‪w = ∆h + ∆KE − q‬‬

‫= ‪∆KE‬‬ ‫=‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2 × 10 3‬‬ ‫‪= 673 + 33.75 - 30 = 676.75 KJ/Kg‬‬
‫‪= 33.75 kJ/kg‬‬ ‫‪& = w .m‬‬
‫‪W‬‬ ‫‪& = 676.75 × 4‬‬
‫‪= 2707 kW‬‬

‫)‪(187‬‬
 ‫)‪(6.14‬‬
‫ﻤﺭﺠل ﺒﺨﺎﺭﻱ ﻴﺴﺘﻬﻠﻙ ﻓﺤﻡ ﺒﻤﻌﺩل )‪ (3000 kg/h‬ﻟﺘﻭﻟﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﺨﺎﺭ ﺒﺄﻨﺜﺎﻟﺒﻲ ﻨـﻭﻋﻲ )‪ (2700 kJ/kg‬ﻤـﻥ‬
‫ﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﺫﻴﺔ ﺫﻱ ﺍﻻﻨﺜﺎﻟﺒﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻲ )‪ (280 kJ/kg‬ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻋﻠﻤﺕ ﺍﻥ ﺍﺤﺘـﺭﺍﻕ )‪ (1kg‬ﻤـﻥ ﺍﻟﻭﻗـﻭﺩ ﻴﻭﻟـﺩ‬
‫)‪ (28000 kJ/kg‬ﻴﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ )‪ (80%‬ﻓﻘﻁ ﺒﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﻨﺎﻓﻌﺔ ﻟﺘﻭﻟﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﺨﺎﺭ‪ .‬ﺍﺤﺴﺏ ﻤﻌﺩل ﺘﻭﻟﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﺨﺎﺭ‪.‬‬

‫&‬
‫‪Q‬‬ ‫‪& s . q 12‬‬
‫‪m‬‬ ‫) ‪& (h − h 1‬‬
‫‪m‬‬
‫= ‪ηb‬‬ ‫‪12‬‬
‫=‬ ‫‪= s 2‬‬
‫&‬
‫‪Q‬‬ ‫‪m‬‬‫‪& f . LCV‬‬ ‫‪& f . LCV‬‬
‫‪m‬‬
‫‪in‬‬
‫‪η .m‬‬ ‫‪& f . LCV 0.8 × 3000 × 28000‬‬
‫‪&s= b‬‬
‫‪m‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 27768.6 kg/h‬‬
‫‪h 2 − h1‬‬ ‫‪2700 - 280‬‬
‫)‪(6.15‬‬
‫ﺒﺨﺎﺭ ﻴﺘﺩﻓﻕ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺭﺠل ﺘﺤﺕ ﻀﻐﻁ ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭﻩ )‪ (20 bar‬ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤـﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻤﻘـﺩﺍﺭﻫﺎ )‪ (400°C‬ﻭﺍﻨﺜـﺎﻟﺒﻲ‬
‫ﻨﻭﻋﻲ )‪ (3248kJ/kg‬ﻭﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺩﺍﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ )‪ .(2946kJ/kg‬ﻴﺘﻤﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﻰ ﻀﻐﻁ ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭﻩ )‪ (6bar‬ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺔ‬
‫ﺤــﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻤﻘــﺩﺍﺭﻫﺎ )‪ (250°C‬ﻭﺍﻨﺜــﺎﻟﺒﻲ ﻨــﻭﻋﻲ )‪ (2958kJ/kg‬ﻭﻁﺎﻗــﺔ ﺩﺍﺨﻠﻴــﺔ ﻨﻭﻋﻴــﺔ‬
‫)‪ .(2722 kJ/kg‬ﺍﺤﺴﺏ ﻤﺎ ﻴﺄﺘﻲ‪:‬‬
‫)ﺃ( ﻤﺎﺫﺍ ﺴﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻐل ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻲ ﺍﺫﺍ ﺤﺼل ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺩﺩ ﻓﻲ ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻥ ﺍﺴـﻁﻭﺍﻨﺔ ﻭﻤﻜـﺒﺱ ﻋﻠـﻰ‬
‫ﺇﻓﺘﺭﺍﺽ ﻋﺩﻡ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻀﻴﺎﻉ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫)ﺏ( ﺍﺫﺍ ﺤﺩﺙ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺩﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺘﻭﺭﺒﻴﻥ ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﻓﺘﺭﺍﺽ ﻋﺩﻡ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺨﺴﺎﺌﺭ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻴﻀﹰﺎ‪.‬‬
‫)ﺝ( ﺍﺫﺍ ﺤﺼل ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺩﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺒﻭﻕ )ﻤﻨﻔﺙ(‪ ،‬ﻭﺒﺄﻫﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻻﺒﺘﺩﺍﺌﻴﺔ ‪ .‬ﺍﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺌﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪(a) w12 = -∆µ12 = µ1 – µ2 = 2946 – 2722 = 224 kJ/kg‬‬

‫‪(b) w12 = -∆h12 = h1 – h2 = 3248 – 2958 = 290 kJ/kg‬‬
‫‪(c) C 2 = 2000 × ∆h = 2000 × 290 = 761.6 m/s‬‬

‫)‪(188‬‬
 ‫)‪(6.16‬‬
‫ﻤﺭﺠل ﺒﺨﺎﺭﻱ ﻴﻌﻤل ﺒﻀﻐﻁ ﺜﺎﺒﺕ ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭﻩ )‪ .(15 bar‬ﻤﻌﺩل ﺘﺩﻓﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻊ )‪ .(1000 kg/h‬ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟـﺩﺨﻭل‬
‫ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻻﻨﺜﺎﻟﺒﻲ )‪ (165 kJ/kg‬ﻭﺍﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔ )‪ .(13 m/s‬ﻭﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﺨـﺭﻭﺝ ﻜـﺎﻥ ﺍﻻﻨﺜـﺎﻟﺒﻲ )‪(2200 kJ/kg‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔ )‪ .(33 m/s‬ﺍﻨﺒﻭﺏ ﺍﻟﺨﺭﻭﺝ ﺍﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﺨﻭﺏ ﺒﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭ )‪ .(16m‬ﻭﺍﻥ )‪ (65%‬ﻤـﻥ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗـﺔ‬
‫ـﻭﺩ‬
‫ـﺔ ﻟﻠﻭﻗـ‬
‫ـﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴـ‬
‫ـﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤـ‬
‫ـﺎﺌﻊ‪ .‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨـ‬
‫ـﺭ ﺍﻟﻤـ‬
‫ـﺴﺘﻌﻤل ﻟﺘﺒﺨﻴـ‬
‫ـل ﺘـ‬
‫ـﺯﺓ ﻟﻠﻤﺭﺠـ‬
‫ـﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻬـ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴـ‬
‫)‪ .(32000 kJ/kg‬ﺍﻭﺠﺩ ﻤﻌﺩل ﺍﺴﺘﻬﻼﻙ ﺍﻟﻭﻗﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻌﻤل‪.‬‬
‫= ‪∆h = h2 – h1 = 2200 – 165‬‬ ‫‪q = ∆h + ∆KE + ∆PE‬‬
‫‪= 2035 kJ/kg‬‬ ‫‪= 2035 + 0.43 + 0.157‬‬
‫‪= 2035.6 kJ/kg‬‬
‫‪C 22 − C12 32 2 − 13 2‬‬
‫= ‪∆KE‬‬ ‫=‬
‫‪2000‬‬ ‫‪2000‬‬ ‫‪& . q = 1000 × 205.6‬‬
‫‪0.65Q = m‬‬
‫‪= 0.43 kJ/kg‬‬
‫‪2.056 × 10 6‬‬
‫=‪Q‬‬ ‫‪= 3.13 × 10 6 kJ/h‬‬
‫‪∆PE = g ∆ Z = 9.81 × 16 ×10-3‬‬ ‫‪0.65‬‬
‫‪Q 3.13 × 10 6‬‬
‫‪= 0.157 kJ/kg‬‬ ‫= ‪&f‬‬
‫‪m‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 97.86 kJ/h‬‬
‫‪CV‬‬ ‫‪32000‬‬

‫)‪(6.17‬‬
‫ﻤﺎﺀ ﻴﺩﺨل ﻤﺭﺠل ﺒﺄﻨﺜﺎﻟﺒﻲ ﻨﻭﻋﻲ )‪ (112 kJ/kg‬ﻭﺒﻤﻌـﺩل )‪ (5.5 kg/s‬ﻭﻴﻜﺘـﺴﺏ ﺤـﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻤﻘـﺩﺍﺭﻫﺎ‬
‫)‪ (3500 kJ/kg‬ﻭﻴﺘﺤﻭل ﺍﻟﻰ ﺒﺨﺎﺭ ﺤﻴـﺙ ﻴﺘﻤـﺩﺩ ﺍﺩﻴﺎﺒﺎﺘﻴـﹰﺎ ﻓـﻲ ﺘـﻭﺭﺒﻴﻥ ﺒﺨـﺎﺭﻱ ﻤﻭﻟـﺩﹰﺍ ﻗـﺩﺭﺓ‬
‫)‪ .(5900 kW‬ﺍﻫﻤل ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻓﻲ ﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﻀﻊ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻨﺜﺎﻟﺒﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺨﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨل ﻭﺍﻟﺨـﺎﺭﺝ ﻤـﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺭﺒﻴﻥ‪.‬‬
‫‪h2 = q12 + h1 = 3500 + 112‬‬ ‫‪W23 = H2 – H3‬‬
‫‪= 3612 kJ/kg‬‬ ‫)‪5900 = (19866 – H3‬‬
‫‪H3 = 13966 kJ‬‬
‫‪H2 = m‬‬
‫‪& h 2 = 5.5 × 3612 = 19866 kW‬‬
‫‪- W23 = ∆H 23 = H 3 − H 2‬‬

‫)‪(189‬‬
 ‫)‪(6.18‬‬
‫ﻤﺎﺌﻊ ﻴﺘﺩﻓﻕ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺩﺍﺨل ﻤﻜﺜﻑ ﺒﺨﺎﺭﻱ ﺒﻤﻌﺩل )‪ (35 kg/min‬ﻭﺒﺄﻨﺜﺎﻟﺒﻲ ﻨﻭﻋﻲ )‪ (2200 kJ/kg‬ﻭﻴﺨـﺭﺝ‬
‫ﺒﺄﻨﺜﺎﻟﺒﻲ ﻨﻭﻋﻲ )‪ .(255 kJ/kg‬ﻤﺎﺀ ﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺜﻑ ﻴﺘﺩﻓﻕ ﺒﻤﻌـﺩل )‪ (730 kg/min‬ﻭﺘـﺯﺩﺍﺩ ﺍﻻﻨﺜـﺎﻟﺒﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺀ ﺒﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭ )‪ .(92 kJ/kg‬ﺍﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﻘﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻴﻁ‪.‬‬

‫‪& =m‬‬
‫‪Q‬‬ ‫)‪& c ∆h c = 35( 255 − 2200‬‬ ‫‪& = 68075 − 67160 = 915 kJ/min‬‬
‫‪Q‬‬
‫‪c‬‬ ‫‪o‬‬
‫‪= −68075 kJ/min‬‬
‫‪& =m‬‬
‫‪Q‬‬ ‫‪& w ∆h w = 730 × 92‬‬
‫‪w‬‬

‫‪= 67160 kJ/min‬‬

‫)‪(6.19‬‬
‫ﺒﺨﺎﺭ ﻴﺩﺨل ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺜﻑ ﺒﺘﺩﻓﻕ ﻤﺴﺘﻘﺭ ﺒﺄﻨﺜﺎﻟﺒﻲ ﻨﻭﻋﻲ )‪ (2400 kJ/kg‬ﻭﺒﺴﺭﻋﺔ )‪ (366 m/s‬ﻭﻴﻐﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﺨﺎﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺜﻑ ﺒﺄﻨﺜﺎﻟﺒﻲ ﻨﻭﻋﻲ )‪ (162 kJ/kg‬ﻭﺒﺴﺭﻋﺔ )‪ .(6 m/s‬ﺍﻭﺠﺩ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﻘﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻰ ﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻟﻜـل‬
‫)‪ (1 kg‬ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺨﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺜﻑ‪.‬‬
‫‪C 22 − C12‬‬
‫‪q 12 = (h 2 − h 1 ) +‬‬
‫‪2000‬‬
‫‪6 2 − 366 2‬‬
‫‪= (162 - 2400) +‬‬ ‫‪= −2305 kJ/kg‬‬
‫‪2000‬‬

‫)‪(190‬‬
 ‫)‪(6.20‬‬
‫ﻫﻭﺍﺀ ﻴﻤﺭ ﺨﻼل ﺼﻨﺩﻭﻕ ﺤﺠﻤﻪ )‪ (1.2 m3‬ﻭﻴﺩﺨل ﺍﻟﻰ ﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﺘﺭﺩﺩﻱ ﺒﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ )‪ (15°C‬ﻭﻀﻐﻁ‬
‫)‪ .(3.3 bar‬ﻴﺸﺘﻐل ﺍﻟﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺔ ﻤﺤﺭﻙ ﻜﻬﺭﺒﺎﺌﻲ ﻗﺩﺭﺘﻪ )‪ (18 kW‬ﻴﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﻟﻠﺘـﺸﻐل )‪(84%‬‬
‫ﻭﺨﻼل )‪ (5 min.‬ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﺨﺭﻭﺝ )‪ (49°C‬ﻭ )‪ .(12.7 bar‬ﻴﻤﺭ ﺍﻟﻬـﻭﺍﺀ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺒﺭﺩ ﻤﺎﺌﻲ ﺒﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺩﺨـﻭل ﺍﻟﻤـﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻴـﻪ )‪ (7°C‬ﻭﺨﺭﻭﺠـﻪ )‪ ،(15°C‬ﻭﻴﺘـﺩﻓﻕ ﺒﻤﻌـﺩل‬
‫)‪ .(10.4 kg/min‬ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍﺀ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﺩﺨﻭل ﻟﻠﻤﺒﺭﺩ )‪ .(34°C‬ﺍﺤﺴﺏ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍﺀ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﺨﺭﻭﺝ‪ .‬ﻋﻠﻤﹰﺎ ﺃﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪Cw=4.1868 kJ/kg.K ، Cpair=1.005 kJ/kg.K ، R=0.287 kJ/kg.K‬‬

‫‪& =m‬‬ ‫‪& w . Cp w . ∆T‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1⎛ P V‬‬ ‫⎞ ‪PV‬‬

‫‪Q‬‬ ‫‪12‬‬ ‫⎟⎟ ‪& a = (m 2 − m 1 ) = ⎜⎜ 2 2 − 1 1‬‬
‫‪m‬‬
‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪5 ⎝ RT2‬‬ ‫⎠ ‪RT1‬‬
‫)‪= 10.4 × 4.187 × (15 - 7‬‬
‫‪= 348.5 kJ/min‬‬ ‫⎞ ‪V ⎛ P2 P1‬‬ ‫⎞ ‪1.2 ⎛ 1270 330‬‬
‫=‬ ‫⎜⎜‬ ‫= ⎟⎟ ‪−‬‬ ‫⎜‬ ‫‪−‬‬ ‫⎟‬
‫‪& 12 = Q‬‬‫‪& .η‬‬ ‫⎠ ‪5R ⎝ T2 T1 ⎠ 5 × 0.287 ⎝ 522 285‬‬
‫‪W‬‬ ‫= ‪motor‬‬

‫‪= 18 × 0.84 × 60‬‬ ‫‪kg‬‬

‫‪= 2.4‬‬
‫‪min‬‬
‫‪= 907 kJ/min‬‬
‫‪& −W‬‬
‫‪Q‬‬ ‫‪& = ∆H‬‬ ‫‪& =m‬‬
‫) ‪& a Cp a (t 2 − t 1‬‬
‫‪PV‬‬ ‫‪PV‬‬
‫‪m1 = 1 1 , m 2 = 2 2‬‬ ‫)‪− 348.3 − ( −907) = 2.4 × 1.005 (t 1 − 34‬‬
‫‪RT1‬‬ ‫‪RT2‬‬
‫‪t 2 = 271.5 o C‬‬

‫)‪(191‬‬
 ‫)‪(6.21‬‬
‫ﻴﺘﺩﻓﻕ ﻫﻭﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻰ ﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﺒﻤﻌﺩل )‪ (0.4 kg/s‬ﺒـﺴﺭﻋﺔ )‪ (6m/s‬ﻭﺒـﻀﻐﻁ )‪ (1 bar‬ﻭﺒﺤﺠـﻡ ﻨـﻭﻋﻲ‬
‫)‪ .(0.85 m3/kg‬ﻭﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﺨﺭﻭﺝ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺴﺭﻋﺘﻪ )‪ (4.5 m/s‬ﻭﻀﻐﻁﻪ )‪ (4.9 bar‬ﻭﺒﺤﺠﻡ ﻨﻭﻋﻲ ‪(0.16‬‬
‫)‪ .m3/kg‬ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻜﺒﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﺔ ﺒـ )‪ .(88 kJ/kg‬ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺠﺔ ﻤـﻊ‬
‫ﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ )‪ .(59 kJ/s‬ﺍﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠﻭﺒﺔ ﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴل ﺍﻟﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﺒﺎﻟـ )‪ .(kW‬ﺍﻫﻤل ﻁﺎﻗـﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﻀـﻊ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﺤﺴﺏ ﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﺍﻨﺒﻭﺏ ﺍﻟﺩﺨﻭل ﻭﺍﻟﺨﺭﻭﺝ‪.‬‬

‫)‪∆h = h2 – h1 = (µ2 + P2ν2) – (µ1 + P1ν1‬‬ ‫] ‪w = -[∆h + ∆KE - q‬‬

‫)‪= ∆µ12 + (P2ν2 – P1ν1‬‬ ‫]) ‪= −[81.4 + (− 0.00787 − 147.5‬‬
‫)‪= 88 + (490×0.16–100×0.85‬‬ ‫‪w = −228.9kJ/kg‬‬
‫‪= 81.4 kJ/kg‬‬ ‫‪& = m × w = 0.4 × 223.9‬‬
‫‪W‬‬
‫‪C 22 − C12 4.5 2 − 6 2‬‬ ‫‪= 91.56 kW‬‬
‫= ‪∆KE‬‬ ‫=‬
‫‪2000‬‬ ‫‪2000‬‬ ‫‪m‬‬‫‪& × ν 1 0.4 × 0.85‬‬
‫= ‪A1‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 0.057 m 2‬‬
‫‪= −0.00787kJ/kg‬‬ ‫‪C1‬‬ ‫‪6‬‬
‫&‬
‫‪Q‬‬ ‫‪59‬‬ ‫‪& × ν 2 0.4 × 0.16‬‬
‫‪m‬‬
‫=‪q‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 147.5 kJ/kg‬‬ ‫= ‪A2‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 0.014 m 2‬‬
‫‪& 0.4‬‬
‫‪m‬‬ ‫‪C2‬‬ ‫‪4.5‬‬

‫)‪(6.22‬‬
‫ﻤﺎﺀ ﻴﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻟﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﻴﻀﻐﻁ ﻫﻭﺍﺀ ﺒﻤﻌﺩل )‪ .(0.5 kg/s‬ﻴﺠﻬﺯ ﺍﻟﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﺒﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭﻫﺎ )‪.(60kW‬‬
‫)‪ (30%‬ﻤﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﺘﻔﻘﺩ ﻤﻊ ﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ‪ ،‬ﻭ )‪ (60%‬ﺘﺫﻫﺏ ﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺩﺨل ﺍﻟﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﻋﻨـﺩ‬
‫)‪ (1 bar‬ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ )‪ .(20°C‬ﺃﻭﺠﺩ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻬـﻭﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺨـﺎﺭﺝ ﻤـﻥ ﺍﻟـﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﻋﻠﻤـﹰﺎ ﺃﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪Cp=1.005 kJ/kg.K‬‬

‫ﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔ‬
‫‪& = 60 × 0.3 = 18 kW‬‬ ‫‪Q‬‬ ‫‪60 × 0.6‬‬
‫‪Q‬‬ ‫= ‪T2 − T1‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 72‬‬
‫‪& = 60 × 0.6 = 36 kW‬‬ ‫‪mCp 0.5 × 1‬‬
‫‪W‬‬
‫) ‪Q - W = ∆H = mCp(T2 − T1‬‬ ‫‪T2 = 72 + 20 = 92 o C‬‬
‫)‪− 18 − ( −36) = 0.5 × 1.005 (T2 − 293‬‬
‫‪T2 = 365K = 92 o C‬‬

‫)‪(192‬‬
 ‫)‪(6.23‬‬
‫ﻫﻭﺍﺀ ﻀﻐﻁﻪ )‪ (100 kPa‬ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘﻪ )‪ (20°C‬ﻴﺘﺩﻓﻕ ﺒﺸﻜل ﻤﻨﺘﻅﻡ ﻓﻲ ﻀـﺎﻏﻁ ﺤﻴـﺙ ﻴـﺩﺨل‬
‫ﺒﺴﺭﻋﺔ )‪ (50 m/s‬ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﺍﻨﺒﻭﺏ ﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﻤﻘﻁﻌﻪ )‪ (90cm2‬ﻭﻴﺨﺭﺝ ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍﺀ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟـﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﺒـﻀﻐﻁ‬
‫)‪ (1 MPa‬ﻭﺴﺭﻋﺔ )‪ (120 m/s‬ﻭﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﻤﻘﻁﻊ ﺍﻨﺒﻭﺏ ﺍﻟﺨﺭﻭﺝ )‪ .(5cm2‬ﺍﻟﺤـﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﻘﻠـﺔ ﻤـﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﻫﻲ )‪ (10%‬ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﻐل ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻡ ﻷﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻀﺎﻏﻁ‪ .‬ﺍﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﺸﻐل ﺍﻟـﻼﺯﻡ ﺒﻭﺤـﺩﺍﺕ )‪ ،(kW‬ﺇﺫﺍ‬
‫ﻜﺎﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪R=0.287 kJ/kg.K ، Cp=1.004 kJ/kg.K‬‬
‫ﺍﻫﻤل ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻤﻨﺔ‪ .‬ﺍﻨﺜﺎﻟﺒﻲ ﺍﻟﺨﺭﻭﺝ ﺍﻜﺒﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﺨﻭل ﺒﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭ‪.‬‬
‫‪Q‬‬‫‪& = 10%W‬‬ ‫‪& in‬‬ ‫‪P2 = 1 MPa‬‬
‫‪A1C1 A1C1 P1‬‬ ‫‪o‬‬
‫= ‪& in‬‬
‫‪m‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪C2 = 120 m/s‬‬
‫‪ν1‬‬ ‫‪RT1‬‬ ‫‪A2 = 5 cm2‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪−3‬‬
‫‪= 9 × 10 × 50 × 100‬‬ ‫‪& in‬‬
‫‪W‬‬ ‫‪C.‬‬
‫‪0.287 × 293‬‬
‫‪= 0.535 Kg / s‬‬
‫‪ACP‬‬
‫‪& in = 0.535 = m‬‬
‫‪m‬‬ ‫‪&o= 2 2 2‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪P1 = 100 kPa‬‬
‫‪RT2‬‬ ‫‪t1 = 20°C‬‬
‫‪A 2C2 P2‬‬ ‫‪C1 = 50 m/s‬‬
‫= ‪T2‬‬ ‫‪A1 = 90 cm2‬‬
‫‪m‬‬‫‪& oR‬‬
‫‪−4‬‬
‫‪= 5 × 10 × 120× 10‬‬ ‫‪& = 0.535 [98.2 + 5.95] = −62 kW‬‬
‫‪3‬‬
‫‪W‬‬
‫‪0.535× 0.287‬‬ ‫‪0.9‬‬
‫‪= 390.8K‬‬
‫‪& −W‬‬
‫‪Q‬‬ ‫‪& = ∆H + ∆KE‬‬
‫⎡‬ ‫⎤ ‪C2 − C12‬‬
‫‪=m‬‬‫‪& ⎢Cp(T2 − T1 ) + 2‬‬
‫⎣‬ ‫⎦⎥ ‪2‬‬

‫⎤ ‪& = 0.535 ⎡1.004 (390.8 − 293) + 120 − 50‬‬

‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪& −W‬‬
‫‪0.1W‬‬ ‫⎢‬ ‫⎦⎥ ‪2 × 103‬‬
‫⎣‬

‫)‪(193‬‬
 ‫)‪(6.24‬‬
‫ﻤﺎﺀ ﻴﺘﺩﻓﻕ ﺒﺸﻜل ﻤﻨﺘﻅﻡ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻀﺨﺔ ﺒﻤﻌﺩل )‪ .(50 liter/s‬ﻴﺩﺨل ﺒﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ )‪ (20°C‬ﻤـﻥ ﺨـﻼل‬
‫ﺍﻨﺒﻭﺏ ﻗﻁﺭﻩ )‪ .(15cm‬ﻭﻴﺨﺭﺝ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻨﺒﻭﺏ ﻗﻁﺭﻩ )‪ .(18cm‬ﺍﻨﺒﻭﺏ ﺍﻟﺨﺭﻭﺝ ﺍﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﺨﻭل ﺒﻤﻘـﺩﺍﺭ‬
‫)‪ .(100m‬ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﻐل ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻡ ﻷﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺔ )‪ .(60kW‬ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺩﻓﻕ ﺍﺩﻴﺎﺒـﺎﺘﻲ‪ ،‬ﺍﺤـﺴﺏ ﺩﺭﺠـﺔ‬
‫ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺨﺭﻭﺝ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ؟ ‪Cw=4.2 kJ/kg.K‬‬

‫‪& = AC ⇒ m‬‬
‫‪m‬‬ ‫‪& ν = AC ⇒ V‬‬ ‫‪& = AC‬‬
‫‪ν‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪L 1m‬‬ ‫?= ‪t2‬‬
‫‪V‬‬‫‪& 1 50 s . 1000L‬‬
‫= ‪C1‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 2,83 m‬‬ ‫‪& = −60kW‬‬ ‫‪D2=18 cm‬‬
‫‪A1‬‬ ‫‪π.0,15‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪s‬‬ ‫‪W‬‬ ‫‪P.‬‬ ‫‪∆Z=100m‬‬
‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪& = 50 L / s‬‬
‫‪V‬‬
‫‪V‬‬‫&‬ ‫‪−3‬‬
‫‪C 2 = 2 = 50.10 2 = 1,96 m‬‬ ‫‪t1 = 20°C‬‬
‫‪A 2 π.0,18‬‬ ‫‪s‬‬
‫‪D1 = 15 cm 1‬‬
‫‪4‬‬
‫&‬ ‫‪& = 103 .50.10− 3 = 50 kg‬‬
‫‪& = V = δ.V‬‬
‫‪m‬‬
‫‪ν‬‬ ‫‪s‬‬ ‫⎡‬ ‫⎤‬
‫⎥ ‪− ( −60) = 50⎢4.2(T2 − 293) + 1.96 − 2.83 + 9.81 × 100‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬

‫⎡‬ ‫⎤ ‪C − C1 g∆Z‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫⎣‬ ‫‪2000‬‬ ‫⎦ ‪1000‬‬
‫‪−W‬‬ ‫‪& =m‬‬ ‫‪& ⎢Cv(T2 − T1 ) + 2‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬
‫⎣‬ ‫‪2000‬‬ ‫⎦⎥‪1000‬‬ ‫‪T2 = 293.05 K = 20,05o C‬‬

‫)‪(6.25‬‬
‫ﻤﻀﺨﺔ ﺘﺴﺤﺏ ﻤﺎﺀ ﻤﻥ ﺘﺤﺕ ﺍﻻﺭﺽ ﺒﻌﻤﻕ )‪ (60cm‬ﻭﺒﻤﻌﺩل )‪ (15 L/s‬ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﺍﻨﺒﻭﺏ ﺩﺨﻭل ﻗﻁﺭﻩ‬
‫)‪ .(15cm‬ﻭﻴﺨﺭﺝ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻨﺒﻭﺏ ﻗﻁﺭﻩ )‪ (20cm‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ )‪ (5m‬ﻓﻭﻕ ﺴﻁﺢ ﺍﻻﺭﺽ‪ .‬ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻕ‬
‫ﺒﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺨﺭﻭﺝ ﻭﺍﻟﺩﺨﻭل )‪ .(1°C‬ﻓﺎﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺩﻓﻕ ﺍﺩﻴﺎﺒﺎﺘﻴـﹰﺎ‪ .‬ﺍﺤـﺴﺏ ﺍﻟـﺸﻐل ﺍﻟـﻼﺯﻡ ﻷﺩﺍﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺔ‪Cw=4.2 kJ/kg.K .‬‬
‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪D2 = 20 cm‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪& = δw .V‬‬
‫‪m‬‬ ‫‪& = 103 kg × 0.015m = 15 kg‬‬ ‫?= &‬
‫‪W‬‬ ‫‪5m‬‬
‫‪m3‬‬ ‫‪s‬‬ ‫‪s‬‬
‫‪V‬‬‫‪& = 15 L/s‬‬
‫&‬
‫‪m‬‬ ‫‪15‬‬ ‫‪m‬‬ ‫‪P.‬‬ ‫ﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﻻﺭﺽ‬
‫= ‪C1‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 0.85‬‬ ‫‪∆T = 1 K‬‬
‫‪δA1‬‬ ‫)‪π × (0.15‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪s‬‬
‫× ‪103‬‬ ‫‪D1 = 15 cm‬‬
‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪60m‬‬
‫‪m‬‬‫&‬ ‫‪15‬‬ ‫‪m‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫= ‪C2‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 0.48‬‬
‫‪δA2‬‬ ‫)‪3 π × (0.2‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪s‬‬ ‫⎥⎤ ‪& = 15⎡⎢4.2 × 1 + (0.48) − (0.85) + 9.81 × 65‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫× ‪10‬‬ ‫‪W‬‬
‫‪4‬‬ ‫⎣‬ ‫‪2000‬‬ ‫⎦ ‪1000‬‬
‫⎡‬ ‫⎤ ) ‪C − C1 g(Z2 − Z1‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪= 15(4.2 + (-0.246)+ 0.638) = 68.88kW‬‬
‫‪W‬‬‫‪& sh.in = m‬‬ ‫‪& ⎢Cw ∆T + 2‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫⎥‬
‫⎣‬ ‫‪2000‬‬ ‫⎦ ‪1000‬‬

‫)‪(194‬‬
 ‫)‪(6.26‬‬
‫ﻤـﺎﺌﻊ ﻴﺘـﺩﻓﻕ ﻓـﻲ ﻀـﺎﻏﻁ ﺒﻤﻌـﺩل )‪ .(45 kg/min‬ﺍﻨﺜـﺎﻟﺒﻲ ﺍﻟـﺩﺨﻭل )‪ (46 kJ/kg‬ﻭﺍﻟﺨـﺭﻭﺝ‬
‫)‪ .(175 kJ/kg‬ﻴﻔﻘﺩ ﺍﻟﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻴﻁ ﺒﻤﻌﺩل )‪ .(105 kJ/min‬ﺍﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﻘـﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠﻭﺒـﺔ‬
‫ﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴل ﺍﻟﻀﺎﻏﻁ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻤﹰﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻋﻨﺩ ﻨﻘل ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻀﺎﻏﻁ )ﻤـﻥ ﻤﺤـﺭﻙ ﻤـﺎ( ﻫـﻲ‬
‫)‪.(85%‬‬
‫‪q& − w‬‬
‫‪& =m‬‬
‫‪& ∆h‬‬
‫‪⎛ 105 ⎞ & 45‬‬
‫‪⎜−‬‬ ‫)‪⎟ − W = (175 − 46‬‬
‫⎠ ‪⎝ 60‬‬ ‫‪60‬‬
‫‪W‬‬ ‫‪& = −98.5 kW‬‬
‫‪W‬‬‫‪& 98.5‬‬
‫=‪P‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 115.9 kW‬‬ ‫)‪(6.27‬‬
‫‪η 0.85‬‬
‫ﻫﻭﺍﺀ ﻴﺩﺨل ﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﺒﻀﻐﻁ ﻗﺩﺭﻩ )‪ (1 bar‬ﻭﻴﺘﺭﻜﻪ ﺒﻀﻐﻁ ﻗﺩﺭﻩ )‪ (2.1 bar‬ﻭﺍﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﻤﺭﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻬـﻭﺍﺀ ﻓـﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟـﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﺘـﺯﺩﺍﺩ ﻁﺎﻗﺘـﻪ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﻴـﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻴـﺔ ﺒﻤﻘـﺩﺍﺭ )‪ (56 kJ/kg‬ﻭﻴﻘـل ﺍﻟﺤﺠـﻡ ﺍﻟﻨـﻭﻋﻲ ﻤـﻥ‬
‫)‪ (0.825 m3/kg‬ﺍﻟﻰ )‪ .(0.5 m3/kg‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﺭﺽ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺩﻓﻕ ﺍﺩﻴﺎﺒﺎﺘﻲ‪ .‬ﺍﻫﻤل ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺎﻤﻨـﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻤﺔ ﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴل ﺍﻟﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻌﺩل ﺘﺩﻓﻕ ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍﺀ )‪.(135 kg/min‬‬
‫‪w 12‬‬ ‫]) ‪= −(h 2 − h1 ) = −[(µ 2 + P2 ν 2 ) − (µ 1 + P1ν 1 )] = −[(µ 2 − µ 1 ) + (P2 ν 2 − P1ν 1‬‬
‫‪= -[(∆µ 12 ) + (P2 ν 2 − P1ν 1 )] = −[56 + ( 210 × 0.5 − 100 × 0.825)] = −785kJ/kg‬‬
‫‪& =m‬‬ ‫‪135‬‬
‫‪W‬‬ ‫= ‪& . w 12‬‬ ‫‪× ( −78.5) = 176.7 kW‬‬
‫‪60‬‬
‫)‪(6.28‬‬
‫)‪ (45kg/min‬ﻤﻥ ﻤﺎﺌﻊ ﺘﺘﺩﻓﻕ ﺨﻼل ﺘﻭﺭﺒﻴﻥ‪ .‬ﺍﻨﺜﺎﻟﺒﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻊ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺝ ﺘﻨﺨﻔﺽ ﺒﻤﻘـﺩﺍﺭ )‪.(580 kJ/kg‬‬
‫ﻭﻴﻔﻘﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺭﺒﻴﻥ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻴﻁ ﺒﻤﻌﺩل )‪ .(2100 kJ/min‬ﺍﻭﺠﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺘﺠﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺭﺒﻴﻥ ﻭﺍﻫﻤـل‬
‫ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻭﻀﻊ‪.‬‬
‫‪Q‬‬‫‪& −W‬‬‫‪& = ∆H = m‬‬ ‫‪& ∆h‬‬
‫‪& = 45( −580 ) = −24000‬‬
‫‪( −2100 ) − W‬‬
‫‪& = 400 kW‬‬
‫‪W‬‬

‫)‪(195‬‬
 ‫)‪(6.29‬‬
‫ﺒﺨﺎﺭ ﻴﺩﺨل ﺘﻭﺭﺒﻴﻥ ﺒﺄﻨﺜﺎﻟﺒﻲ )‪ (3080kJ/kg‬ﻭﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺤﺭﻜﻴﺔ ﻤﻬﻤﻠﺔ ﻴﺘﻤﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﺨﺎﺭ ﻭﻴﻨﺘﺞ ﺍﻟﺘـﻭﺭﺒﻴﻥ ﺸـﻐل‬
‫ﻴﻘﻭﻡ ﺒﺘﺩﻭﻴﺭ ﻤﻭﻟﺩ‪ .‬ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﺨﺭﻭﺝ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻻﻨﺜﺎﻟﺒﻲ )‪ (2260 kJ/kg‬ﻭﺍﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔ )‪ .(140 m/s‬ﻭﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻜﻔـﺎﺀﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻟﺩ )‪ .(0.92‬ﺍﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﻭﻟﺩﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺭﺒﻴﻥ ﺒﺎﻟــ )‪ ،(kW‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜـﺎﻥ ﻤﻌـﺩل ﺘـﺩﻓﻕ ﺍﻟﺒﺨـﺎﺭ‬
‫)‪.(12.5 kg/s‬‬
‫‪∆h = h 2 − h 1 = 2260 − 3080 = −820kJ / kg‬‬ ‫‪w = 810.2 × 0.92 = 745kJ / kg‬‬
‫‪C 22 − C12 140 2 − 0‬‬ ‫‪& =m‬‬
‫‪W‬‬ ‫= ‪& × w = 12.5 × 745‬‬
‫= ‪∆KE‬‬ ‫=‬
‫‪2000‬‬ ‫‪2000‬‬ ‫‪= 9312.5 kW‬‬
‫‪= 9.81kJ / kg‬‬
‫‪− w = ∆h + ∆KE = −820 + 9.81‬‬
‫‪= −810.2kJ / kg‬‬

‫)‪(6.30‬‬
‫ﻤﺎﺌﻊ ﻴﺘﺩﻓﻕ ﺨﻼل ﺘﻭﺭﺒﻴﻥ ﺒﻤﻌﺩل )‪ .(45kg/min‬ﺍﻻﻨﺜﺎﻟﺒﻲ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﺩﺨﻭل )‪ (2480 kJ/kg‬ﻭﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﺨﺭﻭﺝ‬
‫)‪ .(1900kJ/kg‬ﻭﻴﻔﻘﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺭﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻴﻁ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺒﻤﻌﺩل )‪ .(2100kJ/min‬ﺍﻫﻤل ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺎﻤﻨﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻭﻟﺩﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺭﺒﻴﻥ ﺒﻭﺤﺩﺓ )‪.(kW‬‬
‫‪∆h = h 2 − h 1 = 1900 − 2480‬‬ ‫‪w = 545kJ / kg‬‬
‫‪= −580kJ / kg‬‬ ‫‪& =m‬‬ ‫‪45‬‬
‫‪W‬‬ ‫‪& × w = × 545‬‬
‫⎡‬ ‫⎤ ⎞ ‪⎛ 2100‬‬ ‫‪60‬‬
‫‪w = −(∆h − q ) = − ⎢(− 580) − ⎜ −‬‬ ‫⎥⎟‬ ‫‪= 408.75 kW‬‬
‫⎣‬ ‫⎦ ⎠ ‪⎝ 60‬‬

‫)‪(196‬‬
 ‫)‪(6.31‬‬
‫ﺒﺨﺎﺭ ﻴﺩﺨل ﺘﻭﺭﺒﻴﻥ ﺒﺴﺭﻋﺔ )‪ (16m/s‬ﻭﺒﺄﻨﺜﺎﻟﺒﻲ ﻨﻭﻋﻲ )‪ (2990kJ/kg‬ﻭﻴﻐﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﺨﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺭﺒﻴﻥ ﺒﺴﺭﻋﺔ‬
‫)‪ .(37m/s‬ﻭﺒﺄﻨﺜﺎﻟﺒﻲ ﻨـﻭﻋﻲ )‪ (2530kJ/kg‬ﻭﻜﺎﻨـﺕ ﺍﻟﺤـﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻘـﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟـﻰ ﺍﻟﻭﺴـﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﺤـﻴﻁ‬
‫)‪ (25kJ/kg‬ﻭﻤﻌﺩل ﺴﺭﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺨﺎﺭ )‪ .(324000kg/h‬ﺍﻭﺠﺩ ﺍﻟﺸﻐل ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺝ ﻤـﻥ ﺍﻟﺘـﻭﺭﺒﻴﻥ ﺒﻭﺤـﺩﺓ‬
‫)‪.(kW‬‬
‫‪∆h = h 2 − h 1 = 2530 − 2990‬‬ ‫) ‪w = −(∆h + ∆KE − q‬‬
‫‪= −460kJ / kg‬‬ ‫])‪w = −[( −460) + ( −0.11) − ( −25‬‬
‫‪= 435.11kJ / kg‬‬
‫‪C 22 − C12 37 2 − 16 2‬‬
‫= ‪∆KE‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪324000‬‬
‫‪2000‬‬ ‫‪2000‬‬ ‫‪& =m‬‬
‫‪W‬‬ ‫=‪& ×w‬‬ ‫‪× 435.11‬‬
‫‪= −1.11kJ / kg‬‬ ‫‪3600‬‬
‫‪= 39159.9 kW‬‬

‫)‪(6.32‬‬
‫ﺒﺨﺎﺭ ﻴﺘﺩﻓﻕ ﺨﻼل ﻤﺭﺤﻠﺔ ﺘﻭﺭﺒﻴﻥ ﺒﻤﻌﺩل )‪ .(4500 kg/hr‬ﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺨﻭل ﻭﺍﻟﺨﺭﻭﺝ ﻟﻠﺒﺨﺎﺭ )‪(15 m/s‬‬
‫ـﺩل‬
‫ـﻴﻁ ﺒﻤﻌــ‬
‫ـﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺤــ‬
‫ـﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟــ‬
‫ـﻭﺭﺒﻴﻥ ﺤــ‬
‫ـﺩ ﺍﻟﺘــ‬
‫ـﻭﺍﻟﻲ‪ .‬ﻴﻔﻘــ‬
‫ـﻰ ﺍﻟﺘــ‬
‫ﻭ )‪ (180 m/s‬ﻋﻠــ‬
‫)‪ .(23 kJ/kg‬ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺹ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﻨﺜﺎﻟﺒﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻲ ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭﻩ )‪ .(420 kJ/kg‬ﺍﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻟﺩﺓ ﺒﻭﺤﺩﺍﺕ‬
‫)‪.(kW‬‬
‫‪C 22 − C12 180 2 − 15 2‬‬ ‫‪w = 381 KJ / Kg‬‬
‫= ‪∆KE‬‬ ‫=‬
‫‪2000‬‬ ‫‪2000‬‬ ‫‪& =m‬‬ ‫‪4500‬‬
‫‪W‬‬ ‫=‪& ×w‬‬ ‫‪× 381‬‬
‫‪= 16.09kJ / kg‬‬ ‫‪3600‬‬
‫]‪w = −[∆h + ∆KE − q‬‬ ‫‪= 476.14 kW‬‬
‫])‪= -[(-420) + 16.09 - (-23‬‬

‫)‪(197‬‬
 ‫)‪(6.33‬‬
‫)‪ (17kg/s‬ﻤﻥ ﻏﺎﺯ ﻴﺘﺩﻓﻕ ﺨﻼل ﺘﻭﺭﺒﻴﻥ ﻏﺎﺯﻱ ﻭﻴﻨﺘﺞ ﺨﻼل ﺫﻟﻙ ﻗﺩﺭﺓ ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭﻫﺎ )‪ .(14000kW‬ﺍﻨﺜﺎﻟﺒﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺩﺨﻭل ﻭﺍﻟﺨﺭﻭﺝ )‪ (360kJ/kg) ،(1200kJ/kg‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺍﻟﻲ‪ .‬ﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺨﻭل ﻭﺍﻟﺨﺭﻭﺝ )‪ (60m/s‬ﻭ‬
‫)‪ (150m/s‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺍﻟﻲ‪ .‬ﺍﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺩﻓﻘﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺭﺒﻴﻥ ﺒﺎﻟـ )‪ .(kW‬ﻭﺃﺤﺴﺏ ﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﻤﻘﻁـﻊ‬
‫ﺍﻨﺒﻭﺏ ﺍﻟﺩﺨﻭل ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻲ )‪.(0.5m3/kg‬‬

‫‪∆h = h 2 − h 1 = 360 − 1200 = −840kJ / kg‬‬ ‫‪q = −7.02kJ / kg‬‬

‫‪C 22‬‬ ‫‪− C12‬‬
‫‪150 − 60‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪& =m‬‬
‫‪Q‬‬ ‫‪& × q = 17 × ( −7.02) = −119.3 kW‬‬
‫= ‪∆KE‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 9.45kJ / kg‬‬
‫‪2000‬‬ ‫‪2000‬‬
‫‪m.ν 1 17 × 0.5‬‬
‫‪q = ∆h + ∆KE + w = −840 + 9.45 +‬‬
‫‪14000‬‬ ‫‪A‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 0.142 m 2‬‬
‫‪17‬‬ ‫‪C1‬‬ ‫‪60‬‬

‫)‪(6.34‬‬
‫ﻏﺎﺯ ﻴﺩﺨل ﺍﻟﻰ ﺘﻭﺭﺒﻴﻥ ﺒﻀﻐﻁ )‪ (7bar‬ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ )‪ (650°C‬ﻭﺴﺭﻋﺔ )‪ (9m/s‬ﻭﻴﺨـﺭﺝ ﺒـﻀﻐﻁ‬
‫)‪ (1bar‬ﻭﺴﺭﻋﺔ )‪ .(45m/s‬ﺍﻓﺘﺭﺽ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺩﺩ ﺍﺩﻴﺎﺒﺎﺘﻴـﹰﺎ ﻭﺍﻥ )‪ (γ=1.333‬ﻭ )‪.(Cp=1.11 kJ/kg.K‬‬
‫ﺍﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﺸﻐل ﻟﻜل )‪.(1 kg‬‬
‫‪C 22‬‬ ‫‪− C12‬‬
‫‪45 2 − 9 2‬‬
‫‪γ‬‬ ‫‪1.333‬‬ ‫= ‪∆KE‬‬ ‫=‬
‫‪⎛ P ⎞ γ −1‬‬ ‫‪2000‬‬ ‫‪2000‬‬
‫‪⎛ 1 ⎞ 1.333−1‬‬
‫⎟ ⎜‪T2 = T1 ⎜⎜ 2 ⎟⎟ = 923‬‬ ‫‪= 0.972kJ / kg‬‬
‫⎠ ‪⎝ P1‬‬ ‫⎠‪⎝7‬‬
‫‪= 567K‬‬ ‫)‪w = −( ∆h + ∆KE‬‬
‫) ‪∆h = h 2 − h 1 = Cp(T2 − T1‬‬ ‫]‪= -[(-39.16) + 0.972‬‬
‫)‪= 1.11 (567 - 923‬‬ ‫‪= 394.2kJ / kg‬‬
‫‪= - 395.16kJ / kg‬‬

‫)‪(198‬‬
 ‫)‪(6.35‬‬
‫ﻫﻭﺍﺀ ﻀﻐﻁﻪ )‪ (2MPa‬ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘﻪ )‪ .(400°C‬ﻴﺩﺨل ﻓﻲ ﺘﻭﺭﺒﻴﻥ ﺒﺴﺭﻋﺔ )‪ (50m/s‬ﺨﻼل ﺍﻨﺒﻭﺏ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ )‪ ،(10m‬ﺜﻡ ﻴﺨﺭﺝ ﺒﻀﻐﻁ )‪ (15kPa‬ﻭﺒﺴﺭﻋﺔ )‪ (180m/s‬ﺨﻼل ﺍﻨﺒـﻭﺏ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺇﺭﺘﻔـﺎﻉ‬
‫)‪ .(6m‬ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺩﻓﻕ ﺍﺩﻴﺎﺒﺎﺘﻴﹰﺎ ﻭﻜﺎﻥ ﺸﻐل ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺭﺒﻴﻥ )‪ .(5Mw‬ﺍﺤﺴﺏ ﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺩﻓﻘـﺔ ﺒﻭﺤـﺩﺍﺕ‬
‫)‪.(kg/s‬‬
‫‪Cp=1.004 kJ/kg.K ، γ=1.4 .‬‬
‫‪γ −1‬‬ ‫‪1.4−1‬‬ ‫‪P1=2MPa‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫‪⎛P ⎞ γ‬‬ ‫‪⎛ 0.015 ⎞ 1.4‬‬ ‫‪t1=400°C‬‬
‫⎜‪T2 = T1 ⎜⎜ 2 ⎟⎟ = 673‬‬ ‫⎟‬ ‫‪C1=50 m/s‬‬
‫⎠ ‪⎝ P1‬‬ ‫⎠ ‪⎝ 2‬‬ ‫‪Z1=10m‬‬
‫‪T.‬‬
‫‪= 166 K‬‬ ‫‪P2=15kPa‬‬
‫‪C2=180 m/s‬‬
‫)‪∆h = Cp(T2 − T1 ) = 1.004(166 − 673‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪Z2=6m‬‬
‫‪= −509kJ / kg‬‬ ‫‪1kJ / kg‬‬
‫‪−‬‬
‫‪C 22‬‬ ‫‪C12‬‬ ‫)‪(180) − (50‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪1000 m2/s 2‬‬
‫= ‪∆KE‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫&‬
‫‪2000‬‬ ‫‪2000‬‬ ‫‪& = W = 5000 = 10.12 Kg/s‬‬
‫‪m‬‬
‫‪= 14.95kJ / kg‬‬ ‫‪w 494.1‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫× )‪∆PE = g( z 2 − z 1 ) = 9.81(6 − 10‬‬
‫‪1000‬‬
‫‪= −0.04kJ / kg‬‬
‫) ‪w o = −(∆h + ∆KE + ∆PE‬‬
‫‪= -(-509 + 14.95 - 0.04) = 494.1kJ / kg‬‬
‫)‪(6.36‬‬
‫)‪ (30kg/s‬ﻤﻥ ﻤﺎﺌﻊ ﻴﺘﻤﺩﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺘﻭﺭﺒﻴﻥ‪ .‬ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﺩﺨﻭل ﻜﺎﻥ ﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﻤﻘﻁﻊ ﺍﻻﻨﺒﻭﺏ ) ‪ ،(0.045m‬ﺍﻟﺤﺠـﻡ‬
‫‪3‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻲ )‪ ،(0.02491 m3/kg‬ﺍﻻﻨﺜﺎﻟﺒﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻲ )‪ .(3582.3 kJ/kg‬ﻭﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﺨﺭﻭﺝ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﻤﻘﻁـﻊ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻨﺒﻭﺏ )‪ .(0.31 m2‬ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻲ )‪ ،(1.694 m3/kg‬ﺍﻻﻨﺜﺎﻟﺒﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻲ )‪ .(2675.5 kJ/kg‬ﺍﺤـﺴﺏ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻐل ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺠﺯ ﺒﺎﻟـ )‪.(MW‬‬
‫‪& ν 1 30 × 0.2491‬‬
‫‪m‬‬ ‫‪A1=0.045 m2‬‬ ‫‪P1=15MPa‬‬
‫= ‪C1‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 16.6m / s‬‬ ‫‪h1=3582.3 kJ/kg‬‬ ‫‪t1=600oC‬‬
‫‪A1‬‬ ‫‪0.045‬‬
‫‪ν1=0.02491 m3/kg‬‬
‫‪& ν 2 30 × 1.694‬‬
‫‪m‬‬
‫= ‪C2‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 163.9m / s‬‬
‫‪A2‬‬ ‫‪0.31‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫⎡‬ ‫‪C 22‬‬ ‫‪−‬‬ ‫‪C12‬‬ ‫⎤‬
‫‪& =m‬‬
‫‪−W‬‬ ‫‪& ⎢ (h 2 − h 1 ) +‬‬ ‫⎥‬ ‫‪T.‬‬
‫⎣‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫⎦‬
‫⎡‬ ‫⎤‬
‫‪(163.9‬‬ ‫‪)m‬‬
‫‪2‬‬

‫⎢‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪− 16.6 2‬‬
‫⎥‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪A2=0.31 m2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪= 30⎢(2675.5 - 3582.3 +‬‬ ‫⎥ ‪s‬‬
‫‪h1=2675.5 kJ/kg‬‬ ‫‪P2=100kPa‬‬
‫⎢‬ ‫‪⎛ 1kg.m‬‬ ‫⎥ ⎞ ‪N.m‬‬
‫⎜‪2‬‬ ‫‪× 10 3‬‬ ‫⎟‬ ‫‪ν2=1.694 m3/kg‬‬
‫⎢‬
‫⎣‬ ‫‪⎝ N.s‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫⎦⎥ ⎠ ‪kJ‬‬
‫‪= -26800 kW‬‬
‫‪W = 26.8 MW‬‬

‫)‪(199‬‬
 ‫)‪(6.37‬‬
‫ﻤﺎﺌﻊ ﻴﺘﺩﻓﻕ ﺒﺸﻜل ﻤﻨﺘﻅﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺘﻭﺭﺒﻴﻥ‪ .‬ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﺩﺨﻭل ﻜﺎﻥ ﻗﻁﺭ ﺍﻻﻨﺒـﻭﺏ )‪ ،(15cm‬ﺍﻟـﺴﺭﻋﺔ )‪،(90m/s‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻲ )‪ .(0.018m3/kg‬ﻭﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﺨﺭﻭﺝ ﻜـﺎﻥ ﻗﻁـﺭ ﺍﻻﻨﺒـﻭﺏ )‪ ،(60cm‬ﺍﻟﺤﺠـﻡ ﺍﻟﻨـﻭﻋﻲ‬
‫)‪ ،(0.634 m3/kg‬ﺍﺤﺴﺏ ﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺭﻭﺝ‪.‬‬
‫‪D1 = 15 cm P1=20MPa‬‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪π × 0.15 2‬‬
‫= ‪& 1 = δ 1 A 1 C1‬‬
‫‪m‬‬ ‫×‬ ‫‪× 90‬‬ ‫‪C1 = 90 m/s t1=600oC‬‬
‫‪0.018‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪ν1 = 0.018 m3/kg‬‬
‫‪= 88.3kg / s‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫‪&1 =m‬‬
‫‪m‬‬ ‫‪& 2 = 88.3kg / s‬‬
‫‪T.‬‬
‫‪m‬‬‫‪&2‬‬ ‫‪88.3‬‬
‫= ‪C2‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪D2 = 60 cm‬‬ ‫‪P2=300kPa‬‬
‫‪δ2A2‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫⎞ ‪⎛ π × 0.6 2‬‬ ‫‪ν2 = 0.634‬‬ ‫‪t2=15oC‬‬
‫⎜⎜ ×‬ ‫⎟‬
‫⎠⎟ ‪4‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫⎝ ‪0.634‬‬
‫‪= 196.1m / s‬‬

‫)‪(6.38‬‬
‫ﻫﻭﺍ ﻀﻐﻁﻪ )‪ (80kPa‬ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘﻪ )‪ (10°C‬ﻭﺍﻻﻨﺜﺎﻟﺒﻲ ﺍﻟﻨـﻭﻋﻲ ﻟـﻪ )‪ .(283.14kJ/kg‬ﻴﺘـﺩﻓﻕ‬
‫ﺍﺩﻴﺎﺒﺎﺘﻴﹰﺎ ﺒﺸﻜل ﻤﻨﺘﻅﻡ ﻓﻲ ﻨﺎﺸﺭﺓ ﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﻤﻘﻁﻊ ﺍﻨﺒﻭﺏ ﺍﻟﺩﺨﻭل ﻓﻴﻬﺎ )‪ .(0.4m2‬ﺍﻫﻤل ﺍﻟـﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺌﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻤﻨﺔ ﻭﺍﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻨﺜﺎﻟﺒﻲ ﺍﻟﺨﺭﻭﺝ ﺒﺎﻟـ)‪.(kW‬‬
‫‪R=0.287 kJ/kg.K‬‬
‫‪P‬‬ ‫‪80‬‬ ‫‪P1 = 80 kPa‬‬
‫= ‪δ1 = 1‬‬ ‫‪= 0.985kg / m 3‬‬ ‫‪t1 = 10°C‬‬
‫‪RT1 0.287 × 283‬‬ ‫‪C1 = 200 m/s‬‬
‫‪m‬‬‫‪& = δC1 A 1 = 0.985 × 200 × 0.4‬‬ ‫‪A1 = 0.4 m2‬‬
‫‪h1 = 283.14 kJ/kg‬‬
‫‪= 78.8kg / s‬‬
‫‪C 22 − C12‬‬ ‫‪C2<<C1‬‬
‫‪O = h 2 − h1 +‬‬
‫‪2000‬‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪Diverging‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫⎞ ‪⎛ − C1‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪40000‬‬ ‫‪Diffuser‬‬
‫⎜⎜ ‪h 2 = h1 −‬‬ ‫‪⎟ = 283.14 +‬‬
‫⎟‬
‫⎠ ‪⎝ 2000‬‬ ‫‪2000‬‬
‫?=‪h2‬‬
‫‪= 303.14kJ / kg‬‬
‫‪& =h ×m‬‬
‫‪H‬‬ ‫‪& = 303.14 × 78.8‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪= 23887.4 kW‬‬

‫)‪(200‬‬
 ‫)‪(6.39‬‬
‫)‪ (3kg/s‬ﻤﻥ ﻫﻭﺍﺀ ﻀﻐﻁﻪ )‪ (300kPa‬ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘﻪ )‪ ،(100°C‬ﻴﺘﺩﻓﻕ ﺍﺩﻴﺎﺒﺎﺘﻴﹰﺎ ﻭﺒﺸﻜل ﻤﺴﺘﻘﺭ ﻓـﻲ‬
‫ﻨﺎﺸﺭﺓ ﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﻤﻘﻁﻊ ﺍﻨﺒﻭﺏ ﺍﻟﺩﺨﻭل ﻓﻴﻬﺎ )‪ .(0.01m2‬ﺍﻫﻤل ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻤﻨـﺔ ﻭﺍﺤـﺴﺏ‬
‫ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺨﺭﻭﺝ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻋﺘﺒﺭ ﺍﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪Cp=1.01 kJ/kg.K ، R=0.287 kJ/kg.K‬‬
‫‪P1‬‬ ‫‪300‬‬ ‫‪P1 = 300 kPa‬‬
‫= ‪δ1‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 2.803kg / m 3‬‬ ‫‪t1 = 100°C‬‬
‫‪RT1 0.287 × 373‬‬ ‫‪A1 = 0.01 m2‬‬
‫‪m‬‬‫&‬ ‫‪3‬‬
‫= ‪C1‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 107m / s‬‬ ‫‪C2<<C1‬‬
‫‪δ 1 A 1 2.803 × 0.01‬‬
‫‪C 22 − C12‬‬
‫‪O = (h 2 − h 1 ) +‬‬
‫‪2000‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪Diverging‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪Diffuser‬‬
‫⎞ ‪⎛ − C12‬‬
‫⎜⎜ ‪= Cp(T2 − T1 ) +‬‬ ‫⎟‬
‫⎟‬
‫⎝‬ ‫‪2000‬‬ ‫⎠‬ ‫‪1 kJ / kg‬‬
‫‪C12‬‬ ‫‪107 2‬‬ ‫‪10 3 m 2 / s 2‬‬
‫= ‪T2‬‬ ‫= ‪+ T1‬‬ ‫‪+ 373‬‬
‫‪2000Cp‬‬ ‫‪2000 × 0.01‬‬
‫‪= 378.7 K‬‬

‫)‪(6.40‬‬
‫ﻤﺎﺌﻊ ﻴﺘﺩﻓﻕ ﺍﺩﻴﺒﺎﺘﻴﹰﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻨـﻭﺯل‪ .‬ﻋﻨـﺩ ﺍﻟـﺩﺨﻭل ﻓـﺈﻥ ﺍﻻﻨﺜـﺎﻟﺒﻲ ﺍﻟﻨـﻭﻋﻲ )‪ ،(2.94kJ/kg‬ﺍﻟـﺴﺭﻋﺔ‬
‫)‪ ،(55m/s‬ﺍﻟﺤﺠــﻡ ﺍﻟﻨــﻭﻋﻲ )‪ .(0.195m3/kg‬ﻋﻨــﺩ ﺍﻟﺨــﺭﻭﺝ ﻓــﺈﻥ ﺍﻻﻨﺜــﺎﻟﺒﻲ ﺍﻟﻨــﻭﻋﻲ‬
‫)‪ (2.79kJ/kg‬ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻲ )‪ .(0.354m3/kg‬ﺃﻫﻤل ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻤﻨﺔ ﻭﻜﺎﻨـﻪ ﻤﻌـﺩل ﺘـﺩﻓﻕ ﺍﻟﻤـﺎﺌﻊ‬
‫)‪ .(1.5kg/s‬ﺍﺤﺴﺏ‪:‬‬
‫)ﺃ( ﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺭﻭﺝ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﺯل‪) .‬ﺏ( ﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﻤﻘﻁﻊ ﺍﻟﺩﺨﻭل ﻭﺍﻟﺨﺭﻭﺝ ﺒﺎﻟـ )‪.(cm2‬‬
‫‪∆h12 = h 2 − h 1 = 2.79 − 2.94‬‬ ‫‪& × ν 1 1.5 × 0.195 × 10 4‬‬
‫‪m‬‬
‫= ‪A1‬‬ ‫=‬
‫‪= −0.15kJ / kg‬‬ ‫‪C1‬‬ ‫‪55‬‬
‫‪q 12 = ∆h12 + ∆KE‬‬ ‫‪= 53 cm 2‬‬
‫‪C 22 − 55 2‬‬ ‫‪& × ν 2 1.5 × 0.354 × 10 4‬‬
‫‪m‬‬
‫‪O = −0.15 +‬‬ ‫= ‪A2‬‬ ‫=‬
‫‪2000‬‬ ‫‪C2‬‬ ‫‪545‬‬
‫‪C 2 = 545 m/s‬‬
‫‪= 9.75 cm 2‬‬

‫)‪(201‬‬
 ‫)‪(6.41‬‬
‫ﻤﻨﻔﺙ )ﻨﻭﺯل( ﺍﻓﻘﻲ ﺍﻟﻭﻀﻊ ﻴﺘﺩﻓﻕ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻤﺎﺌﻊ ﺒﻤﻌﺩل )‪ (14kg/s‬ﺒﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﻭﺍﻁﺌﺔ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺇﻫﻤﺎﻟﻬـﺎ‪ .‬ﺍﻨﺜـﺎﻟﺒﻲ‬
‫ـﺭﻭﺝ )‪ (2250kJ/kg‬ﻭ‬
‫ـﺩ ﺍﻟﺨـ‬
‫ـﺎﺌﻊ ﻋﻨـ‬
‫ـﻡ ﻟﻠﻤـ‬
‫ـﻭﻋﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺠـ‬
‫ـﺎﻟﺒﻲ ﺍﻟﻨـ‬
‫ـﺩﺨﻭل )‪ .(2800kJ/kg‬ﺍﻻﻨﺜـ‬
‫ﺍﻟـ‬
‫)‪ (1.25m3/kg‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺍﻟﻲ‪ .‬ﺍﺤﺴﺏ ﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﻤﻘﻁﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻔﺙ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﺨﺭﻭﺝ‪ ،‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺩﻓﻕ ﺍﺩﻴﺎﺒﺎﺘﻲ‪.‬‬
‫) ‪C 2 = 2 × 10 3 (h1 − h 2‬‬ ‫‪m ν 2 14 × 1.25‬‬
‫= ‪A2‬‬ ‫=‬
‫)‪= 2000(2800 - 2250‬‬ ‫‪C2‬‬ ‫‪1050‬‬
‫‪= 1050m / s‬‬ ‫‪= 0.0166 m 2‬‬
‫‪A 2C 2‬‬
‫=‪m‬‬
‫‪ν2‬‬
‫)‪(6.42‬‬
‫ﻫﻭﺍﺀ ﻴﺠﺭﻱ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻨﻔﺙ ﻴﺘﺩﻓﻕ ﺒﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭ )‪ .(1.3kg/s‬ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﺩﺨﻭل ﺘﻜـﻭﻥ ﺍﻟـﺴﺭﻋﺔ )‪ (508m/s‬ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺠـﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨــﻭﻋﻲ )‪ .(0.0997m3/kg‬ﻭﻋﻨــﺩ ﺍﻟﺨــﺭﻭﺝ ﺘﻜــﻭﻥ ﺍﻟــﺴﺭﻋﺔ )‪ (820m/s‬ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺠــﻡ ﺍﻟﻨــﻭﻋﻲ‬
‫)‪ .(0.2 m3/kg‬ﺍﺤﺴﺏ ﻤﻘﻁﻌﻲ ﺍﻟﺩﺨﻭل ﻭﺍﻟﺨﺭﻭﺝ‪.‬‬
‫‪& a × ν 1 1.3 × 0.0997‬‬
‫‪m‬‬
‫= ‪A1‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 0.000255 m 2‬‬
‫‪C1‬‬ ‫‪508‬‬
‫‪& a × ν 2 1.3 × 0.2‬‬
‫‪m‬‬
‫= ‪A2‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 0.000317 m 2‬‬
‫‪C2‬‬ ‫‪820‬‬
‫)‪(6.43‬‬
‫ﻫﻭﺍﺀ ﻀﻐﻁﻪ ) ‪ (140kN/m‬ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘﻪ )‪ (0°C‬ﻴﺘﺩﻓﻕ ﺍﺩﻴﺎﺒﺎﺘﻴﹰﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻨﺎﺸﺭﺓ )ﺍﻨﺒﻭﺏ ﻤﺘﺒﺎﻋﺩ( ﺒﺴﺭﻋﺔ‬
‫‪2‬‬

‫)‪ .(900m/s‬ﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺒﺎﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻜل )‪(1kg‬ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﺘﻘل ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻰ‬
‫)‪ .(30 m/s‬ﻋﻠﻤﹰﺎ ﺃﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪Cp = 1.006 kJ/kg.K ، Cv = 0.717 kJ/kg.K‬‬
‫‪C 2 − C12‬‬
‫‪O = ∆h + ∆KE = Cp(T1 − T2 ) + 2‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪C 2 − C1‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫) ‪= Cp(T1 − T2‬‬
‫‪2000‬‬
‫‪300 2 − 900 2‬‬
‫) ‪= 1.006( 273 − T2‬‬
‫‪2000‬‬
‫‪T2 = 629 K ⇒ ∆T = T2 − T1 = 629 − 273 = 356 K‬‬
‫‪γ‬‬ ‫‪1.4‬‬
‫‪⎛T‬‬ ‫‪⎞ 1‬‬
‫‪γ‬‬ ‫‪−‬‬ ‫‪⎛ 629 ⎞ 1.4−1‬‬
‫⎟⎟ ‪P2 = P1 ⎜⎜ 2‬‬ ‫⎜‪= 140‬‬ ‫⎟‬ ‫‪= 2590kN / m 2‬‬
‫⎠ ‪⎝ T1‬‬ ‫⎠ ‪⎝ 273‬‬
‫‪∆P = P2 − P1 = 2590 − 140 = 2450 kN/m 2‬‬
‫‪∆U = Cv(T2 − T1 ) = 0.717(629 − 273) = 255 kJ/kg‬‬
‫)‪(202‬‬
 ‫)‪(6.44‬‬
‫ﻫﻭﺍﺀ ﻴﺠﺭﻱ ﺨﻼل ﺒﻭﻕ )ﻤﻨﻔﺙ( ﺒﻤﻌﺩل )‪ .(1000kg/h‬ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺒﺩﺍﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻭﻕ ﻫﻤﺎ )‪(10bar‬‬
‫ﻭ )‪ ،(70m/s‬ﻭﻓﻲ ﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻭﻕ ﺍﺼﺒﺢ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ )‪ (1bar‬ﻭﺍﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔ )‪ .(550m/s‬ﺍﺤـﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴـﺭ ﻓـﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻨﺜﺎﻟﺒﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻤﹰﺎ ﺃﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪Cp=1.004 kJ/kg.K‬‬
‫⎞ ‪⎛ C 22 − C12‬‬ ‫‪∆H = m Cp ∆T12‬‬
‫⎜⎜‪∆H = − ∆KE = −‬‬
‫&‬ ‫‪⎟ .m‬‬
‫⎟‬ ‫= &‬
‫⎠ ‪⎝ 2000‬‬ ‫‪− 41.333 = 1000 × 1.004 × ∆T12‬‬
‫‪3600‬‬
‫‪550 2 − 70 2 1000‬‬
‫‪=−‬‬ ‫×‬ ‫‪∆T12 = −148.2 K‬‬
‫‪2000‬‬ ‫‪3600‬‬
‫‪= −41.333 kW‬‬
‫)‪(6.45‬‬
‫ﻤﺎﺀ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘﻪ )‪ (70°C‬ﻴﺩﺨل ﻓﻲ ﻤﺒﺎﺩل ﺤﺭﺍﺭﻱ ﻭﻴﺨﺭﺝ ﺒﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ )‪ .(50°C‬ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻤﻌﺩل‬
‫ﺘﺩﻓﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ )‪ (0.25kg/s‬ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺀ )‪ (4.2kJ/kg.K‬ﻭﺘﺘﻡ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺒﺈﻤﺭﺍﺭ ﻫﻭﺍﺀ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ‬
‫ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘﻪ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺩﺨﻭﻟﻪ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺩل ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻱ )‪ (10°C‬ﻭﻋﻨﺩ ﺨﺭﻭﺠﻪ )‪ (28°C‬ﻭﻤﻌﺩل ﺘﺩﻓﻕ ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍﺀ )‪.(1kg/s‬‬
‫ﺍﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻬﻭﺍﺀ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻋﻠﻤﺕ ﺍﻥ )‪ (20%‬ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﻔﻘﺩﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﺘﺫﻫﺏ ﻟﻠﻤﺤﻴﻁ‪.‬‬
‫‪& =Q‬‬
‫‪0.8 Q‬‬ ‫&‬
‫‪w‬‬ ‫‪a‬‬
‫‪& w . Cw . ∆Tw = m‬‬
‫‪0.8 m‬‬ ‫‪& a . Ca ∆Ta‬‬
‫)‪0.8 × (0.25) × 4.2 × (50 - 70) = 1 × C a × (28 - 10‬‬
‫‪Ca = - 0.933 kJ/kg.K‬‬ ‫)‪(6.46‬‬
‫ﻴﺘﺩﻓﻕ ﻤﺎﺌﻊ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻨﺒﻭﺏ ﺨﺎﻨﻕ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﺼﻤﺎﻡ ﻤﻐﻠﻕ ﺠﺯﺌﻴﹰﺎ ﻓﻴﻨﺨﻔﺽ ﻀﻐﻁﻪ ﻤﻥ )‪ (10bar‬ﺍﻟﻰ )‪.(1bar‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺌﻊ ﻗﺒل ﺍﻟﺨﻨﻕ )‪ (0.3m3/kg‬ﻭﺒﻌﺩﻩ )‪ .(1.8m3/kg‬ﺍﻭﺠﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺌﻊ‪.‬‬
‫‪h1 = h2‬‬ ‫)‪µ2 –µ1= (h2 – h1) – (P2ν2 – P1ν1‬‬
‫‪h1 = µ1 + P1ν1‬‬ ‫)‪= 0 – (100 × 1.8 – 10 × 0.3‬‬
‫‪h2 = µ2 + P2ν2‬‬ ‫‪= 120 kJ/kg‬‬

‫)‪(6.47‬‬
‫ﻏﺎﺯ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘﻪ )‪ (30°C‬ﻴﻤﺭ ﺨﻼل ﺼﻤﺎﻡ ﺨﻨﻕ ﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﻨﺨﻔﺽ ﻀﻐﻁﻪ ﻤﻥ )‪ (7bar‬ﺍﻟـﻰ )‪(1bar‬‬
‫ﻭﻴﺯﺩﺍﺩ ﺤﺠﻤﻪ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻲ ﻤﻥ )‪ (0.12m3/kg‬ﺍﻟﻰ )‪ .(0.96m3/kg‬ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻋﻠﻤﺕ ﺍﻥ ‪.Cv=0.72 kJ/kg.K‬‬
‫ﺍﺤﺴﺏ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﺨﻨﻕ‪.‬‬

‫‪h2 = h1‬‬ ‫‪0.7 (T2 – 30) = 700 × 0.12 – 100 × 0.96‬‬

‫‪µ2 + P2ν2 = µ1 + P1ν1‬‬ ‫‪T2 = 286 K‬‬
‫‪µ2 - µ1 = P1ν1 – P2ν2‬‬
‫‪Cv (T2 – T1) = P1ν1 - P2ν2‬‬

‫)‪(203‬‬
 ‫)‪(6.48‬‬
‫ﺘﻭﺭﺒﻴﻥ ﻏﺎﺯﻱ ﻴﻘﻭﻡ ﺒﺘﺸﻐﻴل ﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﻫﻭﺍﺌﻲ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺭﺒﻴﻥ ﻟـﻪ ﺍﻨﺜـﺎﻟﺒﻲ ﻨـﻭﻋﻲ ﻤﻘـﺩﺍﺭﻩ‬
‫)‪ (5000kJ/kg‬ﻭﻤﻌﺩل ﺴﺭﻴﺎﻨﻪ )‪ .(40kg/s‬ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﻟﻪ ﺍﻨﺜـﺎﻟﺒﻲ ﻨـﻭﻋﻲ ﻤﻘـﺩﺍﺭﻩ‬
‫)‪ (50kJ/kg‬ﻭﻤﻌﺩل ﺴﺭﻴﺎﻨﻪ )‪ ،(20kg/h‬ﻭﺍﻨﺜﺎﻟﺒﻲ ﺍﻟﺨﺭﻭﺝ ﻟﻠﻬﻭﺍﺀ )‪ .(1500kJ/kg‬ﺍﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻨﺜﺎﻟﺒﻲ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺝ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺭﺒﻴﻥ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﺍﺭﻴﺩ ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻤﻌﺩل ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻴﺎﻥ ﻟﻬﻭﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﺒﻨﺴﺒﺔ )‪ ،(20%‬ﻤـﺎ ﻫـﻲ ﻨـﺴﺒﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻨﺜﺎﻟﺒﻲ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺝ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺭﺒﻴﻥ‪ .‬ﺍﻓﺘﺭﺽ ﺍﻟﺘﺩﻓﻕ ﺍﺩﻴﺎﺒﺎﺘﻲ ﻭﺍﻫﻤل ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺎﻤﻨﺔ‪.‬‬

‫)‪(1‬‬ ‫)‪(2‬‬
‫‪& =W‬‬ ‫&‬ ‫‪& c = 20 + 0.2 × 20 = 24 kg/h‬‬
‫‪m‬‬
‫‪W‬‬ ‫‪C‬‬ ‫‪T‬‬
‫‪& =W‬‬
‫‪W‬‬ ‫&‬
‫‪& (h 1 − h 2 ) = m‬‬
‫‪m‬‬ ‫) ‪& T (h 1 − h 2‬‬ ‫‪C‬‬ ‫‪T‬‬
‫‪& =m‬‬
‫‪W‬‬ ‫‪& c (h 1 − h 2 ) = m‬‬
‫) ‪& T (h 1 − h 2‬‬
‫‪C‬‬
‫‪20‬‬
‫) ‪(50 − 1500) = 40 (5000 − h 2‬‬ ‫‪24‬‬
‫‪3600‬‬ ‫) ‪(50 − 1500) = 40(5000 − h 2‬‬
‫‪h 2 = 5000.2kJ / kg‬‬ ‫‪3600‬‬
‫‪h 2 = 5000.24kJ / kg‬‬
‫‪H2 = m‬‬ ‫‪& .h 2 = 40 × 5000.2‬‬
‫‪& =m‬‬
‫‪H‬‬ ‫‪& h = 40 × 5000.24‬‬
‫‪= 200008.1kW‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪= 200 009.6 kW‬‬
‫‪200009.6 − 200008.1 = 1.5kW‬‬

‫)‪(6.49‬‬
‫ﻤﺤﻁﺔ ﺘﻭﺭﺒﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻏﺎﺯﻴﺔ ﺘﻌﻤل ﺒﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﻤﻔﺘﻭﺤﺔ‪ .‬ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ )‪ (1:4‬ﻭﻤﺩﻯ ﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻤﻥ )‪(18.3°C‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻰ )‪ .(704°C‬ﺍﺤﺴﺏ ﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻁﺔ ﻭﻜﺫﻟﻙ ﺍﺤﺴﺏ ﻤﻌﺩل ﺘﺩﻓﻕ ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻡ ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻭل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺼـﺎﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻐل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺭﺒﻴﻥ ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭﻩ )‪ ،(375 kW‬ﻋﻠﻤﹰﺎ ﺃﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪Cp=1.005 kJ/kg.K ، γ=1.4‬‬
‫‪γ −1‬‬ ‫)‪q o = Cp(T4 − T1 ) = 1.005(657 − 291.3‬‬
‫⎞ ‪⎛P‬‬ ‫‪γ‬‬ ‫‪1.4−1‬‬
‫⎟⎟ ‪T2 = T1 ⎜⎜ 2‬‬ ‫) ‪= 291.3 (4‬‬‫‪1.4‬‬ ‫‪= 367 kJ/kg‬‬
‫⎠ ‪⎝ P1‬‬ ‫‪w = q in − q o = 548 − 367 = 181kJ / kg‬‬
‫‪= 432 K‬‬ ‫‪W 181‬‬
‫‪γ −1‬‬ ‫=‪η‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 0.328‬‬
‫‪⎛P‬‬ ‫‪⎞ γ‬‬ ‫‪1.4−1‬‬ ‫‪q in 548‬‬
‫‪T4 = T3 ⎜⎜ 2 ⎟⎟ = 977 (4 ) 1.4‬‬ ‫&‬
‫⎠ ‪⎝ P1‬‬ ‫‪W‬‬ ‫‪375‬‬
‫=‪&a‬‬
‫‪m‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 2.07 kg/s‬‬
‫‪= 657 K‬‬ ‫‪w 181‬‬
‫)‪q in = Cp(T3 − T2 ) = 1.005(977 − 432‬‬
‫‪= 548kJ / kg‬‬

‫)‪(204‬‬
 ‫)‪(6.50‬‬
‫ﻁﺎﺌﺭﺓ ﺘﻁﻴﺭ ﺒﺴﺭﻋﺔ )‪ .(800 Km/h‬ﻴﺩﺨل ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺸﺭﺓ )ﺍﻟﺒﻭﻕ( ﺒﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ )‪ (-24.6°C‬ﻭﻀﻐﻁ‬
‫)‪ .(46.6 kPa‬ﻓﻴﺘﻤﺩﺩ ﺍﺩﻴﺎﺒﺎﺘﻴﹰﺎ ﻭﻴﺩﺨل ﺍﻟﻰ ﻀﺎﻏﻁ‪ ،‬ﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﺩﻴﺎﺒﺎﺘﻴﺎﹰ ﺍﻟﻰ )‪ .(280kPa‬ﺜـﻡ ﻴﺘﻤـﺩﺩ‬
‫ﺍﺩﻴﺎﺒﺎﺘﻴﹰﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺘـﻭﺭﺒﻴﻥ ﻴﻘـﻭﻡ ﺒﺘـﺸﻐﻴل ﺍﻟـﻀﺎﻏﻁ ‪ ،‬ﻓـﺈﺫﺍ ﻜـﺎﻥ ﻤﻌـﺩل ﺘـﺩﻓﻕ ﺍﻟﻬـﻭﺍﺀ )‪،(95 kg/s‬‬
‫‪ .γ=1.4 ، Cp=1.004kJ/kg.K‬ﺍﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﻭﻟﺩﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺭﺒﻴﻥ ﺒﺎﻟـ )‪ .(kW‬ﻭﺍﻫﻤـل ﺴـﺭﻋﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍﺀ ﻋﻨﺩ ﻤﺨﺭﺝ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺸﺭﺓ ﻭﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﻀﻊ‪.‬‬
‫‪γ −1‬‬
‫‪800 × 1000‬‬ ‫‪0.4‬‬
‫= ‪C1‬‬ ‫‪= 222.2 m/s‬‬ ‫‪⎛P ⎞ γ‬‬ ‫‪⎛ 280 ⎞ 1.4‬‬
‫‪3600‬‬ ‫⎜‪T3 = T2 ⎜⎜ 3 ⎟⎟ = 273‬‬ ‫⎟‬
‫⎠ ‪⎝ P2‬‬ ‫⎠ ‪⎝ 64.8‬‬
‫‪C12 = 2000∆h12 = 2000 Cp ∆t 12‬‬
‫‪= 414.94 K‬‬
‫‪C12‬‬ ‫‪( 222.2) 2‬‬
‫‪∆t 12‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫=‬ ‫) ‪w C = w T = Cp(T3 − T2‬‬
‫‪2000 Cp 2000 × 1.004‬‬
‫)‪= 1.004(414.94 − 273‬‬
‫‪= 24.6 o C = t 2 − t 1‬‬
‫‪= 142.36 K‬‬
‫‪t 2 = ∆t 12 + t 1 = 24.6 + ( −24.6) = 0 o C‬‬ ‫‪= 142.30 kJ/kg‬‬
‫‪γ‬‬ ‫‪1.4‬‬
‫‪& T = wT × m‬‬
‫‪& = 142.36 × 95‬‬
‫‪⎛T‬‬ ‫‪⎞ γ −1‬‬ ‫‪⎛ 273‬‬ ‫‪⎞ 4−1‬‬
‫‪1‬‬‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪W‬‬
‫⎟⎟ ‪P2 = P1 ⎜⎜ 2‬‬ ‫⎜‪= 46.6‬‬ ‫⎟‬
‫⎠ ‪⎝ T1‬‬ ‫⎠ ‪⎝ 248.6‬‬ ‫‪= 13524.2 kW‬‬
‫‪= 64.8kPa‬‬
‫)‪(6.51‬‬
‫ﻤﺤﻁﺔ ﺘﻭﺭﺒﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻏﺎﺯﻴﺔ ﺘﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻥ ﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﻭﻏﺭﻓﺔ ﺇﺤﺘﺭﺍﻕ ﻭﺘﻭﺭﺒﻴﻥ‪ ،‬ﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﻘﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺭﺒﻴﻥ ﺒﺘﺸﻐﻴل‬
‫ﺍﻟﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﻭﺘﻭﻓﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺸﻐل‪ .‬ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﻟﻜل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻭﺭﺒﻴﻥ ﻫﻲ ) ‪ (41.4‬ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻋﻨﺩ‬
‫ﻤﺩﺨل ﺍﻟﻀﺎﻏﻁ )‪ (15°C‬ﻭﺍﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻏﺭﻓﺔ ﺍﻻﺤﺘﺭﺍﻕ ﻫﻭ )‪ .(390°C‬ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﺭﺽ ﺍﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻤﺩﺩ ﺍﺩﻴﺎﺒﺎﺘﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻻﺤﺘﺭﺍﻕ ﻴﺘﻡ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺜﺒﻭﺕ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ‪ .‬ﺍﻭﺠﺩ )‪ (1‬ﺍﻟﺸﻐل ﺍﻟﺼﺎﻓﻲ ﻟﻜل )‪(1kg‬‬
‫)‪ (2‬ﺍﻟﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺤﻁﺔ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺸﻐﺎﻟﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍﺀ‪ .‬ﺍﻫﻤل ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺘﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻤﻨﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻤ ﹰﺎ ﺍﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪Cp=1.005 kJ/kg.K ، γ=1.4‬‬
‫‪γ −1‬‬
‫‪1.4−1‬‬
‫‪⎛P‬‬ ‫‪⎞ γ‬‬ ‫)‪WT = Cp(T3 − T4 ) = 1.005(830 − 543‬‬
‫⎟⎟ ‪T2 = T1 ⎜⎜ 1‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪288(4.4) 1.4‬‬
‫⎠ ‪⎝ P2‬‬ ‫‪= 288 kJ/kg‬‬
‫‪= 400 K‬‬ ‫‪Wnet = WT − WC = 288 − 153‬‬
‫‪T3 = T2 + ∆T = 440 + 390 = 830 K‬‬ ‫‪= 135 kJ/kg‬‬
‫‪γ −1‬‬ ‫‪1.4−1‬‬ ‫‪W‬‬ ‫‪135‬‬
‫⎞ ‪⎛P‬‬ ‫‪γ‬‬ ‫‪⎛ 1 ⎞ 1.4‬‬ ‫= ‪ηth = net‬‬ ‫‪= 0.343‬‬
‫⎟⎟ ‪T4 = T3 ⎜⎜ 3‬‬ ‫⎟ ⎜‪= 830‬‬ ‫‪Q in 1.005 × 390‬‬
‫⎠ ‪⎝ P4‬‬ ‫⎠‪⎝4‬‬
‫‪= 543 K‬‬
‫)‪Wc = Cp(T2 − T1 ) = 1.005(440 − 288‬‬
‫‪= 153kJ / kg‬‬
‫)‪(205‬‬
 ‫)‪(6.52‬‬
‫ﻫﻭﺍﺀ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘﻪ )‪ (25°C‬ﻭﻀﻐﻁﻪ )‪ (101kPa‬ﻴﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻨﻌﻜﺎﺴﻴﹰﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻀـﺎﻏﻁ ﺍﻟـﻰ )‪.(800kPa‬‬
‫ﺍﻓﺘﺭﺽ ﺜﺒﻭﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻫﻤل ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺒﺎﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺎﻤﻨﺔ ﻭﺍﺤﺴﺏ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺌﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻐل ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻲ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻻﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ )‪ (1‬ﺍﻴﺯﻨﺘﺭﻭﺒﻲ )‪ (2‬ﺍﻴﺯﻭﺜﺭﻤﻠﻲ‪ ،‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ‬
‫‪R=0.287 kJ/kg.K ، γ=1.4‬‬
‫)‪(1‬‬ ‫)‪(2‬‬
‫‪γ −1‬‬ ‫‪T2 = T1 = 298 K‬‬
‫‪⎛P‬‬ ‫‪⎞ γ‬‬
‫‪0.286‬‬
‫⎞ ‪⎛ 800‬‬
‫⎜‪T2 = T1 ⎜⎜ 2 ⎟⎟ = 298‬‬ ‫⎟‬ ‫‪P2‬‬
‫⎠ ‪⎝ P1‬‬ ‫⎠ ‪⎝ 101‬‬ ‫‪w 12′ = RT ln‬‬
‫‪P1‬‬
‫‪= 538 K‬‬
‫‪800‬‬
‫) ‪γR(T2 − T1‬‬ ‫‪= −0.287 × 298 × ln‬‬
‫‪w 12 = −‬‬ ‫)‪P(kPa‬‬ ‫‪101‬‬
‫‪γ −1‬‬ ‫َ‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪800‬‬
‫)‪1.4 × 0.287 (538 - 298‬‬ ‫‪Pvγ=C‬‬
‫‪=−‬‬ ‫‪Pv=C‬‬
‫‪n=γ‬‬
‫‪0.4‬‬ ‫‪n=1‬‬
‫‪101‬‬
‫‪= -241.1kJ/kg‬‬ ‫‪1 t1=25oC‬‬

‫‪V‬‬
‫‪∴ w 12 = −177kJ/kg‬‬

‫)‪(6.53‬‬
‫ﻫﻴﺩﺭﻭﺠﻴﻥ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘﻪ )‪ (30°C‬ﻭﻀﻐﻁﻪ )‪ (200kPa‬ﻴﻀﻐﻁ ﺒﻭﻟﺘﺭﻭﺒﻴﹰﺎ ﺍﻟﻰ )‪ .(900kPa‬ﺍﺤـﺴﺏ‬
‫ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻐل ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻲ‪ .‬ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺭ ‪R=4.124kJ/kg.K ، n=1.25‬‬
‫‪n −1‬‬ ‫‪1.25−1‬‬
‫‪⎛P‬‬ ‫‪⎞ n‬‬ ‫‪⎛ 900 ⎞ 1.25‬‬
‫⎜‪T2 = T1 ⎜⎜ 2 ⎟⎟ = 303‬‬ ‫⎟‬ ‫‪= 409.3 K‬‬
‫⎠‪⎝ 1‬‬
‫‪P‬‬ ‫⎝‬ ‫‪200‬‬ ‫⎠‬
‫) ‪nR (T2 − T1‬‬
‫‪w 12 = −‬‬
‫‪n −1‬‬
‫)‪1.25 × 4.124 (409.3 - 303‬‬
‫‪=−‬‬
‫‪1.25 - 1‬‬
‫‪= −2193kJ/kg‬‬

‫)‪(206‬‬
 ‫ﻤﺴﺎﺌل‬
‫)‪(6.1‬‬
‫ﻫﻭﺍﺀ ﻴﻤﺭ ﺨﻼل ﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﻴﺘﺩﻓﻕ ﺒﺴﺭﻋﺔ )‪ (50kg/h‬ﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﻀﻐﻁ ﻤﻥ )‪ (1bar‬ﺍﻟﻰ )‪ .(8bar‬ﻴﺩﺨل ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍﺀ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﺒﺴﺭﻋﺔ )‪ (9m/s‬ﻭﻴﺨﺭﺝ ﻤﻨﻪ ﺒﺴﺭﻋﺔ )‪ .(2m/s‬ﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍﺀ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟـﺩﺨﻭل )‪(1.3kg/m3‬‬
‫ﻭﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﺨﺭﻭﺝ )‪ ،(6kg/m3‬ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻤﺔ ﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴل ﺍﻟﻀﺎﻏﻁ )‪ .(2.5kW‬ﺍﻭﺠﺩ ﺍﻻﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﻓـﻲ ﺩﺭﺠـﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍﺀ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ )‪ (1‬ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻘﻭﺩﺓ ﺃﻱ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﻘﻠﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺤـﻴﻁ )‪(30 kg/min‬‬
‫)‪ (2‬ﺍﻻﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﺩﻴﺎﺒﺎﺘﻲ‪.‬‬
‫ﺝ‪(181.2 K ، 145.5 K) :‬‬

‫)‪(6.2‬‬
‫ﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﻴﺠﻬﺯ ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﻐﻭﻁ ﺒﻤﻌﺩل )‪ (138kg/h‬ﻭﻴﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﻓﻲ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺍﻟﻰ ﻗﺩﺭﺓ ﻤﻘـﺩﺍﺭﻫﺎ )‪.(11.5kW‬‬
‫ﻼ ﻤﻌﻪ ﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴـﺔ ﻤﻘـﺩﺍﺭﻫﺎ )‪ (35kJ‬ﻟﻜـل‬
‫ﻴﺒﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﻐﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﺤﺎﻤ ﹰ‬
‫ﻜﻴﻠﻭﻏﺭﺍﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍﺀ ﻴﺩﺨل ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﺒﻀﻐﻁ )‪ (1bar‬ﻭﺒـﺴﺭﻋﺔ )‪ (65m/s‬ﻭﺒﺤﺠـﻡ ﻨـﻭﻋﻲ‬
‫)‪ (0.92m3/kg‬ﻭﺒﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺩﺍﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ )‪ (237kJ/kg‬ﻭﻴﺨﺭﺝ ﻤﻨﻪ ﺒﻀﻐﻁ )‪ (7.5bar‬ﻭﺒﺴﺭﻋﺔ )‪(15m/s‬‬
‫ﻭﺒﺤﺠﻡ ﻨﻭﻋﻲ )‪ (0.182m3/kg‬ﻭﺒﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺩﺍﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ )‪ .(437kJ/kg‬ﺍﺤﺴﺏ ﻤﻌﺩل ﺘﺩﻓﻕ ﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﺒﺭﻴـﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻡ‪.‬‬
‫ﺝ‪(0.063 kg/s) :‬‬

‫)‪(6.3‬‬
‫ﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﻴﺴﺘﻠﻡ ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍﺀ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻴﻁ ﻭﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻀﻐﻁﻪ )‪ (1bar‬ﻭﺩﺭﺠـﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘـﻪ )‪ (300K‬ﻭﺴـﺭﻋﺘﻪ‬
‫)‪ (20m/s‬ﻭﻴﺨﺭﺝ ﻤﻨﻪ ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍﺀ ﺒﻀﻐﻁ )‪ (4bar‬ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ )‪ (480K‬ﻭﺴﺭﻋﺔ )‪ .(100m/s‬ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻬﻭﺍﺀ )‪ (Cp=1.005kJ/kg.K‬ﻭﻤﻌﺩل ﺠﺭﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍﺀ )‪ .(900kg/min‬ﻓﻤﺎ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻤﺔ‬
‫ﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴل ﺍﻟﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻋﻠﻤﺕ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻘﻭﺩﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﺘﻌﺎﺩل )‪ (10%‬ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﻐل ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨل‪.‬‬
‫ﺝ‪(2532.3 kW) :‬‬
‫)‪(6.4‬‬
‫ﻴﺩﺨل ﻫﻭﺍﺀ ﺒﻭﻕ )ﻤﻨﻔﺙ( ﺒﻀﻐﻁ ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭﻩ )‪ (5bar‬ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭﻫﺎ )‪ (35°C‬ﻭﺴﺭﻋﺔ )‪(0.7m/s‬‬
‫ﻭﻴﻐﺎﺩﺭ ﺒﻀﻐﻁ ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭﻩ )‪ (1bar‬ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ )‪ .(10°C‬ﻓﺎﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ )‪(γ=1.4‬ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭﻫﺎ‬
‫)‪ .(Cv=0.718 kJ/kg.K‬ﺍﺤﺴﺏ )‪ (1‬ﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍﺀ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﺨﺭﻭﺝ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻭﻕ )‪ (2‬ﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻬـﻭﺍﺀ ﻋﻨـﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺩﺨﻭل ﻭﺍﻟﺨﺭﻭﺝ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻭﻕ‪.‬‬
‫ﺝ‪(1.23 kg/m3 ، 5.65 kg/m3 ، 224.16 m/s) :‬‬

‫)‪(207‬‬
 ‫)‪(6.5‬‬
‫ﻫﻭﺍﺀ ﻴﻤﺭ ﺨﻼل ﺒﻭﻕ )ﻤﻨﻔﺙ( ﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﺩﺨﻠﻪ ﺒﻀﻐﻁ )‪ (4bar‬ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ )‪ (30°C‬ﻭﺴـﺭﻋﺔ )‪(2m/s‬‬
‫ﻭﻴﻐﺎﺩﺭ ﺒﻀﻐﻁ )‪ (1.2bar‬ﻭﺴﺭﻋﺔ )‪ .(175m/s‬ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻋﻠﻤـﺕ ﺍﻥ )‪(Cv=0.717 kJ/kg.K ، γ=.14‬‬
‫ﺍﺤﺴﺏ‪:‬‬
‫)‪ (1‬ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍﺀ‪.‬‬
‫)‪ (2‬ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻓﻲ ﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍﺀ‪.‬‬
‫ﺝ‪(3.147 kg/m3 ، -15.25 K) :‬‬

‫)‪(6.6‬‬
‫ﻀــﺎﻏﻁ ﻴــﺩﺨل ﺍﻟﻴــﻪ ﺍﻟﻬــﻭﺍﺀ ﺒﻤﻌــﺩل ﺘــﺩﻓﻕ )‪ (165kg/h‬ﻭﺒــﻀﻐﻁ )‪ (1bar‬ﺤﺠــﻡ ﻨــﻭﻋﻲ‬
‫)‪ (0.9m3/kg‬ﻭﺴـــﺭﻋﺔ )‪ (60m/s‬ﻭﻴﺨـــﺭﺝ ﻤﻨـــﻪ ﺒـــﻀﻐﻁ )‪ (8bar‬ﻭﺤﺠـــﻡ ﻨـــﻭﻋﻲ‬
‫)‪ (0.18m3/kg‬ﻭﺒﺴﺭﻋﺔ )‪ .(12m/s‬ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨـﺕ ﺍﻟﺯﻴـﺎﺩﺓ ﻓـﻲ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗـﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﻴـﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻴـﺔ ﻟﻠﻬـﻭﺍﺀ‬
‫)‪ (200kJ/kg‬ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻤﺔ ﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴل ﺍﻟﻀﺎﻏﻁ )‪ .(14kW‬ﺃﻭﺠﺩ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﻘﻠﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻀﺎﻏﻁ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻋﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺝ‪(-8774.7 kJ/h) :‬‬

‫)‪(6.7‬‬
‫ﺘﻭﺭﺒﻴﻥ ﺒﺨﺎﺭﻱ ﻴﻤﺭ ﺨﻼﻟﻪ )‪ (100kg/min‬ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺨﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﺩﺨل ﺒﺴﺭﻋﺔ )‪ (50m/s‬ﻭﺒﺄﺭﺘﻔـﺎﻉ )‪(6m‬‬
‫ﻭﺒﺄﻨﺜﺎﻟﺒﻲ ﻨﻭﻋﻲ )‪ (3138kJ/kg‬ﻭﻴﻐـﺎﺩﺭ ﺒـﺴﺭﻋﺔ )‪ (200m/s‬ﻭﺒﺄﺭﺘﻔـﺎﻉ )‪ (3m‬ﻭﺒﺎﻨﺜـﺎﻟﺒﻲ ﻨـﻭﻋﻲ‬
‫)‪ .(2562kJ/kg‬ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻘﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻴﻁ )‪ .(5.7kJ/kg‬ﺍﻭﺠﺩ ﺍﻟﻘـﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺘﺠـﺔ ﻤـﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺭﺒﻴﻥ‪.‬‬
‫ﺝ‪(919.3 kW ):‬‬

‫)‪(6.8‬‬
‫ﻫﻭﺍﺀ ﻴﻤﺭ ﺨﻼل ﺘﻭﺭﺒﻴﻥ ﻏﺎﺯﻱ ﺒﻤﻌﺩل )‪ (0.8kg/s‬ﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﺩﺨل ﺒـﺴﺭﻋﺔ )‪ (50m/s‬ﻭﺒﺩﺭﺠـﺔ ﺤـﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬
‫)‪ (900°C‬ﻭﻴﺨﺭﺝ ﺒﺴﺭﻋﺔ )‪ (100m/s‬ﻭﺒﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ )‪ .(250°C‬ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻘـﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟـﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻴﻁ )‪ .(120 kJ/kg‬ﺍﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﻭﻟﺩﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺭﺒﻴﻥ‪ .‬ﻋﻠﻤﹰﺎ ﺃﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪Cp=1.005 kJ/kg.K‬‬
‫ﺝ‪(423.6 kW) :‬‬

‫)‪(208‬‬
 ‫)‪(6.9‬‬
‫ﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﻴﺴﺘﻠﻡ ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍﺀ ﺒﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ )‪ (34°C‬ﻴﻌﻤل ﺒﻤﺤﺭﻙ ﻜﻬﺭﺒﺎﺌﻲ ﻗﺩﺭﺘﻪ )‪ .(18kW‬ﻴﺴﺘﻠﻡ ﺍﻟـﻀﺎﻏﻁ‬
‫)‪ (84%‬ﻤﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺝ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﻴﺫﻫﺏ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺨﺯﺍﻥ ﺤﺠﻤﻪ )‪ .(1.2m3‬ﺘـﻡ ﺘـﺸﻐﻴل‬
‫ﺍﻟﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﻟﻔﺘﺭﺓ )‪ (5‬ﺩﻗﺎﺌﻕ ﺍﺭﺘﻔﻊ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺨﺯﺍﻥ ﻤـﻥ )‪ (33 bar‬ﻭ )‪ (15°C‬ﺍﻟـﻰ‬
‫)‪ (12.7 bar‬ﻭ )‪ .(49°C‬ﺍﻟﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩﻩ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﻤﺭ ﺒﻜﺘﻠﺔ )‪ (10.4kg/min‬ﻭﺘﺭﺘﻔﻊ ﺩﺭﺠـﺔ‬
‫ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘﻪ ﻤﻥ )‪ (7°C‬ﺍﻟﻰ )‪ .(15°C‬ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺀ )‪ .(4.2 kJ/kg.K‬ﺍﺤـﺴﺏ ﺩﺭﺠـﺔ ﺤـﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺝ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻀﺎﻏﻁ‪.‬‬
‫ﺝ‪(271.17°C) :‬‬

‫)‪(6.10‬‬
‫ﻫﻭﺍﺀ ﻴﺩﺨل ﺍﻟﻰ ﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﺒﺴﺭﻋﺔ )‪ (3600m/min‬ﻭﺒﺄﻨﺜﺎﻟﺒﻲ ﻨﻭﻋﻲ ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭﻩ )‪ .(325kJ/kg‬ﻭﻟﻐـﺭﺽ ﺍﻥ‬
‫ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻌﺩل ﺘﺩﻓﻕ ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍﺀ ﺒﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭ )‪ (140kg/h‬ﻴﻠﺯﻡ ﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴل ﺍﻟﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﻗـﺩﺭﺓ ﻤﻘـﺩﺍﺭﻫﺎ )‪.(720kJ/min‬‬
‫ﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍﺀ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺨﺭﻭﺠﻪ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻀﺎﻏﻁ )‪ (8 bar‬ﻭﺒﺤﺠﻡ ﻨﻭﻋﻲ )‪ (0.18m3/kg‬ﻭﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺩﺍﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﻨﻭﻋﻴـﺔ‬
‫)‪ (440 kJ/kg‬ﻭﺒﺴﺭﻋﺔ )‪ .(15 m/s‬ﻴﺒﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﺒﺤﻴﺙ ﺍﻥ )‪ (90%‬ﻤـﻥ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗـﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﻘﻠﺔ ﺘﺫﻫﺏ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﺘﺩﻓﻕ ﺒﻤﻌﺩل )‪ .(1.429kg/min‬ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻋﻠﻤﺕ ﺍﻥ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤـﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭﻫﺎ )‪ (4.2kJ/kg.K‬ﻤﻊ ﺇﻫﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻤﻨﺔ‪ .‬ﺍﺤﺴﺏ ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ‪.‬‬
‫ﺝ‪(18 K) :‬‬

‫)‪(6.11‬‬
‫ﺘﻭﺭﺒﻴﻥ ﻏﺎﺯﻱ ﻴﺩﺨﻠﻪ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﺒﻀﻐﻁ ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭﻩ )‪ (7bar‬ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭﻫﺎ )‪ (650°C‬ﻭﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭﻫﺎ‬
‫)‪ .(9m/s‬ﻭﻴﺘﺭﻙ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺭﺒﻴﻥ ﺒﻀﻐﻁ ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭﻩ )‪ (1bar‬ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ )‪ (294.65°C‬ﻭﺴـﺭﻋﺔ )‪.(45m/s‬‬
‫ﺇﻓﺘﺭﺽ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺩﺩ ﺍﺩﻴﺎﺒﺎﺘﻲ ﻭﺍﻫﻤل ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻓﻲ ﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﻀﻊ ﻭﺍﺤﺴﺏ ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺸﻐل ﻟﻜل )‪ .(1 kg‬ﻋﻠﻤﹰﺎ ﺃﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪Cv=0.834 kJ/kg.K ، γ=1.333‬‬
‫ﺝ‪(394.18 kJ/kg) :‬‬

‫)‪(209‬‬
 ‫)‪(6.12‬‬
‫ﻴﺘﻤﺩﺩ ﻏﺎﺯ ﺍﺩﻴﺎﺒﺎﺘﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺘﻭﺭﺒﻴﻥ ﺒﻤﻌﺩل )‪ (20kg/s‬ﻭﺘﻨﺨﻔﺽ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﻰ )‪ ،(400°C‬ﺜـﻡ ﻴﺘﻤـﺩﺩ‬
‫ﺍﺩﻴﺎﺒﺎﺘﻴﹰﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺒﻭﻕ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻥ ﺘﺼﺒﺢ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘﻪ )‪ .(80°C‬ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤـﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻐـﺎﺯ ﺍﻻﺒﺘﺩﺍﺌﻴـﺔ‬
‫)‪ (800°C‬ﻭ )‪ .(Cp=0.97kJ/kg.K‬ﺃﻫﻤل ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﻴﺔ ﻭﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﻀﻊ ﻟﻠﺘﻭﺭﺒﻴﻥ ﻭﻁﺎﻗـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻭﻀﻊ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻻﺒﺘﺩﺍﺌﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺒﻭﻕ‪ .‬ﺃﻭﺠﺩ )ﺃ( ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺘﺠﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺭﺒﻴﻥ )ﺏ( ﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﻋﻨﺩ ﻤﺨـﺭﺝ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﻭﻕ‪.‬‬
‫ﺝ‪(787.9 m/s ، 7760 kW) :‬‬

‫)‪(6.13‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻤﺔ ﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴل ﻀﺎﻏﻁ )‪ (12kW‬ﻟﻜﻲ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻌﺩل ﺘﺩﻓﻕ ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍﺀ )‪ .(2.4kg/min‬ﻴﺩﺨل ﺍﻟﻬـﻭﺍﺀ‬
‫ﺒﻀﻐﻁ )‪ (100kN/m2‬ﻭﺤﺠﻡ ﻨﻭﻋﻲ )‪ (0.9m3/kg‬ﻭﺴﺭﻋﺔ )‪ (3600m/min‬ﻭﺍﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ )‪ .(8m‬ﻭﻴﺨﺭﺝ‬
‫ﻤﻨﻪ ﺒﻀﻐﻁ )‪ (8bar‬ﻭﺤﺠﻡ ﻨﻭﻋﻲ )‪ (0.18m3/kg‬ﻭﺴﺭﻋﺔ )‪ (15m/s‬ﻭﺍﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ )‪ .(4m‬ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ )‪ .(299kJ/kg‬ﻴﺒﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﻨﺘﻘل )‪ (80%‬ﻤﻥ ﻁﺎﻗﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺘﺭﺘﻔﻊ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘﻪ ﺒﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭ )‪ .(20K‬ﺃﻭﺠﺩ ﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺤـﺩﺓ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻋﻠﻤـﺕ ﺍﻥ‬
‫ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ )‪.(4.2 kJ/kg.K‬‬
‫ﺝ‪(70.3 kg/h) :‬‬

‫)‪(6.14‬‬
‫ﺒﺨﺎﺭ ﻴﺘﺩﻓﻕ ﺨﻼل ﺘﻭﺭﺒﻴﻥ ﺒﻤﻌﺩل )‪ .(4500kg/h‬ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﺩﺨﻭل ﺘﻜـﻭﻥ ﺍﻟـﺴﺭﻋﺔ )‪ (15m/s‬ﻭﺍﻟـﻀﻐﻁ‬
‫)‪ (6bar‬ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻲ )‪ (0.82m3/kg‬ﻭﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ )‪ .(172kJ/kg‬ﻭﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﺨﺭﻭﺝ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔ )‪ (180m/s‬ﻭﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ )‪ (1bar‬ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻟﻨـﻭﻋﻲ )‪ (0.8m3/kg‬ﻭﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗـﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﻴـﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻴـﺔ‬
‫)‪ .(164kJ/kg‬ﻴﻔﻘﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺭﺒﻴﻥ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻴﻁ ﺒﻤﻌﺩل )‪ (10%‬ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﻐل ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺝ‪ .‬ﺍﺤـﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﻘـﺩﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺘﺠﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺭﺒﻴﻥ ﺒﺎﻟـ )‪ ،(kW‬ﻤﻊ ﺇﻫﻤﺎل ﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﻀﻊ‪.‬‬
‫ﺝ‪(458.75 kW) :‬‬

‫)‪(210‬‬
 ‫)‪(6.15‬‬
‫ﺘﻭﺭﺒﻴﻥ ﺒﺨﺎﺭﻱ ﻴﻌﻘﺒﻪ ﻤﻜﺜﻑ ﻴﺒﺭﺩ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﺎﺀ‪ .‬ﻴﺩﺨل ﺍﻟﺒﺨـﺎﺭ ﺍﻟـﻰ ﺍﻟﺘـﻭﺭﺒﻴﻥ ﺒﻤﻌـﺩل )‪ (5kg/s‬ﻭﺍﻨﺜـﺎﻟﺒﻲ‬
‫)‪ (2800kJ/kg‬ﻭﺴﺭﻋﺔ )‪ (20m/s‬ﻭﻴﺨﺭﺝ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺭﺒﻴﻥ ﺒﺴﺭﻋﺔ )‪ .(25m/s‬ﺒﻌﺩ ﺘﻜﺜﻔﻪ ﻴﺨـﺭﺝ ﻜﻤـﺎﺀ‬
‫ﺒﺄﻨﺜﺎﻟﺒﻲ )‪ (120kJ/kg‬ﻭﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﻀﺌﻴﻠﺔ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﺭﻭﺤﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺜﻑ ﺒﻤﻌـﺩل )‪ (7000kW‬ﻭﻤﻌـﺩل‬
‫ﻗﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺭﺒﻴﻥ )‪ .(6300kW‬ﺇﺭﺴﻡ ﻤﺨﻁﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻅﻭﻤﺔ ﻭﺍﺤﺴﺏ‪:‬‬
‫)‪ (1‬ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺴﺭﺒﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺭﺒﻴﻥ )ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﺭﺍﻥ( )‪ (2‬ﺃﻨﺜﺎﻟﺒﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺨﺎﺭ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺨﺭﻭﺠﻪ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺭﺒﻴﻥ ﻭﻗﺒـل‬
‫ﺩﺨﻭﻟﻪ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺜﻑ )‪ (3‬ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻡ ﻟﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺜﻑ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘﻪ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟـﺩﺨﻭل ﻭﺍﻟﺨـﺭﻭﺝ‬
‫)‪ (15°C ، 10°C‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺍﻟﻲ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺀ ﻫﻲ )‪.(4.2 kJ/kg.K‬‬
‫ﺝ‪(333.3 kg/s ، 1520 kJ/kg ، 101 kW) :‬‬

‫)‪(6.16‬‬
‫ﻤﻨﻅﻭﻤﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻴﻤﺭ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻫﻭﺍﺀ ﺒﻤﻌﺩل )‪ ،(60kg/min‬ﻭﺍﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻭﺭ ﻴﺠﻬﺯ ﺒﻘﺩﺭﺓ )‪ .(300W‬ﻀـﻐﻁ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﺩﺨﻭل ﻭﺍﻟﺨﺭﻭﺝ )‪ ،(1bar‬ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍﺀ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﺩﺨﻭل ﻭﺍﻟﺨﺭﻭﺝ )‪(25°C) ، (40°C‬‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺍﻟﻲ‪ .‬ﺍﺤﺴﺏ ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﻨﺜﺎﻟﺒﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻋﻠﻤﹰﺎ ﺇﻥ ﺍﻻﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﺩﻴﺎﺒﺎﺘﻲ‪.‬‬
‫ﺝ‪(0.0153 kJ/kg ، 265.34 kJ/kg) :‬‬

‫)‪(6.17‬‬
‫ﻫﻭﺍﺀ ﻴﺩﺨل ﺍﻟﻰ ﻀﺎﻏﻁﺔ ﻫﻭﺍﺌﻴﺔ ﺒﻀﻐﻁ )‪ (1bar‬ﻭﺤﺠـﻡ ﻨـﻭﻋﻲ )‪ (0.86m3/kg‬ﻭﻴﺨـﺭﺝ ﺒـﻀﻐﻁ‬
‫)‪ (7 bar‬ﻭﺤﺠﻡ ﻨﻭﻋﻲ )‪ (0.17m3/kg‬ﻭﺒﻜﺘﻠﺔ )‪ .(4.5kg/min‬ﻭﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﻋﻨـﺩ ﺍﻟـﺩﺨﻭل‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺨﺭﻭﺝ ﺘﺴﺎﻭﻱ )‪ (110kJ/kg) ،(28kJ/kg‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺍﻟﻲ‪ .‬ﺍﻨﺘﻘﺎل ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻀﺎﻏﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻴﻁ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺠﻲ ﻴﺴﺎﻭﻱ )‪ (76kJ/kg‬ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍﺀ‪ .‬ﺍﻫﻤل ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺒﺎﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺎﻤﻨﺔ ﻭﺍﺤﺴﺏ ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻤﺔ ﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴل ﺍﻟﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﺒﺎﻟـ )‪.(kW‬‬
‫ﺝ‪(-14.3 kW) :‬‬

‫)‪(6.18‬‬
‫ﻤﻌﺩل ﺠﺭﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍﺀ ﻓﻲ ﺘﻭﺭﺒﻴﻥ ﻫﻭ )‪ (10kg/s‬ﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﺩﺨل ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺘـﻭﺭﺒﻴﻥ ﺒـﻀﻐﻁ )‪ (5bar‬ﻭﺩﺭﺠـﺔ‬
‫ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ )‪ .(900K‬ﻭﻴﺘﻤﺩﺩ ﺍﺩﻴﺎﺒﺎﺘﻴﹰﺎ ﺍﻟﻰ ﻀﻐﻁ )‪ (1bar‬ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ )‪ .(T2‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟـﺩﺨﻭل‬
‫ﻀﺌﻴﻠﺔ ﻭﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺭﻭﺝ )‪ .(100m/s‬ﺍﺤﺴﺏ ﻗﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘـﻭﺭﺒﻴﻥ ﺒﺎﻟــ )‪ (kW‬ﻋﻠﻤـﹰﺎ ﺃﻥ‪Cv=0.718 :‬‬
‫‪ Cp=1.005 kJ/kg.K ، kJ/kg.K‬ﻭﺍﺤﺴﺏ ﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﻤﻘﻁﻊ ﺍﻨﺒﻭﺏ ﺍﻟﺨﺭﻭﺝ‪.‬‬
‫ﺝ‪(0.172 m3 ، 3284 kW) :‬‬

‫)‪(211‬‬
 ‫)‪(6.19‬‬
‫ﻴﻤﺭ ﻫﻭﺍﺀ ﺨﻼل ﻤﺒﺎﺩل ﺤﺭﺍﺭﻱ ﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﺭﺘﻔﻊ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘﻪ ﻤﻥ )‪ (15°C‬ﺍﻟﻰ )‪ (800°C‬ﻭﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺴﺭﻋﺘﻪ‬
‫ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﺩﺨﻭل ﻭﺍﻟﺨﺭﻭﺝ )‪ .(30m/s‬ﺒﻌﺩﻫﺎ ﻴﺩﺨل ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺒﻭﻕ )ﻨﻭﺯل( ﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﺘﻤﺩﺩ ﺍﺩﻴﺎﺒﺎﺘﻴﹰﺎ ﺤﺘﻰ ﺘﺼﺒﺢ‬
‫ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘﻪ )‪ .(500°C‬ﺍﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻤﻌﺩل ﺍﻟﺠﺭﻴﺎﻥ )‪ (2kg/s‬ﺍﺤﺴﺏ‪) :‬ﺃ( ﻤﻌﺩل ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﻘﻠـﺔ ﺍﻟـﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍﺀ ﺨﻼل ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺩل ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻱ )ﺏ( ﻤﻌﺩل ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺘﺠﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺭﺒﻴﻥ )ﺠـ( ﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍﺀ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺨﺭﻭﺠﻪ‬
‫ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻭﻕ‪.‬‬
‫ﺝ‪(553 m/s ، 298.8 kW ، 1577.85 kJ) :‬‬

‫)‪(6.20‬‬
‫ـﺩل‬
‫ـﺴﺘﻘﺭ ﺒﻤﻌـ‬
‫ـﺩﻓﻕ ﻤـ‬ ‫ـﻪ )‪ ،(93°C‬ﻴـ‬
‫ـﻀﺦ ﺒﺘـ‬ ‫ـﺎﺀ )‪ (389.6kJ/kg‬ﻭﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘـ‬
‫ـﻭﻋﻲ ﻟﻤـ‬
‫ـﺎﻟﺒﻲ ﺍﻟﻨـ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻨﺜـ‬
‫ﻼ ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭﻩ )‪ .(1.5kW‬ﻴﻤﺭ ﺍﻟﻤـﺎﺀ ﺨـﻼل ﻤﺒـﺎﺩل‬
‫)‪ .(182 kg/min‬ﻭﻜﺎﻥ ﻤﺤﺭﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺔ ﻴﻨﺠﺯ ﺸﻐ ﹰ‬
‫ﺤﺭﺍﺭﻱ ﻭﻴﻔﻘﺩ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺒﻤﻌﺩل )‪ ،(42204kJ/min‬ﺜﻡ ﻴﺼل ﺍﻟﻰ ﺨﺯﺍﻥ ﺜﺎﻨﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ )‪ (15m‬ﻓـﻭﻕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺨﺯﺍﻥ ﺍﻻﻭل‪ .‬ﺍﺤﺴﺏ )ﺃ( ﺍﻻﻨﺜﺎﻟﺒﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺌﻲ ﺒﺎﻟـ )‪ (kW‬ﻭﺍﻫﻤل ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﻴﺔ‪) .‬ﺏ( ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤـﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻤﹰﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺀ )‪.(4.2 kJ/kg.K‬‬
‫ﺝ‪(38°C ، 479.5 kW) :‬‬

‫)‪(6.21‬‬
‫ـﻰ‬
‫ـﻥ )‪ (0.095MPa‬ﻭ )‪ (290K‬ﺍﻟـ‬
‫ـﹰﺎ ﻤـ‬
‫ـﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﺩﻴﺎﺒﺎﺘﻴـ‬
‫ـﺙ ﻴـ‬
‫ـﺎﻏﻁ ﺤﻴـ‬
‫ـﻰ ﻀـ‬
‫ـﻭﺍﺀ ﺍﻟـ‬
‫ـﺩﺨل ﻫـ‬
‫ﻴـ‬
‫)‪ .(0.38MPa‬ﺒﻌﺩ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻴﺴﺨﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺒﺎﺩل ﺤﺭﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﻰ )‪ (1200K‬ﺒﺜﺒﻭﺕ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ‪ .‬ﺜﻡ ﻴـﺩﺨل ﺘـﻭﺭﺒﻴﻥ‬
‫ﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﺘﻤﺩﺩ ﺍﺩﻴﺎﺒﺎﺘﻴﹰﺎ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻻﺩﻴﺎﺒﺎﺘﻲ‪ .‬ﺜﻡ ﻴﺒﺭﺩ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺒﺎﺩل ﺤﺭﺍﺭﻱ ﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﻌﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻰ ﻭﻀﻌﻪ ﺍﻻﺒﺘﺩﺍﺌﻲ‪.‬‬
‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺭﺒﻴﻥ ﻴﺸﻐل ﺍﻟﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﻤﻊ ﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﻓﺎﺌﻀﺔ ﻤﻘـﺩﺍﺭﻫﺎ )‪ .(40000kW‬ﺍﺤـﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗـﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺘﻭﺭﺒﻴﻥ ﺒﺎﻟـ )‪ .(MW‬ﻭﺍﺤﺴﺏ ﻤﻌﺩل ﺠﺭﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍﺀ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻅﻭﻤﺔ ﺒﺎﻟــ )‪ .(kg/s‬ﺍﻫﻤـل ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴـﺭ‬
‫ﺒﺎﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﻴﺔ ﻭﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﻀﻊ‪ .‬ﺍﺭﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺨﻁﻁﻲ )‪ (P-v‬ﻭ )‪ ،(T-s‬ﻋﻠﻤﹰﺎ ﺃﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪Cp=1.005 kJ/kg.K ، γ=1.4‬‬
‫ﺝ‪(158.4 kg/s ، 62.42 MW) :‬‬

‫)‪(212‬‬
 ‫)‪(6.22‬‬
‫ﻫﻭﺍﺀ ﻀﻐﻁﻪ )‪ (1bar‬ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘﻪ )‪ .(300K‬ﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﺩﻴﺎﺒﺎﺘﻴﹰﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﺍﻟﻰ )‪ (4bar‬ﺤﻴﺙ ﻴـﺩﺨل‬
‫ﺍﻟﻰ ﻤﺒﺎﺩل ﺤﺭﺍﺭﻱ ﻟﻴﻜﺘﺴﺏ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺒﺜﺒﻭﺕ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﻭﺍﺼﺒﺤﺕ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘﻪ )‪ .(1000K‬ﻭﺒﻌﺩ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺘﻤﺩﺩ‬
‫ﺍﺩﻴﺎﺒﺎﺘﻴﹰﺎ ﺨﻼل ﺘﻭﺭﺒﻴﻥ‪ .‬ﻭﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﻐل ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺠﺯ ﺨﻼل ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺭﺒﻴﻥ ﻴﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﺸﻐل ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺫﻭل ﻟﻠـﻀﺎﻏﻁ‪ .‬ﻴﺨـﺭﺝ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍﺀ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺭﺒﻴﻥ ﺒﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﻀﺌﻴﻠﺔ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻫﻤﺎﻟﻬﺎ ﻟﻴﺩﺨل ﺍﻟﻰ ﺒﻭﻕ )ﻤﻨﻔﺙ( ﻭﻴﺘﻤﺩﺩ ﻟﻴﻌﻭﺩ ﺍﻟـﻰ ﻀـﻐﻁﻪ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺒﺘﺩﺍﺌﻲ‪ .‬ﺍﺤﺴﺏ ﻟﻜل )‪:(1kg‬‬
‫)‪ (1‬ﺸﻐل ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺭﺒﻴﻥ )‪ (2‬ﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍﺀ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﺨﺭﻭﺝ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻔﺙ‪ ،‬ﺍﻫﻤـل ﻁﺎﻗـﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﻀـﻊ ﻓـﻲ ﺠﻤﻴـﻊ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻅﻭﻤﺔ‪ .‬ﻋﻠﻤﹰﺎ ﺃﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪Cp=1.005 kJ/kg.K ، Cv=0.712 kJ/kg.K‬‬
‫ﺝ‪(715.5 m/s ، 146.7 kJ/kg) :‬‬

‫)‪(6.23‬‬
‫ﺘﻭﺭﺒﻴﻥ ﻏﺎﺯﻱ ﻴﻘﻭﻡ ﺒﺘﺸﻐﻴل ﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﻫﻭﺍﺌﻲ ﻭﺇﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﻓﺎﺌﻀﺔ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﻴﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻰ )‪ (70%‬ﻤﻥ ﺸﻐل‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺭﺒﻴﻥ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﻴﺩﺨل ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺭﺒﻴﻥ ﺒﺄﻨﺜﺎﻟﺒﻲ ﻨﻭﻋﻲ )‪ (900kJ/kg‬ﻭﺒﻤﻌﺩل ﺠﺭﻴﺎﻥ )‪ .(10kg/s‬ﺍﻟﻬـﻭﺍﺀ‬
‫ﻴﺩﺨل ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﺒﺎﻨﺜﺎﻟﺒﻲ ﻨﻭﻋﻲ )‪ (40kJ/kg‬ﻭﻴﺨﺭﺝ ﻤﻨﻪ ﺒﺎﻨﺜـﺎﻟﺒﻲ ﻨـﻭﻋﻲ )‪ (500kJ/kg‬ﻭﺒﻤﻌـﺩل‬
‫ﺠﺭﻴﺎﻥ )‪ .(8kg/s‬ﻭﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻤﻌﺩل ﺠﺭﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍﺀ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﺒﻨﺴﺒﺔ )‪ .(20%‬ﺍﺤـﺴﺏ ﺍﻨﺜـﺎﻟﺒﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺝ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺭﺒﻴﻥ ﻗﺒل ﻭﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﻓﺘﺭﺍﺽ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻻﺠﺭﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﺩﻴﺎﺒﺎﺘﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻫﻤل ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴـﺭ ﻓـﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻤﻨﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻬﻭﺍﺀ ﻭﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ‪.‬‬
‫ﺝ‪(269.143 kJ/kg ، 374.3 kJ/kg) :‬‬

‫)‪(6.24‬‬
‫ﻴﺘﺩﻓﻕ ﻫﻭﺍﺀ ﺒﻤﻌﺩل )‪ (0.4kg/s‬ﺍﻟﻰ ﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﺒﺴﺭﻋﺔ )‪ (360m/min‬ﻭﻀﻐﻁ )‪ (1bar‬ﻭﺤﺠـﻡ ﻨـﻭﻋﻲ‬
‫)‪ .(0.8m3/kg‬ﻭﻴﺨـــﺭﺝ ﺍﻟﻬـــﻭﺍﺀ ﻤـــﻥ ﺍﻟـــﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﺒـــﺴﺭﻋﺔ )‪ (270m/min‬ﻭﻀـــﻐﻁ‬
‫)‪ (6.9bar‬ﻭﺤﺠﻡ ﻨﻭﻋﻲ )‪ .(0.16m3/kg‬ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻜﺒـﺭ ﻤـﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠـﺔ ﺒــ‬
‫)‪ .(88kJ/kg‬ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻘﻭﺩﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﺘﻌﺎﺩل )‪ (57%‬ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﻐل ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺎﻑ‪ .‬ﺍﺤﺴﺏ‪:‬‬
‫)ﺃ( ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠﻭﺒﺔ ﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴل ﺍﻟﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﺒﻭﺤﺩﺍﺕ )‪ .(kW‬ﺍﻫﻤل ﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﻀﻊ )ﺏ( ﺍﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﻀﺎﻏﻁ‬
‫ﻴﺘﻡ ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨل )‪ (20°C‬ﻭﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺝ )‪ .(27°C‬ﻓﻤﺎ ﻫﻲ ﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺘـﺩﻓﻕ ﺍﻟﻤـﺎﺀ‬
‫ﺒﻭﺤﺩﺍﺕ )‪ (kg/s‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺀ )‪.(4.2kJ/kg.K‬‬
‫ﺝ‪(0.558 kg/s ، 28.8 kW) :‬‬

‫)‪(213‬‬
 ‫)‪(6.25‬‬
‫ﻫﻭﺍﺀ ﻀﻐﻁﻪ ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘﻪ )‪ (0.1MN/m2‬ﻭ )‪ (15°C‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺍﻟﻲ‪ .‬ﻴـﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﺩﻴﺎﺒﺎﺘﻴـﹰﺎ ﺒﻭﺴـﺎﻁﺔ‬
‫ﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﺍﻟﻰ )‪ .(0.5MN/m2‬ﻴﺩﺨل ﺍﻟﻰ ﻏﺭﻓﺔ ﺍﺤﺘﺭﺍﻕ ﻟﻴﺨﺭﺝ ﺒﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ )‪ ،(900°C‬ﻭﺍﻻﺤﺘﺭﺍﻕ ﻴﺘﻡ‬
‫ﻋﻨﺩ ﻀﻐﻁ ﺜﺎﺒﺕ‪ .‬ﻴﺘﻤﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍﺀ ﺍﺩﻴﺎﺒﺎﺘﻴﹰﺎ ﺍﻟﻰ ﻀﻐﻁﻪ ﺍﻻﺒﺘﺩﺍﺌﻲ ﺒﺘﻭﺭﺒﻴﻥ ﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﻘـﻭﻡ ﺒﺘـﺸﻐﻴل ﺍﻟـﻀﺎﻏﻁ‬
‫ﻭﻜﺫﻟﻙ ﻴﻭﻓﺭ ﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﻓﺎﺌﻀﺔ )ﺸﻐل ﺍﻀﺎﻓﻲ(‪ .‬ﺍﻫﻤل ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭﺍﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻤﻨﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻟـﺸﻐل‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﺎﻓﻲ ﻭﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻅﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻋﻠﻤﹰﺎ ﺃﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪Cp=1.005 kJ/kg.K ، γ=1.4‬‬
‫ﺝ‪(36.8% ، 265 kJ/kg) :‬‬

‫)‪(6.24‬‬
‫ﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﻴﺤﺘﺎﺝ )‪ (12kW‬ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻴﺠﻬﺯ ﻫﻭﺍﺀ ﺒﻤﻌﺩل )‪ ،(140kg/h‬ﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﺩﺨل ﺍﻟﻬـﻭﺍﺀ ﺍﻟـﻰ ﺍﻟـﻀﺎﻏﻁ‬
‫ﺒﻀﻐﻁ )‪ (1bar‬ﻭﺤﺠﻡ ﻨﻭﻋﻲ )‪ ،(0.9m3/kg‬ﻭﺴﺭﻋﺔ )‪ .(60m/s‬ﻭﻴﺨﺭﺝ ﻤﻨﻪ ﺒﻀﻐﻁ )‪ (8bar‬ﻭﺤﺠـﻡ‬
‫ﻨﻭﻋﻲ )‪ (0.18m3/kg‬ﻭﺴﺭﻋﺔ )‪ .(15m/s‬ﺍﺭﺘﻔﻌﺕ ﻁﺎﻗﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﺒﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭ )‪ .(205kJ/kg‬ﻭﻴﺘﻡ‬
‫ﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺔ ﻤﺎﺀ ﺒﺤﻴﺙ ﺍﻥ )‪ (80%‬ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﻘﻠﺔ ﺘﺫﻫﺏ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤـﺎﺀ ﻟﺘﺭﺘﻔـﻊ‬
‫ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘﻪ ﺒﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭ )‪ .(20K‬ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺀ )‪ .(4.2kJ/kg.K‬ﺃﻭﺠـﺩ ﻜﺘﻠـﺔ ﻤـﺎﺀ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻤﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﺴﺎﻋﺔ‪ .‬ﺍﻫﻤل ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻤﻨﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺝ‪(69 kg/hr) :‬‬

‫)‪(6.27‬‬
‫ﻫﻭﺍﺀ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘﻪ )‪ (15°C‬ﻭﻀﻐﻁﻪ )‪ (0.1MN/m2‬ﻴـﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﺩﻴﺎﺒﺎﺘﻴـﹰﺎ ﺒﻭﺍﺴـﻁﺔ ﻀـﺎﻏﻁ ﺍﻟـﻰ‬
‫)‪ .(0.44MN/m2‬ﺜﻡ ﻴﺩﺨل ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻰ ﻤﺒﺎﺩل ﺤﺭﺍﺭﻱ ﻟﻴﺴﺨﻥ ﺒﺜﺒﻭﺕ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﻭﻴﺼﺒﺢ ﺍﻟﻔـﺭﻕ ﺒﺩﺭﺠـﺔ‬
‫ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘﻪ )‪ ،(390°C‬ﺜﻡ ﻴﺩﺨل ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺘﻭﺭﺒﻴﻥ ﻓﻴﺘﻤﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﻰ ﻀﻐﻁﻪ ﺍﻻﺒﺘﺩﺍﺌﻲ ﻭﻴﻘﻭﻡ ﺒﺘﺸﻐﻴل ﺍﻟـﻀﺎﻏﻁ‬
‫ﻤﻊ ﺇﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﻓﺎﺌﻀﺔ ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭﻫﺎ )‪ .(36000kW‬ﺜﻡ ﻴﺩﺨل ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍﺀ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺒﺎﺩل ﺤﺭﺍﺭﻱ ﻟﻴﺒﺭﺩ ﺒﺜﺒﻭﺕ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ‬
‫ﻭﻴﻌﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺤﺎﻟﺘـﻪ ﺍﻻﺼـﻠﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻓـﺈﺫﺍ ﺍﻫﻤﻠـﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴـﺭﺍﺕ ﻓـﻲ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗـﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻤﻨـﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﻴـﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻜـﺎﻥ‬
‫)‪ .(Cp=1.005 kJ/kg.K ، γ=1.4‬ﺍﺤﺴﺏ‪:‬‬
‫)‪ (1‬ﺼﺎﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻐل ﻟﻜل )‪ (2) (1kg‬ﺍﻟﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺩﻭﺭﺓ )‪ (3‬ﻤﻌﺩل ﺠﺭﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻤﺘـﺩﻓﻕ ﺩﺍﺨـل‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻅﻭﻤﺔ ﺒﺎﻟـ )‪ (4) (kg/s‬ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻭﺭﺒﻴﻥ ﺒﺎﻟـ )‪.(MW‬‬
‫ﺝ‪(76.53 Mw ، 265.34 kg/s ، 0.345 ، 135 kJ/kg) :‬‬

‫)‪(214‬‬
 ‫)‪(6.28‬‬
‫ﻁﺎﺌﺭﺓ ﻨﻔﺎﺜﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﻋﺎﻟﻲ‪ ،‬ﻴﺩﺨل ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﺒﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤـﺭﺍﺭﺓ )‪ (-24.6°C‬ﻭﻀـﻐﻁ ﻤﻘـﺩﺍﺭﻩ‬
‫)‪ .(46.6kPa‬ﻭﻴﺘﺭﻙ ﺍﻟﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﺒﻀﻐﻁ ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭﻩ )‪ .(280kPa‬ﻭﺘﻀﺎﻑ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺒﺜﺒـﻭﺕ ﺍﻟـﻀﻐﻁ ﺒﺤﻴـﺙ‬
‫ﺘﺼﺒﺢ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘﻪ )‪ .(800°C‬ﻴﺘﻤﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍﺀ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻓﻲ ﺘﻭﺭﺒﻴﻥ ﻴﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻓﻘﻁ ﻷﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻀﺎﻏﻁ‪ .‬ﻭﺒﻌﺩ‬
‫ﺫﻟﻙ ﻴﺘﻤﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍﺀ ﻓﻲ ﺒﻭﻕ )ﻤﻨﻔﺙ( ﺍﻟﻰ ﻀﻐﻁﻪ ﺍﻻﺒﺘﺩﺍﺌﻲ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻋﻠﻤﺕ ﺍﻥ ﻤﻌﺩل ﺘﺩﻓﻕ ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍﺀ )‪(95 kg/s‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻥ )‪ .(γ=1.4 ، Cp=1.005 kJ/kg.K‬ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻓﺘﺭﺍﺽ ﺍﻥ ﺍﺠﺭﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻤـﺩﺩ ﻭﺍﻻﻨـﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﻟﻠﻬـﻭﺍﺀ‬
‫ﺍﺩﻴﺎﺒﺎﺘﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺍﺤﺴﺏ‪:‬‬
‫)‪ (1‬ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﻭﻟﺩﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺭﺒﻴﻥ ﺒﻭﺤﺩﺍﺕ )‪ (2) (kW‬ﺒﺄﻫﻤﺎل ﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺨﻭل ﻟﻠﺒﻭﻕ‪ ،‬ﺍﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻟـﺴﺭﻋﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻬﻭﺍﺀ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺨﺭﻭﺠﻪ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻭﻕ‪.‬‬
‫ﺝ‪(725.644 m/s ، 15867.95 kW) :‬‬

‫)‪(6.29‬‬
‫ﻏﺎﺯ ﻴﺘﺩﻓﻕ ﻓﻲ ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻤﻔﺘﻭﺡ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻨﺒﻭﺏ ﻁﻭﻴل ﻤﻭﻀﻭﻉ ﺒﺸﻜل ﺍﻓﻘﻲ )ﻤﺩﺨل ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻭﻤﺨﺭﺠﻪ ﺒﻨﻔﺱ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ(‪ ،‬ﺒﻤﻌﺩل )‪ .(0.75kg/s‬ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻋﻨـﺩ ﺍﻟـﺩﺨﻭل )‪ (2MN/m2‬ﻭ )‪.(120°C‬‬
‫ﻭﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﺨﺭﻭﺝ )‪ (1.45MN/m2‬ﻭ )‪ .(6.6°C‬ﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﻤﻘﻁﻊ ﺍﻟـﺩﺨﻭل ﻭﺍﻟﺨـﺭﻭﺝ )‪ .(78.5cm2‬ﻓـﺈﺫﺍ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻤﺕ ﺍﻥ )‪ (Cv=0.709kJ/kg.K‬ﻭ )‪ .(R=0.165 kJ/kg.K‬ﺍﺤﺴﺏ‪:‬‬
‫)‪ (1‬ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﺯ )‪ (2‬ﻤﻌﺩل ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﻘﻠﺔ ﺒﻭﺤﺩﺍﺕ )‪.(kW‬‬
‫ﺝ‪(-74.3 kW ، -0.018 kJ/kg) :‬‬

‫)‪(6.30‬‬
‫ﻫﻭﺍﺀ ﻴﺨﺭﺝ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺒﺎﺩل ﺤﺭﺍﺭﻱ ﺒﻀﻐﻁ )‪ (0.1MPa‬ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ )‪ (-15°C‬ﻟﻴـﺩﺨل ﺍﻟـﻰ ﻀـﺎﻏﻁ‬
‫ﻟﻴﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﺩﻴﺎﺒﺎﺘﻴﺎﹰ ﺍﻟﻰ )‪ .(0.4MPa‬ﺜﻡ ﻴﻤﺭ ﺒﻤﺒﺎﺩل ﺤﺭﺍﺭﻱ ﻟﻴﻜﺘﺴﺏ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺒﺜﺒـﻭﺕ ﺍﻟـﻀﻐﻁ ﻭﻴﺨـﺭﺝ‬
‫ﺒﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ )‪ .(800°C‬ﺍﻫﻤل ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻤﻨﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﺤﺴﺏ‪:‬‬
‫)‪ (1‬ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺸﻐل ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺎﻑ ﻟﻠﻀﺎﻏﻁ )‪ (2‬ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻟﻠﻜﻴﻠﻭ ﻏﺭﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻤـﻀﺎﻑ ﻓـﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺒـﺎﺩل‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻱ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﻀﺎﻏﻁ‪ .‬ﻋﻠﻤﹰﺎ ﺃﻥ‪R=0.287 kJ/kg.K ، γ=1.4 :‬‬
‫ﺝ‪(692.45 kJ/kg ، 126.63 kJ/kg) :‬‬

‫)‪(215‬‬
 ‫)‪(6.31‬‬
‫ﻏﺎﺯ ﻴﺩﺨل ﺘﻭﺭﺒﻴﻥ ﻋﻨﺩ ﻀﻐﻁ ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭﻩ )‪ (10bar‬ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ )‪ (1000°C‬ﻴﺘﻤﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﻰ ﻀﻐﻁ ﻤﻘـﺩﺍﺭﻩ‬
‫)‪ (5bar‬ﻴﻜﻤل ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺩﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺒﻭﻕ ﺍﻟﻰ ﻀﻐﻁ ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭﻩ )‪ .(1bar‬ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺩﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘـﻭﺭﺒﻴﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺒـﻭﻕ‬
‫ﺃﺩﻴﺎﺒﺎﺘﻴﹰﺎ ﻭﺍﻥ )‪ (γ=1.4‬ﻭ )‪ .(Cv=0.72 kJ/kg.K‬ﺇﺤﺴﺏ‪:‬‬
‫)‪ (1‬ﺍﻟﺸﻐل ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺘﺞ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺭﺒﻴﻥ )‪ (2‬ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻭﻕ‪ ،‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺭﻨﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻻﺒﺘﺩﺍﺌﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﺼﻔﺭﹰﺍ‪ .‬ﺍﻫﻤل ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻓﻲ ﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﻀﻊ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺎﻤﻨﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺝ‪(881.12 m/s ، 230.8 kJ/kg) :‬‬

‫)‪(6.32‬‬
‫ﻫﻭﺍﺀ ﻀﻐﻁﻪ )‪ (101kPa‬ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘﻪ )‪ .(27°C‬ﻴﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﺩﻴﺎﺒﺎﺘﻴﹰﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﺒﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﺼﺒﺢ ﻀﻐﻁﻪ‬
‫)‪ (5‬ﺍﻤﺜﺎل ﻀﻐﻁﻪ ﺍﻻﺒﺘﺩﺍﺌﻲ ﺜﻡ ﻴﻜﺘﺴﺏ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺒﺎﺩل ﺤﺭﺍﺭﻱ ﺒﺜﺒﻭﺕ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﺒﺤﻴﺙ ﺘـﺼﺒﺢ ﺩﺭﺠـﺔ‬
‫ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘﻪ )‪ .(1050°C‬ﻴﺘﻤﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍﺀ ﻓﻲ ﺘﻭﺭﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﺩﻴﺎﺒﺎﺘﻴﹰﺎ ﺍﻟﻰ ﻀﻐﻁﻪ ﺍﻻﺒﺘﺩﺍﺌﻲ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺭﺒﻴﻥ ﻴﻘـﻭﻡ ﺒﺘـﺸﻐﻴل‬
‫ﺍﻟﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﻤﻊ ﺇﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﻓﺎﺌﻀﺔ‪ .‬ﺍﻭﺠﺩ ﻟﻜل )‪ (1kg‬ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍﺀ‪:‬‬
‫)ﺏ( ﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻅﻭﻤﺔ‬ ‫)ﺃ( ﺼﺎﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻐل‬
‫ﻋﻠﻤﹰﺎ ﺃﻥ‪Cp=1.004 kJ/kg.K ، γ=1.4 :‬‬
‫ﺝ‪(0.369 ، 313.75 kJ/kg) :‬‬

‫)‪(6.33‬‬
‫ﻫﻭﺍﺀ ﻴﺩﺨل ﺘﻭﺭﺒﻴﻥ ﺒﻀﻐﻁ ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭﻩ )‪ (6bar‬ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭﻫﺎ )‪ (600°C‬ﻭﻴﺘﻤﺩﺩ ﺍﺩﻴﺎﺒﺎﺘﻴـﹰﺎ ﺍﻟـﻰ‬
‫‪ .( W‬ﺒﻌﺩ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻴﺒﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍﺀ ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﻋﻥ‬
‫ﻀﻐﻁ ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭﻩ )‪ (1bar‬ﻭﻴﻨﺘﺞ ﻗﺩﺭﺓ ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭﻫﺎ )‪& =5000kJ/s‬‬
‫ﻁﺭﻴﻕ ﻤﺒﺎﺩل ﺤﺭﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻥ ﺘﺼﺒﺢ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘﻪ )‪ .(27°C‬ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻋﻠﻤﺕ ﺒﺄﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻴـﺔ ﻟﻠﻤـﺎﺀ‬
‫)‪ (4.2 kJ/kg.K‬ﻭﺍﻥ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺭ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﺒﺎﺩل ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻱ ﺘﺯﺩﺍﺩ ﺒﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭ )‪ .(20°C‬ﺠـﺩ ﻜﻤﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠﻭﺒﺔ ﺒﻭﺤﺩﺍﺕ )‪ .(kg/s‬ﻋﻠﻤﹰﺎ ﺃﻥ‪:‬‬
‫)‪(R=0.287 kJ/kg.K) ، (γ=1.4‬‬
‫ﺝ‪(38 kg/s) :‬‬

‫)‪(216‬‬
 ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻊ – ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎﻣﻴﻚ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ‬

‫)‪ -(7.1‬ﺍﻻﺤﺘﻜﺎﻙ ‪Friction‬‬

‫ﻟﻐﺭﺽ ﺘﻭﻀﻴﺢ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﻨﻌﻜﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﻻﺒﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺘﺴﻠﻴﻁ ﺍﻟﻀﻭﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻅﻭﺍﻫﺭ ﺍﻟﻤـﺅﺜﺭﺓ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﻫـﺫﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﻜﺎﻻﺤﺘﻜﺎﻙ‪ .‬ﻓﻌﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻨﻔﺘﺭﺽ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻏﺎﺯ ﻤﺤﺼﻭﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﺔ ﻤﻌﺯﻭﻟﺔ ﻤﻐﻠﻘﺔ ﺒﻤﻜﺒﺱ ﻤﺘﺤـﺭﻙ‬
‫ﻓﺴﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻨﻭﻋﺎﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻻﺤﺘﻜﺎﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻌﻲ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .1‬ﺍﻻﺤﺘﻜﺎﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﻲ ‪Mechanical Friction‬‬
‫ﻫﻭ ﺍﻻﺤﺘﻜﺎﻙ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺠﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺒﺱ ﻭﺠﺩﺭﺍﻥ ﺍﻻﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺠﻭﺩﻩ ﻴﻌﻨﻲ ﺘﺤﻭل ﺠـﺯﺀ ﻤـﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻜﺒﺱ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻤﻔﻘﻭﺩﺓ ﺘﺘﺴﺭﺏ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻴﻁ ﻻ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﺭﺠﺎﻋﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻓﻠﻭ ﻓﺭﻀـﻨﺎ ﺃﻥ )‪(P‬‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺸﻜل )‪ (7.1‬ﺘﻤﺜل ﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﻲ‪ (Patm) ،‬ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﺠﻭﻱ‪ (F) ،‬ﻗﻭﺓ ﺍﻻﺤﺘﻜﺎﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻜﺱ ﻟﺤﺭﻜﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺒﺱ‪ (A) ،‬ﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﻤﻘﻁﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺒﺱ‪.‬‬

‫ﺸﻜل )‪ -(7.1‬ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺍﻻﺤﺘﻜﺎﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﻲ‬

‫ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﺘﻤﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ‪ ،‬ﺸﻜل )‪ (7.1.a‬ﺃﻭ ﻀﻐﻁ‪ ،‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺸﻜل )‪ (7.1.B‬ﻓﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻐل ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺘﺞ ﻋـﻥ‬
‫ﻁﺭﻴﻕ ﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺜﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﺒﺱ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻲ‪:‬‬
‫‪.… PA‬ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺘﺠﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ‪.‬‬ ‫‪.1‬‬
‫‪… Patm A‬ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺘﺠﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﺠﻭﻱ‪.‬‬ ‫‪.2‬‬
‫‪…F‬ﻗﻭﺓ ﺍﻻﺤﺘﻜﺎﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻜﺴﺔ ﻟﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺒﺱ‪.‬‬ ‫‪.3‬‬
‫ﺍﻥ ﻤﺨﻁﻁ )‪ ،(P-V‬ﺸﻜل )‪ ،(7.1‬ﻴﺒﻴﻥ ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺍﻻﺤﺘﻜﺎﻙ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﻟﺸﻜل ﻴﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻤـﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﺘﺤـﺕ ﻤﻨﺤﻨـﻲ‬
‫‪ (1‬ﻤﺘﺴﺎﻭﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﻐل ﻤﺘﺴﺎﻭﻱ‪ .‬ﻭﺒﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺍﻻﺤﺘﻜﺎﻙ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﺘﺤـﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺩﺩ ﻭﺍﻻﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ) َ‪2‬‬

‫)‪(217‬‬
‫‪ ،( 1‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﻐل ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨل ﺃﻜﺒﺭ ﻤـﻥ ﺍﻟﺨـﺎﺭﺝ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ (َ2‬ﺃﻜﺒﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺩﺩ ) َ‪2‬‬ ‫ﻤﻨﺤﻨﻲ ﺍﻻﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ )‪3‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻤﻭﻀﺢ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﺍﻴﻀﺎ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺩﺩ‪ -‬ﺸﻜل)‪(a‬‬ ‫ﺍﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻻﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ‪-‬ﺸﻜل )‪(b‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻐل‬

‫‪(P-Patm) A-F‬‬ ‫‪(P-Patm) A+F‬‬ ‫)‪(1‬ﻤﺤﺼﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺜﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺒﺱ‪.‬‬

‫‪dw0=[(P-Patm)A-F]dL‬‬ ‫‪dwin=[(P-Patm)A+F]dL‬‬ ‫)‪(2‬ﺍﻟﺸﻐل ﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ )‪(dL‬‬

‫‪∴ dwin>dwo‬‬

‫ﻫﺫﺍ ﻴﻌﻨﻲ ﺍﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻨﺘﻘﻠﺕ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻴﻁ ﻻ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻋﺎﺩﺘﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻓﺎﺫﺍ ﺍﺭﺩﻨﺎ ﺍﺭﺠﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺤﺎﻟﺘـﻪ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺼﻠﻴﺔ ﻓﺴﻨﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺸﻐل ﺍﻀﺎﻓﻲ ﻨﺄﺨﺫﻩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻴﻁ‪ .‬ﻓﺴﻴﻌﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻭﻟﻜﻥ ﻻ ﻴﻌﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻴﻁ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺤﺎﻟﺘـﻪ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺼﻠﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻻﺤﺘﻜﺎﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻌﻲ ‪Fluid Friction‬‬ ‫‪.2‬‬

‫ﻫﻭ ﺍﻻﺤﺘﻜﺎﻙ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺫﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻊ ﺒﺴﺒﺏ ﺍﻟﻠﺯﻭﺠﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺍﻻﻀﺭﺍﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻭ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺍﻤﻴﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﺍﻭ ﺍﻻﺤﺘﻜﺎﻙ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺫﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻊ ﻭﺍﻻﺴﻁﺢ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺍﻭ ﺴﺭﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻊ ﻓﻲ ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻤﻌﻴﻥ‪.‬‬

‫)‪ -(7.2‬ﺍﻻﻨﻌﻜﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻻﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻻﻨﻌﻜﺎﺴﻲ‬

‫‪Reversibility or Reversible Process‬‬
‫ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﻌﻭﺩ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺤﺎﻟﺘﻪ ﺍﻻﺼﻠﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﺍﺠﺭﻱ ﺍﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﻤﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ‪ ،‬ﺜﻡ ﺍﻭﻗـﻑ‬
‫ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻻﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﻭﻋﻜﺱ ﺍﺘﺠﺎﻫﻪ ﺒﺤﻴﺙ ﻋﺎﺩﺕ ﻜﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﻐل ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺤﻴﻁ ﻜل ﺇﻟﻰ ﻤﺼﺩﺭﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺼﻠﻲ‪ .‬ﻓﺎﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻻﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻨﻌﻜﺎﺴﻲ‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﻤﺜﻼ ﻨﺘﺼﻭﺭ ﺘﻤﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻊ ﺍﺩﻴﺎﺒﺎﺘﻴﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺘﻭﺭﺒﻴﻥ‪ ،‬ﺜﻡ ﻴﻀﻐﻁ ﻓﻲ ﻀﺎﻏﻁ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﺘﻡ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺒﺤﻴـﺙ ﻴﻌـﻭﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻊ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺤﺎﻟﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺭﻤﻭﺩﻴﻨﺎﻤﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺼﻠﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺒﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﻐل ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺘﺢ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﺘـﻭﺭﺒﻴﻥ ﻜﺎﻓﻴـﺎ‬
‫ﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴل ﺍﻟﻀﺎﻏﻁ؛ ﻋﻨﺩﺌﺫ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺩﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺭﺒﻴﻥ ﻤﺤﻘﻘﺎ ﻟﻔﻜﺭﺓ ﺍﻻﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻻﻨﻌﻜﺎﺴﻲ‪ .‬ﻭﺒﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻴﻘـﺔ ﻤـﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺩﺩ ﻨﻅﺭﻴﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺭ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻨﻔﺙ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺤﺎﻟﺘﻪ ﺍﻻﺒﺘﺩﺍﺌﻴﺔ ﺍﺫﺍ ﺤﺭﺭﻨﺎﻩ ﻓﻲ ﻨﺎﺸﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺘـﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﻓـﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻴﻁ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻥ ﻤﻌﻅﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﺘﺘﻡ ﺩﺍﺨل ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻴﺘﺄﻟﻑ ﻤﻥ ﻤﻜﺒﺱ ﻭﺍﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﺔ‪ ،‬ﻜﻤﻜﺎﺌﻥ ﺍﻻﺤﺘـﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻟـﺩﺍﺨﻠﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺩﺩﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻀﻭﺍﻏﻁ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﻴﺔ … ﺍﻟﺦ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﻐﺭﺽ ﺍﻟﺘﺒﺴﻴﻁ ﻨﻔﺘﺭﺽ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻨﻌﻜﺎﺴـﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﺘـﻲ ﻴﻤﻜـﻥ‬

‫)‪(218‬‬
‫ﻑ ﻟﻴـﺼﺒﺢ ﺍﻟـﻀﻐﻁ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﺼﻭل ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺒﺩﻓﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺒﺱ ﺒﺒﻁﺀ ﺠﺩﹶﺍ ﻟﺘﺠﻨﺏ ﺍﻻﻀﻁﺭﺍﺏ ﻭﻜﻲ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻭﻗﺕ ﻜﺎ ٍ‬
‫ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻤﺘﺴﺎﻭﻴ ﹶﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﻁ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﻨﻌﻜﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﻤﺜﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻓﺘﺭﺍﻀﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ ﻻ ﺘﻭﺠﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻴـﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﻜـﻥ‬
‫ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺭﺏ ﻤﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺘﻭﻓﺭ ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻭﻁ ﺍﻻﻓﺘﺭﺍﻀﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪ .1‬ﺃﻥ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺒﻁﻴﺌﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻴﺅﺩﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ‪:‬‬
‫ﺃ‪ .‬ﺍﻨﻌﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻻﺤﺘﻜﺎﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻌﻲ‪.‬‬
‫ﺏ‪ .‬ﺘﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺜﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺒﺱ‪.‬‬
‫ﺠـ‪.‬ﺍﻨﻌﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺩﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻱ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .2‬ﺍﻥ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻤﺘﺯﻨﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻴﺅﺩﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ‪:‬‬
‫ﺘﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﻀﻐﻁ ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺤﻴﻁ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺃ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻨﺘﻘﺎل ﺍﻟﺸﻐل ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻤﻥ ﻭﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻤﺘﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﺘﺠﺎﻫﻴﻥ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺏ‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﻤﺜﻼ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺘﻤﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﻀﻤﻥ ﺍﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﺔ ﻤﺠﻬﺯﺓ ﺒﻤﻜﺒﺱ‪ ،‬ﻴﻭﺠﺩ ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭ ﻗﻠﻴل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻻﺤﺘﻜﺎﻙ ﻭﻓـﺭﻕ‬
‫ﻗﻠﻴل ﻓﻲ ﻀﻐﻁ ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺤﻴﻁ ﺒﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻫﻤﺎﻟﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺒﺱ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ‬
‫ﻋﺩﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﻭﺯﻥ ﻭﺍﻻﺤﺘﻜﺎﻙ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺴﺭﺏ‪ .‬ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺸﻐل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺴﺎﺱ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺩﺩ ﺍﻨﻌﻜﺎﺴﻲ‪.‬‬
‫ﺘﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﻨﻌﻜﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﻜﺒﻴﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺤﺴﺎﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻗﺼﻰ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻟﻠﺸﻐل ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺠﺯ ﻭﺍﻗـل‬
‫ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻟﻠﺸﻐل ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠﻭﺏ ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﺘﻌﻁﻲ ﺍﻋﻠﻰ ﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﻋﻨﺩ ﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺨﻼﺼﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻭل ﻨﻘﻭل‪ ،‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻤﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺒﺴﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺤﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺍﺯﻥ ﺍﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻻﺠـﺭﺍﺀ ﻴﻤﻜـﻥ ﺍﻴـﻀﺎ ﺘﺤﺩﻴـﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻭﺴﻁﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﻁﻁ ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺭﺴﻡ ﻤﺴﺎﺭ )‪ (Path‬ﺍﻻﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﻋﺒﺭ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﻁ‪ .‬ﻫﺫﺍ ﻫـﻭ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻻﻨﻌﻜﺎﺴﻲ ﻋﺩﻴﻡ ﺍﻻﺤﺘﻜﺎﻙ‪.‬‬

‫)‪ -(7.3‬ﺍﻻﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻻﻨﻌﻜﺎﺴﻲ ‪Irreversible Process‬‬

‫ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺤﺩﺙ ﺒﺈﺘﺠﺎﻩ ﻭﺍﺤﺩ ﻭﻻ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﻋﻜﺴﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﺃﻱ ﻻ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻌﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻨﻅـﺎﻡ ﺇﻟـﻰ ﺤﺎﻟﺘـﻪ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺼﻠﻴﺔ ﺘﻠﻘﺎﺌﻴﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺨﺎﺭﺠﻲ‪ ،‬ﺒﺴﺒﺏ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺍﻻﺤﺘﻜﺎﻙ ﻭﺍﻨﻌﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻻﺘﺯﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻱ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻟﻤﻨﺎﻗﺸﺔ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻨﻔﺘﺭﺽ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺍﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﺔ ﻤﻌﺯﻭﻟﺔ ﺘﺤﺘﻭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻏﺎﺯ ﻤﻐﻠﻕ ﺒﻤﻜﺒﺱ ﻤﻌﺯﻭل ﻓﻭﻗﻪ‬
‫ﺍﺜﻘﺎل‪ ،‬ﺸﻜل )‪ .(7.2.a‬ﻭﻨﻔﺘﺭﺽ ﺍﻴﻀﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺒﺱ ﻴﻠﺘﺼﻕ ﻜﺜﻴﺭﹶﺍ ﺒﺠﺩﺭﺍﻥ ﺍﻻﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﺔ‪.‬‬

‫)‪(219‬‬
 ‫ﺸﻜل )‪ -(7.2‬ﺍﻻﻨﻌﻜﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻼﺍﻨﻌﻜﺎﺴﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻋﻨﺩ ﺇﺯﺍﻟﺔ ﺜﻘل ﻤﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻻﺜﻘﺎل ﻓﺴﻴﺘﺤﺭﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺒﺱ ﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ )‪ (∆L‬ﺤﺎﻤﻼ ﻤﻌﻪ ﺒﻘﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺜﻘﺎل‪ .‬ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ‬
‫ﻴﻨﺠﺯ ﺸﻐﻼ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﻁ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻴﺘﺴﺎﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺒﺱ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺩﺍﻴﺔ ﺜﻡ ﻴﺘﺒﺎﻁﺄ ﺘﺩﺭﻴﺠﻴﺎ ﺤﺘﻰ ﻴﺼل‬
‫ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺌﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺩ ﻴﺘﺫﺒﺫﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺒﺱ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺘﻴﻥ ﻭﻟﻜﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺫﺒﺫﺒﻴﺔ ﺘﺨﻤﺩ ﺒﺎﻟﺘﺩﺭﻴﺞ ﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻼﺤﺘﻜﺎﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻌﻲ‪.‬‬

‫ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭﺍﺕ ﺘﻤﻨﻊ ﻭﺼﻭل ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺒﺱ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻻﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻟﻭﺼﻭل ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﻓﻲ ﻏﻴﺎﺒﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻟـﺫﻟﻙ ﻴﻘـل‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻐل ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺠﺯ‪ .‬ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻻ ﺍﻨﻌﻜﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﻷﻨﻬﺎ ﻤﺼﺤﻭﺒﺔ ﺒﻤﻔﻘﻭﺩﺍﺕ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﺠـﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻻﺤﺘﻜـﺎﻙ‪ .‬ﻭﺘﺒﻘـﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻻ ﺍﻨﻌﻜﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﺤﺘﻰ ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻨﻌﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻻﺤﺘﻜﺎﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﻲ ﻭﺒﻘﺎﺀ ﺍﻻﺤﺘﻜﺎﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻌﻲ‪ .‬ﻭﺒﻤـﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻫـﺫﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻅﻭﺍﻫﺭ ﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺩﺍﺌﻤﺎ ﻟﺫﺍ ﻓﺄﻥ ﺍﻻﺠﺭﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﻻ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻨﻌﻜﺎﺴﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻋﻨﺩ ﻤﻨﺎﻗﺸﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﻴﺯﻭﺜﺭﻤﻠﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻨﻔﺘﺭﺽ ﻭﻀﻊ ﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻤﺘﻼﻤﺴﺎ ﻤﻊ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﺩﻉ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﻱ ﻋﻨـﺩ‬
‫ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ )‪ (T‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺸﻜل )‪ .(7.2.b‬ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﺩﻉ ﻴﻤﻜﻨﻪ ﺍﻤﺘﺼﺎﺹ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻋﻁﺎﺀ ﻜﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﺤﺩﺩﺓ ﻤﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘﻪ ﻜﺎﻟﺠﻭ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺤﻴﻁﺎﺕ )ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻴﻁ(‪ ،‬ﻓﺴﺘﻨﺘﻘل ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻅـﺎﻡ ﺇﻟـﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻴﻁ ﻭﺒﺎﻟﻌﻜﺱ‪ .‬ﺘﻨﺘﻘل ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻻ ﺍﻨﻌﻜﺎﺴﻴﺎ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻕ ﻓﻲ ‪.‬ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻤﺤـﺩﺩﺍ‪.‬ﻭﻴـﺼﺒﺢ‬
‫ﺍﻨﻌﻜﺎﺴﻴﺎ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻕ ﻓﻲ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻤﺘﻨﺎﻫﻴﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﺭ‪.‬‬
‫ﻨﻌﻭﺩ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺸﻜل )‪ .(7-2-b‬ﻋﻨﺩ ﺇﺯﺍﻟﺔ ﻭﺯﻥ ﻤﺤﺩﺩ)‪ (m‬ﻤﻥ ﻓﻭﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺒﺱ ﻋﺩﻴﻡ ﺍﻻﺤﺘﻜﺎﻙ ﺴـﺘﻨﺨﻔﺽ‬
‫ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻤﻥ )‪ (T‬ﺇﻟﻰ )‪ .(T-∆T‬ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺘﻨﺘﻘل ﺒﻤﻌﺩل ﻤﺤﺩﻭﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﺩﻉ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﻅـﺎﻡ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﺫﻩ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻻ ﺍﻨﻌﻜﺎﺴﻴﺔ ‪ .‬ﺃﻤﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﻘل ﺍﻟﻤﺯﺍﺡ ﻤﺘﻨﺎﻩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﺭ‪ ،‬ﻓﺄﻥ ﺍﻻﻨﺨﻔﺎﺽ ﻓﻲ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺴﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﺘﻨﺎﻫﻴﹰﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﺭ‪ ،‬ﺍﻴﻀﺎ ﻭﺴﺘﻨﺘﻘل ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻨﻌﻜﺎﺴﻴﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻋﻤﻭﻤﺎ‪ ،‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﺩﻓﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺒﺱ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻻﺴﻔل ﺒﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﻜﺒﻴﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤـﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓـﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻨﻘﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﻗﻌﺔ ﺘﺤﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺒﺱ ﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓ ﺴﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺃﻜﺒﺭ ﻤﻤﺎ ﻫﻲ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﻁ ﺍﻻﺨﺭﻯ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ ﻗﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﺨﻭﺍﺹ‬
‫ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﺘﺴﺎﻭﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﻤﺜل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﻁﻁ ﺒﻨﻘﺎﻁ ﺘﺼل ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺘﻴﻥ ﺍﻻﺒﺘﺩﺍﺌﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺌﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻟﻴﺩل‬
‫ﺫﻟﻙ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻭﺴﻁﺔ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﻌﻨﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻫﺫﺍ ﻫﻭ ﻤﻔﻬﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﻼﺍﻨﻌﻜﺎﺴﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫)‪(220‬‬
 ‫)‪ -(7.4‬ﺍﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﺍﻻﺠﺭﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻼﺍﻨﻌﻜﺎﺴﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﻓﻬﻡ ﺍﻻﺠﺭﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻼﺍﻨﻌﻜﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﺍﻟﻤﺨﻁﻁ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‪:‬‬

‫‪-1‬ﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺍﻻﻨﻬﺎﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻼﻻﺕ ﻨﺤﻭ‬

‫ﺍﻻﻨﺨﻔﺎﺽ‬
‫‪-1‬ﻻﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﻋﻜﺱ‬
‫ﺍﺘﺠﺎﻫﺎ ﻜﺎﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ‬
‫‪-2‬ﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﻴﺎﺡ ﻨﺤـﻭ ﻤﻨـﺎﻁﻕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﻤﺜل‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺨﻔﺽ‬

‫‪ -3‬ﺍﻟﺯﻤﻥ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻤﻁﺭ‬
‫‪-1‬ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻘﺎﺌﻴﺔ‬

‫‪ -1‬ﺍﻨﺘﻘﺎل ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻤـﻥ ﺍﻟﺠـﺴﻡ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺨﻥ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﺩ‬

‫‪ -2‬ﺘﺤﻭل ﺍﻟﺸﻐل ﺍﻟﻰ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬

‫ﺍﻹﺠﺭﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻼﻨﻌﻜﺎﺴﻴﺔ‬
‫‪ -3‬ﺨﻠﻁ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻭﺍﺌل‬ ‫‪ -2‬ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﻋﻜﺱ‬
‫ﺍﺘﺠﺎﻫﺎ ﺒﻤـﺴﺎﻋﺩﺓ‬
‫‪-4‬ﺘﻌﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺨﺎﺭﺠﻴﺔ‬

‫‪-5‬ﺴﻘﻭﻁ ﺍﻻﺠﻴﺎﻡ‬

‫‪ -1‬ﺍﻨﺘﻘﺎل ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺠـﺴﻡ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺨﻥ‬

‫‪ -2‬ﺘﺤﻭل ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺸﻐل‬

‫‪-2‬ﺍﻟﻘﺴﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺸﻐل‬
‫‪-3‬ﻓﺼل ﺍﻟﺨﻼﺌﻁ ﻋﻥ ﺒﻌﻀﻬﺎ‬

‫‪-4‬ﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﻐـﺎﺯ ﻤـﻥ ﻀـﻐﻁ‬

‫ﻤﻨﺨﻔﺽ ﺍﻟﻰ ﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫‪ -5‬ﺭﻓﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﻻﺠﺴﺎﻡ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ‬
‫ﻤﻨﺨﻔﺽ ﺍﻟﻰ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻋﻠﻰ‬

‫)‪(221‬‬
 ‫)‪ -(7.5‬ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺭﻙ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻱ ‪The Heat Engine‬‬
‫ﻫﻭ ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺜﺭﻤﻭﺩﻴﻨﺎﻤﻴﻜﻲ ﻴﻌﻤل ﺒﻴﻥ ﻤﺼﺩﺭﻴﻥ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺩﻭﺭﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻴﺴﺘﻠﻡ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ )‪ (Qin‬ﻤـﻥ‬
‫ﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﺤﺎﺭ)‪ (Tmax‬ﻭﻴﺤﻭل ﺠﺯﺀ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺸﻐل )‪ (W0‬ﻭﺍﻟﺠﺯﺀ ﺍﻵﺨﺭ )‪ (Q0‬ﻴﻁﺭﺩ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻤـﺼﺩﺭ ﺒـﺎﺭﺩ‬
‫)‪ ،(Tmin‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﺸﻜل )‪.(7.3‬‬

‫ﺸﻜل )‪ -(7.3‬ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺭﻙ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻱ‬

‫ﻴﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺭﻙ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻲ ﻋﺩﻴﻡ ﺍﻻﺤﺘﻜﺎﻙ‪ ،‬ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻊ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻏﺎﺯﺍ ﻤﺜﺎﻟﻴﺎ ﻟﻜﻲ ﻴﺨﻀﻊ ﻟﻘﻭﺍﻨﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻴﺴﺘﻌﻤل ﻟﻠﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺭﻜﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺭﻙ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻱ ﻭﺭﻤﺯﻩ )‪ (HE‬ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺒﺴﻴﻁﺎ ﺃﻭ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻥ ﻤﺤﻁـﺔ ﻤﻐﻠﻘـﺔ ﻟﺘﻭﻟﻴـﺩ ﺍﻟﻘـﺩﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺭﺒﺎﺌﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﺎﻟﻤﺤﺭﻙ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻁ ﻴﺘﺄﻟﻑ ﻤﻥ ﺍﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﺔ ﺒﺩﺍﺨﻠﻬﺎ ﻫﻭﺍﺀ ﻤﻐﻠﻘﺔ ﺒﻤﻜـﺒﺱ‪ .‬ﻓﻌﻨـﺩ ﺍﻨﺘﻘـﺎل‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺘﺭﺘﻔﻊ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍﺀ ﻓﻴﺘﻤﺩﺩ ﻭﻴﺯﺩﺍﺩ ﺤﺠﻤﻪ ﻓﻴﻨﺘﺞ ﺸﻐﻼ ﻴﺴﺎﻭﻱ‪:‬‬
‫)‪WO = Q in − Q O ..........................................................(7.1‬‬
‫ﺃﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺭﻙ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﻤﺜل ﻤﺤﻁﺔ ﻤﻐﻠﻘﺔ ﻟﺘﻭﻟﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺭﺒﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻓﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﺤﻁﺔ ﺒﺨﺎﺭﻴـﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﺸﻜل )‪ (7.4-a‬ﺃﻭ ﻤﺤﻁﺔ ﻏﺎﺯﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺸﻜل )‪ ،(7.4-b‬ﻭﻏﻴﺭﻫﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻁﺎﺕ‪ .‬ﺇﻥ ﻜل ﺠﺯﺀ ﻤﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻁـﺔ‬
‫ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺘﺤﻠﻴﻠﻪ ﻭﻓﻕ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺩﻓﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺭ‪ .‬ﻭﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﻜﻜل ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﻋﺩﻫﺎ ﻤﺤﺭﻜﺎ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴـﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﺘﺴﻠـﺴل‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺨﺎﺭﻴﺔ ﻫﻭ ﻜﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‪:‬‬

‫)‪(222‬‬
 ‫ﺸﻜل )‪ -(7.4‬ﺘﻁﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺭﻙ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻱ‬
‫‪ .1‬ﺘﻨﺘﻘل ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ )‪ (Qin‬ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺠل ﻓﻴﺘﺤﻭل ﺇﻟﻰ ﺒﺨﺎﺭ ﺒﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﻀﻐﻁ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﻴﻥ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .2‬ﻴﺘﻤﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﺨﺎﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺭﺒﻴﻥ ﻓﻴﻨﺘﺞ ﺸﻐل ﻓﻲ ﻋﻤﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺭﺍﻥ )‪.(Wout‬‬
‫‪ .3‬ﻴﺘﻜﺜﻑ ﺍﻟﺒﺨﺎﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺜﻑ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻨﺘﻘﺎل ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ )‪ (Qout‬ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻴﻁ ﻓﻴﺘﺤﻭل ﺇﻷﻯ ﻤﺎﺀ ﺒﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤـﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻁﺌﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .4‬ﺘﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺸﻐل )‪ (Win‬ﻟﺘﻀﺦ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺠل ﻭﺒﺫﻟﻙ ﺘﻜﺘﻤل ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﺘﻌﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻐﺎﻟﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺤﺎﻟﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻻﺼﻠﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻻ ﻴﺤﺼل ﺃﻱ ﺘﻐﻴﻴﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺯﻭﻨﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ )‪(∆Ese=0‬‬
‫ﻭﺘﺼﺒﺢ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﻜﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‪:‬‬

‫)‪Q − W = ∆E se ............................................( 7.2‬‬

‫‪Q=W‬‬
‫‪∑Q = ∑ W‬‬
‫) ‪Q in + ( −Q O ) = WO + ( − Win‬‬
‫)‪Q in − Q O = WO − Win = Wnet .......................(7.3‬‬

‫ﻻ ﺘﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﻤﺤﺭﻜﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺤﺘﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﻲ‪ ،‬ﻤﺤﺭﻙ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﻟﻸﺴﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪:‬‬

‫ﺘﺩﻓﻕ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﻁ ﻋﺒﺭ ﺤﺩﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ‪.‬‬ ‫‪.1‬‬
‫ﺤﺩﻭﺙ ﺍﻻﺤﺘﺭﺍﻕ ﺩﺍﺨﻠﻴﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫‪.2‬‬
‫ﺘﺩﻓﻕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻘﻭﺩﺓ ﻭﺠﺯﺀ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﻐل ﻋﺒﺭ ﺤﺩﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ‪.‬‬ ‫‪.3‬‬
‫ﻭﻟﻜﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺌﻊ ﺘﺴﻤﻴﺔ ﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺭﻜﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺜﺭﻤﻭﺩﻴﻨﺎﻤﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﺤﺭﻜﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫)‪(223‬‬
 ‫)‪ - (7.6‬ﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺘﺤﻭﻴل ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺭﻙ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ‬
‫‪Efficiency of Energy Conversion System or Engine Thermal Efficiency‬‬
‫ﻋﻨﺩ ﻤﺭﻭﺭ ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻤﻐﻠﻕ ﺒﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﻓﻴـﺼﺒﺢ ﺍﻟﻘـﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﺍﻻﻭل ) ‪ (∑ dQ =∑ dW‬ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨـﺕ )‪(Qin‬‬
‫ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺩﺍﺨﻠﺔ* ﻭ)‪ (Win‬ﺍﻟﺸﻐل ﺍﻟﺼﺎﻓﻲ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﺼﺒﺢ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﺍﻻﻭل‬
‫)‪Wnet = Q in − Q O ...................................................(7.4‬‬
‫ﻭﻜﻤﺎ ﻤﺭ ﺒﻨﺎ ﺴﺎﺒﻘﺎ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﻌﻤل ﻓﻲ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﻭﻴﻨﺘﺞ ﺸﻐﻼ ﺼﺎﻓﻴﺎ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺘﺯﻭﻴﺩﻩ ﺒـﺎﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﻴـﺴﻤﻰ‬
‫ﺒﺎﻟﻤﺤﺭﻙ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻱ )‪ ، (Heat Engine‬ﺸﻜل )‪ .(7.5‬ﻭﻴﻌﺒﺭ ﻋﻥ ﺤﺴﻥ ﺇﺩﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺭﻙ ﻭﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺘﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺘﺤﻭﻴل‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺸﻐل ﺒﺎﻟﻤﺭﺩﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻱ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﺭﻤﺯ) ‪ .( η th‬ﻭﻜﻠﻤﺎ ﺯﺍﺩﺕ ﻨـﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺤـﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﻭﻟﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺸﻐل ﻜﻠﻤﺎ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺭﻙ ﺃﻓﻀل‪ .‬ﻭﺇﻥ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺭﻙ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻱ ﻫﻲ‪:‬‬
‫‪W‬‬ ‫‪Q − QO‬‬ ‫‪Q‬‬
‫‪η th‬‬ ‫‪= net = in‬‬ ‫)‪= 1 − O ..................................(7.5‬‬
‫‪Q in‬‬ ‫‪Q in‬‬ ‫‪Q in‬‬

‫‪Tmax‬‬
‫‪Hot body‬‬

‫‪Energy Conversion‬‬ ‫‪ΣW‬‬

‫‪System‬‬

‫‪Cold body‬‬

‫‪Tmin‬‬

‫ﺸﻜل )‪ -(7.5‬ﺘﺤﻭﻴل ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ‬

‫ﻴﺘﻀﺢ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ )‪ (7.5‬ﺃﻥ ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭﺍ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻴﻠﺯﻡ ﻁﺭﺩﻩ ﻟﻜﻲ ﻴﻌﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺤﺎﻟﺘﻪ ﺍﻻﺼﻠﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻭﺍﺤﺩﺍ ﺃﻭ )‪ (100%‬ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ )‪ ،(Qo=o‬ﻭﺒﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ )‪ (Qo‬ﻟﻬـﺎ ﻗﻴﻤـﺔ ﻤﺤـﺩﺩﺓ‪ ،‬ﺇﺫﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﻻﺒﺩ ﺃﻥ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺃﻗل ﻤﻥ )‪.(100%‬‬

‫* ﻴﻌﺒﺭ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﻐل ﺍﻟﺼﺎﻓﻲ ﺒـ )‪ ،(Wnet‬ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻐل ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺠﺯ )‪ ،(Wdone‬ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻐل ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺝ ﺒـ )‪ ،(Wo‬ﻫـﺫﻩ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻁﻠﺤﺎﺕ ﻟﻬﺎ ﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻨﻰ‪.‬‬
‫)‪(224‬‬
‫‪( m‬ﺘﻤﺜل ﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﻗﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻬﻠﻜﺔ ﺒﻭﺤﺩﺍﺕ )‪ (kg/s‬ﻭﺇﻥ )‪ (LCV‬ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴـﺔ ﻟﻠﻭﻗـﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ) ‪& f‬‬
‫‪ ( W‬ﺒﻭﺤﺩﺍﺕ )‪ (kW‬ﻓﺈﻥ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺒﻭﺤﺩﺍﺕ )‪ .(kJ/kg‬ﻭﺃﻥ ) ‪& o‬‬
‫‪W‬‬‫&‬
‫= ‪η th‬‬ ‫‪O‬‬
‫)‪................................................(7.6‬‬
‫‪m‬‬‫‪& f × LCV‬‬

‫)‪ -(7.7‬ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺭﻙ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻜﻭﺱ )ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ(‬

‫)‪Reversed Heat Engine (Heat pump‬‬
‫ﻫﻭ ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺜﺭﻤﻭﺩﻴﻨﺎﻤﻴﻜﻲ ﻴﻌﻤل ﺒﻴﻥ ﻤﺼﺩﺭﻴﻥ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺩﻭﺭﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻴﻨﻘل ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ )‪ (Qin‬ﻤﻥ ﻤﺼﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺒﺎﺭﺩ )‪ ،(Tmim‬ﻭﻴﻁﺭﺩ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ )‪(QO‬ﺇﻟﻰ ﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﺤﺎﺭ )‪ (Tmax‬ﺒﻤﺴﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺸﻐل ﺨـﺎﺭﺠﻲ )‪ ،(Win‬ﻟـﺫﻟﻙ‬
‫ﻓﻬﻲ ﻋﻜﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺭﻙ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺸﻜل )‪.(7.6‬‬

‫‪E.ValVe or‬‬
‫‪Capillary tub‬‬

‫ﺸﻜل )‪ -(7.6‬ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺘﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻜﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ )‪ (Refrigerator‬ﻴﻘﻭﻡ ﺒﻨﻘل ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺤﻴﺯ ﺒﺎﺭﺩ ﺇﻟﺔ ﺤﻴﺯ‬
‫ﺤﺎﺭ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺠﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﻴﻑ‪ ،‬ﺸﻜل)‪ .(7.7-a‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻜﺠﻬـﺎﺯ ﺘﺩﻓﺌـﺔ‬
‫ﻤﻨﺯل ﻤﺜﻼ‪ ،‬ﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﻘﻭﻡ ﺒﻨﻘل ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘﻪ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ )‪ (Tmax‬ﻤﻥ ﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘﻪ‬
‫ﻤﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ‪ ،‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺸﻜل )‪.(7.7-b‬‬

‫)‪(225‬‬
 ‫ﺸﻜل )‪ -(7.7‬ﺘﻁﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ‬

‫‪Coefficient of Performance‬‬ ‫)‪ -(7.8‬ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻻﺩﺍﺀ‬

‫ﻴﻌﺒﺭ ﻋﻥ ﺤﺴﻥ ﺍﺩﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﺒﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻻﺩﺍﺀ )‪ (C.O.P‬ﺘﺘﻭﻗـﻑ ﻗﻴﻤﺘﻬـﺎ ﺒﺤـﺴﺏ ﺍﺴـﺘﻌﻤﺎل‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﺍﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﺕ ﻜﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﺘﺩﻓﺌﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻐﺭﺽ ﺍﻻﺴﺎﺱ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﻨﻘل ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤـﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺇﻟـﻰ ﺍﻟﻐﺭﻓـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻓﺄﺓ )‪ (Qo‬ﺒﻭﺴﺎﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺔ ﻭﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﺩﺍﺌﻬﺎ‪:‬‬
‫‪QO‬‬ ‫‪QO‬‬
‫= ‪(COP ) H . P‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫)‪..............................(7.7‬‬
‫‪Win Q O − Q in‬‬
‫ﺃﻤﺎ ﺍﺫﺍ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺕ ﻜﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻐﺭﺽ ﺍﻻﺴﺎﺱ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﻫﻭ ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻁﺭﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻐﺭﻓﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺭﺩﺓ ﺒﻭﺴﺎﻁﺔ ﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ )‪ (Qin‬ﻭﺘﻁﺭﺡ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻴﻁ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺠﻲ‪ .‬ﺘﺴﻤﻰ ﺒﻤﻌﺎﻤـل ﺍﻻﺩﺍﺀ ﺃﻭ ﻋﺎﻤـل‬
‫ﺍﺤﺩﺍﺙ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻭﺩﺓ‪ .‬ﺃﻱ‪:‬‬
‫‪Q in‬‬ ‫‪Q in‬‬
‫= ‪(COP ) Re f‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫)‪..............................(7.8‬‬
‫‪Win Q O − Q in‬‬
‫ﺒﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻋﻜﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺭﻙ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﻟﺫﻟﻙ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ‪:‬‬
‫= ‪η HE‬‬ ‫)‪1 ……………(7.9‬‬
‫‪COP‬‬
‫ﻭﻜﺫﻟﻙ ﻓﺈﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪Q O Q in + Win Q in Win‬‬
‫= ‪(COP ) H . P‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪+‬‬
‫‪Win‬‬ ‫‪Win‬‬ ‫‪Win Win‬‬
‫)‪= (COP ) Re f + 1...........................(7.10‬‬

‫)‪(226‬‬
 ‫)‪ - (7.9‬ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ ﻟﺩﻴﻨﺎﻤﻴﻙ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬
‫‪The second Law of Thermodynamics‬‬
‫ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺘﻨﺎ ﻟﻠﻘﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﺍﻻﻭل ﺘﺒﻴﻥ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻴﺴﺘﻨﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﺤﻔﻅ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ‪ .‬ﺃﻱ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻴﺨﺘﻔﻲ ﺸﻜل‬
‫ﻤﻥ ﺍﺸﻜﺎل ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﻅﻬﺭ ﺒﺸﻜل ﺁﺨﺭ‪ .‬ﺃﻱ ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﻻ ﺘﻔﻨﻰ ﻭﻻ ﺘﺴﺘﺤﺩﺙ ﻭﺇﻨﻤﺎ ﺘﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺸﻜل ﺇﻟﻰ ﺁﺨﺭ‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﺎﻟﺸﻐل ﺍﻭ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺸﻜل ﻤﻥ ﺍﺸﻜﺎل ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﻴﺘﺤﻭل ﻜل ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﻜﻠﻴﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻻﺨـﺭ ﻭﺒﻨـﺴﺒﺔ )‪ (100%‬ﻭﻓـﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺘﺠﺎﻫﻴﻥ‪ .‬ﻴﺘﻀﺢ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﺍﻻﻭل ﺃﻫﻤل ﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻲ‪:‬‬
‫‪ 1.‬ﺍﺘﺠﺎﻩ ﺴﻴﺭ )‪ (flow‬ﺘﺤﻭﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻐل‪.‬‬
‫‪ .2‬ﺤﺩﻭﺩ ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻭﻴل‪.‬‬
‫ﻤﻥ ﻫﻨﺎ ﺍﺼﺒﺢ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﺍﻻﻭل ﻋﺎﺠﺯﺍ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻻﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﺴﺌﻠﺔ ﺍﻻﺘﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪ .1‬ﻟﻤﺎﺫﺍ ﺘﺴﻴﺭ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺒﺎﺘﺠﺎﻩ ﻤﻌﻴﻥ ﻭﻟﻴﺱ ﺒﺎﺘﺠﺎﻩ ﻤﻌﺎﻜﺱ؟‬
‫‪ .2‬ﻟﻤﺎﺫﺍ ﻻ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺘﺤﻭﻴل ﻜل ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺸﻐل‪ ،‬ﺒﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺘﺤﻭﻴل ﻜل ﺍﻟﺸﻐل ﺇﻟﻰ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ؟‬
‫ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻻﺴﺌﻠﺔ ﻴﺠﻴﺏ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺒل ﺼﻴﺎﻏﺔ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﻻﺒﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﻅﻭﺍﻫﺭ ﺍﻻﺘﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪ .1‬ﺘﺤﻭﻴل ﺍﻟﺸﻐل ﺇﻟﻰ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‪.‬‬
‫ﺃ‪ .‬ﻋﺭﻑ ﻤﻨﺫ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﻡ ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﻐل ﻴﺘﺤﻭل ﻜﻠﻴﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﻓﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻹﻨﺴﺎﻥ ﻴﺤﺼل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺭ ﺒﺎﻻﺤﺘﻜﺎﻙ‬
‫‪ .‬ﻭﺤﻴﻥ ﺘﺤﻙ ﻗﻁﻌﺘﻴﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﺭ ﺘﺤﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﻴﺘﺤﻭل ﺍﻟﺸﻐل ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺫﻭل ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﺤﺘﻜﺎﻙ ﺇﻟـﻰ ﻁﺎﻗـﺔ‬
‫ﺩﺍﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﺘﺅﺩﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺭﻓﻊ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﺭ ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﺍﻻﻭل ﻻ ﻴﻤﺎﻨﻊ ﻋﻜﺱ ﻫـﺫﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﻟﻜﻥ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎ ﻻ ﺘﺘﺤﻘﻕ‪.‬‬
‫ﺏ‪ .‬ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻴﻘﺎﻑ ﺩﻭﻻﺏ ﻁﺎﺌﺭ )‪ (Fly Wheel‬ﺒﻭﺴﺎﻁﺔ ﺍﺤﺘﻜﺎﻙ ﺤﺎﻤﻠﻴﻪ‪ .‬ﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻟﻼﺤﺘﻜـﺎﻙ ﺘﺭﺘﻔـﻊ‬
‫ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻻﺏ ﻭﺘﺯﺩﺍﺩ ﻁﺎﻗﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﺒﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭ ﻤﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﻟﻁﺎﻗﻪ ﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻻﺏ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﺌﺭ‪ .‬ﻻ‬
‫ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﻋﻜﺱ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻷﻨﻪ ﻻ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺘﻨﺨﻔﺽ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻻﺏ ﻭﺤﺎﻤﻠﻴﻪ ﻭﻴـﺴﺘﺄﻨﻑ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻻﺏ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﺒﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺤﺭﻜﺘﻪ ﺍﻻﺼﻠﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺠـ‪ .‬ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﺘﺘﻭﻗﻑ ﺴﻴﺎﺭﺓ ﺒﺴﺒﺏ ﺘﻁﺒﻴﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﺒﺢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺠﻼﺘﻬﺎ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﺒﺢ ﺘﺭﺘﻔﻊ‬
‫ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﺘﺯﺩﺍﺩ ﻁﺎﻗﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﺒﺴﺒﺏ ﺍﻤﺘﺼﺎﺼﻬﺎ ﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺘﺘﻡ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻓـﻲ‬
‫ﺇﻁﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﺍﻻﻭل‪ .‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﺍﻻﻭل ﻻ ﻴﻤﺎﻨﻊ ﺍﻴﻀﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻜﺱ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺒـﺭﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﺒﺢ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺭﺓ ﻭﺘﺘﺤﻭل ﻁﺎﻗﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺤﺭﻜﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺴﻴﺎﺭﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﻜﻥ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎ ﻻ ﺘﺘﺤﻘﻕ ﻫـﺫﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩ‪ .‬ﻋﻨﺩ ﺒﺫل ﺸﻐل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺠﺴﻡ ﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻓﻭﻕ ﺴﻁﺢ ﺨﺸﻥ‪ ،‬ﻓﺴﺘﺘﻭﻟﺩ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﻻ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﻟﻬﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﺘﻨﺘﻘل ﺘﻠﻘﺎﺌﻴﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻡ ﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺘﺭﺠﻌﻪ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻤﻜﺎﻨﻪ ﺍﻻﺼﻠﻲ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ ﻻ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺘﺤﻭل ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺇﻟﻰ‬
‫ﺸﻐل‪.‬‬

‫)‪(227‬‬
‫ﻫـ‪ .‬ﺘﺼﺭﻑ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺯﻴﻥ ﻟﺼﻌﻭﺩ ﻤﺭﺘﻔﻊ ﻤﻌﻴﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﻻ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺴﺘﺭﺠﻊ ﺨﺯﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺯﻴﻥ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻟﻤـﺎ‬
‫ﺼﺭﻑ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺯﻴﻥ ﻋﻨﺩ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻨﺯﻭل ﺫﻟﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺘﻔﻊ‪.‬‬

‫‪ .2‬ﺘﺤﻭﻴل ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺸﻐل‬

‫ﻻ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺘﺤﻭل ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻜﻠﻴﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺸﻐل‪ ،‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﺴﻨﻼﺤﻅ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺭﻜﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻫـﺫﺍ ﻤﺅﺸـﺭ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺴﺅﺍل ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﻠﻕ ﺒﺤﺩﻭﺩ ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻭﻴل ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﺠﻴﺏ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .3‬ﺍﻨﺘﻘﺎل ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬
‫ﻻ ﻴﺠﻴﺏ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﺍﻻﻭل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﺅﺍل ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‪ :‬ﻫل ﺘﻨﺘﻘل ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺨﻥ ﺇﻟـﻰ ﺍﻟﺒـﺎﺭﺩ ﺃﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻜﺱ؟ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎ ﺘﻨﺘﻘل ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺘﻠﻘﺎﺌﻴﺎ ﻓﻘﻁ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺨﻥ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﺩ ﻭﻴﺴﺘﻤﺭ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﻘﺎل ﺤﺘـﻰ ﺤـﺼﻭل‬
‫ﺍﻻﺘﺯﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻱ‪ .‬ﺃﻤﺎ ﺘﻐﻴﻴﺭ ﺍﺘﺠﺎﻩ ﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻓﻴﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺸﻐل ﺨﺎﺭﺠﻲ‪ .‬ﻭﻜﻤﺎ ﻤﻭﻀﺢ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﻤﺜﻠـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺘﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﺃ‪ .‬ﻜﺘﻠﺘﺎﻥ ﺴﺎﺨﻨﺔ ﻭﺒﺎﺭﺩﺓ ﺘﻼﻤﺴﺘﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻤﻌﺯﻭل ﻓﺴﺘﻨﺘﻘل ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺨﻨﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺒـﺎﺭﺩﺓ‬
‫ﺘﻠﻘﺎﺌﻴﺎ ﻭﺘﺼﺒﺢ ﻟﻠﻜﺘﻠﺘﻴﻥ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﺤﺩﺓ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﺍﻻﻭل ﻻ ﻴﻤﺎﻨﻊ ﻋﻜﺱ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﻟﻜﻥ ﻋﻤﻠﻴـﺎ‬
‫ﺘﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺸﻐل ﺨﺎﺭﺠﻲ‪ ،‬ﻷﻨﻪ ﻻ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺘﻨﺘﻘل ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﺩﺓ ﺘﻠﻘﺎﺌﻴﺎ ﻭﺼﻭﻻ ﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺨﻨﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺏ‪.‬ﻗﺩﺡ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻱ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺨﻥ ﻴﺒﺭﺩ ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺔ ﺍﻨﺘﻘﺎل ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻤﺤﻴﻁﻪ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﺩ ﻭﻻ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺴﺨﻥ ﺍﻟﻘـﺩﺡ‬
‫ﺒﺎﻨﺘﻘﺎل ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺤﻴﻁﻪ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﺩ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .4‬ﺘﻤﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﻭﺨﻠﻁﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺃ‪ .‬ﻋﻨﺩ ﺘﻤﺩﺩ ﻏﺎﺯ ﻤﺜﺎﻟﻲ ﺒﺸﻜل ﺤﺭ ﺨﻼل ﻓﺘﺤﺔ ﻀﻴﻘﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻭﻋﺎﺀ ﻤﻔﺭﻍ ﻓﺴﻴﻨﺨﻔﺽ ﻀﻐﻁﻪ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺌﻲ‬
‫ﻭﻴﺯﺩﺍﺩ ﺤﺠﻤﻪ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺜﺒﻭﺕ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‪ .‬ﻻ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﻋﻜﺱ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺸﻐل ﺨـﺎﺭﺠﻲ‬
‫ﻷﻨﻪ ﻻ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻨﺩﻓﻊ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﺨﻼل ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻀﻴﻘﺔ ﻭﻴﻀﻐﻁ ﻨﻔﺴﻪ ﻓﻲ ﻭﻋﺎﺌﻪ ﺍﻻﺼﻠﻲ‪.‬‬
‫ﺏ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺼل ﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺍﺤﺘﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﻁ ﺒﺴﺒﺏ ﺇﺩﺨﺎل ﺍﻟﺸﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺭﺒﺎﺌﻴـﺔ‪ ،‬ﻜﻤـﺎ ﻓـﻲ ﻤﺤـﺭﻙ‬
‫ﺒﺘﺭﻭﻟﻲ‪ ،‬ﻻ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﻋﻜﺱ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺠـ‪ .‬ﻻ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺘﻌﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺨﻠﻁﻬﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺤﺎﻟﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻻﺼﻠﻴﺔ ﺘﻠﻘﺎﺌﻴﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﻴﻼﺤﻅ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻗﺸﺔ ﺍﻋﻼﻩ ﺇﻨﻪ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺤﻴل ﺃﻥ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺒﻌﺽ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻭﻴل ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﺘﺠـﺎﻫﻴﻥ ﻭﺒـﺸﻜل‬
‫ﻜﻠﻲ‪ ،‬ﺒﺭﻏﻡ ﺃﻥ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻴﺘﻔﻕ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﺍﻻﻭل ﻭﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺘﺒﻘﻰ ﺜﺎﺒﺘﺔ‪ ،‬ﻟﺫﻟﻙ ﻴﺠـﺏ ﺃﻥ ﺘﻜـﻭﻥ‬
‫ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺍﺴﺱ ﺍﺨﺭﻯ ﺃﻭ ﻗﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﺁﺨﺭ ﻴﺘﺤﻜﻡ ﺒﺎﺘﺠﺎﻩ ﻭﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻭﻴل‪ .‬ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﻌﺒﺭ ﻋـﻥ‬
‫ﺤﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻲ‪:‬‬

‫)‪(228‬‬
‫)‪ .(1‬ﻻ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺘﺤﻭﻴل ﻜل ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻁﺎﺓ ﻟﻤﺤﺭﻙ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺸﻐل‪ ،‬ﻓﻼﺒﺩ ﻟﻘﺴﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺤـﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻁـﺭﺡ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻴﻤﺜل ﻀﻴﺎﻉ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ‪.‬‬
‫)‪ .(2‬ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﻐل ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﺍﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‪ .‬ﺇﺫ ﻻ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺘﺤﻭﻴل ﻜل ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺸـﻐل ﺒﻴﻨﻤـﺎ ﻴﻤﻜـﻥ‬
‫ﺘﺤﻭﻴل ﻜل ﺍﻟﺸﻐل ﺇﻟﻰ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻜﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﺍﻻﻭل‪ ،‬ﻨﻁﺒﻕ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﻨﻅﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻐﻠﻘﺔ ﺜﻡ ﻨـﺴﺘﺨﺭﺝ ﺍﺴـﺘﻨﺘﺎﺠﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻟﻸﻨﻅﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺘﻭﺤﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺘﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺼل ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺏ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻴﻌﻭﺩ ﻓـﻀل ﺍﻜﺘـﺸﺎﻓﻪ ﺇﻟـﻰ ﺍﻟﻌـﺎﻟﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻨﺴﻲ ﻜﺎﺭﻨﻭ )‪ (Sadi Carnot‬ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺼﺎﻍ ﺠﻭﻫﺭﺓ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻨﺸﺭ ﺍﺒﺤﺎﺜﻪ ﻋﺎﻡ )‪ ،(1824‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘـﻲ ﺴـﺒﻘﺕ‬
‫ﺍﺒﺤﺎﺙ ﺠﻭل )‪(Games Prescott Joule‬ﺒﺄﻜﺜﺭ ﻤﻥ )‪(20‬ﺴﻨﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺒﻌﺩ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻭﻀﻌﺕ ﺼﻴﻎ ﺃﺨـﺭﻯ ﻟﻬـﺫﺍ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﻤﻥ ﻗﺒل ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻡ ﻜﻠﻔﻥ ﺒﻼﻨﻙ )‪ (Kelvin-Plank‬ﻭﻜﻠﻭﺯﻴﻭﺱ )‪.(Clausius‬‬
‫ﻭﻜﻤﺎ ﻤﺭ ﺒﻨﺎ ﺴﺎﺒﻘﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺭﻙ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﻨﺘﺞ ﺸﻐﻼ ﻤﻥ ﻻ ﺸﻲﺀ ﻴﺴﻤﻰ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﺤﺭﻙ ﺩﺍﺌﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜـﺔ ﻤـﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻉ ﺍﻻﻭل‪ ،‬ﻴﺅﻜﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﺍﻻﻭل ﺍﺴﺘﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻨﺸﺎﺀ ﻤﺜل ﻫـﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﺤـﺭﻙ‪ .‬ﻭﻗـﺩ ﺃﺩﺨـل ﺍﻟﻌـﺎﻟﻡ ﺍﻭﺴـﺘﻭﻟﺩ‬
‫)‪ (W. Ostwald‬ﻤﻔﻬﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺭﻙ ﺩﺍﺌﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻵﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺤﻭل ﻜـل ﺍﻟﺤـﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺇﻟﻰ ﺸﻐل‪ ،‬ﺇﺫ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ ﻴﺅﻜﺩ ﺍﺴﺘﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻨﺸﺎﺀ ﻤﺜل ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻵﻟﺔ‪.‬‬

‫)‪ -(7.10‬ﺼﻴﻎ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ ‪The Second Law Statements‬‬

‫ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻤﺴﺎﺌل ﺘﻌﺎﻟﺞ ﻤﻭﻀﻭﻉ ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭ ﻤﺎ ﻴﺘﺤﻭل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻨﺤﺼل ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻤـﻥ ﺍﺤﺘـﺭﺍﻕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻭﻗﻭﺩ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺸﻐل ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺔ ﻤﺤﺭﻙ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺸﻐل ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻡ ﻟﺴﺤﺏ ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺠﺴﻡ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺒﺭﺍﺩ‪ .‬ﺇﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺌل ﺘﺘﻌﻠﻕ ﺒﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺃﻭ ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﺩﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ‪ ،‬ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺤﻠﻬﺎ ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺜـﺎﻨﻲ ﺍﻟـﺫﻱ‬
‫ﻴﻌﺘﻤﺩ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻎ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﻜﺎﺭﻨﻭ‬ ‫‪.1‬‬
‫ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻤﺤﺭﻙ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﻱ ﻴﻨﺘﺞ ﺸﻐل ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻓﺭﻕ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﻱ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻤﺼﺩﺭﻴﻥ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﻴﻥ‪.‬‬
‫ﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﻜﻠﻔﻥ‪-‬ﺒﻼﻨﻙ‬ ‫‪.2‬‬
‫ﻴﺴﺘﺤﻴل ﺍﻨﺸﺎﺀ ﻤﺤﺭﻙ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﻱ ﻴﺴﺘﻠﻡ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﺤﺎﺭ ﻭﻴﺤﻭﻟﻬﺎ ﻜﻠﻬﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺸﻐل‪ ،‬ﻤﺎ ﻟﻡ ﻴﻁﺭﺩ ﺠﺯﺀ‬
‫ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﺒﺎﺭﺩ‪.‬‬
‫)‪(η ≠ I), (Q ≠ W), (Wo = Qin- Qo‬‬ ‫ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ‬

‫)‪(229‬‬
 ‫ﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﻜﻠﻭﺯﻴﻭﺱ‬ ‫‪.3‬‬
‫ﻴﺴﺘﺤﻴل ﺍﻨﺸﺎﺀ ﻤﻀﺨﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﺘﻨﻘل ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﺒﺎﺭﺩ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﺤـﺎﺭ ﺒﺎﺴـﺘﻤﺭﺍﺭ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﺘﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺸﻐل ﺨﺎﺭﺠﻲ‪.‬‬

‫)‪ - (7.11‬ﺘﻜﺎﻓﺅ )ﺘﻤﺎﺜل( ﻨﺼﻲ ﻜﻠﻔﻥ ﺒﻼﻨﻙ ﻭﻜﻠﻭﺯﻴﻭﺱ‬

‫ﺇﻥ ﻨﺹ ﻜﻠﻔﻥ ﺒﻼﻨﻙ ﻴﻌﻨﻲ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻻ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺤﺩﻭﺙ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻨﺘﻴﺠﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻭﺤﻴـﺩﺓ ﺍﻤﺘـﺼﺎﺹ ﺤـﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬
‫ﻭﺘﺤﻭﻴﻠﻬﺎ ﻜﻠﻬﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺸﻐل‪.‬‬
‫ﺃﻤﺎ ﻨﺹ ﻜﻠﻭﺯﻴﻭﺱ ﻓﻴﻌﻨﻲ ﺇﻨﻪ ﻻ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺤﺩﻭﺙ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻨﺘﻴﺠﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻭﺤﻴـﺩﺓ ﺍﻤﺘـﺼﺎﺹ ﺤـﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬
‫ﻭﻁﺭﺩﻫﺎ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺸﻐل‪ .‬ﻴﻅﻬﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺼﻴﻥ ﻭﻜﺄﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﻴﻥ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﻜﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﺇﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﻤﺘﻤﺎﺜﻠﻴﻥ‪ ،‬ﺒﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﺇﻥ ﻤﺨﺎﻟﻔﺔ‬
‫ﺍﺤﺩﻫﻤﺎ ﻴﺅﺩﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻤﺨﺎﻟﻔﺔ ﺍﻵﺨﺭ‪.‬‬

‫ﺸﻜل )‪ -(7.8‬ﺘﻜﺎﻓﺅ ﻨﺼﻲ ﺒﻼﻨﻙ ﻭﻜﻠﻭﺯﻴﻭﺱ‬

‫ﺍﺴﺘﻨﺎﺩﺍ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺸﻜل )‪ .(7.8‬ﻨﻔﺘﺭﺽ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺭﻙ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻱ ﻴﻤﺘﺹ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻓﻘﻁ )‪ ،(Q1‬ﺃﻱ ﻴﺘﻨـﺎﻗﺽ ﻨـﺹ‬
‫ﻜﻠﻔﻥ ﺒﻼﻨﻙ‪ ،‬ﻓﺴﺘﺘﺤﻭل ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺸﻐل ﻴﺸﻐل ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ ‪:‬‬
‫)‪W = Q1..............................................(7.11‬‬
‫ﻭﺴﺘﻘﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﺒﻨﻘل ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ )‪ (Q2‬ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟـ )‪ (Tmin‬ﻭﺘﻁﺭﺩ ﺤـﺭﺍﺭﺓ )‪ (QO‬ﺇﻟـﻰ ﺍﻟــ‬
‫)‪ ،(Tmax‬ﻓﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺸﻐل ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺔ‪:‬‬
‫)‪W = Q O − Q 2 ....................................(7.12‬‬

‫)‪(230‬‬
‫ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺭﻨﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺭﻙ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻱ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻜﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻭﺍﺤﺩ ﻓﺴﻴﻨﺘﺞ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺘﻌـﻭﻴﺽ ﺍﻟﻤﻌـﺎﺩﻟﺘﻴﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻋﻼﻩ ﻤﺎ ﻴﺄﺘﻲ‪:‬‬
‫‪Q1 = Q O − Q 2‬‬
‫)‪Q O = Q1 + Q 2 ..............................................( 7.13‬‬
‫ﺃﻱ ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﺴﺘﻨﻘل ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ )‪ (Q2‬ﻤﻥ ﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﺒﺎﺭﺩ )‪ (Tmin‬ﺇﻟﻰ ﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﺤـﺎﺭ )‪(Tmax‬‬
‫ﺩﻭﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺸﻐل ﺨﺎﺭﺠﻲ ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻴﻨﺎﻗﺽ ﻨﺹ ﻜﻠﻭﺯﻴﻭﺱ‪ .‬ﻭﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻤﺨﺎﻟﻔـﺔ ﺍﻟـﻨﺹ ﺍﻻﻭل ﺃﺩﺕ‬
‫ﺇﻟﻰ ﻤﺨﺎﻟﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺹ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ‪.‬‬

‫)‪(231‬‬
 ‫ﺍﻤﺜﻠﺔ ﻤﺤﻠﻭﻟﺔ‬
‫)‪(7.1‬‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﻤﺤﻁﺔ ﺒﺨﺎﺭﻴﺔ ﻗﺩﺭﺘﻬﺎ )‪ ،(200 MW‬ﻴﺘﻡ ﺤﺭﻕ ﻨﻔﻁ ﺜﻘﻴل ﺒﻤﻌﺩل )‪ (70ton/h‬ﻗﻴﻤﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴـﺔ‬
‫)‪ .(41000kJ/kg‬ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻋﻠﻤﺕ ﺃﻥ ﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺜﻑ ﻴﺩﺨل ﺒﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ )‪ (20oc‬ﻭﻴﺨﺭﺝ ﺒﺩﺭﺠـﺔ‬
‫ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ )‪ .(28c‬ﺃﻭﺠﺩ )ﺃ(ﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺨﺎﺭﻴﺔ)ﺏ(ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻋﺔ ﻋﻠﻤﺎ ﺒﺄﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪.Cw=4.2 kJ/kg.K‬‬
‫‪W‬‬ ‫&‬ ‫‪W‬‬‫&‬
‫= ‪η th‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫&‬
‫&‬
‫‪Q‬‬ ‫‪& f × LCV‬‬
‫‪m‬‬ ‫‪Q‬‬ ‫‪215 × 10 7‬‬
‫‪in‬‬ ‫= &‬
‫‪m‬‬ ‫‪O‬‬
‫=‬
‫‪200.10 3‬‬ ‫)‪C W × ∆T12 4.2 × ( 28 − 20‬‬
‫=‬ ‫‪= 0.25‬‬
‫‪70.10 3‬‬ ‫‪= 642 × 10 6 kg / h‬‬
‫‪× 041000‬‬
‫‪3600‬‬
‫‪& =Q‬‬
‫‪Q‬‬ ‫‪& −W‬‬ ‫‪& =m‬‬ ‫‪& f × LCV − W‬‬‫&‬
‫‪O‬‬ ‫‪in‬‬

‫‪= 70 × 10 3 × 41000 − 200 × 10 3‬‬

‫‪= 215 × 10 7 kJ / h‬‬

‫)‪(7.2‬‬
‫ﻤﺤﺭﻙ ﺒﻨﺯﻴﻥ ﻴﺴﺘﻬﻠﻙ )‪ (20.4kg/h‬ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻭﻗﻭﺩ ﺫﻭ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭﻫﺎ )‪ .(43MJ/kg‬ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ‬
‫ﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺭﻙ )‪ .(20%‬ﺍﺤﺴﺏ ﻗﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺭﻙ ﻭﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﺭﻭﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺩﻗﻴﻘﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪W‬‬ ‫‪& =m‬‬
‫‪& 12 = η × Q‬‬ ‫‪& f × LCV‬‬
‫‪in‬‬
‫‪20.4‬‬
‫× ‪= 0.2‬‬ ‫‪× 43 × 10 3 = 48.73kW‬‬
‫‪3600‬‬
‫&‬ ‫&‬ ‫‪& 12 = m‬‬
‫‪Q O = Q in − W‬‬ ‫‪& f × LCV − W‬‬‫‪& 12‬‬
‫‪20.4‬‬ ‫‪60‬‬
‫=‬ ‫× ‪× 43 − 48.733‬‬ ‫‪= 11.7MJ / min‬‬
‫‪60‬‬ ‫‪1000‬‬
‫)‪(7.3‬‬
‫ﻤﺤﻁﺔ ﻟﺘﻭﻟﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺭﺒﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﺘﻨﺘﺞ )‪ .(500MW‬ﻭﺘﺒﻴﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﻴﻤﺜل )‪ (28%‬ﻤـﻥ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗـﺔ ﺍﻟﻤـﺯﻭﺩﺓ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻤﺤﻁﺔ ﺒﺤﺭﻕ ﺍﻟﻔﺤﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺠل ﻭﻴﺤﺭﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﺤﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭﻫﺎ )‪ .(29.5MJ/kg‬ﺍﺤﺴﺏ ﻜﺘﻠـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﺤﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺤﺭﻗﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻁﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺴﺎﻋﺔ ﻭﺍﺤﺩﺓ‪.‬‬
‫&‬ ‫&‬
‫=‪η‬‬
‫‪W‬‬
‫‪⇒Q‬‬ ‫‪& = W = 500 × 3600 = 6 × 43 × 10 6 MJ / h‬‬
‫‪Q‬‬‫&‬ ‫‪in‬‬
‫‪η‬‬ ‫‪0.28‬‬
‫‪in‬‬

‫‪Q‬‬‫&‬ ‫‪6 × 43 × 10 6‬‬

‫= ‪mf‬‬
‫&‬ ‫‪in‬‬
‫=‬ ‫‪= 217917kg / h‬‬
‫‪L.C.V‬‬ ‫‪29.5‬‬

‫)‪(232‬‬
 ‫)‪(7.4‬‬
‫ﻤﺤﻁﺔ ﺒﺨﺎﺭﻴﺔ ﺘﺴﺘﻌﻤل )‪ (3.045 t/h‬ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺤﻡ‪ .‬ﻴﺩﺨل ﺍﻟﺒﺨﺎﺭ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺭﺒﻴﻥ ﻟﻴﻨﺘﺞ )‪ .(4.1MW‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻔﺤﻡ )‪ .(28MJ/kg‬ﺍﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺤﻁﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪3.045 × 103‬‬
‫= ‪&f‬‬
‫‪m‬‬ ‫‪= 0.846 kg / s‬‬
‫‪3600‬‬
‫‪W‬‬‫&‬ ‫‪4 .1‬‬
‫= ‪ηth‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 0.173‬‬
‫‪& f × L.C.V 0.846 × 28‬‬
‫‪m‬‬
‫)‪(7.5‬‬
‫ﻤﺤﺭﻙ ﻴﺴﺘﻌﻤل )‪ (20.4kg/h‬ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻭﻗﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻗﻴﻤﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ )‪ .(43MJ/kg‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺤـﺭﻙ‬
‫)‪ .(20%‬ﺍﺤﺴﺏ ﻗﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺭﻙ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﺭﻭﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺩﻗﻴﻘﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪& =m‬‬
‫‪Q‬‬ ‫‪& f × CV = 20.4 × 43 = 877.2MJ / h = 243.7kW‬‬
‫‪in‬‬
‫‪& = η.Q‬‬
‫‪W‬‬ ‫‪& = 0.2 × 877.2 = 175.44MJ / h = 48.7kW‬‬
‫‪in‬‬
‫‪& =Q‬‬
‫‪Q‬‬ ‫‪& −W‬‬‫‪& = 243.7 − 48.7 = 195KW = 11698kJ / min‬‬
‫‪O‬‬ ‫‪in‬‬

‫)‪(7.6‬‬
‫ﻤﺤﻁﺔ ﻨﻭﻭﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺘﺘﺄﻟﻑ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺤﺭﻙ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﻱ ﻴﺴﺘﻠﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻤﻥ ﻤﻔﺎﻋل ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘﻪ )‪(313 C‬‬
‫‪o‬‬

‫ﻭﻴﻁﺭﺡ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻰ ﻨﻬﺭ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﻓﻴﻪ )‪ .(20oc‬ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻁﺔ ﺘﻨﺘﺞ )‪ .(750000kW‬ﻜﻔـﺎﺀﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ )‪ (60%‬ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺘﺭﻤﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻁﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺭ )‪ (70%‬ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﻨﺘﺠﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺎﻋل‪ .‬ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻤﻌـﺩل ﺘـﺩﻓﻕ ﺍﻟﻤـﺎﺀ ﻓـﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻬـﺭ )‪ ،(165m3/s‬ﻭﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﺤـﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻴـﺔ ﻟﻠﻤـﺎﺀ‬
‫)‪ .(4.2kJ/kg.K‬ﺍﺤﺴﺏ ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻻﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﻓﻲ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺭ‪.‬‬

‫‪Tmin‬‬ ‫‪293‬‬ ‫‪586‬‬

‫‪η the = 1 −‬‬ ‫‪=1−‬‬ ‫‪= 0.5‬‬
‫‪Tmax‬‬ ‫‪586‬‬
‫‪η Act = 0.6 × 0.5 = 0.3‬‬ ‫‪Qin‬‬
‫&‬
‫‪& = W = 750000 = 25 × 10 5 kW‬‬
‫‪Q‬‬ ‫‪H.E‬‬ ‫ً‪750000 kW‬‬
‫‪η‬‬
‫‪in‬‬
‫‪0.3‬‬
‫‪& = 0.7 × 25 × 10 5 = 175 × 10 4 kW‬‬
‫‪Q‬‬ ‫‪O‬‬
‫‪Qin=0.7Qin‬‬
‫‪& w = 165 × 10 3 Kg / s‬‬
‫‪m‬‬ ‫‪293‬‬
‫&‬
‫‪Q‬‬ ‫‪25 × 10 5‬‬
‫= ‪∆T‬‬ ‫‪in‬‬
‫=‬ ‫‪= 2.54K‬‬
‫‪m‬‬‫‪& × C w 165 × 10 3 × 4.2‬‬

‫)‪(233‬‬
 ‫)‪(7.7‬‬
‫ﺘﻨﺘﻘل ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺨﺯﺍﻥ ﻤﺎﺀ ﻓﻲ ﺒﺭﺍﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ )‪ (0oC‬ﺇﻟﻰ ﻤـﺴﺘﻭﺩﻉ ﺒـﻪ ﻤـﺎﺀ ﻴﻐﻠـﻲ ﺒﺩﺭﺠـﺔ‬
‫)‪(100oC‬ﺒﻭﺴﺎﻁﺔ ﺁﻟﺔ ﻗﺎﺒﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻜﺱ )ﻤﻀﺨﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ(‪ .‬ﺍﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻟﻤﺴﺤﻭﺒﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﺍﺩ‪ .‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨـﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﻘﻠﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﺩﻉ )‪(2254kJ‬؟‪.‬‬
‫‪QO‬‬ ‫‪T‬‬
‫= ‪COP ) HP‬‬ ‫‪= 1 − min‬‬
‫‪W‬‬ ‫‪Tmax‬‬
‫‪2254‬‬ ‫‪273‬‬
‫=‬ ‫‪= 1−‬‬
‫‪W‬‬ ‫‪373‬‬
‫‪W = 604kJ‬‬
‫‪Q in = Q O − W‬‬
‫‪= 2254 − 604 = 1650kJ‬‬

‫)‪(7.8‬‬
‫ﻤﺎﻜﻨﺘﺎﻥ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺘﺎﻥ )‪ (A‬ﻭ )‪ (B‬ﻤﺭﺒﻭﻁﺘﺎﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺍﻟﻲ ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻜﻨﺔ )‪ (A‬ﺘﺴﺘﻠﻡ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻋﻨـﺩ ﺩﺭﺠـﺔ‬
‫ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ) ‪ (627 `C‬ﻭﺘﻁﺭﺡ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﺩﻉ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘﻪ )‪ .(T‬ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻜﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﺘـﺴﺘﻠﻡ ﺍﻟﺤـﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻁﺭﻭﺤﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻜﻨﺔ )‪ (A‬ﻭﺘﻁﺭﺡ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﺩﻉ ﺒﺎﺭﺩ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘﻪ )‪ .(27c‬ﺍﻭﺠـﺩ ﺩﺭﺠـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ )‪ (T‬ﺒـ )‪ (c‬ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ )ﺃ(ﺍﻟﺸﻐل ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺘﺞ ﻤﻥ ﻜﻼ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻜﻨﺘﺎﻥ ﻤﺘﺴﺎﻭﻱ )ﺏ(ﺍﻟﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻤﺘـﺴﺎﻭﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻜﻼ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻜﻨﺘﻴﻥ‪.‬‬
‫‪( A )When : WA = WB‬‬ ‫‪(B )When : − η A − η B‬‬
‫‪Q inA − Q oA = Q inB − Q oB‬‬ ‫‪Tmax‬‬ ‫‪Tmax‬‬
‫=‬
‫‪Q inA − Q oA = Q oA − Q oB‬‬ ‫‪Tmax − Tmin )A Tmax − Tmin )B‬‬
‫‪Q inA − Q oB = Q oA + Q oA = 2Q oA‬‬ ‫= ‪900‬‬ ‫‪T‬‬
‫‪900 − T T − 300‬‬
‫‪(627 + 273) + ( 27 + 273) = 2T‬‬
‫‪T = 519.6K‬‬
‫‪T = 600K‬‬

‫)‪(234‬‬
 ‫)‪(7.9‬‬
‫ﻤﺎﻜﻨﺘﺎﻥ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺘﺎﻥ )‪ (A‬ﻭ )‪ (B‬ﻤﺭﺒﻭﻁﺘﺎﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺍﻟﻲ ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻜﻨﺔ )‪ (A‬ﺘﻁﺭﺡ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓ ﺇﻟﻰ‬
‫)‪ . (B‬ﻭﺘﺴﺘﻘﺒل ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻜﻨﺔ )‪ (A‬ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭﻫﺎ )‪ (200kJ‬ﻤﻥ ﻤﻨﺒﻊ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﻱ ﺩﺭﺠـﻭ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘـﻪ )‪.(421oc‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻜﻨﺔ )‪ (B‬ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺘﺼﺎل ﻤﻊ ﻤﺼﺏ ﺒﺎﺭﺩ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ )‪ .(4.4oc‬ﺍﻟﺸﻐل ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺝ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻜﻨـﺔ‬
‫)‪ (A‬ﻀﻌﻑ ﺍﻟﺸﻐل ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺝ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻜﻨﺔ )‪ .(B‬ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻜﻨﺘﺎﻥ ﺘﻌﻤﻼﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺍﻗﺼﻰ ﻜﻔـﺎﺀﺓ ﻤﻤﻜﻨـﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻭﺠﺩ )‪(1‬ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺘﺭﻜﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻜﻨﺘﻴﻥ‪(2) .‬ﺍﻟﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴـﺔ ﻟﻜـل ﻤﺎﻜﻨـﺔ‪(3) .‬ﺍﻟﺤـﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻁﺭﻭﺩﺓ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻤﺼﺏ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﺩ‪.‬‬
‫‪WA = 2 WB‬‬ ‫‪Tmin‬‬ ‫‪277.4‬‬
‫‪ηB = 1 −‬‬ ‫‪= 1−‬‬ ‫‪= 0.33‬‬
‫) ‪Q inA − QoA = 2(Q inB − QoB‬‬ ‫‪Tm‬‬ ‫‪416‬‬
‫) ‪Q inA − QoA = 2(QO1 − QoB‬‬ ‫‪WA = η A .Q inA = 0.4 × 200 = 80kJ‬‬
‫) ‪Tmax − Tm = 2(Tm − Tmin‬‬ ‫‪Q oA = Q inA − WA = 200 − 80 = 120kJ‬‬
‫‪Tm = 416k‬‬ ‫‪W1 80‬‬
‫= ‪WB‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 40kJ‬‬
‫‪Tm‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪ηA = 1 −‬‬ ‫‪= 1 − 416 = 0.4‬‬ ‫‪Q oB‬‬ ‫‪= Q inB − WB‬‬
‫‪Tmax‬‬ ‫‪694‬‬
‫‪= Q oA − WB = 120 − 40 = 80kJ‬‬

‫)‪(7.10‬‬
‫ﻤﻀﺨﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴـﺔ ﺘـﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻷﻏـﺭﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﺘﺩﻓﺌـﺔ‪ .‬ﺩﺭﺠـﺔ ﺤـﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻬـﻭﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺨـﺎﺭﺠﻲ )‪(-8oC‬‬
‫)ﺍﻟﺨﺯﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﺩ(‪ .‬ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺎﻴﺔ ﻋﻨـﺩ ﺩﺭﺠـﺔ ﺤـﺭﺍﺭﺓ )‪)(27oc‬ﺍﻟﺨـﺯﺍﻥ ﺍﻟـﺴﺎﺨﻥ(‪ .‬ﺘﺤﺘـﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺎﻴـﺔ ﺇﻟـﻰ‬
‫)‪ .(200.000kJ/hr‬ﺍﺤﺴﺏ‪) :‬ﺃ(ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺤﻭﺒﺔ ﻤـﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺤـﻴﻁ ﺍﻟﺨـﺎﺭﺠﻲ ﺒﻭﺤـﺩﺍﺕ )‪(kJ/hr‬‬
‫)ﺏ(ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺔ ﺒﻭﺤﺩﺍﺕ )‪.(kW‬‬

‫‪Tmax‬‬ ‫‪Win = 23337.2kJ / h‬‬

‫= ‪COP‬‬
‫‪Tmax − Tmin‬‬ ‫‪Q in = Q O − Win‬‬
‫=‬ ‫‪300‬‬ ‫‪= 8.57‬‬ ‫‪Q in = 176662.8kJ / h‬‬
‫‪300 − 265‬‬
‫‪= 49.073kW‬‬
‫‪Q‬‬
‫‪8.57 = O = 200000‬‬
‫‪Win‬‬ ‫‪Win‬‬

‫)‪(235‬‬
 ‫)‪(7.11‬‬
‫)ﺃ(ﻤﺎﻜﻨﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﺘﻌﻤل ﺒﻴﻥ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﺩﻋﻴﻥ ﺤﺎﺭ ﻭﺒﺎﺭﺩ ﻭﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻗﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺨﺭﻭﺝ ﻭﺍﻟﺤـﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﻠـﺼﺔ ﻤـﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻜﻨﺔ ﻫﻲ )‪ (70kJ) ، (57kJ‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺍﻟﻲ‪ .‬ﺍﻭﺠﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ‪.‬‬
‫)ﺏ(ﻟﻭ ﺘﻡ ﻋﻜﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻜﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻉ )ﺃ( ﻟﺘﻌﻤل ﻜﻤﻀﺨﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻜﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﺘـﺴﺨﻴﻥ ﺒـﻴﻥ ﻨﻔـﺱ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﺩﻋﻴﻥ‪ .‬ﺍﺤﺴﺏ ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻻﺩﺍﺀ )‪ (COP‬ﻟﻠﻤﻀﺨﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻭﻜﺫﻟﻙ ﺍﻟﺸﻐل ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﻠﺯﻡ ﺘﺠﻬﻴﺯﻩ ﺇﺫﺍ‬
‫ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻨﺘﻘﺎل ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺼل ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﺩﻉ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺭ ﺒﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭ )‪.(8 kW‬‬
‫)ﺝ(ﺇﺫﺍ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺭﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻜﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻜﻭﺴﺔ ﻟﻠﻔﺭﻉ )ﺏ(ﻜﺜﻼﺠﺔ ﻓﻤﺎ ﻫﻭ ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﺩﺍﺌﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫‪Q in = W + Q O = 57 + 70 = 127kJ‬‬ ‫‪Q‬‬‫&‬ ‫‪8‬‬
‫‪W‬‬‫= &‬ ‫‪o‬‬
‫=‬ ‫‪= 3.6kW‬‬
‫‪W‬‬ ‫‪57‬‬ ‫‪(COP ) HP 2.23‬‬
‫=‪−η‬أ‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 45%‬‬
‫‪Q in 127‬‬ ‫‪ − (COP ) ref = (COP ) HP − 1‬ج‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫= = ‪ − (COP ) H . P‬ب‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫‪= 2.23‬‬ ‫‪= 2.23 − 1 = 1.23‬‬
‫‪ζ 0.45‬‬
‫)‪(7.12‬‬
‫ﻴﺭﺍﺩ ﺤﻔﻅ ﻤﺠﻤﺩﺓ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭﻫﺎ )‪ (38K‬ﻓﻲ ﻴﻭﻡ ﺼﻴﻔﻲ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻴﻁ‬
‫)‪ .(306K‬ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﺭﻭﺤﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﺩﺓ ﺒﻤﻌﺩل )‪ . (1230W‬ﺍﺤﺴﺏ ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﺭﻭﺤﺔ‬
‫ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺠﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻴﻁ ﺒﺎﻟـ )‪.(kW‬‬
‫‪Q‬‬‫&‬ ‫‪Tmin‬‬ ‫‪& = 351.4 W‬‬
‫‪W‬‬
‫= ‪(COP ) ref‬‬ ‫‪in‬‬
‫=‬
‫‪W‬‬ ‫&‬ ‫‪Tmax − Tmin‬‬ ‫‪& =W‬‬
‫‪Q‬‬ ‫‪& +Q‬‬‫&‬
‫‪O‬‬ ‫‪in‬‬
‫= ‪1230‬‬ ‫‪238‬‬ ‫‪= 351.4 + 1230 = 1.582KW‬‬
‫‪W‬‬‫&‬ ‫‪306 − 238‬‬

‫)‪(7.13‬‬
‫ﻤﺤﺭﻙ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﻱ ﻴﺴﺘﻌﻤل ﻓﻲ ﺘﺸﻐﻴل ﺒﺭﺍﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺭﻙ ﻴﺴﺘﻠﻡ ﺤـﺭﺍﺭﺓ ) ‪ (Q1‬ﻋﻨـﺩ ﺩﺭﺠـﺔ ﺤـﺭﺍﺭﺓ )‪.(T1‬‬
‫ﻭﻴﻁﺭﺡ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ )‪ (Q2‬ﻋﻨﺩ )‪ .(T2‬ﻴﺴﺤﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺭﺩ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭﻫﺎ )‪ (Q3‬ﻤﻥ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﺩﻉ ﺩﺭﺠـﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘـﻪ‬
‫‪Q‬‬
‫)‪ (T3‬ﻭﻴﻁﺭﺡ )‪ (Q4‬ﻋﻨﺩ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ )‪ .(T4‬ﺍﻭﺠﺩ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ) ‪ ( 3‬ﺒﺩﻻﻟﺔ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﺩﻋﺎﺕ‬
‫‪Q1‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺭﻙ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺭﺍﺩ‪.‬‬
‫‪WHE = WHP‬‬ ‫‪Q3‬‬
‫‪= ηHE × (COP )HP‬‬
‫‪Q3‬‬ ‫‪Q1‬‬
‫= ‪η HE × Q 1‬‬
‫‪(COP ) HP‬‬ ‫‪T1 − T2‬‬ ‫‪T3‬‬
‫=‬ ‫×‬
‫‪T1‬‬ ‫‪T4 − T3‬‬

‫)‪(236‬‬
 ‫ﻤﺴﺎﺌل‬
‫)‪(7.1‬‬
‫ﻤﻀﺨﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﺘﻌﻤل ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺔ ﻤﺤﺭﻙ ﻜﻬﺭﺒﺎﺌﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺘﺩﻓﺌﺔ ﺒﻨﺎﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻻﺩﺍﺀ ﻟﻠﻤﻀﺨﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﻫﻭ )‪ .(2.4‬ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻬﺯﺓ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺎﻴﺔ ﺘﺴﺎﻭﻱ )‪ .(120000kJ/h‬ﺍﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﻘـﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺭﺒﺎﺌﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻤﺔ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻋﻠﻤﺕ ﺇﻥ ﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺭﻙ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺭﺒﺎﺌﻲ ﻫﻲ )‪.(0.9‬‬
‫ﺝ‪(15.4kW) :‬‬

‫)‪(7.2‬‬
‫ﻤﺤﺭﻙ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﻱ ﻴﻌﻤل ﺒﻴﻥ ﺨﺯﺍﻨﻴﻥ )‪ (944K‬ﻭ)‪ (333K‬ﻭﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺭﻙ ﺘﻌﺎﺩل )‪ (50%‬ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻴﺴﺘﻌﻤل ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺭﻙ ﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴل ﻤﻀﺨﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﺘﻌﻤل ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻴﻁ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺠﻲ )‪ (- 6.7oc‬ﻭﻏﺭﻓﺔ ﻤﺩﻓﺄﻩ‬
‫)‪ (32.2oc‬ﻭﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﺩﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺔ )‪ (50%‬ﻤﻥ ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻻﺩﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻲ‪ .‬ﺍﺤﺴﺏ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺤـﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤـﻀﺎﻓﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻤﺎﻜﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻬﺯﺓ ﻟﻠﻐﺭﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻓﺄﻩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺝ‪(0.8) :‬‬

‫)‪(7.3‬‬
‫ﻤﺎﻜﻨﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴـﺔ ﻴـﻀﺎﻑ ﻟﻬـﺎ ﺤـﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻤﻘـﺩﺍﺭﻩ )‪ (40000kJ/kg‬ﻭﺘﻁـﺭﺡ ﺤـﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻤﻘـﺩﺍﺭﻫﺎ‬
‫)‪ .(26000kJ/kg‬ﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻜﻨﺔ )‪ (60%‬ﻤﻥ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﻤﺜﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻤﻤﻜﻨﺔ ﻟﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻋﻠﻤـﺕ ﺇﻥ ﺃﻭﻁـﺄ‬
‫ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺘﺼﻠﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻜﻨﺔ ﻫﻲ )‪ .(80 oc‬ﺍﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺘﺼﻠﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻜﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺝ‪(844K) :‬‬

‫)‪(7.4‬‬
‫ﺠﻬﺯﺕ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭﻫﺎ )‪ (1450kJ‬ﺨﻼل ﻓﺘﺭﺓ ﺯﻤﻨﻴﺔ ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭﻫﺎ )‪ (43‬ﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﻋﻨـﺩ ﺩﺭﺠـﺔ ﺤـﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬
‫)‪ (820oc‬ﻟﻤﺤﺭﻙ ﻜﻔﺎﺌﺘﻪ )‪ (80%‬ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻴﻁﺭﺡ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺭﻙ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺇﻟـﻰ ﻤـﺴﺘﻭﺩﻉ ﺩﺭﺠـﺔ‬
‫ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘﻪ )‪ .(400c‬ﺍﻭﺠﺩ )‪(1‬ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﺭﻭﺤﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﺩﻉ‪(2) .‬ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺘﺠﺔ ﺒﻭﺤﺩﺍﺕ )‪.(kW‬‬
‫‪(19.26kW‬‬ ‫ﺝ‪, 621.76kJ) :‬‬

‫)‪(237‬‬
 ‫)‪(7.5‬‬
‫ﻤﺤﺭﻙ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﻱ ﻴﻌﻤل ﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴل ﻤﻀﺨﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﺘﻘﻭﻡ ﺒﺘﺩﻓﺌﺔ ﻏﺭﻓﺔ ﺒﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﺤﺎﻓﻅ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤـﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬
‫ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭﻫﺎ )‪ .(26oc‬ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺩﻨﻴﺎ ﻟﻜل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺭﻙ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺔ )‪ .(10oc‬ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻱ ﻟﻠﻤﺤﺭﻙ‬
‫ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘﻪ )‪ .(527oc‬ﺇﻥ ﻜﻼ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺭﻙ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺔ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﺜﺎﻟﻴﻴﻥ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﻥ ﻜﻔـﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺤـﺭﻙ ﺘـﺴﺎﻭﻱ‬
‫)‪ (70%‬ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﺩﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺔ ﻴﺴﺎﻭﻱ )‪ (90%‬ﻤﻥ ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻻﺩﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻤﺜـﺎﻟﻲ‪ .‬ﺍﺭﺴـﻡ‬
‫ﻤﺨﻁﻁ ﻟﻠﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻟﻜل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺭﻙ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺔ ﻭﺍﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﺭﻭﺤـﺔ‬
‫ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻐﺭﻓﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﺠﻬﺯ ﺒﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺭﻙ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻱ‪.‬‬
‫ﺝ‪(7.57) :‬‬

‫)‪(7.6‬‬
‫ﻤﺎﻜﻨﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻜﻔﺎﺌﺘﻬﺎ )‪ (50%‬ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺘﺴﺘﻠﻡ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻗﻴﻤﺘﻬﺎ )‪ (QA‬ﻤـﻥ ﻤـﺼﺩﺭ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘـﻪ‬
‫)‪ (671oc‬ﻭﻴﻁﺭﺩ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘﻪ )‪ .(60 oc‬ﺘﻘﻭﻡ ﺒﺘﺸﻐﻴل ﺜﻼﺠﺔ ﺘﻌﻤل ﻟﻠﻤﺤﺎﻓﻅﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺤﻴـﺯ‬
‫ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘﻪ )‪ .(- 6.7 oc‬ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠﻭﺏ ﻁﺭﺩﻫﺎ )‪ (QB‬ﺇﻟﻰ ﻤﺤﻴﻁ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘـﻪ‬
‫)‪ .(32.2oc‬ﻭﺇﻥ ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﺩﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺠﺔ ﻴﺴﺎﻭﻱ )‪ (50%‬ﻤﻥ ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻻﺩﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻲ‪ .‬ﺍﺤـﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﻨـﺴﺒﺔ ﺒـﻴﻥ‬
‫‪Q‬‬
‫) ‪.( A‬‬
‫‪QB‬‬
‫ﺝ‪(0.8) :‬‬

‫)‪(7.7‬‬
‫ﻤﻀﺨﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﺘﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻟﺘﺩﻓﺌﺔ ﺒﻨﺎﻴﺔ ﺘﻌﻤل ﺒﻴﻥ )‪ (2 oc‬ﻭ)‪ (87 oc‬ﻴﺩﺨل ﻤﺎﺀ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤـﺼﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﺒـﺎﺭﺩ‬
‫ﺒﺩﺭﺠﺔ )‪ (7 oc‬ﻭﻴﺨﺭﺝ ﺒﺩﺭﺠﺔ )‪ (4 oc‬ﻭﺒﻤﻌﺩل ﺠﺭﻴﺎﻥ )‪ .(5500kg/hr‬ﻴﺴﺨﻥ ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍﺀ ﺒﻭﺴﺎﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﻤـﺼﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺨﻥ ﻤﻥ )‪ (10 oc‬ﺇﻟﻰ )‪ (20 oC‬ﺒﺜﺒﻭﺕ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ‪ .‬ﺍﺤﺴﺏ‪:‬‬
‫)‪(1‬ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻟﻠﺘﺩﻓﺌﺔ‪.‬‬
‫)‪(2‬ﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍﺀ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ )‪(20 oC‬ﻭ )‪.(1bar‬‬
‫)‪(3‬ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻤﺔ ﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴل ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻋﻠﻤﺎ ﺒﺄﻥ ‪:‬‬
‫‪R=0.295 kJ /kg. K , γ=1.4 , Cw=4.2kJ/kg. K‬‬

‫‪(5.95kW, 2.109m3/S,‬‬ ‫ﺝ‪2.44kg/s) :‬‬

‫)‪(238‬‬
 ‫)‪(7.8‬‬
‫ﺘﺴﺘﻌﻤل ﻤﻀﺨﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﺩﻓﺌﺔ ﻤﻨﺯل ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﺘﺎﺀ ﺤﻴﺙ ﺩﺭﺠﺘﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺩﺍﺨل ﻭﺨﺎﺭﺝ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺯل )‪، (20 oc‬‬
‫)‪ (0 oc‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺍﻟﻲ‪ .‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠﻭﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺩﻓﺌﺔ )‪ .(48000kJ/hr‬ﺍﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻗل ﻗﺩﺭﺓ ﺘﻠـﺯﻡ‬
‫ﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴل ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺝ‪(0.91kW) :‬‬

‫)‪(7.9‬‬
‫ﺍﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﺕ ﻤﻜﻴﻔﺔ ﻫﻭﺍﺀ )ﻤﺎﻜﻨﺔ ﺜﻼﺠﺔ( ﺍﻨﻌﻜﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻤﻨﺯل ﺼﻴﻔﺎ ﺤﻴﺙ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺩﺭﺠـﺔ ﺤـﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻨـﺯل‬
‫)‪ (25 oc‬ﻭﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠﻭﺏ ﺴﺤﺒﻬﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺯل ﺘﺘﻨﺎﺴﺏ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻕ ﺒـﻴﻥ ﺩﺭﺠﺘـﻲ ﺍﻟﺤـﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺨﺎﺭﺝ ﻭﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺯل ﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﺴﺎﻭﻱ )‪) (2400kJ/hr.K‬ﻜﻴﻠﻭ ﺠﻭل ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻋﺔ ﻟﻜل ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻓـﺭﻕ‬
‫ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨل ﻭﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺝ(‪ .‬ﺍﺤﺴﺏ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺨﺎﺭﺝ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺯل ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠﻭﺒﺔ ﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴل ﺍﻟﻤﻜﻴـﻑ‬
‫)‪.(1kW‬‬
‫ﺝ‪(49.09 oc) :‬‬

‫)‪(7.10‬‬
‫ﻤﺎﻜﻨﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﺘﺴﺘﻠﻡ )‪ (1000kJ‬ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﻱ‪ (60%) .‬ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﻐل ﺍﻟﻨـﺎﺘﺞ‬
‫ﻴﺴﺘﻐل ﻓﻲ ﺘﺸﻐﻴل ﻤﺎﻜﻨﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻤﻌﻜﻭﺴﺔ ﺘﻌﻤل ﻜﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺎﺌﺽ ﻴﺴﺘﻐل ﻜﺸﻐل ﻤﻴﻜـﺎﻨﻴﻜﻲ‪ ،‬ﻓـﺈﺫﺍ‬
‫ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻜﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ )‪ (40%‬ﻭﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﺩﺍﺀ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ )‪ (2.4‬ﺍﺤﺴﺏ‪:‬‬
‫)‪(1‬ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﺭﻭﺤﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻜﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫)‪(2‬ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺘﺼﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ‪.‬‬
‫)‪(3‬ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﺭﻭﺤﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ‪.‬‬
‫‪(816kJ,‬‬ ‫ﺝ‪576kJ, 600kJ) :‬‬

‫)‪(239‬‬
 ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻣﻦ – ﺩﻭﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ‬

‫)‪ -( 8.1‬ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻲ ‪Ideal Gas Cycle‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﻫﻲ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﻋﻥ ﻤﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻹﺠﺭﺍﺀﺍﺕ )‪ (processes‬ﺘﺤﺩﺙ ﺒﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﻌﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻐـﺎﺯ ﺇﻟـﻰ‬
‫ﺤﺎﻟﺘﻪ ﺍﻷﺼﻠﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻴﺴﻤﺢ ﺒﺘﻜﺭﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺨﻼل ﺒﻌﺽ ﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻨﺘﻘل ﺸﻐل ﺃﻭ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻭ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ‪ ،‬ﻟﺫﻟﻙ ﻭﺤـﺴﺏ‬
‫(‬ ‫)‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﺍﻻﻭل ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ‪. ∫ dQ = ∫ dW‬‬
‫ﻫﺫﻩ ﺇﺤﺩﻯ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﺍﺌﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺒﻬﺎ ﺍﺤﺘﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺸﻐل ﺍﻟﺼﺎﻓﻲ ) ‪.( ∫ W‬‬
‫ﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ ﻟﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺸﻐل ﺍﻟﺼﺎﻓﻲ ﻟﻠﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺒﺘﻘﺩﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺭﺴـﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﻴـﺎﻨﻲ )‪.(P-V‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﻟﻠﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺒﺎﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﻗﻭﺍﻨﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ‪،‬ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ )‪ (Qo‬ﺘﻤﺜل ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺠﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻅـﺎﻡ ﻭﺇﻥ‬
‫)‪ (Qin‬ﺘﻤﺜل ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﺔ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﺘﺤﺴﺏ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪QO‬‬
‫‪η th = 1 −‬‬ ‫)‪.....................................................(8.1‬‬
‫‪Q in‬‬
‫ﺘﺤﺩﺙ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻴﺘﺤﻘﻕ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﺍﻷﻭل ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﻜﺫﻟﻙ ﻴﺠﺏ ﺘﻭﻓﺭ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻭﻁ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻋﺩﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻹﺠﺭﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺜﻼﺜﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻗل‪ .‬ﻭﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺩﺨﻭل ﻭﺨﺭﻭﺝ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺃﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﻭﺍﺤﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻗل‪ .‬ﺃﻱ ﺍﻨﻪ ﻴﻤﻜـﻥ‬
‫ﺃﻥ ﺘﺩﺨل ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺃﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺒﺄﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﻭﺍﺤﺩ ﺃﻭ ﺒﺈﺠﺭﺍﺌﻴﻥ‪ .‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﻭﺇﻥ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺩﺨﻭل ﺃﻜﺒﺭ ﻤـﻥ ﺍﻟﺨـﺭﻭﺝ‬
‫ﺒﻔﺭﻕ ﺍﻟﺸﻐل ﺍﻟﺼﺎﻓﻲ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺌﻊ ﺜﺎﺒﺘﻪ ﻻ ﺘﺘﻐﻴﺭ‪ .‬ﻭﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ‬
‫ﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﻋﻤل ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺭﻜﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻭﺘﻘﻴﻴﻡ ﻜﻔﺎﺌﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ‪ :‬ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﻜـﺎﺭﻨﻭ‪،‬‬
‫ﺍﻭﺘﻭ‪ ،‬ﺩﻴﺯل‪ ،‬ﺩﻴﻭﺍل‪ ،‬ﺍﺘﻜﻨﺴﻭﻥ‪ ،‬ﺴﺘﺭﻟﻨﻙ‪ ،‬ﺍﺭﻴﻜﺴﻭﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺠﻭل …ﺍﻟﺦ‪ .‬ﻭﺴﻨﺭﻜﺯ ﻓﻲ ﺩﺭﺍﺴـﺘﻨﺎ ﻋﻠـﻰ‬
‫ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﻜﺎﺭﻨﻭ‪ ،‬ﺃﻤﺎ ﺒﻘﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺭﺍﺕ ﻓﺴﻨﺩﺭﺴﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﻤﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺃﻥ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﺍﻋﻼﻩ )ﻋﺩﺍ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﻜﺎﺭﻨﻭ( ﻫﻲ ﻤﺤﺎﻭﻻﺕ ﻗﺩ ﺘﻤﺕ ﻟﺘﻁﺒﻴﻕ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺭﺍﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻜﺎﺌﻥ‬
‫ﺤﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﻭﺒﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕ ﻤﺘﻔﺎﻭﺘﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺠﺎﺡ‪.‬‬

‫)‪ -(8.2‬ﻤﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﻜﺎﺭﻨﻭ ‪Carnot Principle‬‬

‫ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻨﺩﺱ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻨﺴﻲ ﻜﺎﺭﻨﻭ )‪ (Sadi Carnot‬ﻤﻥ ﺃﻭﺍﺌل ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻨﺩﺴﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺫﻴﻥ ﺩﺭﺴﻭﺍ ﻤﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ ﻟﻠﺜﺭﻤﻭﺩﻴﻨﺎﻤﻴﻙ‪.‬ﻭﻴﻌﺩ ﺃﻭل ﻤﻥ ﻗﺩﻡ ﻤﻔﻬﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺜﺭﻤﻭﺩﻴﻨﺎﻤﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻭﺃﻭل ﻤﻥ ﺘﻁﺭﻕ ﻟﺘﺤﺴﻴﻥ ﻜﻔـﺎﺀﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺭﻙ ﻭﺘﻁﻭﻴﺭﻩ‪ .‬ﻋﻤﻠﻪ ﻫﺫﺍ ﻓﺎﻕ ﺍﺴﻼﻓﻪ ﺍﻟﺫﻴﻥ ﻋﻤﻠﻭﺍ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎل ‪ .‬ﻭﻓـﻲ ﺒﺤﺜـﻪ ﺍﻟﻤﻨـﺸﻭﺭ ﻋـﺎﻡ‬
‫)‪ (1824‬ﺍﺒﺘﻜﺭ ﻜﺎﺭﻨﻭ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﻤﺜﺎﻟﻴﺔﻤﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﺍﻻﻭل ﻟﻴﻌﻤل ﺒﻤﻭﺠﺒﻬﺎ ﻤﺤﺭﻙ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗـﺩ‬
‫ﺴﻤﺎﻫﺎ ﺒﺎﺴﻤﻪ )ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﻜﺎﺭﻨﻭ(‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﺨﻁﻭﺓ ﺍﻻﻭﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺃﺩﺕ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻅﻬﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ ﻟﻠﺜﺭﻤﻭﺩﻴﻨﺎﻤﻴﻙ‬

‫)‪(240‬‬
‫ﺒﻌﺩ )‪ (25‬ﺴﻨﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﻥ ﻜﻠﻭﺯﻴﻭﺱ ﻭﻜﻠﻔﻥ‪ .‬ﺇﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﻜﻤﺎ ﺃﻭﻀﺤﻬﺎ ﻜﺎﺭﻨﻭ ﻓﻲ ﺒﺤﺜﻪ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺸﻭﺭ‬
‫ﺘﺴﺘﻨﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪:‬‬

‫)‪(241‬‬
 ‫)‪(1‬ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺭﻙ ﺍﻻﻨﻌﻜﺎﺴﻲ‬
‫ﻴﺘﺄﻟﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺭﻙ ﻤﻥ ﺍﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﺔ ﻴﺘﺤﺭﻙ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻤﻜﺒﺱ ﻋﺩﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﻭﺯﻥ ﻭﺍﻻﺤﺘﻜـﺎﻙ‪ ،‬ﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀﺍﺘـﻪ ﺍﻨﻌﻜﺎﺴـﻴﺔ‬
‫)‪ (Reversible ProCess‬ﺘﺤﺘﻭﻱ ﺍﻻﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺎﺌﻊ ﺘﺒﻘﻰ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘﻪ ﺜﺎﺒﺘـﺔ ﻋﻨـﺩﻤﺎ ﻴـﺴﺘﻠﻡ ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﻴﻁﺭﺩ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‪ .‬ﻟﺫﺍ ﺘﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﻜﺎﺭﻨﻭ ﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﻭﻤﺜﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫)‪(2‬ﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻨﺘﻘﺎل ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺘﺠﻬﺯ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘﻪ ﻤﺭﺘﻔﻌﺔ ﻭﺘﻁﺭﺩ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﺩﻉ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘﻪ ﻤﻨﺨﻔـﻀﺔ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻴﺯﻭﺜﺭﻤﻠﻴﺔ )‪ .(Iosthermal Process‬ﺘﻌﻁﻲ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﺩ ﺍﻷﻗﺼﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻜﻥ ﻟﻠﺸﻐل ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ‬
‫ﺘﻌﻤل ﺒﻴﻥ ﺩﺭﺠﺘﻲ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺜﺎﺒﺘﺘﻴﻥ‪.‬‬
‫)‪ (3‬ﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺭﻙ‬
‫ﻻ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺃﻱ ﻤﺤﺭﻙ ﺃﻜﻔﺄ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺭﻙ ﺍﻻﻨﻌﻜﺎﺴﻲ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﻌﻤل ﺒﻴﻥ ﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻟﺨﺯﺍﻨﻴﻥ‪ .‬ﻟـﺩﻭﺭﺓ‬
‫ﻜﺎﺭﻨﻭ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻤﻤﻜﻨﺔ ﻀﻤﻥ ﻤﺩﻯ ﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺴﺒﺏ ﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻹﺠﺭﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻨﻌﻜﺎﺴﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫)‪(4‬ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﺎﺌﻊ‬
‫ﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺭﻜﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﻨﻌﻜﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﻤﺘﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﺘﻌﻤل ﺒﻴﻥ ﻨﻔﺱ ﺩﺭﺠﺘﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺒﻐﺽ ﺍﻟﻨﻅـﺭ‬
‫ﻋﻥ ﻨﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻊ‪ .‬ﻟﺫﺍ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ )ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺴﻴﺭﺩ ﺫﻜﺭﻫﺎ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺒﻌﺩ( ﺘﻨﻁﺒﻕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻊ ﺴﻭﺍﺀ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻏﺎﺯﺍ‬
‫ﺃﻡ ﺒﺨﺎﺭﺍ‪.‬‬
‫)‪(5‬ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠﻕ‬
‫ﺇﻥ ﺃﻗل ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﺘﺼﺒﺢ ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﺭﻭﺩﺓ )‪ (Qo‬ﺘﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺼﻔﺭﺍ ﻭﺘـﺴﻤﻰ‬
‫ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠﻕ‪.‬‬
‫ﻟﻘﺩ ﺼﻭﺭ ﻜﺎﺭﻨﻭ ﺘﺩﻓﻕ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺨﻼل ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺭﻙ ﻤﻥ ﺩﺭﺠﺘﻲ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ ﺃﻗل ﺒـﺼﻭﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺘﺸﺎﺒﻪ ﺘﺩﻓﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﻓﻲ ﺭﻴﺵ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺭﺒﻴﻥ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﻤﺭﺘﻔﻊ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺃﺨﺭ ﻤﻨﺨﻔﺽ‪ .‬ﺇﻥ ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺘـﻲ‬
‫ﺘﺩﺨل ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺭﺒﻴﻥ ﺨﻼل ﻓﺘﺭﺓ ﺯﻤﻨﻴﺔ ﻤﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻭﺘﺨﺭﺝ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﺘﻨﺘﺞ ﺸﻐﻼ ﺒﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻟﻭﻗﺕ‪ .‬ﻓﺄﻋﺘﻘـﺩ ﻜـﺎﺭﻨﻭ ﺃﻥ ﻤـﺎ‬
‫ﻴﺤﺩﺙ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺭﻙ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻱ ﻴﺸﺎﺒﻪ ﺫﻟﻙ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﻥ ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺩﺨل ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺭﻙ ﺨل ﻓﺘﺭﺓ ﺯﻤﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺘﺨﺭﺝ‬
‫ﻤﻨﻪ ﺘﻨﺘﺞ ﺸﻐﻼ‪.‬‬
‫ﻨﺤﻥ ﻨﻌﺭﻑ ﺍﻵﻥ ﺒﺄﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺭﺓ ﺨﺎﻁﺌﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺠﺔ ﺃﻗل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﺔ ﺒﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭ ﻤﺎ ﺘﺤﻭل‬
‫ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺸﻐل ﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﻲ‪ .‬ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺭﻏﻡ ﻤﻥ ﻓﻜﺭﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻁﺌﺔ ﻓﻘﺩ ﺘﻤﻜﻥ ﻜﺎﺭﻨﻭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻭﺼﻭل ﺇﻟﻰ ﻗﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﻔـﺎﺀﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻅﻤﻰ ﻟﻤﺤﺭﻙ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﻱ ﻴﻌﻤل ﺒﻴﻥ ﺩﺭﺠﺘﻴﻥ ﻤﻌﻴﻨﺘﻴﻥ ﻟﻠﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‪.‬‬

‫)‪(242‬‬
 ‫)‪ -( 8.3‬ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﻜﺎﺭﻨﻭ ‪The Carnot Cycle‬‬
‫ﻴﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﻤﺤﺭﻙ ﻜﺎﺭﻨﻭ ﺃﺤﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺭﻜﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻘﻭﻡ ﺒﺘﺤﻭﻴل ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺸﻐل‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﻤﻜـﻥ‬
‫ﺃﻥ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻥ ﺍﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﺔ ﻤﺤﺭﻙ ﻴﺘﺤﺭﻙ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻤﻜﺒﺱ ﻋﺩﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﻭﺯﻥ ﻭﺍﻻﺤﺘﻜﺎﻙ ﻭﻴﺤﺘﻭﻱ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﻤـﺎﺌﻊ‬
‫ﻤﺜﺎﻟﻲ ﻴﻌﻤل ﺒﻴﻥ ﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﺤﺎﺭ ﻭﻤﺴﺘﻭﺩﻉ ﺒﺎﺭﺩ‪ ،‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺸﻜل )‪.(8.1-a‬‬
‫ﺘﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺭﺒﻌﺔ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻨﻌﻜﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﻤﻭﻀﺤﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺨﻁﻁ )‪ (P-V‬ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟـﺸﻜل )‪.(8.1-b‬‬
‫ﺇﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻻﺸﻜﺎل ﺘﻭﻀﺢ ﺘﺴﻠﺴل ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﻜﺎﻻﺘﻲ‪:‬‬

‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺭﺓ‬

‫ﺸﻜل )‪ - (8.1‬ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﻜﺎﺭﻨﻭ‬

‫‪ (1‬ﻴﺭﺒﻁ ﻤﻭﺼل ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻱ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺤﺭﻙ‪ ،‬ﻓﺴﺘﺘﺩﻓﻕ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺭﻙ‬ ‫)‪2) (1‬‬
‫ﻭﺘﺘﻤﺩﺩ ﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴل ﺍﻴﺯﻭﺜﺭﻤﻠﻴﺎ )ﻴﺘﺤﺭﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺒﺱ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺝ( ﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎ ﺸﻐل‪.‬‬
‫‪ (2‬ﻋﻨﺩ ﺇﺯﺍﻟﺔ ﻤﻭﺼل ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺘﺴﺘﻤﺭ ﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴل ﺒﺎﻟﺘﻤﺩﺩ ﺍﺩﻴﺎﺒﺎﺘﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﺒﺴﺒﺏ ﻀﻐﻁﻬﺎ ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺔ‬ ‫)‪3) (2‬‬
‫ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺘﻔﻌﺘﻴﻥ‪ ،‬ﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎ ﺸﻐل‪.‬‬
‫‪ (3‬ﻴﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼل ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻱ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺭﻙ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﺩﻉ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﻓـﺴﺘﺘﺩﻓﻕ ﺍﻟﺤـﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺇﻟـﻰ‬ ‫)‪4) (3‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﺩﻉ ﺍﻵﺨﺭ )ﻴﺘﺤﺭﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺒﺱ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻴﺴﺎﺭ( ﻭﺘﻨﻀﻐﻁ ﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴل ﺍﻴﺯﻭﺜﺭﻤﻠﻴﺎ‪.‬‬
‫‪ (4‬ﻋﻨﺩ ﺇﺯﺍﻟﺔ ﻤﻭﺼل ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺘﺴﺘﻤﺭ ﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴل ﺒﺎﻻﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﺍﺩﻴﺎﺒﺎﺘﻴﺎ ﻭﺘﻌﻭﺩ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺤﺎﻟﺘﻬـﺎ‬ ‫)‪1) (4‬‬
‫ﺍﻻﺼﻠﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺒﺫﻟﻙ ﺘﻜﺘﻤل ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺭﺓ‪ .‬ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺨﻁﻁ )‪ (P-V‬ﻫﻲ ﻤـﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﻤﺤـﺩﺩﺓ ﺒـﻴﻥ ﻤﻨﺤﻨﻴـﻴﻥ‬
‫ﺁﻴﺯﻭﺜﺭﻤﻠﻴﻴﻥ ﻭﻤﻨﺤﻨﻴﻴﻥ ﺇﺩﻴﺎﺒﺎﺘﻴﻴﻥ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺸﻜل ) ‪.(8 .1-b‬‬

‫)‪(243‬‬
 ‫)‪ -(8.4‬ﺍﻟﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ‪Thermal Efficiency‬‬
‫ﺃﺸﺎﺭ ﻜﺎﺭﻨﻭ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻟﺩﻭﺭﺘﻪ ﺘﻌﻁﻲ ﺃﻗﺼﻰ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻟﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻻ ﺘﻌﺘﻤﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻐﺎﻟﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻥ ﻨﻔﺘﺭﻀﻬﺎ ﻤﺒﺩﺌﻴﺎ ﻜﻐﺎﺯ ﻤﺜﺎﻟﻲ‪ .‬ﺇﻥ ﺃﺒﺴﻁ ﻤﺜﺎل ﻟﻬﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻤﺒﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺸﻜل )‪ (8.2‬ﻓﺈﻥ‬

‫‪P‬‬

‫ﺸﻜل )‪ (8.2‬ﻤﺤﺭﻙ ﻜﺎﺭﻨﻭ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻱ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺘﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻻﺠﺭﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻻﻨﻌﻜﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺭﺒﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪ (1‬ﺘﺘﻤﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺸﻐﺎﻟﺔ ﺁﻴﺯﻭﺜﺭﻤﻠﻴﺎ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﺴﺘﻼﻤﻬﺎ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ )‪ (Qin‬ﻤﻥ ﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘـﻪ‬ ‫)‪2) (1‬‬
‫ﻤﺭﺘﻔﻌﺔ )‪ .(Tmax‬ﻭﻴﻜﻭﻥ ‪:‬‬
‫‪V2‬‬ ‫‪V‬‬
‫‪Q in = P1 V1 ln‬‬ ‫)‪= mRT1 ln 2 ..................................(8.2‬‬
‫‪V1‬‬ ‫‪V1‬‬
‫‪ (2‬ﺘﺴﺘﻤﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺸﻐﺎﻟﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﺘﻤﺩﺩ ﺇﺩﻴﺎﺒﺎﺘﻴﺎ ﻭﻴﻜﻭﻥ‪:‬‬ ‫)‪3) (2‬‬
‫‪T2‬‬ ‫‪V‬‬
‫)‪= ( 3 ) γ −1 ...........................................................(8.3‬‬
‫‪T3‬‬ ‫‪V2‬‬
‫‪ (3‬ﺘﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺸﻐﺎﻟﺔ ﺁﻴﺯﻭﺜﺭﻤﻠﻴﺎ ﺒﻌﺩ ﻁﺭﺩﻫﺎ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ )‪ (Qo‬ﺇﻟﻰ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﺩﻉ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘﻪ‬ ‫)‪4) (3‬‬
‫ﻤﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ )‪ .(Tmin‬ﻭﻴﻜﻭﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪V3‬‬ ‫‪V‬‬
‫‪Q O = P3 V3 ln‬‬ ‫)‪= mRT3 ln 3 ................................(8.4‬‬
‫‪V4‬‬ ‫‪V4‬‬
‫‪:4‬ﺘﺴﺘﻤﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺸﻐﺎﻟﺔ ﺒﺎﻻﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﺇﺩﻴﺎﺒﺎﺘﻴﺎ ﻭﻴﻜﻭﻥ‪:‬‬ ‫)‪1(4‬‬
‫‪T1‬‬ ‫‪V‬‬
‫)‪= ( 4 ) γ −1 .................................................(8.5‬‬
‫‪T4‬‬ ‫‪V1‬‬
‫ﻓﺒﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ )‪ (T3=T4) ،(T1=T2‬ﻭﻋﻨﺩ ﺘﻌﻭﻴﺽ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ )‪ (8.3‬ﺒـ )‪ (8.5‬ﻴﻨﺘﺞ‬

‫)‪(244‬‬
‫‪V4 V3‬‬ ‫‪V‬‬ ‫‪V‬‬
‫=‬ ‫)‪............. OR ....... 2 = 3 .......................(8.6‬‬
‫‪V1 V2‬‬ ‫‪V1 V4‬‬
‫ﻭﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺴﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻐل ﺍﻟﺼﺎﻓﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﻟﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﻜﺎﺭﻨﻭ ﻜﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‪:‬‬
‫‪V‬‬ ‫‪V‬‬
‫‪Wnet‬‬ ‫‪= Q in − Q O = mRT1 ln 2 − mRT3 ln 3‬‬
‫‪V1‬‬ ‫‪V4‬‬
‫‪V2‬‬
‫‪= mR ln‬‬ ‫)‪(T − T3 )........(8.7‬‬
‫‪V1 1‬‬

‫‪mR ln‬‬
‫‪V2‬‬
‫) ‪(T − T3‬‬
‫‪Wnet‬‬ ‫‪V1 1‬‬ ‫‪T − T3‬‬ ‫‪T‬‬
‫= ‪ηC‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 1‬‬ ‫‪= 1− 3‬‬
‫‪Q in‬‬ ‫‪V‬‬ ‫‪T1‬‬ ‫‪T1‬‬
‫‪mRT1 ln 2‬‬
‫‪V1‬‬
‫‪Tmin‬‬ ‫‪Q‬‬
‫‪= 1−‬‬ ‫)‪= 1 − O .........(8.8‬‬
‫‪Tmax‬‬ ‫‪Q in‬‬
‫ﻴﻘﺼﺩ ﺒـ )‪ (Wo‬ﻫﻭ )‪(Went‬ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﺠﺒﺭﻱ ﻟﻠﺸﻐل ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﻘل )‪.(∑W‬‬
‫ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻻﺨﻴﺭﺓ ﺘﺨﺹ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﻜﺎﺭﻨﻭ ﻓﻘﻁ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ ﺇﻨﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻲ ﻟﺘﺤﻭﻴل ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗـﺔ )ﻜـﺩﻭﺭﺓ‬
‫ﻜﺎﺭﻨﻭ( ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ )‪ (Q‬ﻫﻲ ﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﻟﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ )‪ ،(T‬ﻭﺘﺼﺒﺢ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ‪:‬‬
‫‪QO‬‬ ‫‪T‬‬
‫‪ηc = 1 −‬‬ ‫)‪= 1 − min .............................(8.9‬‬
‫‪Q in‬‬ ‫‪Tmax‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺘﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺼﻭل ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻟﻤﺩﻯ ﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ )‪ (Tmin‬ﻭ )‪،(Tmax‬‬
‫ﺃﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻭﺭﺩﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﻓﺈﻨﻬﺎ ﻤﺘﺴﺎﻭﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻹﺠﺭﺍﺀﻴﻥ ﺍﻻﻴﺯﻭﺜﺭﻤﻠﻲ ﻭﺍﻻﺩﻴﺎﺒـﺎﺘﻲ‪.‬‬
‫ﻟﻜﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﻓﺘﺴﺎﻭﻱ‪:‬‬
‫‪V2 V3 V3‬‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫)‪.........................................(8.10‬‬
‫‪V1 V2 V1‬‬
‫ﻭﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻴﺭ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻼﺤﻅﺔ ﺃﻥ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﻜﺎﺭﻨﻭ ﻻ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺘﻨﻔﻴﺫﻫﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺭﻜﺎﺕ ﻟﺼﻌﻭﺒﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴـﺔ‪ ،‬ﻷﻥ‬
‫ﺫﻟﻙ ﻴﺘﻁﻠﺏ ﺇﻨﺸﺎﺀ ﻤﺤﺭﻙ ﻴﺘﺤﺭﻙ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻤﻜﺒﺱ ﺒﺒﻁﺀ ﺸﺩﻴﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺃﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻹﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻻﻴﺯﻭﺜﺭﻤﻠﻲ‪ ،‬ﺒﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻴﺘﺤـﺭﻙ‬
‫ﺒﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﻜﺒﻴﺭﺓ ﺠﺩﺍ ﺃﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻹﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻻﺩﻴﺒﺎﺘﻲ‪ .‬ﻟﻜﻥ ﺘﺒﻘﻰ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﻤﻬﻤﺔ ﻷﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺱ ﻓﻲ ﺘﻘﻴﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﻜﻔـﺎﺀﺓ‬
‫ﻭﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻷﺩﺍﺀ‪ ،‬ﺤﻴﺙ ﺃﻥ ﻤﻌﻅﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﺌﻥ ﻟﻬﺎ ﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﺃﻗل ﻜﺜﻴﺭﺍ ﻤﻥ ﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﻜﺎﺭﻨﻭ‪ ،‬ﻟﺫﻟﻙ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻓﻜـﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻨﻌﻜﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﺘﻌﻭﺩ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻜﺎﺭﻨﻭ‪.‬‬

‫)‪(245‬‬
 ‫)‪ -(8.5‬ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﻜﺎﺭﻨﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻜﻭﺴﺔ ‪The Reversed Carnot Cycle‬‬
‫ﻫﻲ ﻤﻀﺨﺔ ﻜﺎﺭﻨﻭ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻤﺜﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻨﻌﻜﺎﺴﻴﻪ‪ ،‬ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻥ ﺍﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﺔ ﻴﺘﺤﺭﻙ ﻓﻴﻬـﺎ‬
‫ﻤﻜﺒﺱ ﻋﺩﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﻭﺯﻥ ﻭﺍﻻﺤﺘﻜﺎﻙ‬

‫ﺸﻜل)‪ - (8.3‬ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﻜﺎﺭﻨﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻜﻭﺴﺔ‬

‫ﻭﺘﺤﺘﻭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺎﺌﻊ ﻤﺜﺎﻟﻲ ﻴﺴﺤﺏ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ )‪ (Qin‬ﻤﻥ ﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﺒﺎﺭﺩ ﻭﻴﻁﺭﺩﻫﺎ )‪ (Qo‬ﺇﻟﻰ ﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﺤﺎﺭ‬
‫ﺒﻤﺴﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺸﻐل ﺨﺎﺭﺠﻲ )‪ ،(Win‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﻤﻭﻀﺢ ﻓﻲ ﺸﻜل )‪ .(8.3-b‬ﺘﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺭﺒﻌـﺔ ﺇﺠـﺭﺍﺀﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺍﺘﺠﺎﻫﻬﺎ ﻋﻜﺱ ﺍﺘﺠﺎﻩ ﻋﻘﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻋﺔ ﻭﻜﻤﺎ ﻤﻭﻀﺢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺨﻁﻁ )‪ (P-V‬ﺸﻜل )‪.(8.3-a‬‬
‫ﺇﻥ ﺃﺤﺩ ﺃﺴﺒﺎﺏ ﻋﻜﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺭﻙ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﺸﻜل )‪ (8.3-b‬ﻫﻭ ﻹﺒﻘﺎﺀ ﻤـﺴﺘﻭﺩﻉ ﺩﺭﺠـﺔ ﺍﻟﺤـﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻭﺍﻁﺌﺔ ﺒﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺃﻭﻁﺄ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻴﻁ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺃﺠﻬﺯﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺜﻠﻴﺞ )‪ .(Refrigerator‬ﺃﻭ ﻹﺒﻘـﺎﺀ ﻤـﺴﺘﻭﺩﻉ‬
‫ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺘﻔﻌﺔ ﺒﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻴﻁ‪ ،‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺘﺩﻓﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺯل ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺎﻴﺎﺕ‪ .‬ﻟﺫﻟﻙ ﻴﺴﻤﻰ‬
‫ﻤﻌﻜﻭﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺭﻙ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻱ ﻟﻬﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻅﺭﻭﻑ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻀﺨﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴـﺔ)‪ ،(Heat Pump‬ﻤﻌﺎﻤـل‬
‫ﺃﺩﺍﺌﻬﺎ ﻜﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﺘﺩﻓﺌﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻜﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻴﻌﺭﻑ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﺁﻻﺘﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪QO‬‬ ‫‪QO‬‬ ‫‪Tmax‬‬
‫= ‪(COP ) HP‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫=‬ ‫)‪.....................(8.11‬‬
‫‪Win Q O − Q in‬‬ ‫‪Tmax − Tmin‬‬
‫‪Q in‬‬ ‫‪QO‬‬ ‫‪Tmin‬‬
‫= ‪(COP ) ref‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫=‬ ‫)‪.....................(8.12‬‬
‫‪Win Q O − Q in Tmax − Tmin‬‬
‫ﺤﻴﺙ ﺍﻥ )‪(HP‬ﻫﻭ ﻤﺨﺘﺼﺭ ﻟﻤﻀﺨﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻭ)‪ (ref‬ﻫﻭﻤﺨﺘﺼﺭ ﻻﺠﻬﺯﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺜﻠﻴﺞ‪.‬‬

‫)‪(246‬‬
 ‫)‪ -(8.6‬ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﻜﺎﺭﻨﻭ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠﻕ ﻟﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬
‫‪The Carnot Cycle and The Absolute Temperature‬‬
‫ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻭﺼل ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﻜﺎﺭﻨﻭ ﺃﻥ ﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﻜﺎﺭﻨﻭ ﺘﻌﺘﻤﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻓﻘﻁ ﻭﻻ ﺘﻌﺘﻤـﺩ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻊ‪ ،‬ﻓﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﻜﺎﺭﻨﻭ ﻓﻘﻁ ﺃﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪Q‬‬ ‫‪T‬‬
‫)‪η c = 1 − O = 1 − min ...............................(8.13‬‬
‫‪Q in‬‬ ‫‪Tmax‬‬
‫‪QO‬‬
‫= ‪∴ Tmin‬‬ ‫)‪.T .......................................(8.14‬‬
‫‪Q in max‬‬
‫ﻤﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﻴﺘﻀﺢ ﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻲ‪:‬‬
‫)‪(1‬ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟـ )‪ (Tmin‬ﻫﻭ ﻤﻘﻴﺎﺴﹰﺎ ﺜﺭﻤﻭﺩﻴﻨﺎﻤﻴﻜﻴﹰﺎ ﺘﻤﺜل ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﻟـ )‪ (Tmax‬ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﺒﺘﺔ ﻭ )‪(Qo, Qin‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﻘﻠﺔ‪.‬‬
‫)‪(2‬ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻤﺴﺘﻘل ﺘﻤﺎﻤﺎ ﻋﻥ ﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻊ ﻭﻫﻭ ﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ‪.‬‬
‫)‪(3‬ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ )‪ (Qo=o‬ﻓﻴﺼﺒﺢ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ )‪ (Tmin=o‬ﻭﻴﺴﻤﻰ ﺒﺎﻟﺼﻔﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠﻕ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺸﻜل )‪.(8.4-a‬‬

‫ﺸﻜل )‪ - (8.4‬ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﻜﺎﺭﻨﻭ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠﻕ‬

‫ﻭﻨﻔﺘﺭﺽ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻋﺩﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺭﻜﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﻨﻌﻜﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﻤﺭﺒﻭﻁﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺍﻟﻲ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻓـﻲ ﺸـﻜل )‪(8.4-b‬‬
‫ﻓﺴﻴﻜﻭﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪∑ W = W1 + W2 + W3 + W4 + W5 = Q in − Q/ o‬‬
‫‪=0‬‬
‫)‪....................(8.15‬‬
‫ﻫﺫﺍ ﻴﻌﻨﻲ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺤﺭﻙ ﺍﻻﺨﻴـﺭ ﺴـﻴﻜﻭﻥ )‪ (Qo=0‬ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘـﺎﻟﻲ )‪ (Tmin=0‬ﻭﺴـﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻜﻔﺎﺀﺘـﻪ‬
‫)‪ (100%‬ﻟﻜﻭﻨﻪ ﻴﺤﻭل ﻜل ﺍﻟـ )‪ (Q5‬ﺇﻟﻰ ﺸﻐل ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻤﺴﺘﺤﻴل ﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ‪ .‬ﻟﺫﻟﻙ ﻓﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺤﻴل‬
‫ﺍﻟﻭﺼﻭل ﺇﻟﻰ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠﻕ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ )‪ (Tmin‬ﻴﻨﺘﻬﻲ ﻗﺒل ﺍﻟﻭﺼـﻭل ﺇﻟـﻰ ﺍﻟـﺼﻔﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠﻕ ﺒﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺼﻐﻴﺭﺓ ﺠﺩﺍ‪.‬‬

‫)‪(247‬‬
 ‫ﺍﻤﺜﻠﺔ ﻤﺤﻠﻭﻟﺔ‬
‫)‪(8.1‬‬

‫ﻏﺎﺯ ﻜﺘﻠﺘﻪ )‪ (4kg‬ﻭﻀﻐﻁﻪ )‪ (2bar‬ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘﻪ )‪ (27oC‬ﺴﺨﻥ ﺒﺜﺒﻭﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻡ ﺇﻟﻰ )‪ .(6bar‬ﺜﻡ ﺒﺭﺩ‬
‫ﺒﺜﺒﻭﺕ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ‪ .‬ﺜﻡ ﺘﻤﺩﺩ ﺒﻭﻟﺘﺭﻭﺒﻴﺎ ﺒﺤﻴﺙ ﻋﺎﺩ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺤﺎﻟﺘﻪ ﺍﻻﺼﻠﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﺤﺴﺏ‪:‬‬
‫)‪ (1‬ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺒﺜﺒﻭﺕ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ‪(2) .‬ﺼﺎﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻐل‪ .‬ﻋﻠﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪n=1.15, Cp=1.55kJ/kg. K, Cv=1.25kJ/kg. K‬‬

‫‪P2‬‬ ‫‪6‬‬ ‫‪T3‬‬ ‫‪346.2‬‬

‫( ‪T2 = T1‬‬ ‫) (‪) = 300‬‬ ‫‪V3 = V2 .‬‬ ‫× ‪= 1.8‬‬
‫‪P1‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪T2‬‬ ‫‪900‬‬
‫‪= 900K‬‬ ‫‪= 0.69m 3‬‬

‫‪n −1‬‬ ‫‪1.15−1‬‬

‫‪P‬‬ ‫‪6‬‬ ‫) ‪W23 = P( V3 − V2‬‬
‫) ‪T3 = T1 ( 3‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬ ‫) (‪= 300‬‬ ‫‪1.15‬‬
‫‪P1‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫)‪= 600(0.69 − 1.8‬‬
‫‪= 346K‬‬ ‫‪= −666kJ‬‬

‫) ‪Q 23 = mCp(T3 − T2‬‬ ‫) ‪mR (T3 − T1‬‬

‫= ‪W31‬‬
‫)‪= 4 × 1.55( 346 − 900‬‬ ‫‪n −1‬‬
‫‪= −3434.8kJ‬‬ ‫)‪4 × 0.3( 346 − 300‬‬
‫=‬
‫‪1.15 − 1‬‬
‫‪= 368kJ‬‬
‫‪mRT1 4 × 0.3 × 300‬‬
‫= ‪V1‬‬ ‫=‬
‫‪P1‬‬ ‫‪200‬‬
‫‪WT = 0 + ( −666) + 368‬‬
‫‪= 1.8m 3 = V2‬‬
‫‪= −298kJ‬‬

‫)‪(248‬‬
 ‫)‪(8.2‬‬
‫ﻫﻭﺍﺀ ﻀﻐﻁﻪ )‪ (20bar‬ﺘﻤﺩﺩ ﺁﻴﺯﻭﺜﺭﻤﻠﻴﺎ‪ .‬ﺜﻡ ﻁﺭﺤﺕ ﻤﻨﻪ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺒﺜﺒﻭﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻡ ﻭﺃﺼﺒﺤﺕ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘﻪ‬
‫)‪ (20oC‬ﻭﻀﻐﻁﻪ )‪ .(1bar‬ﺜﻡ ﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﺩﻴﺎﺒﺎﺘﻴﺎ ﻭﻋﺎﺩ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺤﺎﻟﺘﻪ ﺍﻻﺒﺘﺩﺍﺌﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺍﺤﺴﺏ ﻟﻜـل )‪ (1kg‬ﺼـﺎﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻐل ﻟﻠﺩﻭﺭﺓ ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪Cp=1.005kJ/kg. K, R=0.287kJ/kg. K‬‬
‫‪Cp‬‬ ‫‪1.005‬‬ ‫) ‪q 23 = Cv(T3 − T2‬‬
‫=‪γ‬‬ ‫=‬
‫‪C p − R 1.005 − 0.287‬‬ ‫) ‪= (Cp − R )(T3 − T2‬‬
‫‪= 1.399‬‬ ‫)‪= 0.718( 293 − 688‬‬
‫‪γ −1‬‬ ‫‪1.399−1‬‬ ‫‪= −2840kJ / kg‬‬
‫‪P‬‬ ‫‪γ‬‬ ‫‪20‬‬
‫) ‪T1 = T3 ( 1‬‬ ‫) (‪= 293‬‬ ‫‪1.399‬‬
‫‪w 31 = − ∆u 31‬‬
‫‪P3‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫‪= 688.1K‬‬ ‫) ‪= −Cv(T1− T3‬‬
‫‪P‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫])‪= −[0.718 − (688.1 − 293‬‬
‫(‪∴ P2 = T2 3 = 688.1‬‬ ‫)‬ ‫‪= −284kJ / kg‬‬
‫‪T3‬‬ ‫‪293‬‬
‫‪= 2.35bar‬‬
‫‪P1‬‬
‫‪q 12 = W12 = RT1 ln‬‬
‫‪P2‬‬
‫‪20‬‬
‫‪= 0.287 × 688.1 ln‬‬
‫‪2.35‬‬
‫‪= 423kJ / kg‬‬

‫)‪(8.3‬‬
‫)‪ (1kg‬ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍﺀ ﺒﺩﺭﺠﺔ )‪ (37oC‬ﻭﻀﻐﻁ )‪ .(2bar‬ﻀﻐﻁ ﺁﻴﺯﻭﺜﺭﻤﻠﻴﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ )‪ .(5bar‬ﻭﺴـﺨﻥ ﺒﺤﺠـﻡ‬
‫ﺜﺎﺒﺕ‪ .‬ﺜﻡ ﺘﻤﺩﺩ ﺍﺩﻴﺎﺒﺎﺘﻴﺎ ﻭﻋﺎﺩ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺤﺎﻟﺘﻪ ﺍﻻﺼﻠﻴﻪ‪ .‬ﺍﺤﺴﺏ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻀﻐﻁ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﻭﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤـﺭﺍﺭﺓ‪.‬‬
‫ﻋﻠﻤﺎ ﺒﺄﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪R=0.287 kJ/kg . K , γ =1.4‬‬
‫‪mRT1 1 × 0.287 × 310‬‬ ‫‪V1 γ‬‬ ‫‪0.445 1.4‬‬
‫= ‪V1‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫( ‪P3 = P1‬‬ ‫(‪) = 200‬‬ ‫)‬
‫‪P1‬‬ ‫‪200‬‬ ‫‪V3‬‬ ‫‪0.178‬‬
‫‪= 0.445m 3‬‬ ‫‪= 721.35kN / m 2‬‬
‫‪P T 721.35 × 310‬‬
‫‪V2 = 1 1 = 200 × 0.445‬‬
‫‪PV‬‬
‫= ‪T3 = 3 2‬‬
‫‪P2‬‬ ‫‪500‬‬ ‫‪P2‬‬ ‫‪500‬‬
‫‪= 0.178m 3 = V3‬‬ ‫‪= 447.3K‬‬

‫)‪(249‬‬
 ‫)‪(8.4‬‬
‫ﻏﺎﺯ ﻤﺜﺎﻟﻲ ﻴﻤﺭ ﺒﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﺘﻀﻤﻥ ﺍﻻﺠﺭﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪ :‬ﺇﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﺁﻴﺯﻭﺜﺭﻤﻠـﻲ ﻤـﻥ ﺩﺭﺠـﺔ ﺤـﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫)‪ (25oC‬ﺇﻟﻰ ) ( ﻤﻥ ﺤﺠﻤﻪ ﺍﻻﺒﺘﺩﺍﺌﻲ‪) .‬ﺏ( ﺇﻤﺎ ﺇﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺒﺜﺒﻭﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻡ ﺃﻭ ﺇﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺒﺜﺒـﻭﺕ‬
‫‪7‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ‪) .‬ﺝ( ﺘﻤﺩﺩ ﺇﺩﻴﺎﺒﺎﺘﻲ ﺍﻨﻌﻜﺎﺴﻲ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺤﺎﻟﺘﻪ ﺍﻻﺒﺘﺩﺍﺌﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺍﺤﺴﺏ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻭﻯ ﻓﻲ ﻜل ﺤﺎﻟـﺔ‬
‫‪W‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺴﺏ ﺒﻴﻥ ) ‪ .( ne t‬ﻋﻠﻤﺎ ﺒﺄﻥ‪γ =1.4:‬‬
‫‪Q in‬‬
‫)‪(1‬‬ ‫)‪( 2‬‬
‫‪V1 γ −1‬‬ ‫‪P2 V1‬‬
‫( ‪T3 = T1‬‬ ‫‪) = 298(7 ) 1.4−1‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪=7‬‬
‫‪V3‬‬ ‫‪P1 V2‬‬
‫‪= 649.016K‬‬ ‫‪P3 P2‬‬
‫=‬
‫‪V‬‬
‫‪= ( 1 )γ = 7‬‬
‫‪V2‬‬ ‫‪P1 P1‬‬ ‫‪V3‬‬
‫‪W12 = mRT1 ln‬‬ ‫‪, W23 = 0‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫‪V1‬‬ ‫‪V1‬‬
‫‪= 7γ = 4‬‬
‫‪mR‬‬ ‫‪V3‬‬
‫= ‪W31‬‬ ‫) ‪(T3 − T1‬‬
‫‪γ −1‬‬ ‫( ‪T3 = T1‬‬
‫‪V1 γ −1‬‬
‫‪) = 298(4) 0.4‬‬
‫‪Q in‬‬ ‫) ‪= mCv(T3 − T2‬‬ ‫‪V3‬‬
‫‪mR‬‬ ‫‪= 519.9K‬‬
‫=‬ ‫) ‪(T3 − T2‬‬
‫‪γ −1‬‬ ‫‪Wnet = W12 + W23 + W31‬‬
‫‪V‬‬ ‫‪mR‬‬ ‫‪Qin‬‬ ‫‪Q 23‬‬
‫‪mRT1 ln 2 + O +‬‬ ‫) ‪(T3 − T1‬‬ ‫‪V2‬‬
‫‪Wnet‬‬ ‫‪V1‬‬ ‫‪γ −1‬‬ ‫‪mRT ln‬‬ ‫) ‪+ mR ( T3 − T2 ) + mR ( T3 − T2‬‬
‫=‬ ‫‪V1‬‬ ‫‪γ −1‬‬
‫‪Qin‬‬ ‫‪mR‬‬
‫) ‪(T3 − T2‬‬ ‫=‬
‫‪γ −1‬‬ ‫‪γ‬‬
‫‪mR‬‬ ‫) ‪( T − T2‬‬
‫‪γ −1 3‬‬
‫‪1 1‬‬
‫‪298 ln +‬‬ ‫)‪(649 − 298‬‬ ‫‪= 0.253‬‬
‫=‬ ‫‪7 0.4‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫)‪(649 − 298‬‬
‫‪0.4‬‬
‫‪= 0.339‬‬
‫)‪(8.5‬‬
‫ﺍﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﺔ ﺘﺤﺘﻭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻏﺎﺯ ﻴﻀﻐﻁ ﺒﺤﺠﻡ ﺜﺎﺒﺕ ﻤﻥ )‪ (300K‬ﻭ)‪ (0.2MPa‬ﺇﻟﻰ )‪ .(800K‬ﻭﺒﻌﺩ ﺫﻟـﻙ‬
‫ﻴﺴﺨﻥ ﺁﻴﺯﻭﺜﺭﻤﻠﻴﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ )‪ .(0.2MPa‬ﺜﻡ ﻴﺒﺭﺩ ﺘﺤﺕ ﻀﻐﻁ ﺜﺎﺒﺕ ﻟﻴﻌﻭﺩ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺤﺎﻟﺘﻪ ﺍﻻﺒﺘﺩﺍﺌﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺍﺤﺴﺏ ﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺭﺓ )‪.(γ=1.4‬‬
‫‪Rγ‬‬ ‫‪P2 P2 T2‬‬
‫=‬ ‫‪= 3.5R , Cv = R = 2.5R‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫=‬
‫‪γ −1‬‬ ‫‪γ −1‬‬ ‫‪P3 P1 T1‬‬
‫‪= mCp(T3 − T1 ) = 1750mR‬‬ ‫‪Qo‬‬
‫‪η=1−‬‬ ‫‪= 1 − 1750mR‬‬
‫‪P2‬‬ ‫‪Q in‬‬ ‫‪2034.66mR‬‬
‫‪= mCv(T2 − T1 ) + mRT2 ln‬‬
‫‪P3‬‬ ‫‪= 0.14‬‬
‫‪= 2032.66mR‬‬

‫)‪(250‬‬
 ‫)‪(8.6‬‬
‫ﻏﺎﺯ ﻤﺜﺎﻟﻲ ﻜﺘﻠﺘﻪ )‪ (1kg‬ﻭﻀﻐﻁﻪ )‪ (1bar‬ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘﻪ )‪ (37oC‬ﻀﻐﻁ ﺁﻴﺯﻭﺜﺭﻤﻠﻴﺎ ﺇﻟـﻰ ) ‪ ( 18‬ﻤـﻥ‬
‫ﺤﺠﻤﻪ ﺍﻻﺒﺘﺩﺍﺌﻲ‪ .‬ﺜﻡ ﺴﺨﻥ ﺒﺜﺒﻭﺕ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ‪ .‬ﺜﻥ ﺘﻤﺩﺩ ﺍﺩﻴﺎﺒﺎﺘﻴﺎ ﺒﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﻌﻭﺩ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺤﺎﻟﺘﻪ ﺍﻻﺒﺘﺩﺍﺌﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺍﺤﺴﺏ‪:‬‬
‫)‪(1‬ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﺤﺠﻡ ﻭﻀﻐﻁ ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺭﺓ‪(2) .‬ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﻘﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻜل ﺍﺠﺭﺍﺀ‪(3) .‬ﺼﺎﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻐل‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺭﺓ‪ .‬ﻋﻠﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪Cp=1.25kJ/kg. K, Cv=0.75kJ/kg. K‬‬

‫‪R = Cp − Cv = 1.25 − 0.75‬‬ ‫) ‪Q 23 = mCp(T3 − T2‬‬

‫‪= 0.5kJ / kg.K‬‬ ‫)‪= 1 × 1.25(712 − 310‬‬
‫‪Q 12 = W12 = mR ln‬‬
‫‪V2‬‬ ‫‪= 502.5kJ‬‬
‫‪V1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫‪V × T3‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫‪V‬‬ ‫‪V2 T3 8 1‬‬
‫‪= 1 × 0.5 × ln 8 1‬‬ ‫= ‪V3‬‬ ‫=‬
‫‪V1‬‬ ‫‪T2‬‬ ‫‪T2‬‬
‫‪= −322.313kJ‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫‪× 1.55 × 712‬‬
‫‪γ = Cp / Cv = 1.25 / 0.75‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪8‬‬
‫‪310‬‬
‫‪= 1.666‬‬
‫‪= 0.445m 3‬‬
‫‪mRT1 1 × 0.5 × 310‬‬
‫= ‪V1‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫) ‪W23 = P2 ( V3 − V2‬‬
‫‪P1‬‬ ‫‪100‬‬
‫)‪= 800(0.445 − 0.193‬‬
‫‪= 1.55m 3‬‬
‫‪= 201kJ‬‬
‫‪mRT2 1 × 0.5 × 310‬‬
‫= ‪P2‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪∆U 23 = Q 23 − W23‬‬
‫‪V2‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫‪× 1.55‬‬ ‫‪= 502.5 − 201 = 301.5kJ‬‬
‫‪8‬‬
‫‪= 800kN / m 2‬‬ ‫‪W31 = − ∆U 31‬‬
‫‪γ‬‬ ‫‪1.66−1‬‬ ‫) ‪= −mCv(T1 − T3‬‬
‫‪P‬‬ ‫‪800‬‬
‫(‪T3 = T1 ( 3 ) γ −1 = 310‬‬ ‫)‬ ‫‪1.66‬‬
‫)‪= −1 × 0.75( 310 − 712‬‬
‫‪P1‬‬ ‫‪100‬‬
‫‪= 301.5kJ‬‬
‫‪= 712K‬‬
‫‪∑ W = −322313 + 201 + 30‬‬
‫‪= 1802kJ‬‬

‫)‪(251‬‬
 ‫)‪(8.7‬‬
‫ﻟﺘﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍﺀ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘﻪ )‪ (15oC‬ﻭﻀﻐﻁﻪ )‪ (5bar‬ﺴﺨﻥ ﺒﺜﺒﻭﺕ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﺇﻟﻰ )‪ .(200oC‬ﺜﻡ ﺘﻤﺩﺩ‬
‫ﺍﺩﻴﺎﺒﺎﺘﻴﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ )‪ .(100oC‬ﺒﻌﺩ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺒﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍﺀ ﺒﺤﺠﻡ ﺜﺎﺒﺕ ﺇﻟﻰ )‪ .(15oC‬ﺜﻡ ﻀﻐﻁ ﺁﻴﺯﻭﺜﺭﻤﻠﻴﺎ ﺤﺘﻰ ﻋـﺎﺩ‬
‫ﺇﻟﻰ ﺤﺎﻟﺘﻪ ﺍﻻﺼﻠﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻻﺠﺭﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻨﻌﻜﺎﺴﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺍﺤﺴﺏ‪:‬‬
‫)‪ (1‬ﺍﻟﺸﻐل ﺍﻟﺼﺎﻓﻲ‪ (2) .‬ﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪R=0.287kJ/kg. K, γ=1.4‬‬
‫‪T‬‬ ‫‪473‬‬ ‫‪Q o 34 = mCv∆T‬‬
‫× ‪V2 = V1 . 2 = 10 − 3‬‬
‫‪T1‬‬ ‫‪288‬‬ ‫)‪= 0.006 × 0.718( 373 − 288‬‬
‫‪−3‬‬
‫‪= 1.64 × 10 m‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬
‫‪= 0.366kJ‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫‪V4‬‬
‫‪T‬‬
‫‪V3 = V2 .( 3 ) γ −1‬‬ ‫‪Q 41 = mRT ln‬‬
‫‪T2‬‬ ‫‪V1‬‬
‫‪2.973‬‬
‫‪= 0.006 × 0.287 × 288. ln‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫‪−3‬‬ ‫‪373 0.4‬‬
‫( ‪= 1.64 × 10‬‬ ‫)‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫‪473‬‬
‫‪= 0.523kJ‬‬
‫‪= 2.973 × 10 − 3 m 3‬‬
‫) ‪Wnet = Q 12 + O + ( −Q 34 ) + ( −Q 41‬‬
‫‪PV 500 × 0.001‬‬
‫=‪m‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 1138 − 374 − 552‬‬
‫‪RT 0.287 × 288‬‬
‫‪= 0.212kJ‬‬
‫‪= 0.006kg‬‬
‫‪W 0.212‬‬
‫‪R‬‬ ‫‪0.287‬‬ ‫=‪η‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 0.189‬‬
‫= ‪Cv‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪Qin 1.12‬‬
‫‪γ −1‬‬ ‫‪0.4‬‬
‫‪= 0.718kJ / kg.K‬‬
‫‪Rγ‬‬ ‫‪0.287 × 1.4‬‬
‫= ‪Cp‬‬ ‫=‬
‫‪γ −1‬‬ ‫‪0.4‬‬
‫‪= 1.005kJ / kg.K‬‬
‫‪Q 12 = mCp∆T‬‬
‫)‪= 0.006 × 1.005(473 − 288‬‬
‫‪= 1.12kJ‬‬

‫)‪(252‬‬
 ‫)‪(8.8‬‬
‫ﺍﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﺔ ﻤﺯﻭﺩﺓ ﺒﻤﻜﺒﺱ ﻋﺩﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺭﺏ ﻭﺍﻻﺤﺘﻜﺎﻙ ﺘﺤﺘﻭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫـﻭﺍﺀ ﻀـﻐﻁﻪ )‪ (0.97bar‬ﻭﺩﺭﺠـﺔ‬
‫ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘﻪ )‪ .(60oC‬ﻀﻐﻁ ﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ) ‪ ( PV γ = Co‬ﺇﻟﻰ ) ‪ ( 181‬ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻻﺒﺘﺩﺍﺌﻲ‪ .‬ﻴﺴﺨﻥ ﺒﺜﺒـﻭﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻡ ﻭﺍﺭﺘﻔﻌﺕ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺇﻟﻰ )‪ .(1220oC‬ﺜﻡ ﺘﻤﺩﺩ ﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗـﺔ ) ‪( PV γ = Co‬ﺇﻟـﻰ ﺍﻟﺤﺠـﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺒﺘﺩﺍﺌﻲ‪ .‬ﺜﻡ ﺒﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍﺀ ﺒﺜﺒﻭﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻡ ﻭﻋﺎﺩ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺤﺎﻟﺘﻪ ﺍﻷﺼﻠﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺍﺤﺴﺏ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﻋﻨـﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﻁ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﻭﺼﺎﻓﻲ ﺸﻐل ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺭﺓ‪ .‬ﻋﻠﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪Cp=1.005kJ/kg. K, γ=1.4‬‬

‫‪V1 γ‬‬ ‫‪V3 γ‬‬ ‫‪1 1.4‬‬

‫( ‪P2 = P1‬‬ ‫‪) = 0.97.(18)1.4‬‬ ‫( ‪P4 = P3‬‬ ‫(‪) = 56‬‬ ‫)‬
‫‪V2‬‬ ‫‪V4‬‬ ‫‪2.15‬‬
‫‪= 56bar = P3‬‬ ‫‪= 2.87bar‬‬
‫‪V1 γ −1‬‬ ‫‪P‬‬ ‫‪2.87‬‬
‫( ‪T2 = T1‬‬ ‫)‬ ‫(‪T4 = T1 ( 4 ) = 333‬‬ ‫)‬
‫‪V2‬‬ ‫‪P1‬‬ ‫‪0.97‬‬
‫‪= 333 × (18) 0.4 = 1060K‬‬ ‫‪= 985K‬‬
‫‪T3 = T2 + ∆T‬‬ ‫‪Cp 1.005‬‬
‫= ‪Cv‬‬ ‫=‬
‫‪= 1060 + 1220 = 2280K‬‬ ‫‪γ‬‬ ‫‪1.4‬‬
‫‪V3 V2‬‬ ‫‪V‬‬ ‫‪T‬‬ ‫‪= 0.718kJ / kg.K‬‬
‫=‬ ‫‪⇒ 3= 3‬‬
‫‪T3 T2‬‬ ‫‪V2 T2‬‬ ‫‪q in = Cp∆T = 1.005 × 1220‬‬

‫‪= 2280 = 2.15‬‬ ‫‪= 1226kJ / kg‬‬

‫‪1060‬‬ ‫‪q o = Cv∆T = 0.718 × 652‬‬
‫‪V4‬‬
‫‪= 18 = 8.35‬‬ ‫‪= 468kJ / kg‬‬
‫‪V3 2.15‬‬
‫‪w net = q in − q o = 1226 − 468‬‬
‫‪= 758kJ / kg‬‬

‫)‪(253‬‬
 ‫)‪(8.9‬‬
‫ﻤﺎﺌﻊ ﻜﺘﻠﺘﻪ )‪ (0.09kg‬ﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﺔ ﻤﺠﻬﺯﺓ ﺒﻤﻜﺒﺱ ﻋﺩﻴﻡ ﺍﻻﺤﺘﻜﺎﻙ‪ .‬ﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﻤـﺎﺌﻊ )‪(1.1 bar‬‬
‫ﻭﺤﺠﻤﻪ )‪ .(0.07m3‬ﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﺩﻴﺎﺒﺎﺘﻴﺎ ﺍﻨﻌﻜﺎﺴﻴﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ )‪ .(0.01m3‬ﺜـﻡ ﺘﻤـﺩﺩ ﺍﻨﻌﻜﺎﺴـﻴﺎ ﺤـﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗـﺔ‬
‫)‪ (PV1.25 =C.‬ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻻﺒﺘﺩﺍﺌﻲ‪ .‬ﻭﺒﻌﺩ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺒﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻊ ﺒﺜﺒـﻭﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺠـﻡ ﻭﻁـﺭﺩﺕ ﻤﻨـﻪ ﺤـﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬
‫)‪ (-4.22kJ‬ﺤﻴﺙ ﻋﺎﺩ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺤﺎﻟﺘﻪ ﺍﻷﺼﻠﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺍﺤﺴﺏ‪:‬‬
‫)ﺃ(ﺍﻟﺸﻐل ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﻘل‪) .‬ﺏ(ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﻘﻠﺔ‪) .‬ﺝ(ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪V1 γ‬‬ ‫‪0.07 1.4‬‬ ‫‪P2 V2 − P3 V3‬‬

‫( ‪P2 = P1‬‬ ‫(‪) = 1.1‬‬ ‫)‬ ‫= ‪W23‬‬
‫‪V2‬‬ ‫‪0.01‬‬ ‫‪n −1‬‬
‫‪= 16.8bar‬‬ ‫‪1680 × 0.01 − 147 × 0.07‬‬
‫=‬
‫‪V‬‬ ‫‪0.01 1.25‬‬ ‫‪1.25 − 1‬‬
‫(‪P3 = P2 ( 3 ) γ = 16.8‬‬ ‫)‬ ‫‪= 26kJ‬‬
‫‪V2‬‬ ‫‪0.07‬‬
‫‪= 1.47bar‬‬ ‫‪∑Q = ∑ W‬‬
‫‪P V − P2 V2‬‬ ‫‪Q 12 + Q 23 + Q 31 = W12 + W23 + W31‬‬
‫‪W12 = 1 1‬‬
‫‪γ −1‬‬ ‫‪O + Q 23 + ( −4.22) = −22.8 + 26 + 0‬‬
‫‪110 × 0.07 − 1680 × 0.01‬‬ ‫‪Q 23 = 7.42kJ‬‬
‫=‬
‫‪1.4 − 1‬‬ ‫‪∆U 12 = Q 12 − W12‬‬
‫‪= −22.8kJ‬‬ ‫‪= 0 − ( −22.8) = 22.8kJ‬‬
‫‪∆U 23 = Q 23 − W23‬‬
‫‪= 7.42 − 26 = − − 18.58kJ‬‬
‫‪∆U 31‬‬ ‫‪= Q 31 − W31‬‬
‫‪= −4.22 − 0 = −4.22kJ‬‬

‫)‪(254‬‬
 ‫)‪(8.10‬‬
‫)‪ (0.5kg‬ﻫﻴﺩﺭﻭﺠﻴﻥ ﻀﻐﻁﻪ )‪ (3MPa‬ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘﻪ )‪ .(1000K‬ﻴﺘﻤﺩﺩ ﺍﻴﺯﻭﺜﺭﻤﻠﻴﺎ‪ .‬ﺜﻡ ﺘﻁﺭﺩ ﻤﻨـﻪ‬
‫ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺒﺜﺒﻭﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻡ ﻭﻴﺼﺒﺢ ﻀﻐﻁﻪ )‪(0.5MPa‬ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘﻪ )‪ .(300K‬ﺜﻡ ﺘﻀﺎﻑ ﺇﻟﻴـﻪ ﺤـﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬
‫ـﺴﺏ‪:‬‬
‫ـﺭ ﺃﻥ‪ R =4.124 kJ/kg.K:‬ﻭﺍﺤـ‬
‫ـﺔ‪ .‬ﺍﻋﺘﺒـ‬
‫ـﻪ ﺍﻻﺒﺘﺩﺍﺌﻴـ‬
‫ـﻰ ﺤﺎﻟﺘـ‬
‫ـﻭﺩ ﺇﻟـ‬
‫ـﻡ ﻟﻴﻌـ‬
‫ـﻭﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺠـ‬
‫ﺒﺜﺒـ‬
‫)‪(1‬ﺍﻟﺸﻐل ﺍﻟﺼﺎﻓﻲ ﻟﻠﺩﻭﺭﻩ‪(2) .‬ﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺭﺓ‪.‬‬

‫‪mRT1‬‬ ‫‪mRT3‬‬ ‫‪V4‬‬

‫= ‪V1 = V4‬‬ ‫= ‪, V3 = V2‬‬ ‫‪Q 34 = W34 = mRT3 ln‬‬
‫‪P1‬‬ ‫‪P3‬‬ ‫‪V3‬‬
‫‪mRT1‬‬ ‫‪= 0.5 × 4.124 × 300 ln 0.55‬‬
‫‪V1 V4‬‬
‫=‬ ‫=‬
‫‪P1‬‬ ‫‪= −363.6kJ‬‬
‫‪V2 V3 mRT3‬‬
‫‪Wnet‬‬ ‫‪= W12 + W34‬‬
‫‪P3‬‬
‫)‪= 1212 + ( −363.6‬‬
‫‪P T 0.5 × 1000‬‬
‫=‪= 3 1‬‬ ‫‪= 0.55‬‬ ‫‪= 848.4kJ‬‬
‫‪P1T3‬‬ ‫‪3 × 300‬‬
‫‪T‬‬
‫‪Q12 = W12 = mRT1 ln‬‬
‫‪V2‬‬ ‫‪η = 1 − min‬‬
‫‪V1‬‬ ‫‪Tmax‬‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪300‬‬
‫‪= 0.5 × 4.124 × 100 × ln‬‬ ‫‪=1−‬‬ ‫‪= 0.7‬‬
‫‪0.55‬‬ ‫‪1000‬‬
‫‪= 1212kJ‬‬

‫)‪(255‬‬
 ‫)‪(8.11‬‬
‫)‪ (1kg‬ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍﺀ ﻀﻐﻁﻪ )‪ (1.73MN/m2‬ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘﻪ)‪ (175oC‬ﺘﻤـﺩﺩ ﺍﻴﺯﻭﺜﺭﻤﻠﻴـﺎ ﺇﻟـﻰ )‪(3‬‬
‫ﺃﻀﻌﺎﻑ ﺤﺠﻤﻪ ﺍﻻﺒﺘﺩﺍﺌﻲ‪ .‬ﺜﻡ ﺘﻤﺩﺩ ﺍﺩﻴﺎﺒﺎﺘﻴﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ )‪ (6‬ﺃﻀﻌﺎﻑ ﺤﺠﻤﻪ ﺍﻻﺒﺘﺩﺍﺌﻲ‪ .‬ﺜـﻡ ﻀـﻐﻁ ﺍﻴﺯﻭﺜﺭﻤﻠﻴـﺎ‬
‫ﻭﺒﻌﺩﻫﺎ ﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﺩﻴﺎﺒﺎﺘﻴﺎ ﺤﻴﺙ ﻋﺎﺩ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺤﺎﻟﺘﻪ ﺍﻻﺼﻠﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺍﺭﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﺤﺴﺏ )ﺃ(ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺠﻡ ﻭﺩﺭﺠـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺭﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺭﺓ‪) .‬ﺏ(ﺍﻟﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺩﻭﺭﺓ‪) .‬ﺝ(ﺍﻟﺸﻐل ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺠﺯ‪ .‬ﻋﻠﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪R =0.29kJ/kg. K. γ=1.4‬‬

‫‪mRT1 1 × 0.29 × 448‬‬ ‫‪T1 T2‬‬ ‫‪V‬‬

‫= ‪V1‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= ( 4 ) γ −1‬‬
‫‪P1‬‬ ‫‪1730‬‬ ‫‪T4 T3‬‬ ‫‪V1‬‬
‫‪= 0.075m 3‬‬ ‫(=‬
‫‪V3 γ −1‬‬
‫)‬
‫‪V2 = 3V1 = 3 × 0.075‬‬ ‫‪V2‬‬
‫‪= 0.225m 3‬‬ ‫‪V4 V3‬‬
‫∴‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪=2‬‬
‫‪V1 V2‬‬
‫‪V3 = 6V1 = 6 × 0.075‬‬
‫‪V4 = 2V1 = 2 × 0.075‬‬
‫‪= 0.45m 3‬‬
‫‪V‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪= 0.15m 3‬‬
‫× ‪P2 = P1 1 = 1730‬‬ ‫‪V‬‬ ‫‪0.45‬‬
‫‪V2‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪P4 = P3 3 = 219‬‬
‫‪V2‬‬ ‫‪0.15‬‬
‫‪= 576.7kN / m 2‬‬
‫‪V‬‬ ‫‪= 657kN / m 2‬‬
‫‪T3 = T2 ( 2 ) γ −1‬‬ ‫‪T‬‬ ‫‪340‬‬
‫‪V3‬‬ ‫‪ηth = 1 − min = 1 −‬‬
‫‪Tmax‬‬ ‫‪448‬‬
‫‪0.225 1.4−1‬‬
‫(‪= 448‬‬ ‫)‬ ‫‪= 340K‬‬ ‫‪= 0.24‬‬
‫‪0.45‬‬
‫‪V‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪V2‬‬
‫‪P3 = P2 ( 2 ) γ = 576.7( )1.4‬‬ ‫‪W = mR ln‬‬ ‫) ‪(T1 − T2‬‬
‫‪V3‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪V1‬‬
‫‪= 219kN / m 2‬‬ ‫)‪= 1 × 0.29 × ln 3(448 − 340‬‬
‫‪= 34.4kJ‬‬

‫)‪(256‬‬
 ‫)‪(8.12‬‬
‫ﻫﻭﺍﺀ ﻀﻐﻁﻪ )‪ (51bar‬ﻭﺤﺠﻤﻪ)‪ (0.032m3‬ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘﻪ )‪ (1000oC‬ﻴﻤﺭ ﺒﺎﻻﺠﺭﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻻﺭﺒﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫)‪(1‬ﺘﻤﺩﺩ ﺍﻴﺯﻭﺜﺭﻤﻠﻲ ﺇﻟﻰ )‪ (0.08m3‬ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‪ (2) .‬ﺘﻤﺩﺩ ﺍﺩﻴﺎﺒﺎﺘﻲ ﺇﻟـﻰ )‪(3) .(268oC‬ﺍﻨـﻀﻐﺎﻁ‬
‫ﺍﻴﺯﻭﺜﺭﻤﻠﻲ ﺒﻌﺩ ﻁﺭﺩ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‪(4) .‬ﺍﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﺍﺩﻴﺎﺒﺎﺘﻲ ﻭﻋﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍﺀ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺤﺎﻟﺘـﻪ ﺍﻻﺼـﻠﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻓـﺈﺫﺍ ﻋﻠﻤـﺕ ﺃﻥ‬
‫)‪ .(R=0.287kJ/kg.K) ،(γ=1.4‬ﺍﺤﺴﺏ ﺼﺎﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﺼﺎﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻐل‪.‬‬
‫‪Pv‬‬ ‫‪P‬‬
‫=‪m‬‬ ‫‪Q o = mRT3 ln 4‬‬
‫‪RT‬‬ ‫‪P3‬‬
‫‪5100 × 0.032‬‬
‫=‬ ‫‪= 0.457kg‬‬ ‫‪= 0.457 × 0.287 × 541 ln‬‬
‫‪2.55‬‬
‫‪0.287 × 1273‬‬ ‫‪1.02‬‬
‫‪P1 V1‬‬ ‫‪= 63.45kJ‬‬
‫= ‪P2‬‬
‫‪∑ Q = Qin − Qo‬‬
‫‪V2‬‬
‫‪51 × 0.032‬‬
‫=‬ ‫‪= 152.9 − 63.45‬‬
‫‪0.08‬‬
‫‪= 89.45kJ‬‬
‫‪= 20.4bar‬‬
‫‪γ‬‬ ‫‪Q 12‬‬ ‫‪= W12 = 152.9kJ‬‬
‫‪T‬‬
‫‪P3 = P2 ( 3 ) γ −1‬‬ ‫‪R‬‬ ‫‪0.287‬‬
‫‪T2‬‬ ‫= ‪Cv‬‬ ‫=‬
‫‪γ − 1 1.4 − 1‬‬
‫‪1.4‬‬
‫(‪= 20.4‬‬
‫‪541 0.4‬‬
‫)‬ ‫‪= 0.718kJ / kg.K‬‬
‫‪1273‬‬ ‫) ‪W23 = ( U 2 − U 3‬‬
‫‪= 1.02bar‬‬
‫) ‪= mCv(T2 − T3‬‬
‫‪1‬‬

‫( ‪V4 = V1‬‬
‫‪T1‬‬
‫)‬ ‫‪γ −1‬‬ ‫)‪= 0.457 × 0.718(1273 − 541‬‬
‫‪T4‬‬ ‫‪= 240kJ‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫‪1273 0.4‬‬ ‫‪Q 34‬‬ ‫‪= W34 = −63.45kJ‬‬
‫(‪= 0.032‬‬ ‫‪) = 0.256m 3‬‬
‫‪541‬‬ ‫‪W41 = − ∆U 41‬‬
‫‪γ‬‬
‫‪T4 γ −1‬‬ ‫) ‪= mCv(T4 − T1‬‬
‫( ‪P4 = P1‬‬ ‫)‬
‫‪T1‬‬ ‫)‪= 0.457 × 0.718(541 − 1273‬‬
‫‪541‬‬
‫‪1.4‬‬
‫‪= −240.2kJ‬‬
‫(‪= 51‬‬ ‫‪) 0.4‬‬
‫‪1273‬‬ ‫‪∑ W = 152.9 + 240.2 − 63.45 − 240.2‬‬
‫‪= 2.55bar‬‬ ‫‪= 89.45kJ‬‬
‫‪P1‬‬
‫‪Q in = mRT2 ln‬‬
‫‪P2‬‬
‫‪51‬‬
‫‪= 0.457 × 0.287 × 1273 ln‬‬
‫‪20.4‬‬
‫‪= 152.9kJ‬‬

‫)‪(257‬‬
 ‫ﺍﻤﺜﻠﺔ ﻤﺤﻠﻭﻟﺔ ﺤﻭل ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﻜﺎﺭﻨﻭ‬
‫)‪(8.13‬‬
‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻴﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﻜﺎﺭﻨﻭ )‪ .(400 C‬ﻭﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻜﻔـﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻟـﺩﻭﺭﺓ )‪ (55%‬ﻭﻨـﺴﺒﺔ‬
‫‪o‬‬

‫ﺍﻻﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﺠﺭﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻻﻴﺯﻭﺜﺭﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺘﺴﺎﻭﻱ )‪ (2.8‬ﻭﺇﻥ )‪ .(γ=1.4‬ﺍﺤـﺴﺏ )‪ (a‬ﺩﺭﺠـﺔ ﺍﻟﺤـﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺼﻐﺭﻯ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺭﺓ‪ (b) .‬ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻻﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﺍﻻﺩﻴﺎﺒﺎﺘﻴﺔ‪ (C) .‬ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻻﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪T‬‬ ‫‪T‬‬
‫‪ηC = 1 − min ⇒ 0.55 = 1 − min‬‬
‫‪Tmin‬‬ ‫‪673‬‬
‫‪Tmin = 303K‬‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫‪V3‬‬ ‫‪T‬‬ ‫‪673 1.4−1‬‬
‫( = ‪= ( 2 ) γ −1‬‬ ‫)‬ ‫‪= 7.1‬‬
‫‪V2‬‬ ‫‪T3‬‬ ‫‪303‬‬
‫‪V3‬‬ ‫‪V V‬‬
‫‪= ( 3 . 2 ) = 7.1 × 2.8 = 19.9‬‬
‫‪V1‬‬ ‫‪V2 V1‬‬
‫)‪(8.14‬‬
‫ﻤﺤﺭﻙ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﻱ ﻴﻌﻤل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﻜﺎﺭﻨﻭ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺩﺭﺠﺘﻲ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ )‪ (700K‬ﻭ)‪ .(300K‬ﻴﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻫﻭﺍﺀ ﻀﻐﻁﻪ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺒﺘﺩﺍﺌﻲ )‪ ،(6.5 bar‬ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺠﻡ ﻓﻲ ﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺩﺩ ﺍﻻﻴﺯﻭﺜﺭﻤﻠﻲ ﻫﻭ ﻀﻌﻑ ﺤﺠﻤﻪ ﺍﻻﺒﺘﺩﺍﺌﻲ‪ .‬ﺍﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻟـﺸﻐل‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﺎﻓﻲ ﻟﻠﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﻟﻜل )‪ .(1 kg‬ﻋﻠﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪R =0.287kJ/kg. K‬‬
‫‪Tmin‬‬ ‫‪300‬‬
‫‪ηC = 1 −‬‬ ‫‪=1−‬‬ ‫‪= 0.57‬‬
‫‪Tmax‬‬ ‫‪700‬‬
‫‪RT1 0.287 × 700‬‬
‫= ‪v1‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 0.3 / m 3‬‬
‫‪P1‬‬ ‫‪650‬‬
‫‪v 2 = 2 v 1 = 2 × 0.31 = 0.62m 3‬‬
‫‪v2‬‬
‫‪q 12 = w 12 = P1 V1 ln‬‬ ‫‪= 650 × 0.31 ln 2 = 139.66kJ‬‬
‫‪v1‬‬
‫‪w net = ηc × q in = 0.57 × 139.66 = 79.6kJ / kg‬‬

‫)‪(258‬‬
 ‫)‪(8.15‬‬
‫ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﻜﺎﺭﻨﻭ ﺘﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺭﻭﺠﻴﻥ ﻜﻤﺎﺌﻊ ﺘﺸﻐﻴل‪ .‬ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻬﺯﺓ )‪ (53kJ‬ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺩﺩ ﺍﻻﺩﻴﺎﺒـﺎﺘﻲ ) ‪. ( 161‬‬
‫ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺏ )‪ .(295K‬ﺍﺤﺴﺏ )‪ .(W, Qo‬ﻋﻠﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪γ =1.399‬‬
‫‪V2 γ −1‬‬
‫( ‪T2 = T1‬‬ ‫‪) = 295(16)1.399−1 = 891.8K‬‬
‫‪V1‬‬
‫‪Tmin‬‬ ‫‪Qo‬‬
‫‪ηC = 1 −‬‬ ‫‪=1−‬‬
‫‪Tmax‬‬ ‫‪Qin‬‬
‫‪295‬‬ ‫‪Qo‬‬
‫‪1−‬‬ ‫‪=1−‬‬
‫‪891.8‬‬ ‫‪53‬‬
‫‪Q o = 17.53kJ‬‬
‫‪W = Q in − Q o = 53 − 17.53 = 35.65kJ‬‬
‫)‪(8.16‬‬
‫ﻤﺤﺭﻙ ﻴﻌﻤل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﻜﺎﺭﻨﻭ ﺒـﻴﻥ ﺩﺭﺠﺘـﻲ )‪ (260oC‬ﻭ )‪ .(15oC‬ﻭﻜﺎﻨـﺕ ﺍﻟﺤـﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻬـﺯﺓ‬
‫)‪ .(88kJ/s‬ﺍﻭﺠﺩ ﻗﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺭﻙ ﺒﺎﻟـ )‪ (kW‬ﻭﺍﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﺭﻭﺩﺓ‪.‬‬
‫‪W‬‬ ‫‪T‬‬ ‫‪288‬‬
‫= ‪ηc‬‬ ‫‪= 1 − min = 1 −‬‬ ‫‪= 0.46‬‬
‫‪Q in‬‬ ‫‪Tmax‬‬ ‫‪533‬‬
‫‪W = Q in × ηc = 88 × 0.46 = 40.4kW‬‬
‫‪Q o = Q in − W = 88 − 40.4 = 47.6kW‬‬
‫)‪(8.17‬‬
‫ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﻜﺎﺭﻨﻭ ﺘﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍﺀ ﻜﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺘﺸﻐﻴل‪ .‬ﻀﻐﻁﻪ )‪ (15bar‬ﻭﺤﺠﻤﻪ )‪ (0.075m3/kg‬ﻓﻲ ﺒﺩﺍﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻤـﺩﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺩﻴﺎﺒﺎﺘﻲ‪ .‬ﺘﻜﺘﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺭﺓ )‪ (20kJ/kg‬ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺏ )‪ .(7oC‬ﺍﺤـﺴﺏ‪:‬‬
‫)ﺃ(ﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺭﺓ‪) .‬ﺏ(ﺍﻟﺸﻐل ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﻘل ﻟﻜل )‪) .(1kg‬ﺝ(ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻻﺒﺘﺩﺍﺌﻲ‪ .‬ﻋﻠﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ‬
‫‪R =0.29kJ/kg. K‬‬
‫‪Pν‬‬ ‫‪1500 × 0.075‬‬ ‫‪ν2‬‬ ‫‪20‬‬
‫= ‪T max = T2 2 2‬‬ ‫‪= 388K‬‬ ‫‪ln‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 1.18‬‬
‫‪R‬‬ ‫‪0.29‬‬ ‫‪ν 1 0.29 × 388‬‬
‫‪ν‬‬ ‫‪ν 1 = 0.063m 3 / kg‬‬
‫‪qin = RT max ln 2‬‬
‫‪ν1‬‬ ‫‪T min‬‬ ‫‪280‬‬
‫‪ν‬‬ ‫‪ηc = 1 −‬‬ ‫‪=1−‬‬ ‫‪= 0.28‬‬
‫‪20 = 0.29 × 388 × ln 2‬‬ ‫‪T max‬‬ ‫‪388‬‬
‫‪ν1‬‬ ‫‪w = η × q in = 0.28.20 = 5.6kJ / kg‬‬

‫)‪(259‬‬
 ‫)‪(8.18‬‬
‫ﻤﺤﺭﻙ ﻜﺎﺭﻨﻭ ﻴﻤﺘﺹ )‪ (418kJ‬ﻤﻥ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﺩﻉ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘﻪ )‪ .(400K‬ﻓﻲ ﻜل ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﻴﻁـﺭﺩ )‪(334kJ‬‬
‫ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺘﻭﺩﻉ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﻁﺊ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺠﺔ‪ .‬ﺍﺤﺴﺏ )ﺃ( ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﺩﻉ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﻁﺊ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺠﺔ‪) .‬ﺏ(ﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺭﻙ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻱ‪.‬‬
‫‪Q‬‬ ‫‪334‬‬
‫‪η th = 1 − o = 1 −‬‬ ‫‪= 0 .2‬‬
‫‪Q in‬‬ ‫‪418‬‬
‫‪Tmin‬‬
‫‪η th = 1 −‬‬
‫‪Tmax‬‬
‫‪Tmin‬‬ ‫‪T‬‬
‫‪0.2 = 1 −‬‬ ‫‪= 1 − min ⇒ Tmin = 320K‬‬
‫‪Tmax‬‬ ‫‪400‬‬
‫)‪(8.19‬‬
‫ﻏﺎﺯ ﻜﺘﻠﺘﻪ )‪(0.23kg‬ﻤﺭ ﺒﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﻜﺎﺭﻨﻭ ﺘﻌﻤل ﺒـﻴﻥ ﺩﺭﺠـﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤـﺭﺍﺭﺓ )‪ (300oC‬ﻭ )‪ .(50oC‬ﻨـﺴﺒﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﺠﺭﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻻﻴﺭﻭﺯﻤﻠﻴﺔ )‪ .(2.5‬ﺍﺤﺴﺏ )‪(1‬ﺍﻟﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺩﻭﺭﺓ‪(2) .‬ﺍﻟﺸﻐل ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺠـﺯ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﻘﻠﺔ‪ .‬ﻋﻠﻤﺎ ﺒﺄﻥ‪R =0.28kJ/kg. K :‬‬
‫‪Tmin‬‬ ‫‪323‬‬
‫‪ηc = 1 −‬‬ ‫‪=1−‬‬ ‫‪= 0.437‬‬
‫‪Tmax‬‬ ‫‪573‬‬
‫‪V2‬‬
‫‪W = mR ln‬‬ ‫) ‪(Tmax − Tmin‬‬
‫‪V1‬‬
‫‪= 0.23 × 0.28 ln 2.5( 250) = 14.75kJ‬‬
‫‪W 14.75‬‬
‫= ‪Q in‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 33.8kJ‬‬
‫‪η 0.437‬‬
‫‪Q o = Q in − W = 33.8 − 14.8 = 19kJ‬‬
‫)‪(8.20‬‬
‫ﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﻜﺎﺭﻨﻭ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ )‪ (40%‬ﻭﺘﺴﺘﻘﺒل ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭﻫﺎ )‪ (400kJ/h‬ﻤﻥ ﺨﺯﺍﻥ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﻱ ﺩﺭﺠـﺔ‬
‫ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘﻪ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺘﻁﺭﺡ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻟﻤﺼﺏ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﻱ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘﻪ )‪ .(25oC‬ﻤﺎﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺘﺠﺔ؟ ﻭﻤﺎ ﻫﻲ‬
‫ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺒﻊ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻱ؟‬
‫‪400‬‬
‫× ‪W = η × Q in = 0.4‬‬ ‫‪= 0.044kW‬‬
‫‪3600‬‬
‫‪Tmin‬‬ ‫‪298‬‬
‫‪ηc = 1 −‬‬ ‫‪⇒ 0.4 = 1 −‬‬
‫‪Tmax‬‬ ‫‪Tmax‬‬
‫‪∴ Tmax = 496.6K‬‬

‫)‪(260‬‬
 ‫)‪(8.21‬‬
‫ﻤﺎﻜﻨﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﺘﻌﻤل ﻭﻓﻘﺎ ﻟﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﻜﺎﺭﻨﻭ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺩﺭﺠﺘﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ )‪ (Tmax‬ﻭ)‪ ،(Tmin‬ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻜﻥ ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻜﻔﺎﺌﺘﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺃﻤﺎ ﺒﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺩﺭ )‪ (sourCe‬ﺃﻭ ﺒﺘﺨﻔﻴﺽ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺏ )‪ .(Sink‬ﺤﺩﺩ ﺃﻴﻬﻤـﺎ‬
‫ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭﺍ‪.‬‬
‫‪Tmax − Tmin‬‬
‫=‪η‬‬
‫‪Tmax‬‬
‫ﻟﻨﻔﺭﺽ ﺃﻥ ‪ Tmin‬ﺘﻡ ﺘﺜﺒﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﻭﺍﻟـ ‪ Tmax‬ﺘﻡ ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺘﻬﺎ ﺒﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭ ∆ ‪.T‬‬
‫‪(Tmax + ∆T) − Tmin‬‬ ‫‪T − Tmin + ∆T‬‬
‫= ‪ηa‬‬ ‫‪= max‬‬ ‫)‪.............(a‬‬
‫)‪(Tmax + ∆T‬‬ ‫‪Tmax + ∆T‬‬
‫ﻟﻨﻔﺭﺽ ﺃﻥ ‪ Tmax‬ﺘﻡ ﺘﺜﺒﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﻭﺍﻟـ ‪ Tmin‬ﺘﻡ ﺘﺨﻔﻴﻀﻬﺎ ﺒﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭ ∆ ‪.T‬‬
‫‪Tmax − (Tmin‬‬ ‫)‪− ∆T) (Tmax − Tmin + ∆T‬‬
‫= ‪ηb‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫) ‪= .............(b‬‬
‫‪Tmax‬‬ ‫) ‪(Tmax‬‬
‫ﻭﺒﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ )‪ (a‬ﻭ )‪ (b‬ﺤﻴﺙ ﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻁ ﻭﻟﻜﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻡ ﻓﻲ )‪ (a‬ﺃﻜﺒﺭ ﻤﻥ )‪ (b‬ﻟﺫﺍ ﻓﺈﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪ηb > ηa‬‬
‫ﻟﺫﺍ ﻓﺒﺎﻨﺨﻔﺎﺽ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺏ ﻴﻌﻁﻲ ﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺃﻜﺒﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤـﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤـﺼﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺒﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭ ‪. ∆ T‬‬

‫)‪(8.22‬‬
‫ﺍﺩﻋﻰ ﺍﺤﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﺭﻋﻴﻥ ﺇﻨﻪ ﻗﺩ ﺼﻤﻡ ﻤﺤﺭﻙ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﻱ ﻴﻌﻤل ﺒﻴﻥ ﺩﺭﺠﺘﻲ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ )‪ (300K) ، (450K‬ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺍﻟﻲ‪ ،‬ﺒﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﻨﺘﺞ ﺸﻐﻼ ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭﻩ )‪ (450J‬ﻟﻜل )‪ (1000oC‬ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻤﺩﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﺯﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺨﻥ‪.‬‬
‫ﻫل ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻻﺩﻋﺎﺀ ﻤﻌﻘﻭﻻ‪.‬‬
‫‪η HE = W = 450 = 0.45‬‬
‫‪Qin 1000‬‬
‫‪η HE = 1 − T min = 1 − 300 = 0.33‬‬
‫‪T max‬‬ ‫‪450‬‬
‫ﺒﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺭﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻤﻡ ﺃﻜﺒﺭ ﻤﻥ )‪ ،(0.33‬ﻟﺫﺍ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻻﺩﻋﺎﺀ ﻤﺴﺘﺤﻴل‪.‬‬

‫)‪(261‬‬
 ‫)‪(8.23‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﻁﺌﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺤﺭﻙ ﻜﺎﺭﻨﻭ )‪ (280K‬ﻭﻜﻔﺎﺌﺘﻪ )‪ .(40%‬ﺍﺭﻴﺩ ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻜﻔـﺎﺀﺓ ﺇﻟـﻰ )‪.(50%‬‬
‫)ﺃ( ﻤﺎ ﻋﺩﺩ ﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﺠﺏ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺯﺩﺍﺩﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﺩﻉ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺒﻘﻴﺕ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﺩﻉ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻭﺍﻁﺊ ﺜﺎﺒﺘﺔ‪) .‬ﺏ(ﻤﺎ ﻋﺩﺩ ﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﺠﺏ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻨﻘﺼﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﺩﻉ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﻁﺊ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺒﻘﻴـﺕ‬
‫ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﺩﻉ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻲ ﺜﺎﺒﺘﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ )‪.(466.66K‬‬

‫‪Tmax 2 = 560K‬‬
‫‪T‬‬
‫‪(a ) η = 1 − min‬‬ ‫‪∆T = Tmax 2 − Tmax1‬‬
‫‪Tmax 1‬‬
‫‪= 560 − 466.6 = 93.4K‬‬
‫‪280‬‬
‫‪0.4 = 1 −‬‬
‫‪Tmax 1‬‬
‫‪(b ) ∆T = Tmax1 − Tmin‬‬
‫‪Tmax1 = 466.6K‬‬
‫‪= 466.6 − 280 = 186.66K‬‬
‫‪280‬‬
‫‪0.5 = 1 −‬‬
‫‪Tmax 2‬‬

‫)‪(8.24‬‬
‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻻﺩﺍﺀ ﻟﺜﻼﺠﺔ ﻴﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﻨﺼﻑ ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﺩﺍﺀ ﺜﻼﺠﺔ ﻜﺎﺭﻨﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻌﻤل ﺒﻴﻥ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﺩﻋﻴﻥ ﺩﺭﺠـﺔ‬
‫ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘﻬﻤﺎ )‪ (200K.400K‬ﻭﺘﻤﺘﺹ )‪ (600J‬ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﺩﻉ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﻁﺊ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺠﺔ‪ .‬ﺍﺤـﺴﺏ ﻤﻘـﺩﺍﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﺭﻭﺩﺓ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﺩﻉ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺠﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪Q in‬‬ ‫‪Tmin‬‬
‫= ‪(COP )ref‬‬ ‫‪= 0.5‬‬
‫‪Q o − Q in‬‬ ‫‪Tmax − Tmin‬‬
‫‪600‬‬ ‫‪200‬‬
‫=‬ ‫‪= 0.5‬‬
‫‪Qo − 600‬‬ ‫‪400 − 200‬‬
‫‪Qo = 1800kJ‬‬

‫)‪(262‬‬
 ‫)‪(8.25‬‬
‫ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﻜﺎﺭﻨﻭ ﻤﻌﻜﻭﺴﺔ ﺘﻌﻤل ﻜﺜﻼﺠﺔ ﺒﺤﻴﺙ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠﻭﺒﺔ ﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴل ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺠﺔ ﺘﺅﺨﺫ ﻤـﻥ‬
‫ﻤﺎﻜﻨﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻤﺜﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺘﻌﻤل ﺃﻴﻀﺎ ﻭﻓﻕ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﻜﺎﺭﻨﻭ‪ .‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤـﺼﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﺤـﺭﺍﺭﻱ ﻟﻠﻤﺤـﺭﻙ )‪(557oC‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺼﺏ )‪ .(15oC‬ﺍﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺤﺭﻙ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻱ ﺇﻟـﻰ ﺍﻟﺤـﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤـﻀﺎﻓﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺜﻼﺠﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪Tmin‬‬ ‫‪15‬‬
‫‪η HE = 1 −‬‬ ‫‪=1−‬‬ ‫‪= 0.661‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪Q in2‬‬
‫‪Tmax‬‬ ‫‪273‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪+1‬‬
‫‪0.661 0.661 × Q in1‬‬
‫‪WHE = η HE × Q in1 = 0.661Q in1 = Wref‬‬
‫‪Q in1‬‬
‫‪(COP ) HP = (COP )ref + 1‬‬ ‫‪= 3.1‬‬
‫‪Q in 2‬‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫) ‪(Q‬‬
‫‪= in ref + 1‬‬
‫‪η HE‬‬ ‫‪Wref‬‬

‫)‪(8.26‬‬
‫ﻤﺤﺭﻙ ﻜﺎﺭﻨﻭ ﻴﻌﻤل ﺒﻴﻥ ﺩﺭﺠﺘﻲ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ )‪ (927oC‬ﻭ)‪ (33oC‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺍﻟﻲ‪ ،‬ﺘﻁﺭﺡ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ )‪ (30kJ‬ﺇﻟﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺏ‪ .‬ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺭﻙ ﻴﻘﻭﻡ ﺒﺘﺸﻐﻴل ﻤﻀﺨﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﺘﻁﺭﺡ )‪ (270kJ‬ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﺩﻉ ﺫﻭ ﺩﺭﺠـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﻁﺌﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻴﻁ ﻋﻨﺩ )‪ .(33oC‬ﺍﻭﺠﺩ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﻁﺌﺔ ﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﺩﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪T‬‬ ‫‪Q‬‬
‫‪η HE = 1 − min = 1 − o‬‬ ‫(‬ ‫‪COP‬‬ ‫)‬ ‫=‬
‫‪Q in‬‬
‫=‬
‫‪Tmin‬‬
‫‪Tmax‬‬ ‫‪Q in‬‬ ‫‪HP‬‬
‫‪W T −T‬‬ ‫‪max‬‬ ‫‪min‬‬
‫‪33‬‬ ‫‪30‬‬
‫‪1−‬‬ ‫‪=1−‬‬ ‫=‬
‫‪270‬‬
‫=‬
‫‪Tmin‬‬
‫‪1200‬‬ ‫‪Q in‬‬ ‫‪87.6 306 − Tmin‬‬
‫‪Q in = 117.6kJ‬‬ ‫‪Tmin = 2.31K‬‬
‫‪W = Q in − Q o = 117.6 − 30 = 87.6kJ‬‬

‫)‪(263‬‬
 ‫)‪(8.27‬‬
‫ﺃﺩﻋﻰ ﺃﺤﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﺭﻋﻴﻥ ﺇﻨﻪ ﺍﺴﺘﻁﺎﻉ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻁﻭﺭ ﻤﺤﺭﻙ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﻱ ﻟﻴﻨﺘﺞ ﺸﻐﻼ ﻤﻘـﺩﺍﺭﻩ )‪ ،(450kW‬ﻋﻨـﺩﻤﺎ‬
‫ﻴﺴﺘﻬﻠﻙ )‪ (0.015kg/s‬ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻭﻗﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻗﻴﻤﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ )‪ .(43000kJ/kg‬ﻭﺃﺩﻋﻰ ﺒﺄﻥ ﻫـﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﺤـﺭﻙ‬
‫ﻴﺘﻤﻜﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺘﺸﻐﻴل ﺜﻼﺠﺔ ﺘﺤﺎﻓﻅ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻗﻴﻤﺘﻬﺎ )‪ .(220K‬ﻭﺘﻁﺭﺩ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻴﻁ ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭﻫﺎ‬
‫)‪ .(306K‬ﻓﻲ ﺃﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﺤﺘﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻟﻭﻗﻭﺩ ﻓﺈﻨﻪ ﻴﻌﻁﻲ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻗﻴﻤﺘﻬﺎ )‪ .(830K‬ﺒﻴﻥ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﺩﻋـﺎﺀ‬
‫ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﺭﻉ ﺼﺤﻴﺤﺎ ﺃﻡ ﻻ‪.‬‬
‫ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺤﺭﻙ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﻼﺠﺔ ﺍﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ‪.‬‬ ‫= ‪(COP )C‬‬
‫‪Tmin‬‬
‫‪Tmax − Tmin‬‬
‫‪ηc > η HE , (COP )ref < (COP )ref‬‬
‫‪220‬‬
‫ﻓﺴﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻻﺩﻋﺎﺀ ﺼﺤﻴﺢ‪.‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 2.6‬‬
‫‪306 − 220‬‬
‫‪T‬‬ ‫‪220‬‬
‫‪ηc = 1 − min = 1 −‬‬ ‫‪= 0.735‬‬ ‫)&‬
‫‪(W‬‬ ‫‪HEC‬‬
‫‪& in‬‬
‫‪= ηC × Q‬‬
‫‪Tmax‬‬ ‫‪830‬‬
‫‪= 0.735 × 645 = 474.4kW‬‬
‫‪W‬‬ ‫&‬ ‫&‬
‫‪W‬‬
‫= ‪η HE‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪& ) = (Q‬‬
‫‪(Q‬‬ ‫) &‬
‫‪Q‬‬‫&‬ ‫‪& f .LCV‬‬
‫‪m‬‬ ‫‪o HE‬‬ ‫‪in ref‬‬
‫‪in‬‬
‫‪=Q‬‬‫&‬ ‫‪−W‬‬ ‫&‬
‫‪450‬‬ ‫‪450‬‬ ‫‪in HE‬‬ ‫‪HE‬‬
‫=‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 0.698‬‬
‫‪0.015 × 43000 645‬‬ ‫‪= 645 − 474.07‬‬
‫ﺍﺫﻥ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟـ)‪ (HE‬ﻓﺎﻻﺩﻋﺎﺀ ﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﻻﻨﻪ‬ ‫‪= 170.9kW‬‬
‫‪ηc > η HE‬‬ ‫‪(Q in )ref‬‬
‫= ‪(COP )ref‬‬
‫‪W‬‬‫&‬
‫‪170.9‬‬
‫=‬ ‫‪= 0.361‬‬
‫‪474.07‬‬
‫‪Q (COP )C > (COP )ref‬‬

‫ﺍﺫﻥ ﻻ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺘﺤﻘﻴﻕ ﺍﺩﻋﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﺭﻉ‬

‫)‪(264‬‬
 ‫)‪(8.28‬‬
‫ﺜﻼﺠﺔ ﺘﻌﻤل ﻭﻓﻕ ﻤﻌﻜﻭﺱ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﻜﺎﺭﻨﻭ‪ .‬ﻗﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺩﺨﻭل )‪ .(5kW‬ﺍﻭﺠﺩ ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﻠﺼﺔ ﻤـﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺯ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﺩ ﺒﻭﺤـﺩﺍﺕ )‪ .(kJ/min‬ﻋﻠﻤـﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺩﺭﺠـﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤـﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻴـﺎ ﻭﺍﻟـﺩﻨﻴﺎ ﻫـﻲ )‪، (38 oC‬‬
‫)‪(15 oC‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺍﻟﻲ‪.‬‬
‫‪Q in‬‬ ‫‪Tmin‬‬
‫= ‪(COP )ref‬‬ ‫=‬
‫‪W Tmax − Tmin‬‬
‫‪Q‬‬‫&‬ ‫‪288‬‬
‫=‬ ‫‪in‬‬
‫=‬
‫‪5 × 60 311 − 255‬‬
‫‪& = 3756.52kJ / min‬‬
‫‪Q‬‬ ‫‪in‬‬

‫)‪(8.29‬‬
‫ﻤﺤﺭﻙ ﻜﺎﺭﻨﻭ ﻜﻔﺎﺌﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ )‪ .(25%‬ﻴﻌﻜﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺭﻙ ﻟﻴﻌﻤل ﻜﻤﻀﺨﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﺘﻤﺘﺹ )‪ (200kJ‬ﻤـﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻋﻨﺩ )‪ .(5oC‬ﺍﺤﺴﺏ‪:‬‬
‫)ﺃ(ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻻﺩﺍﺀ ﻟﻠﻤﻀﺨﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ‪) .‬ﺏ(ﺍﻟﺸﻐل ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻡ ﻟﻠﻤﻀﺨﺔ‪) .‬ﺝ(ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴـﺭ ﻓـﻲ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺭﻭﺒﻴـﺎ ﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻤﺘﺼﺎﺹ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‪.‬‬
‫‪Tmin‬‬ ‫‪T‬‬
‫‪ηC = 1 −‬‬ ‫‪= 0.25 ⇒ min = 0.75‬‬
‫‪Tmax‬‬ ‫‪Tmax‬‬
‫‪Q in‬‬ ‫‪Tmin‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫= ‪COP‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫=‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪=3‬‬
‫‪Win Tmax − Tmin Tmax‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫‪−1‬‬ ‫‪−1‬‬
‫‪Tmin‬‬ ‫‪0.75‬‬
‫‪200‬‬
‫= ‪Win‬‬ ‫‪= 66.66kJ‬‬
‫‪3‬‬
‫‪Q‬‬ ‫‪200‬‬
‫= ‪∆s‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 0.72kJ / kg‬‬
‫‪Tmin 278‬‬
‫)‪(8.30‬‬
‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻟﻤﺤﺭﻙ ﻤﺜﺎﻟﻲ ﻴﻌﻤل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﻜﺎﺭﻨﻭ ﻫﻲ )‪ .(20%‬ﺍﺤﺴﺏ ﻤﻘـﺩﺍﺭ ﻤﻌﺎﻤـل‬
‫ﺍﻻﺩﺍﺀ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻋﻜﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺭﻙ ﻟﻴﻜﻭﻥ‪) :‬ﺃ(ﻤﻀﺨﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﺘﺴﺘﻌﻤل ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﺘﺎﺀ ﻟﺘﺩﻓﺌﺔ ﻏﺭﻓﺔ‪) .‬ﺏ(ﺜﻼﺠﺔ ﻟﺘﺒﺭﻴـﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺄﻜﻭﻻﺕ‪.‬‬
‫) ‪(a‬‬ ‫) ‪(b‬‬
‫‪(COP ) HP = (COP )ref + 1‬‬
‫‪(COP ) HP = 1 = 1 = 5‬‬
‫‪η 0.20‬‬ ‫‪5 = (COP )ref + 1‬‬
‫‪(COP )ref = 5 − 1 = 4‬‬

‫)‪(265‬‬
 ‫)‪(8.31‬‬
‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺘﻤﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﻜﺎﺭﻨﻭ ﻫﻲ )‪ (15‬ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺤﺩﺍ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺭﺓ‬
‫ﻫﻤﺎ )‪ (260oC‬ﻭ )‪ .(21 oC‬ﺍﺤﺴﺏ‪:‬‬
‫ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻡ ﻟﻼﺠﺭﺍﺀﻴﻥ ﺍﻻﻴﺯﻭﺜﺭﻤﻠﻲ ﻭﺍﻻﺩﻴﺎﺒﺎﺘﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫)ﺃ(‬
‫)ﺏ( ﺍﻟﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺩﻭﺭﺓ‪ .‬ﻋﻠﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ‪γ =1.4:‬‬
‫‪T1 T2‬‬ ‫‪V‬‬ ‫‪V‬‬ ‫‪V3 V3 V1‬‬
‫=‬ ‫‪= ( 4 ) γ −1 = ( 3 ) γ −1‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪.‬‬
‫‪T4 T3‬‬ ‫‪V1‬‬ ‫‪V2‬‬ ‫‪V4 V1 V4‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫‪V‬‬ ‫‪V‬‬ ‫‪T‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫‪∴ 4 = 3 = ( 1 ) γ −1‬‬ ‫‪= 15.‬‬ ‫‪= 3.39‬‬
‫‪V1 V2‬‬ ‫‪T4‬‬ ‫‪4.42‬‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪T‬‬ ‫‪294‬‬
‫‪= ( 533 ) 1.4−1 = 4.42‬‬ ‫‪η = 1 − min = 1 −‬‬ ‫‪= 0.45‬‬
‫‪294‬‬ ‫‪Tmax‬‬ ‫‪533‬‬

‫)‪(8.32‬‬
‫ﻤﺤﺭﻙ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﻱ ﻜﻔﺎﺌﺘﻪ )‪ (35%‬ﻴﺴﺘﻘﺒل ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻤﻥ ﻤﻨﺒﻊ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﻱ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘﻪ )‪ (550K‬ﻭﻴﻁﺭﺩ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺇﻟﻰ ﻤﺼﺏ ﺒﺎﺭﺩ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘﻪ )‪ (300K‬ﻭﻴﻨﺠﺯ ﺸﻐﻼ ﺼﺎﻓﻴﺎ ﻤﻘـﺩﺍﺭﻩ )‪ .(750kJ‬ﺍﺤـﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﺤـﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﻘﻠﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺏ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺭﻙ ﻫﻭ ﻤﺤﺭﻙ ﻜﺎﺭﻨﻭ ﺍﻻﻨﻌﻜﺎﺴﻲ‪ .‬ﺍﺤﺴﺏ‪:‬‬
‫)‪(1‬ﺍﻟﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ‪(2) .‬ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﻘﻠﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺒﻊ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻱ‪(3) .‬ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﻘﻠﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺏ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﺩ‪.‬‬

‫‪Wnet 750‬‬ ‫‪Tmin‬‬ ‫‪300‬‬

‫= ‪Qin‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 2143kJ‬‬ ‫‪ηc = 1 −‬‬ ‫‪=1−‬‬ ‫‪= 0.455‬‬
‫‪η‬‬ ‫‪0.35‬‬ ‫‪Tmax‬‬ ‫‪550‬‬
‫‪Qo = Wnet − Q in = 750 − 2143‬‬ ‫‪Wnet‬‬ ‫‪750‬‬
‫= ‪Q in‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 1648kJ‬‬
‫‪= −1393kJ‬‬ ‫‪η‬‬ ‫‪0.455‬‬
‫ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻤﺤﺭﻙ ﻜﺎﺭﻨﻭ ﺍﻻﻨﻌﻜﺎﺴﻲ‬ ‫‪Q o = Wnet − Q in = 750 − 1648 = −898kJ‬‬

‫)‪(266‬‬
 ‫)‪(8.33‬‬
‫ﻏﺎﺯ ﻴﻤﺭ ﺒﺎﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪) :‬ﺃ(ﺘﺴﺨﻴﻥ ﺍﻨﻌﻜﺎﺴﻴﺎ ﺒﺤﺠﻡ ﺜﺎﺒﺕ ﺤﺘﻰ ﺃﺼـﺒﺢ ﻀـﻐﻁﻪ ) ‪ ( 65‬ﻤـﻥ ﻀـﻐﻁﻪ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺼﻠﻲ‪) .‬ﺏ(ﺘﺴﺨﻴﻥ ﺍﻨﻌﻜﺎﺴﻴﺎ ﺒﻀﻐﻁ ﺜﺎﺒﺕ ﺤﺘﻰ ﺃﺼﺒﺢ ﺤﺠﻤﻪ ) ‪ ( 54‬ﻤﻥ ﺤﺠﻤﻪ ﺍﻻﺼﻠﻲ‪) .‬ﺠــ(ﺘﺒﺭﻴـﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻨﻌﻜﺎﺴﻴﺎ ﺒﺤﺠﻡ ﺜﺎﺒﺕ ﺤﺘﻰ ﻭﺼل ﺇﻟﻰ ﻀﻐﻁﻪ ﺍﻻﺒﺘﺩﺍﺌﻲ )ﺩ( ﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺍﻨﻌﻜﺎﺴﻴﺎ ﺒﻀﻐﻁ ﺜﺎﺒﺕ ﺤﺘﻰ ﻭﺼل ﺍﻟﻰ‬
‫ﺤﺎﻟﺘﻪ ﺍﻻﺒﺘﺩﺍﺌﻴﺔ ‪ .‬ﺍﺤﺴﺏ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﻜﺎﺭﻨﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻌﻤل ﺒﻴﻥ ﻨﻔـﺱ ﺩﺭﺠـﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‪ .‬ﻋﻠﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪Cp=0.293kJ/kg. K , Cv=0.209kJ/kg. K‬‬
‫‪P‬‬
‫‪T2 = T1 ( 2 ) = 6 T1‬‬ ‫) ‪q 41 = Cv∆T = 0.293(T1 − 5 T1‬‬
‫‪P1‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬
‫‪= −0.07T1‬‬
‫) ‪q12 = Cv∆T = 0.209( 6 T1 − T1‬‬
‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪q in = q 12 + q 23 = 0.13T1‬‬
‫‪= 0.042T1‬‬ ‫‪q o = q 34 + q 41 = 0.12T1‬‬
‫‪5V‬‬ ‫‪w = q in − q o = 0.01T1‬‬
‫‪V3‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫‪T3 = T2 ( ) = 6 T1 ( 4 ) = 3 T1‬‬ ‫‪0.01T1‬‬
‫‪V2‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪V1‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫= ‪η= w‬‬ ‫‪= 0.077‬‬
‫‪q in 0.13T1‬‬
‫‪3T1‬‬
‫(‪q 23 = Cp∆T = 0.293‬‬ ‫)‬ ‫‪T1‬‬ ‫‪T‬‬
‫‪10‬‬ ‫‪ηC = 1 −‬‬ ‫‪= 1‬‬
‫‪T3 3 T‬‬
‫‪= 0.088T1‬‬
‫‪2 1‬‬
‫( ‪T4 = T3‬‬
‫‪P4‬‬ ‫‪P‬‬
‫‪) = 3 T1 ( 1 ) = 5 T1‬‬ ‫‪= 1 − 0.66 = 0.34‬‬
‫‪P3‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪5T‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪0.077 = 0.226‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪0.34‬‬
‫‪q 34‬‬ ‫‪= Cv∆T = 0.209( 5 T1 − 3 T)1‬‬
‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪= −0.05T1‬‬

‫)‪(267‬‬
 ‫ﻤﺴﺎﺌل‬
‫)‪(8.1‬‬
‫ﻫﻭﺍﺀ ﻤﺤﺼﻭﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﺔ ﻤﻐﻠﻘﺔ ﻀﻐﻁﻪ )‪ (1.01bar‬ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘـﻪ )‪ .(20 C‬ﺍﻟﻨـﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻤﻴـﺔ‬
‫‪o‬‬

‫) ‪ .( 181‬ﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﺩﻴﺎﺒﺎﺘﻴﺎ‪ .‬ﺜﻡ ﺍﻀﻴﻔﺕ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺒﺜﺒﻭﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻡ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻀﻴﻑ ﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺒﺜﺒـﻭﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﺜﻡ ﺘﻤﺩﺩ ﺍﺩﻴﺎﺒﺎﺘﻴﺎ‪ .‬ﺒﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍﺀ ﺒﺜﺒﻭﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻡ ﻭﻋﺎﺩ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺤﺎﻟﺘﻪ ﺍﻻﺼﻠﻴﺔ ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺃﻗﺼﻰ ﻀﻐﻁ ﻓـﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺭﺓ )‪ (69bar‬ﻭ )‪ . (γ =1.4‬ﺍﺤﺴﺏ ﺼﺎﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻐل ﻭﺼﺎﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻟﻜل )‪ (1kg‬ﻫﻭﺍﺀ‪.‬‬
‫‪(144.6kJ/kg‬‬ ‫ﺝ‪166.3kJ/kg) :‬‬

‫)‪(8.2‬‬
‫ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻤﻐﻠﻕ ﻴﺤﺘﻭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ )‪(1kg‬ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍﺀ‪ .‬ﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍﺀ ﺍﻴﺯﻭﺜﺭﻤﻠﻴﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺘﻀﺎﻋﻑ ﻀﻐﻁﻪ‪ .‬ﺜﻡ ﺘﺒـﻊ‬
‫ﺫﻟﻙ ﺍﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﺍﺩﻴﺎﺒﺎﺘﻲ ﺤﺘﻰ ﺘﻀﺎﻋﻔﺕ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠﻘﺔ ﺒﺤﻴﺙ ﺒﻠﻐﺕ )‪ .(600K‬ﺍﻭﺠـﺩ ﺍﻻﺠـﺭﺍﺀ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻡ ﻹﺭﺠﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻅﻭﻤﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺤﺎﻟﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻻﺒﺘﺩﺍﺌﻴﺔ ﻹﻜﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﻭﺃﺤﺴﺏ ﺼﺎﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻐل ﻟﻠﺩﻭﺭﺓ‪ .‬ﻋﻠﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪R =0.287kJ/kg. K‬‬
‫ﺝ‪(32.58kJ , 1.285) :‬‬

‫)‪(8.3‬‬
‫ﻏﺎﺯ ﻤﺜﺎﻟﻲ ﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻓﻲ ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻤﻐﻠﻕ ﺘﻀﺎﻑ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺒﺜﺒﻭﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻡ ﺒﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﺭﺘﻔﻊ ﻀﻐﻁﻪ ﻤﻥ )‪(10bar‬‬
‫ﺇﻟﻰ )‪ .(35bar‬ﺒﻌﺩ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻴﺘﻤﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﺍﺩﻴﺎﺒﺎﺘﻴﺎ ‪ .‬ﺜﻡ ﻴﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻴﺯﻭﺜﺭﻤﻠﻴﺎ ﻟﻴﻌﻭﺩ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺤﺎﻟﺘﻪ ﺍﻻﺒﺘﺩﺍﺌﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺍﺭﺴـﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻹﺠﺭﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺨﻁﻁﻲ )‪(P-V‬ﻭ )‪ .(T-S‬ﺍﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻹﺠﺭﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻨﻌﻜﺎﺴﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺝ‪(50% ):‬‬

‫)‪(8.4‬‬
‫ﻀﻐﻁ ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻏﺎﺯ ﻤﺜﺎﻟﻲ )‪ (1.4MN/m2‬ﻭ )‪ (360 oC‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺍﻟﻲ‪ .‬ﺘﻤﺩﺩ ﺍﺩﻴﺎﺒﺎﺘﻴﺎ ﺤﺘﻰ ﻀﻐﻁ‬
‫)‪.(100MN/m2‬ﺜﻡ ﺴﺨﻥ ﺒﺜﺒﻭﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻡ ﺤﺘﻰ ﺭﺠﻌﺕ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘﻪ ﺇﻟﻰ )‪(360oC‬ﻭﺃﺼـﺒﺢ ﻀـﻐﻁﻪ‬
‫)‪ .(220kN/m2‬ﺒﻌﺩ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﺒﺜﺒﻭﺕ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺤﺘﻰ ﺭﺠﻊ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺤﺎﻟﺘﻪ ﺍﻻﺒﺘﺩﺍﺌﻴـﺔ‪ .‬ﺍﺭﺴـﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺠﺭﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺨﻁـﻁ )‪ .(P-V‬ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨـﺕ ﻜﺘﻠـﺔ ﺍﻟﻐـﺎﺯ )‪ .(0.23kg‬ﺍﺤـﺴﺏ ‪(1) :‬ﻗﻴﻤـﺔ ﺍﻻﺱ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺩﻴﺎﺒﺎﺘﻲ‪(2) γ.‬ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﻅﻭﻤﺔ ﺨﻼل ﺍﻻﺠـﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻻﺩﻴﺎﺒـﺎﺘﻲ‪(3) .‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨـﺕ ﻗﻴﻤـﺔ‬
‫)‪ (Cp=1.005kJ/kg. K‬ﺍﺜﺒﺕ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺒﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻴﻁ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺠﻲ ﺨﻼل ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺘﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺼﺎﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻐل ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺒﺎﺩل‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ ) ‪(∫ dQ = ∫ dW‬‬
‫‪(-24.12kJ,‬‬ ‫ﺝ‪-55.9kJ, 1.427) :‬‬

‫)‪(268‬‬
 ‫)‪(8.5‬‬
‫ﻫﻭﺍﺀ ﻓﻲ ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻤﻐﻠﻕ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘﻪ )‪ .(15oC‬ﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﺩﻴﺎﺒﺎﺘﻴﺎ ﻭﻓﻕ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ )‪ (PV1.4=C‬ﺇﻟﻰ ) ‪ ( 121‬ﻤـﻥ‬
‫ﺤﺠﻤﻪ ﺍﻻﺒﺘﺩﺍﺌﻲ‪ .‬ﺜﻡ ﺍﻀﻴﻔﺕ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺒﺜﺒﻭﺕ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﺤﺘﻰ ﺍﺼﺒﺤﺕ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘﻪ )‪ .(1100oC‬ﺜـﻡ‬
‫ﺘﻤﺩﺩ ﺍﺩﻴﺎﺒﺎﺘﻴﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺤﺠﻤﻪ ﺍﻻﺒﺘﺩﺍﺌﻲ‪ .‬ﺜﻡ ﺒﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍﺀ ﺒﺜﺒﻭﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻡ ﺤﺘﻰ ﻋﺎﺩ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺤﺎﻟﺘﻪ ﺍﻻﺒﺘﺩﺍﺌﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺍﺤـﺴﺏ‬
‫ﻟﻜل )‪ (1kg‬ﻤﺎ ﻴﺄﺘﻲ‪(1) :‬ﺼﺎﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‪(2) .‬ﺼﺎﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻐل‪ .‬ﻋﻠﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪R=0.287kJ/kg. K‬‬
‫‪(346.6kJ/kg‬‬ ‫‪,‬‬ ‫ﺝ‪346.7kJ/kg) :‬‬

‫)‪(8.6‬‬
‫)‪ (1kg‬ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍﺀ ﻴﺘﻤﺩﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻴﺯﻭﺜﺭﻤﻠﻲ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ )‪ (230oC‬ﻤﻥ )‪ (3.45kN/m2‬ﺇﻟـﻰ‬
‫)‪ .(2MN/m2‬ﻭﺒﻌﺩ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻴﺘﻤﺩﺩ ﺍﺩﻴﺎﺒﺎﺘﻴﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ )‪ (140kN/m2‬ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ )‪ (235K‬ﺜﻡ ﻴﺒـﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻬـﻭﺍﺀ‬
‫ﺒﺜﺒﻭﺕ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ‪ .‬ﻭﺒﻌﺩ ﺫﻟـﻙ ﻴـﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﻬـﻭﺍﺀ ﺍﺩﻴﺎﺒﺎﺘﻴـﺎ ﻟﻴﻌـﻭﺩ ﺇﻟـﻰ ﺤﺎﻟﺘـﻪ ﺍﻻﺼـﻠﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻓـﺈﺫﺍ ﻜـﺎﻥ‬
‫)‪ .(Cp=1.006kJ/kg.K‬ﺍﺤﺴﺏ )‪(1‬ﺍﻟﺸﻐل ﺍﻻﺩﻴﺎﺒﺎﺘﻲ‪(2) .‬ﺼﺎﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‪(3) .‬ﺍﻟﺸﻐل ﻭﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﺠﺭﺍﺀﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺭﺍﺒﻊ‪ .‬ﺍﺭﺴﻡ ﺍﻻﺠﺭﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺨﻁﻁ )‪.(P-V‬‬
‫‪(-192.3kJ,‬‬ ‫‪44.3kJ,‬‬ ‫ﺝ‪192.3kJ) :‬‬

‫)‪(8.7‬‬
‫)‪ (1kg‬ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍﺀ ﻀﻐﻁﻪ ﺍﻻﺒﺘﺩﺍﺌﻲ)‪ (219kN/m2‬ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘـﻪ )‪ (67oC‬ﻀـﻐﻁ ﻓـﻲ ﺇﺠـﺭﺍﺀ‬
‫ﺍﻴﺯﻭﺜﺭﻤﻠﻲ ﺇﻟﻰ ) ‪ ( 13‬ﺤﺠﻤﻪ ﺍﻻﺒﺘﺩﺍﺌﻲ‪ .‬ﺜﻡ ﻀﻐﻁ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﺩﻴﺎﺒﺎﺘﻲ ﺇﻟﻰ ) ‪ ( 16‬ﺤﺠﻤﻪ ﺍﻻﺒﺘﺩﺍﺌﻲ ﻭﺃﺼﺒﺤﺕ‬
‫ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘﻪ )‪ .(175oC‬ﺜﻡ ﺘﻤﺩﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻴﺯﻭﺜﺭﻤﻠﻲ‪ .‬ﻭﻋﺎﺩ ﺇﻟـﻰ ﺤﺎﻟﺘـﻪ ﺍﻻﺼـﻠﻴﺔ ﻓـﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻤـﺩﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺩﻴﺎﺒﺎﺘﻲ‪ .‬ﺍﺭﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺨﻁﻁﻲ )‪ (P-V‬ﻭ )‪ (T-S‬ﻭﺍﺤﺴﺏ‪(1) :‬ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺠﻡ ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﻜل ﺯﺍﻭﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺭﺓ‪(2) .‬ﺍﻟﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺩﻭﺭﺓ‪(3) .‬ﺍﻟﺸﻐل ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺠﺯ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺭﺓ‪ .‬ﻋﻠﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪R=0.29kJ/kg. K , γ =1.4‬‬
‫‪(34.4kJ,‬‬ ‫‪24.1%, 577.6kPa,‬‬ ‫ﺝ‪1733kPa, 657kPa):‬‬

‫)‪(269‬‬
 ‫)‪(8.8‬‬
‫ﺍﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﺔ ﻤﺯﻭﺩﺓ ﺒﻤﻜﺒﺱ ﻋﺩﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺭﺏ ﻭﺍﻻﺤﺘﻜﺎﻙ ‪ ،‬ﺘﺤﺘـﻭﻱ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﻫـﻭﺍﺀ ‪ ،‬ﻴـﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﺩﻴﺎﺒﺎﺘﻴـﺎ ﻤـﻥ‬
‫‪ (60‬ﺇﻟﻰ ) ‪( 181‬ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻻﺒﺘﺩﺍﺌﻲ‪.‬ﺃﻀﻴﻔﺕ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻟﻠﻬﻭﺍﺀ ﺒﺜﺒﻭﺕ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﻓﺎﺭﺘﻔﻌـﺕ‬ ‫‪o‬‬
‫)‪(0.97bar‬ﻭ )‪C‬‬
‫‪ .(1220‬ﺜﻡ ﺘﻤﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍﺀ ﺍﺩﻴﺎﺒﺎﺘﻴﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻻﺒﺘﺩﺍﺌﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﺎﺩ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺤﺎﻟﺘﻪ ﺍﻻﺼﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪o‬‬
‫ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘﻪ ﺇﻟﻰ )‪C‬‬
‫ﺒﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩﻩ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺜﺒﻭﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻡ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻜـﺎﻥ‪ .γ =1.4, Cp =1.005kJ/kg. K :‬ﺍﺤـﺴﺏ ﺩﺭﺠـﺔ ﺍﻟﺤـﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﻁ ﺍﻻﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﻭﻜﺫﻟﻙ ﺍﺤﺴﺏ ﺼﺎﻓﻲ ﺸﻐل ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﻟﻜل )‪ .(1kg‬ﺍﺭﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﻤﺨﻁﻁﻲ )‪ (P-V‬ﻭ )‪.(T-S‬‬
‫‪(758kJ/kg,‬‬ ‫‪985K,‬‬ ‫‪2280K,‬‬ ‫‪1060K,‬‬ ‫ﺝ‪2.87bar, 56bar) :‬‬

‫)‪(8.9‬‬
‫ﻏﺎﺯ ﻓﻲ ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻤﻐﻠﻕ‪ .‬ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻗﺭﺍﺀﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻨﻭﻤﻴﺘﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺒﻭﻁ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ )‪ .(74.2CmHg‬ﻭﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻗﺭﺍﺀﺓ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺠﻭﻱ )‪ (1.01bar‬ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘﻪ )‪ (360oC‬ﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﺍﻴﺯﻭﺜﺭﻤﻠﻴﺎ ﺒﺤﻴﺙ ﺃﺼﺒﺢ ﺤﺠﻤﻪ ) ‪ ( 17‬ﻤـﻥ‬
‫ﺤﺠﻤﻪ ﺍﻻﺒﺘﺩﺍﺌﻲ‪ .‬ﺘﻤﺩﺩ ﺍﺩﻴﺎﺒﺎﺘﻴﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺤﺠﻤﻪ ﺍﻻﺒﺘﺩﺍﺌﻲ ﻭﺃﺼﺒﺢ ﻀﻐﻁﻪ )‪ .(100kPa‬ﺜﻡ ﺴﺨﻥ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﺒﺜﺒﻭﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻡ ﻭﻋﺎﺩ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺤﺎﻟﺘﻪ ﺍﻻﺼﻠﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ )‪ .(Cp=1.005kJ/kg.K‬ﺍﺭﺴﻡ ﺍﻻﺠﺭﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﻤﺨﻁـﻁ‬
‫)‪ (P-V‬ﻭﺍﺤﺴﺏ ﻟﻜل )‪(1) :(1kg‬ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻻﺱ ﺍﻻﺩﻴﺎﺒﺎﺘﻲ )‪(2) .(γ‬ﺍﻟﺤـﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﻘﻠـﺔ ﻭﺍﻟـﺸﻐل ﺍﻟﻨﺘﻘـل‬
‫ﺍﻴﺯﻭﺜﺭﻤﻠﻴﺎ‪(3) .‬ﺍﻟﺸﻐل ﺍﻟﻨﺘﻘل ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﺩﻴﺎﺒﺎﺘﻴﺎ‪(4) .‬ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﻘﻠﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺜﺒﻭﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻡ‪.‬‬
‫‪(234.5kJ/kg,‬‬ ‫‪-234.5kJ/kg,‬‬ ‫‪-325kJ/kg,‬‬ ‫ﺝ‪1.356) :‬‬

‫)‪(8.10‬‬
‫ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻴﻌﻤل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﻜﺎﺭﻨﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻜﻭﺴﺔ ﻜﻤﻀﺨﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﺘﺄﺨﺫ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻤـﻥ ﺤﻴـﺯ ﺫﻭ ﺩﺭﺠـﺔ‬
‫ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭﻫﺎ )‪(5oC‬ﻭﻴﻁﺭﺤﻬﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺤﻴﺯ ﺫﻭ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭﻫﺎ )‪ .(30oC‬ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻜـﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴـﺭ ﻓـﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺭﻭﺒﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻻﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﺍﻻﻴﺯﻭﺜﺭﻤﻠﻲ )‪ (- 0.1kJ/kg.K‬ﻭﺃﻗل ﻀﻐﻁ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭﻩ‬
‫)‪ .(1bar‬ﺍﺭﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺨﻁﻁﻲ )‪ (P-V‬ﻭ)‪ (T-S‬ﻭﺍﺤﺴﺏ ‪(1) :‬ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻻﺩﺍﺀ ﻟﻠﻨﻅﺎﻡ‪(2) .‬ﺍﻟـﺸﻐل‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻲ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﺠﺏ ﺇﻀﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﻟﻠﻨﻅﺎﻡ‪ (3) .‬ﺍﻋﻠﻰ ﻀﻐﻁ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺭﺓ )‪ (4‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻋﻤل ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻨﻔﺱ ﺩﺭﺠﺘـﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻜﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻓﻤﺎﺫﺍ ﺴﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻻﺩﺍﺀ‪ .‬ﻋﻠﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪γ=1.4, R=0.278kJ/kg. K‬‬
‫‪(11.12,‬‬ ‫‪1.917bar,‬‬ ‫ﺝ‪-2.5kJ/kg, 12.12) :‬‬

‫)‪(270‬‬
 ‫)‪(8.11‬‬
‫ﻤﺤﻁﺔ ﻟﺘﻭﻟﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺭﺒﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﺘﻌﻤل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﻜﺎﺭﻨﻭ ﺘﻁﺭﺡ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻨﻬﺭ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﻓﻴﻪ‬
‫)‪ ،(15oC‬ﻜﻡ ﻴﺠﺏ ﺃﻥ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻁﺭﺤﻬﺎ ﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﻤل ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻁﺔ ﻟﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻁﺔ )‪ (40%‬ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠﻭﺏ ﺍﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﻗﺩﺭﺓ )‪ ،(20MW‬ﻤﺎ ﻫﻲ ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﺭﻭﺤـﺔ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺯﻤﻥ‪.‬‬
‫‪(30000kW,‬‬ ‫‪50000kW,‬‬ ‫ﺝ‪480K) :‬‬

‫)‪(8.12‬‬
‫ﻤﺎﻜﻨﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﺘﻌﻤل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﻜﺎﺭﻨﻭ ﺘﺸﻐل ﻤﺎﻜﻨﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻤﻌﻜﻭﺴﺔ ﺘﻌﻤل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﻜﺎﺭﻨﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻜﻭﺴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻜﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﺘﺄﺨﺫ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘﻪ )‪ (600oC‬ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻴﻁ )‪ .(10oC‬ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻜﻨﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻜﻭﺴﺔ ﺘﻌﻤل ﻟﻠﻤﺤﺎﻓﻅﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺤﻴﺯ ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭﻫﺎ )‪ .(- 20oC‬ﻓـﺈﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨـﺕ ﻜﻤﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺴﺭﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﻴﺯ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺍﺩ ﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩﻩ ﻫﻲ )‪ .(1000kJ‬ﺍﺭﺴﻡ ﺭﺴﻤﺎ ﺘﺨﻁﻴﻁﻴـﺎ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋـﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻭﻀـﺢ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﻜﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺎﻜﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻜﻭﺴﺔ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﻤﺨﻁﻁـﻲ )‪ (P-V‬ﻭ)‪.(T-S‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﺤﺴﺏ )‪(1‬ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻁﺭﻭﺤﺔ ﻭﺼﺎﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻐل ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﻘل ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻜﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ‪(2) .‬ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺭﻭﺒﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﺠﺭﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻻﻴﺯﻭﺜﺭﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﻜﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ‪(3) .‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺘﻀﺎﻑ ﻋـﻥ‬
‫ﻁﺭﻴﻕ ﻤﺭﺠل ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻜﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺍﺤﺴﺏ ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﻨﺜﺎﻟﺒﻲ ﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﻤل ﻤﻊ ﺍﻫﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻓـﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﻴﺔ ﻭﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﻀﻊ‪.‬‬
‫‪(175.46kJ, -0.2009kJ/K,‬‬ ‫ﺝ‪0.2009kJ/K, 118.58kJ, 56.88kJ ):‬‬

‫)‪(8.13‬‬
‫ﻤﺎﻜﻨﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﺘﻘﻭﻡ ﺒﺘﺸﻐﻴل ﺜﻼﺠﺔ ﻴﻌﻤﻼﻥ ﻭﻓﻘﺎ ﻟﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﻜﺎﺭﻨﻭ ﻭﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﻜﺎﺭﻨﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻜﻭﺴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺒﻴﻥ ﻤـﺼﺩﺭﻴﻥ‬
‫ﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﻴﻥ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘﻬﻤﺎ )‪ .(662oC,12oC‬ﻓـﺈﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨـﺕ ﺍﻟﺤـﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤـﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﻜﻨـﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴـﺔ‬
‫)‪.(127kJ‬ﺍﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﻟﻠﺜﻼﺠﺔ ﻭﺍﺭﺴﻡ ﺭﺴﻤﺎ ﺘﺨﻁﻴﻁﻴﺎ ﻟﺭﺒﻁ ﺍﻟﻤـﺎﻜﻴﻨﺘﻴﻥ ﻤـﻊ ﺍﻟﻤـﺼﺩﺭﻴﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﻴﻥ‪ .‬ﺍﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺭﻭﺒﻲ ﻟﻺﺠﺭﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻻﻴﺯﻭﺜﺭﻤﻠﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪(-0.135kJ/K,‬‬ ‫‪0.135kJ/K,‬‬ ‫ﺝ‪38.7kJ) :‬‬

‫)‪(271‬‬
 ‫)‪(8.14‬‬
‫ﺜﻼﺠﺔ ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﺩﺍﺌﻬﺎ )‪ (3‬ﺘﻌﻤل ﺒﻭﺴﺎﻁﺔ ﻤﺤﺭﻙ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﻱ ﻴﻌﻤل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﻜﺎﺭﻨﻭ ﻭﻴﻜﺘﺴﺏ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭﻫﺎ‬
‫)‪ (Q1‬ﻤﻥ ﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘﻪ )‪ (T1‬ﻭﻴﻁﺭﺩ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭﻫﺎ )‪ (Q2‬ﺇﻟﻰ ﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘﻪ )‪.(T2‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺠﺔ ﺘﻤﺘﺹ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭﻫﺎ )‪ (Q4‬ﻤﻥ ﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘﻪ )‪ (T4‬ﻭﻴﻁﺭﺩ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ )‪ (Q3‬ﺇﻟﻰ ﻤﺼﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺁﺨﺭ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘﻪ )‪ .(T3‬ﺍﻭﺠﺩ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻤﺘﺼﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺠﺔ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺤـﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤـﻀﺎﻓﺔ‬
‫ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺭﻙ )‪.(72kJ‬‬
‫ﺝ‪(75.6kJ) :‬‬

‫)‪(8.15‬‬
‫ﻤﺎﻜﻨﺘﺎﻥ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺘﺎﻥ ﻤﻌﻜﻭﺴﺘﺎﻥ ﺘﻌﻤﻼﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﻜﺎﺭﻨﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻜﻭﺴﺔ ﻤﻭﻀـﻭﻋﺘﺎﻥ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺍﻟﺘـﻭﺍﻟﻲ‪ .‬ﻴـﺘﻡ‬
‫ﺒﻭﺍﺴﺎﻁﺘﻬﻤﺎ ﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘﻬﺎ )‪ (- 60oC‬ﻭﺘﻁﺭﺡ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺠﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻴﻁ ﺒﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤـﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬
‫)‪ .(30oC‬ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻻﺩﺍﺀ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﻜﻨﺘﻴﻥ ﻤﺘﺴﺎﻭ ﻭﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺤﻭﺒﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻁﻘـﺔ ﺍﻟﺘـﻲ ﻴـﺭﺍﺩ‬
‫ﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩﻫﺎ )‪ (120kJ‬ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺩﻗﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺤﺩﺓ‪ .‬ﺍﻭﺠﺩ ﻟﻬﺎﺘﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻜﻨﺘﻴﻥ )‪(1‬ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺘﺭﻜﺔ‪(2) .‬ﻤﻌﺎﻤـل‬
‫ﺍﻻﺩﺍﺀ ﻟﻜل ﻤﺎﻜﻨﺔ‪(3) .‬ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻤﺔ ﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴل ﻜل ﻤﺎﻜﻨﺔ ﺒﻭﺤﺩﺍﺕ )‪.(kW‬‬
‫‪(0.46kW,‬‬ ‫‪0.385kW,‬‬ ‫‪5.195,‬‬ ‫ﺝ‪254K) :‬‬

‫)‪(8.16‬‬
‫ﻤﻌﻤل ﻟﺼﻨﻊ ﺍﻟﺜﻠﺞ ﻴﻌﻤل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﻜﺎﺭﻨﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻜﻭﺴﺔ ﻴﻨﺘﺞ )‪ (20‬ﻁﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﻠﺞ ﻴﻭﻤﻴﺎ‪ .‬ﻴﺘﺤﻭل ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﺇﻟـﻰ‬
‫ﺜﻠﺞ ﻓﻲ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ )‪ (0oC‬ﻭﻴﺒﻘﻰ ﻋﻨﺩﻫﺎ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻴﺘﻡ ﻁﺭﺡ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺤـﻴﻁ ﻋﻨـﺩ ﺩﺭﺠـﺔ ﺤـﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬
‫)‪ .(27oC‬ﺍﻟﺸﻐل ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻡ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﻜﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻜﻭﺴﺔ ﻴﺄﺘﻲ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺎﻜﻨﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻤﺜﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺘﺄﺨﺫ ﺍﻟﺤـﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻤـﻥ‬
‫ﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘﻪ )‪ (227oC‬ﻭﺘﺒﻘﻰ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﺜﺎﺒﺘﺔ ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺔ ﺤﺭﻕ ﻭﻗـﻭﺩ ﻗﻴﻤﺘـﻪ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ )‪ (45000kJ/kg‬ﻭﺘﻁﺭﺡ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻴﻁ‪ .‬ﺍﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﻘـﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺘﺠـﺔ ﻓـﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻜﻨـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻭﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﻗﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻡ ﺤﺭﻗﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻋﺔ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻋﻠﻤﺕ ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻡ ﺃﺨﺫﻫﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﻟﺘﺠﻤﻴﺩﻩ‬
‫ﻫﻲ )‪.(335kJ/kg‬‬
‫‪(1.534kg/h ,‬‬ ‫ﺝ‪7.67kW) :‬‬

‫)‪(272‬‬
 ‫)‪(8.17‬‬
‫ﺍﻭﺠﺩ ﺍﻟﺸﻐل ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺫﻭل ﻤﻥ ﻗﺒل ﻤﺤﺭﻙ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﻱ ﻴﻌﻤل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﻜﺎﺭﻨﻭ ﻟﻜﻲ ﻴﺸﻐل ﺠﻬـﺎﺯ ﺘﺩﻓﺌـﺔ‬
‫ﻴﻌﻤل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﻜﺎﺭﻨﻭ ﺍﻟﻌﻜﺴﻴﺔ ﻟﻴﺤﺎﻓﻅ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻏﺭﻓﺔ ﻤﺩﻓﺄﻩ ﺒﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ )‪ (30oC‬ﺒﻌﺩ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻁﺭﺡ ﺇﻟﻴﻬـﺎ‬
‫)‪ (30.3kJ/kg‬ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‪ .‬ﺇﻥ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺩﺩ ﺍﻻﻴﺯﻭﺜﺭﻤﻠﻲ )‪ .(5oC‬ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﻜـﺎﻥ ﺃﻗـل‬
‫ﻀﻐﻁ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﻫﻭ )‪ .(1 bar‬ﺍﺤﺴﺏ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻀﻐﻁ‪ .‬ﻋﻠﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ‪:‬‬
‫‪R=0.278kJ/kg. K, γ =1.4‬‬
‫ﺝ‪(1.917bar , 2.5kJ/kg) :‬‬

‫)‪(8.18‬‬
‫ﻏﺎﺯ ﻓﻲ ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻤﻐﻠﻕ ﻀﻐﻁﻪ )‪ (0.97bar‬ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘﻪ )‪ .(50oC‬ﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﺩﻴﺎﺒﺎﺘﻴﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺃﺼﺒﺢ ﺤﺠﻤﻪ‬
‫) ‪ ( 15‬ﺤﺠﻤﻪ ﺍﻻﺒﺘﺩﺍﺌﻲ‪.‬ﺜﻡ ﺃﻀﻴﻔﺕ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ )‪ (930kJ/kg‬ﺒﺜﺒﻭﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻡ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻋﻴﺩ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺇﻟـﻰ ﺤﺠﻤـﻪ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺒﺘﺩﺍﺌﻲ ﺒﺘﻤﺩﺩ ﺍﺩﻴﺎﺒﺎﺘﻲ‪.‬ﺜﻡ ﺍﻋﻴﺩ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺤﺎﻟﺘﻪ ﺍﻻﺒﺘﺩﺍﺌﻴﺔ ﺒﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩﻩ ﺒﺜﺒﻭﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻡ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻋﻠﻤﺕ ﺃﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪Cv=0.717kJ/kg. K, γ=1.4.‬‬
‫ﺍﺭﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺨﻁﻁﻲ )‪ (P-V‬ﻭ )‪ (T-S‬ﻭﺍﺤﺴﺏ )‪(1‬ﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺭﺓ‪(2) .‬ﻗﺎﺭﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﻤﻊ ﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ‬
‫ﻜﺎﺭﻨﻭ ﻟﻨﻔﺱ ﺤﺩﻭﺩ ﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‪(3) .‬ﺼﺎﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻐل ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻲ ﻟﻠﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺒﻭﺤﺩﺍﺕ )‪.(kJ/kg‬‬
‫ﺝ‪(441.4kJ/kg, 0.831,0.475 ):‬‬

‫)‪(8.19‬‬
‫ﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﺘﺩﻓﺌﺔ ﻴﻌﻤل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﻜﺎﺭﻨﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻜﻭﺴﺔ‪ .‬ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺭﻭﺒﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻲ ﻟﻠﺘﻤﺩﺩ ﺍﻻﻴﺯﻭﺜﺭﻤﻠـﻲ‬
‫)‪ .(0.1kJ/kg.K‬ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﻴﺴﺘﻠﻡ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘﻪ )‪ .(4 oC‬ﻭﻴﻁﺭﺡ ﺤـﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻤﻘـﺩﺍﺭﻫﺎ‬
‫)‪ .(30.2 kJ/kg‬ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﻓﻲ ﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺩﺩ ﺍﻻﺩﻴﺎﺒﺎﺘﻲ )‪ .(1.5 bar‬ﺍﺤﺴﺏ‪:‬‬
‫)‪(1‬ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻻﺩﺍﺀ‪(2) .‬ﺃﻗل ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻟﻠﻀﻐﻁ‪(3) .‬ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺭﺓﻭﺒﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻲ ﻟﻼﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻻﺨﻴﺭ‪ .‬ﻋﻠﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪R=0.278kJ/kg. K, γ=1.4‬‬
‫ﺝ‪(-0.1kJ/kg , 1.05bar,12.08) :‬‬

‫)‪(8.20‬‬
‫ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﻜﺎﺭﻨﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻜﻭﺴﺔ ﺘﻌﻤل ﺒﻴﻥ ﻤﺼﺩﺭﻴﻥ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﻴﻥ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘﻬﻤﺎ )‪ (50oC‬ﻭ )‪ .(10oC‬ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻗﺩﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻀﺎﻏﻁ )‪ .(10kW‬ﺍﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺤﻭﺒﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺭﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﺤﺴﺏ ﻤﻌﺎﻤـل ﺍﻷﺩﺍﺀ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﻜﻨـﺔ‬
‫ﻜﺜﻼﺠﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻜﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﺘﺩﻓﺌﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪(7.075,‬‬ ‫‪8.075,‬‬ ‫‪70.75kW,‬‬ ‫)ﺝ‪80.75kW:‬‬

‫)‪(273‬‬
 ‫)‪(8.21‬‬
‫ﻤﺤﺭﻙ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﻱ ﻴﻌﻤل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﻜﺎﺭﻨﻭ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻤﺼﺩﺭﻴﻥ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﻴﻥ )‪ (1727oC‬ﻭ)‪ (27oC‬ﻴﻜﺘﺴﺏ ﺤـﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬
‫ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭﻫﺎ )‪ (200kJ/kg‬ﻭﻴﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍﺀ ﻜﻤﺎﺌﻊ ﺘﺸﻐﻴل ‪ .‬ﻓﻲ ﺒﺩﺍﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﺍﻻﻴﺯﻭﺜﺭﻤﻠﻲ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟـﻀﻐﻁ‬
‫)‪ (1 bar‬ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻋﻠﻤﺕ ﺃﻥ )‪ .(Cp=1.006kJ/kg. K) ، (γ =1.4‬ﺍﺤﺴﺏ‪:‬‬
‫)‪(1‬ﺃﻗﺼﻰ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻟﻠﻀﻐﻁ ﺒﺎﻟـ )‪(2) .(MN/m2‬ﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻤﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺃﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻻﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﺍﻻﺩﻴﺎﺒﺎﺘﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻨـﺴﺒﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ‪(3) .‬ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﺭﻭﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﻟﻜل )‪ (1kg‬ﻫﻭﺍﺀ‪.‬‬
‫‪(30kJ/kg,‬‬ ‫‪162.6,‬‬ ‫‪114.75,‬‬ ‫ﺝ‪108.4MN/m2) :‬‬

‫)‪(8.22‬‬
‫ﻗﺎﻡ ﺃﺤﺩ ﺍﻻﺸﺨﺎﺹ ﺒﻔﺤﺹ ﻤﺎﻜﻨﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﺘﻌﻤل ﺒﻴﻥ ﺨﺯﺍﻥ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﻱ ﺒﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤـﺭﺍﺭﺓ)‪ (1000oC‬ﻭﺍﻟﺠـﻭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺠﻲ )‪ .(27oC‬ﻭﺃﺩﻋﻰ ﺃﻥ ﻗﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻜﻨﺔ )‪ (5kW‬ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻬـﺯﺓ )‪.(21600kJ/hr‬‬
‫ﺍﺜﺒﺕ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻻﺩﻋﺎﺀ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﻤﻜﻥ‪.‬‬
‫ﺝ‪(83%, 70% ):‬‬

‫)‪(8.23‬‬
‫ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺕ ﻤﻀﺨﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﻔﺎﻅ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻗﺎﻋﺔ ﻋﻨﺩ )‪ (25oC‬ﻋﻠﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺠـﻭ‬
‫ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻋﻨﺩ )‪ .(- 5oC‬ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺔ ﺘﻁﺭﺩ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻗﻴﻤﺘﻬﺎ )‪ .(2400kJ/min‬ﺍﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻡ ﺘﺠﻬﻴﺯﻫـﺎ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻤﻀﺨﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻋﻠﻤﺕ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟـ )‪ (COP‬ﻟﻠﻤﻀﺨﺔ ﻫﻭ )‪ (25%‬ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟـ )‪ (COP‬ﻟﻤﻀﺨﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺘﻌﻤل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﻜﺎﺭﻨﻭ ﻭﺒﻴﻥ ﻨﻔﺱ ﺤﺩﻭﺩ ﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‪.‬‬
‫ﺝ‪(16.11kW) :‬‬

‫)‪(8.24‬‬
‫ﻤﺤﺭﻜﺎﻥ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺎﻥ ﻤﺜﺎﻟﻴﺎﻥ ﻴﻌﻤﻼﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺍﻟﻲ ﻭﻓﻘﺎ ﻟﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﻜﺎﺭﻨﻭ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻤـﺼﺩﺭﻴﻥ )‪ (600oC‬ﻭ)‪.(20oC‬‬
‫ﻭﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺭﻜﻴﻥ ﻤﺘﺴﺎﻭﻴﺔ‪.‬ﻭﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺭﻙ ﺍﻻﻭل ﻴﻁﺭﺩ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭﻫﺎ )‪ (800kJ‬ﺇﻟـﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺤـﺭﻙ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ‪ .‬ﺍﺤﺴﺏ )‪ (1‬ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺘﺭﻜﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺭﻜﻴﻥ‪(2) .‬ﺍﻟﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺤﺭﻜﻴﻥ‪(3) .‬ﺍﻟﺸﻐل‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺠﺯ ﻟﻜل ﻤﺤﺭﻙ‪.‬‬
‫‪(336kJ,‬‬ ‫‪579.3kJ,‬‬ ‫‪0.42,‬‬ ‫)ﺝ‪505.75K:‬‬

‫)‪(274‬‬
 ‫)‪(8.25‬‬
‫ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﻜﺎﺭﻨﻭ ﻟﻬﺎ ﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ )‪ (50%‬ﻭﺃﺩﻨـﻰ ﺩﺭﺠـﺔ ﺤـﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻤﻘـﺩﺍﺭﻫﺎ )‪ ،(17oC‬ﺃﺩﻨـﻰ ﻀـﻐﻁ‬
‫)‪ (1.04 bar‬ﻭﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻀﻐﻁ )‪ .(62.4 bar‬ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻓﺘﺭﺍﺽ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍﺀ ﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﻤـل ﻓـﻲ ﺍﻟـﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﻭﻟـﻪ‬
‫)‪ .(γ=1.4) ،(Cp=1.005kJ/kg. K‬ﺍﺭﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺨﻁﻁﻲ )‪ (P-V‬ﻭ)‪ (T-S‬ﻭﺍﺤﺴﺏ‪(1) :‬ﺩﺭﺠﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻭﻯ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺭﺓ‪(2) .‬ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻐل ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺎﻑ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﻐل ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺭﺓ‪.‬‬
‫‪(0.712,‬‬ ‫ﺝ‪580K) :‬‬

‫)‪(8.26‬‬
‫ﻤﺎﻜﻨﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﺘﻌﻤل ﺒﻴﻥ ﺩﺭﺠﺘﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ )‪ (800oC‬ﻭ )‪ .(50oC‬ﺘﺩﻴﺭ ﻤﺎﻜﻨﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻤﻌﻜﻭﺴﺔ ﺘﺴﺘﻌﻤل‬
‫ﻟﻠﻤﺤﺎﻓﻅﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺤﻴﺯ ﺒﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ )‪ (-10oC‬ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﺒﻁﺭﺡ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘـﺴﺤﺒﻬﺎ ﺇﻟـﻰ ﺤﻴـﺯ ﺩﺭﺠـﺔ‬
‫ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘﻪ )‪ .(50oC‬ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﻜﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭﻫﺎ )‪) .(80kJ‬ﺃ(ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻜﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﺘﻌﻤل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﻜﺎﺭﻨﻭ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺎﻜﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻜﻭﺴﺔ ﺘﻌﻤل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﻜﺎﺭﻨﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻜﻭﺴﺔ‪ .‬ﺍﺭﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺭﺘﻴﻥ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺨﻁﻁﻲ )‪ (P-V‬ﻭ)‪ (T-S‬ﻭﺍﺤﺴﺏ ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺴﺤﺒﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻜﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴـﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻜﻭﺴـﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫)ﺏ(ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻜﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﺘﻌﻤل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﻜﻔﺎﺌﺘﻬﺎ )‪ (50%‬ﻤﻥ ﻜﻔﺎﺌـﺔ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﻜـﺎﺭﻨﻭ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺎﻜﻨـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻜﻭﺴﺔ ﺘﻌﻤل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﺩﺍﺌﻬﺎ )‪ (60%‬ﻤﻥ ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﺩﺍﺀ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﻜـﺎﺭﻨﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻜﻭﺴـﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﺤﺴﺏ ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺴﺤﺒﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻜﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻜﻭﺴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪(73.53kJ,‬‬ ‫ﺝ‪245.1kJ) :‬‬

‫)‪(8.27‬‬
‫ﻤﺎﻜﻨﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﺘﻌﻤل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﻜﺎﺭﻨﻭ ﻴﻀﺎﻑ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭﻫﺎ )‪ (1000kJ‬ﻋﻨـﺩ ﺩﺭﺠـﺔ ﺤـﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬
‫ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭﻫﺎ )‪ (400oC‬ﻭﺘﻁﺭﺡ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻟﺨﺯﺍﻥ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘﻪ )‪ .(20oC‬ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻜﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﺘﺸﻐل ﻤـﻀﺨﺔ‬
‫ﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻭﻤﻭﻟﺩ ﻜﻬﺭﺒﺎﺌﻲ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﺘﻌﻤل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﻜﺎﺭﻨﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻜﻭﺴﺔ ﺘﺴﺤﺏ ﺍﻟﺤـﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻤـﻥ‬
‫ﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘﻪ)‪ (20oC‬ﻭﺘﻁﺭﺡ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭﻫﺎ )‪ (600kJ‬ﺇﻟﻰ ﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘﻪ )‪.(50oC‬‬
‫ﺍﻭﺠﺩ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻐل ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺎﻑ ﻟﻠﻤﻀﺨﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﻐل ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺎﻑ ﻟﻠﻤﻭﻟﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺭﺒﺎﺌﻲ‪.‬‬
‫ﺝ‪(0.11) :‬‬

‫)‪(275‬‬
 ‫)‪(8.28‬‬
‫ﻤﺎﻜﻨﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﺘﻌﻤل ﺒﻴﻥ ﺩﺭﺠﺘـﻲ ﺍﻟﺤـﺭﺍﺭﺓ )‪ (1200oC‬ﻭ)‪ (50oC‬ﻴـﻀﺎﻑ ﻟﻬـﺎ ﺤـﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺒﻤﻌـﺩل‬
‫)‪ .(1000kJ/s‬ﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺸﻐل ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺘﺞ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻜﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻴﺴﺘﻐل ﻓﻲ ﺘﺸﻐﻴل ﻤﺎﻜﻨﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻤﻌﻜﻭﺴﺔ ﺘﻌﻤل‬
‫ﺒﻴﻥ ﺩﺭﺠﺘﻲ )‪ (28oC‬ﻭ)‪.(- 5oC‬ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻜﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ )‪ (60%‬ﻤﻥ ﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﻜﺎﺭﻨﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﺒﻴﻥ ﻨﻔﺱ ﺩﺭﺠﺘﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﺩﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻜﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔﺍﻟﻤﻌﻜﻭﺴﺔ )‪ (80%‬ﻤـﻥ ﻤﻌﺎﻤـل ﺍﺩﺍﺀ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ‬
‫ﻜﺎﺭﻨﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻜﻭﺴﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻨﻔﺱ ﺩﺭﺠﺘﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﺍﺤﺴﺏ ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻁﺭﺤﻬـﺎ ﻜـﻼ ﻤـﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻜﻨـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺎﻜﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻜﻭﺴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪(3417.82kW,‬‬ ‫ﺝ‪531.6kW ):‬‬

‫)‪(8.29‬‬
‫ﻫﻭﺍﺀ ﻴﻤﺭ ﺒﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﻜﺎﺭﻨﻭ ﻴﻀﺎﻑ ﻟﻪ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭﻫﺎ )‪ (800oC‬ﻭﻴﻁﺭﺡ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻋﻨـﺩ‬
‫ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭﻫﺎ )‪ .(20oC‬ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻻﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﺍﻻﻴﺯﻭﺜﺭﻤﻠـﻲ ) ‪ ( 15‬ﻓـﺈﺫﺍ ﻋﻠﻤـﺕ ﺃﻥ )‪ (γ=1.4‬ﻭﺃﻥ‬
‫)‪ .(Cp=1.005kJ/kg. K‬ﺍﺤﺴﺏ ﻤﺎ ﻴﺄﺘﻲ‪:‬‬
‫)‪(1‬ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻻﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﺍﻻﺩﻴﺎﺒﺎﺘﻴﺔ‪(2) .‬ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻐل ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻴﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﻘﻠﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻜل ﺍﺠـﺭﺍﺀ ﻤـﻥ ﺍﺠـﺭﺍﺀﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺭﺓ‪.‬‬
‫‪(-559.65kJ/kg, -135.3kJ/kg,‬‬ ‫‪559.65kJ/kg,‬‬ ‫ﺝ‪1.6807 ):‬‬

‫)‪(8.30‬‬
‫ﺍﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﺕ ﻤﻀﺨﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﻔﺎﻅ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻗﺎﻋﺔ ﻋﻨﺩ )‪ (25oC‬ﻋﻠﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤـﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺠـﻭ‬
‫ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻋﻨﺩ )‪ .(- 5oC‬ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺔ ﺘﻁﺭﺩ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻗﻴﻤﺘﻬﺎ)‪ .(2400kJ/min‬ﺍﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟـﻼﺯﻡ ﺘﺠﻬﻴﺯﻫـﺎ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻤﻀﺨﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻋﻠﻤﺕ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟـ )‪ (COP‬ﻟﻠﻤﻀﺨﺔ ﻫﻭ )‪ (25%‬ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟـ )‪ (COP‬ﻟﻤﻀﺨﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺘﻌﻤل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﻜﺎﺭﻨﻭ ﻭﺒﻴﻥ ﻨﻔﺱ ﺤﺩﻭﺩ ﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‪.‬‬
‫ﺝ‪(16.11kW) :‬‬

‫)‪(8.31‬‬
‫ﻗﺎﻡ ﺃﺤﺩ ﺍﻻﺸﺨﺎﺹ ﺒﻔﺤﺹ ﻤﺎﻜﻨﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﺘﻌﻤل ﺒﻴﻥ ﺨﺯﺍﻥ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﻱ ﺒﺩﺭﺠﺔ )‪ (1000oC‬ﻭﺍﻟﺠﻭ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺠﻲ‬
‫)‪ .(27 oC‬ﻭﺃﺩﻋﻰ ﺃﻥ ﻗﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻜﻨﺔ )‪ (5kW‬ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻬﺯﺓ )‪ .(21600kJ/hr‬ﺍﺜﺒـﺕ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺩﻋﺎﺀ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﻤﻜﻥ‪.‬‬
‫‪(83%,‬‬ ‫ﺝ‪70%) :‬‬

‫)‪(276‬‬
 ‫)‪(8.32‬‬
‫)ﺃ(ﺃﺩﻋﻰ ﻤﺨﺘﺭﻋﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺍﻻﻭل ﺃﻥ ﺒﺈﻤﻜﺎﻥ ﺘﺼﻨﻴﻊ ﻤﺎﻜﻨﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ )‪ (A‬ﺘﻌﻤل ﺒﻴﻥ ﺩﺭﺠﺘﻲ ﺤـﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻤﻘـﺩﺍﺭﻫﺎ‬
‫)‪ (600oC‬ﻭ)‪ (50oC‬ﺒﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﻀﺎﻑ ﻟﻬﺎ )‪ (1500kJ‬ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻟﺘﻨﺘﺞ ﺸﻐﻼ ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭﻩ )‪ .(1000kJ‬ﺒﻴﻨﻤـﺎ‬
‫ﺃﺩﻋﻰ ﺍﻵﺨﺭ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻴﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﺍﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﻐل ﻤﻥ ﻤﺎﻜﻨﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ )‪ (B‬ﺘﻌﻤل ﺒﻴﻥ ﺩﺭﺠﺘﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬
‫)‪ (750oC‬ﻭ)‪ (50oC‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﺃﻀﻴﻔﺕ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭﻫﺎ )‪ .(1600kJ‬ﺃﻱ ﺍﻻﺩﻋﺎﺌﻴﻥ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻁﺒﻴﻕ ﻭﻟﻤﺎﺫﺍ؟‬
‫)ﺏ(ﺍﻟﺸﻐل ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺘﺞ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻜﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻉ )ﺃ( ﻴﺴﺘﻐل ﻓﻲ ﺘﺸﻐﻴل ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻟﻠﺤﻔﺎﻅ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﺭﺠـﺔ‬
‫ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﺩﻉ ﺒﻁﺎﻁﺎ ﻋﻨﺩ )‪ (5oC‬ﺒﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﻁﺭﺡ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻟﻠﻤﺤﻴﻁ ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭﻫﺎ )‪ (5200kJ‬ﻋﻨﺩ )‪ .(35oC‬ﺠﺩ‬
‫ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﺩﺍﺀ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻫﺫﻩ ﻟﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﺩﺍﺀ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻨﻔﺱ ﺩﺭﺠﺘﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‪.‬‬

‫‪(0.453,‬‬ ‫‪0.684,‬‬ ‫‪0.625,‬‬ ‫‪0.63,‬‬ ‫)ﺝ‪0.666:‬‬

‫)‪(8.33‬‬
‫ﺍﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﺔ ﻤﻌﺯﻭﻟﺔ ﻤﻐﻠﻘﺔ ﺒﻤﻜﺒﺱ ﻻ ﺍﺤﺘﻜﺎﻜﻲ ﺘﻌﻤل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﻜﺎﺭﻨﻭ‪ .‬ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻫﻭﺍﺀ ﻀﻐﻁﻪ ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘﻪ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺒﺩﺍﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﺍﻻﺩﻴﺎﺒﺎﺘﻲ )‪ (100kPa‬ﻭ)‪ (25oC‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺍﻟﻲ‪ .‬ﻭﺒﻌﺩ ﺃﻥ ﻀـﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﻬـﻭﺍﺀ ﺍﺩﻴﺎﺒﺎﺘﻴـﺎ‬
‫ﻴﺼﺒﺢ ﻀﻐﻁﻪ )‪ ،(1MPa‬ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﻟﻼﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﺔ ﺨﻼل ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺭﺓ )‪ ،(150kJ/kg‬ﺍﺤﺴﺏ‬
‫ﻟﻜل )‪:(1 kg‬‬
‫)‪ (1‬ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﻘﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﺔ‪ (2).‬ﺍﻟﺸﻐل ﺍﻟﺼﺎﻓﻲ ﻟﻠﺩﻭﺭﺓ‪ (3).‬ﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺭﺓ‪.‬‬
‫ﻋﻠﻤﺎ ﺒﺄﻥ‬
‫) ‪(R=0.287kJ/kg. K)، ( γ=1.4‬‬
‫‪(48.2%,‬‬ ‫‪72.3kJ/kg,‬‬ ‫ﺝ‪-77.7kJ/kg ):‬‬

‫)‪(8.34‬‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﻓﺼل ﺍﻟﺸﺘﺎﺀ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺠﻲ )‪ ،(- 4oC‬ﺍﺭﻴﺩ ﺘﺩﻓﺌﺔ ﺒﻨﺎﻴـﺔ ﺒﻭﺍﺴـﻁﺔ ﻤـﻀﺨﺔ‬
‫ﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﺩﺍﺌﻬﺎ )‪ (3.7‬ﺒﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﺠﻌل ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺎﻴﺔ )‪ .(21oC‬ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺍﻟﺤـﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﻘﻠـﺔ‬
‫ﺇﻟىﺎﻟﺒﻨﺎﻴﺔ )‪ ،(75kJ/h‬ﺍﻭﺠﺩ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﻘﻠﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻴﻁ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺠﻲ ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﻋﻤﻠﺕ ﺍﻟﻤـﻀﺨﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﻜﺎﺭﻨﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻜﻭﺴﺔ ‪ ،‬ﺠﺩ ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻻﺩﺍﺀ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻐل ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻡ ﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴل ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪(6.378kJ/h‬‬ ‫‪,‬‬ ‫ﺝ‪11.76) :‬‬

‫)‪(277‬‬
 ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ – ﺍﻷﻧﺘﺮﻭﺑﻲ‬

‫)‪ -(9.1‬ﺍﻷﻨﺘﺭﻭﺒﻲ ‪Entropy‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻷﺠﺭﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻼﺇﻨﻌﻜﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﺭﺍﻓﻘﻬﺎ ﺨﺴﺎﺌﺭ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﻌﻨﺩ ﺘﺸﻐﻴل ﻤﺤـﺭﻙ‬
‫ﺤﺭﺍﺭﻱ ﻤﺜﻼ ﺘﻅﻬﺭ ﺨﺴﺎﺌﺭ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻤﻥ ﻫﻨﺎ ﻅﻬﺭﺕ ﺨﺎﺼﻴﺔ ﺜﺭﻤﻭﺩﻴﻨﺎﻤﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﺠﺩﻴﺩﺓ ﺘﻌﺒﺭ ﻋﻥ ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭ ﻫﺫﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺨﺴﺎﺌﺭ‪ ،‬ﻟﺫﻟﻙ ﺘﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼﻴﺔ ﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻟﻸﺠﺭﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻼﺇﻨﻌﻜﺎﺴﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬ﺘﺴﻤﻰ ﺒـﺎﻷﻨﺘﺭﻭﺒﻲ ﻭﻫـﻲ ﻜﻠﻤـﺔ‬
‫ﻴﻭﻨﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺼل ‪ ،‬ﺘﻌﻨﻲ ﺍﻷﻨﻌﻁﺎﻑ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻭل ﺃﻭ ﺍﻷﺨﺘﻼﺝ‪ ،‬ﺒﺭﻤﺯ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺒﺎﻟﺭﻤﺯ )‪ .(S‬ﺃﻭل ﻤـﻥ ﺍﺴـﺘﻌﻤﻠﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻡ ﺍﻷﻟﻤﺎﻨﻲ ﺭﻭﺩﻭﻟﻑ ﻜﻠﻭﺯﻴﻭﺱ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻨﺘﺼﻑ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺴﻊ ﻋﺸﺭ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺭﻭﺒﻲ ﻜﺨﺎﺼﻴﺔ ﻴﺘﺼﺭﻑ ﻜﺄﻱ ﺨﺎﺼﻴﺔ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ ﻤﺜل ) ‪…H ,U, T, P‬ﺍﻟﺦ(‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻤل ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺭﻱ ﻟﻬـﺫﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﻴﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺼﻔﺭﺍ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻴﻤﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺒﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺇﻨﻌﻜﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﻓﻘﻁ ﻭﻴﻌﻭﺩ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺤﺎﻟﺘﻪ ﺍﻻﺼﻠﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺃﻱ‪:‬‬
‫∫‬ ‫‪dp=0 ,‬‬ ‫∫‬ ‫‪dT=0 ,‬‬ ‫∫‬ ‫‪dV=0 ,‬‬ ‫∫‬ ‫‪dH=0 ,‬‬ ‫∫‬ ‫‪dS=0‬‬
‫ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺴﺎﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺜﺭﻤﻭﺩﻴﻨﺎﻤﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻴﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻟـ )‪ (∆S, ∆H , ∆U‬ﻭﻻ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠﻘـﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﺃﻱ )‪ .(S , H , U‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺤﺴﺎﺏ )‪ (∆U‬ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﺠﺭﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻻﻨﻌﻜﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻼﺇﻨﻌﻜﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ‬
‫ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺸﻐل ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﻘﻠﺘﻴﻥ‪ ،‬ﺇﻻ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻻ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺤﺴﺎﺏ )‪ (∆S‬ﺇﻻ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻺﺍﻨﻌﻜﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻨﻌﻜﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻻﺩﻴﺎﺒﺎﺘﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻤﺭ ﺒﺠﺯﺀ ﻤﻥ ﺩﻭﺭﻩ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ ﻤﻥ ﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﻘﻠﺔ ﺇﻨﻌﻜﺎﺴﻴﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ ﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﺍﻷﻭل‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻥ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺭﻭﺒﻲ ﻫﻲ ﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ‪ ،‬ﻟﺫﻟﻙ ﻴﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﺍﻟﺜﺭﻤﻭﺩﻴﻨﺎﻤﻴﻜﺱ ﻋﻠﻡ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﻨﺘﺭﻭﺒﻲ‪.‬‬
‫ﺇﺫﻥ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺭﻭﺒﻲ ﺨﺎﺼﻴﺔ ﺜﺭﻤﻭﺩﻴﻨﺎﻤﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻴﻌﺒﺭ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﻜﺘﺎﺒﻊ ﻟﻠﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﺜﺭﻤﻭﺩﻴﻨﺎﻤﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺨـﺭﻯ ﺍﻟﺘـﻲ‬
‫ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﻗﻴﺎﺴﻬﺎ ﺒﺎﻟﺘﺠﺭﺒﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻷﺠﺭﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫)‪ -(9.2‬ﻤﺨﻁﻁ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ –ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺭﻭﺒﻲ )‪Temperature – Entropy Diagram (T–S‬‬

‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﻓﺭﻀﻨﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺭﻭﺒﻲ )‪ (S‬ﺘﻌﺒﺭ ﻋﻥ ﺨﺎﺼﻴﺔ ﺍﺨﺘﻴﺎﺭﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺌﻊ ﻴﺭﺴﻡ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺤـﻭﺭ ﺍﻟـﺴﻴﻨﻲ‬
‫ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ )‪ (T‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﻱ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﺴﻤﻰ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﻁﻁ )‪ ،(T–S‬ﻭﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻴﺩ ﺠﺩﺍ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺘﺤﻠﻴﻠﻨﺎ‬
‫ﻟﻤﻤﻴﺯﺍﺕ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺭﻜﺎﺕ ﺃﻥ ﻨﺭﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﻁﻁ‪.‬‬
‫ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺘﻨﺎ ﻟﻠﺸﻐل ﻻﺤﻅﻨﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺘﺤﺕ ﻤﻨﺤﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﻨﻌﻜﺎﺴـﻴﺔ ﻋﻠـﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺨﻁﻁ )‪ (P-V‬ﺘﻤﺜل ﺍﻟﺸﻐل ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﻘل ﺨﻼل ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺒﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﻤﺸﺎﺒﻬﺔ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺠـﻭﺩﺓ ﺘﺤـﺕ‬
‫ﻤﻨﺤﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﻨﻌﻜﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﻁﻁ )‪ (T–S‬ﺘﻤﺜل ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﻘﻠﺔ ﺨﻼل ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫـﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻁﻘـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻅﻠﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜل )‪.(9.1-a‬‬

‫)‪(277‬‬
 ‫‪T‬‬

‫‪q‬‬
‫‪dq‬‬

‫ﺸﻜل )‪ -(9.1‬ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺭﻭﺒﻲ ﻭﻤﺨﻁﻁ )‪(T-S‬‬

‫ﻟﻨﺄﺨﺫ ﺍﻟﺸﻜل )‪ ، (9.1 -b‬ﻭﻨﻔﺘﺭﺽ ﺤﺩﻭﺙ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺇﻨﻌﻜﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﺘﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﻤﻥ )‪ (1‬ﺇﻟﻰ )‪. (2‬‬
‫ﺜﻡ ﻨﺄﺨﺫ ﻨﻘﻁﺔ )‪ (X‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨﻲ‪ .‬ﺇﻥ ﺍﺤﺩﺍﺜﻴﻲ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﻫﻤﺎ )‪ (T‬ﻭ )‪ . (S‬ﻭﻟﻨﺠﻌل ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴـﺭ ﻓـﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﻴﺤﺩﺙ ﻤﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﻭﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺘﻐﻴﺭﺍ ﺼﻐﻴﺭﺍ ﻓﻲ )‪ (S‬ﻴﺴﺎﻭﻱ )‪ ،(dS‬ﻋﻨﺩﺌﺫ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ‪:‬‬
‫)‪(1‬ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﻘﻠﺔ ﺇﻨﻌﻜﺎﺴﻴﺎ )‪ =(dq‬ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺜﻠﺔ ﺒﻬﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﻴﺭ = )‪ (Tds‬ﺘﻘﺭﻴﺒﺎ‪.‬‬
‫)‪(2‬ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﻘﻠﺔ ﺇﻨﻌﻜﺎﺴﻴﺎ ﻤﻥ )‪ (1‬ﺇﻟﻰ)‪ =(q) (2‬ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺤﺎﺕ ﺘﺤﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨﻲ ﻤﻥ )‪ (1‬ﺇﻟﻰ )‪.(2‬‬
‫ﻜﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜل )‪ .(9.1-a‬ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪S2‬‬ ‫‪S2‬‬
‫= ‪q = ∑ TdS‬‬ ‫)‪∫ TdS .................................(9.1‬‬
‫‪S1‬‬ ‫‪S1‬‬

‫ﺒﺘﻔﺎﻀل ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﻴﻨﺘﺞ‪:‬‬

‫)‪dq = TdS….………………………...(9.2‬‬

‫‪dq‬‬
‫= ‪dS‬‬ ‫ﺒﺘﻜﺎﻤل ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﻴﻨﺘﺞ‪:‬‬
‫‪T‬‬
‫‪dq‬‬
‫)‪∫ dS = ∫ .................................(9.3‬‬
‫‪T‬‬
‫‪dq‬‬
‫∫ = ‪∴ ∆S‬‬ ‫)‪............................(9.4‬‬
‫‪T‬‬
‫ﻫﺫﻩ ﻫﻲ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺭﻭﺒﻲ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﺇﺤﺩﻯ ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻭﻀﺢ )‪ (dq‬ﻭ‬
‫)‪ (dS‬ﻟﻬﻤﺎ ﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻹﺸﺎﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ )‪ (q‬ﻤﻭﺠﺒﺔ ﻓﻴﺯﺩﺍﺩ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺭﻭﺒﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻜـﺱ ﺼـﺤﻴﺢ‪ .‬ﺇﻥ ﻭﺤـﺩﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺭﻭﺒﻲ )‪ ، (kJ/K‬ﺃﻤﺎ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺭﻭﺒﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻲ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﺭﻤﺯ ﻟﻪ )‪ (s‬ﻓﻭﺤﺩﺍﺘﻪ )‪.(kJ/kg.K‬‬

‫)‪(278‬‬
 ‫ﻋﻨﺩ ﺘﺴﺨﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﺴﻴﺘﻌﺭﺽ ﻟﻠﺤﺎﻟﺘﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺘﻴﻥ‪:‬‬
‫)‪(1‬ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺨﻴﻥ ﺁﻴﺯﻭﺜﺭﻤﻠﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﺴﻴﺘﻤﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﻭﺘﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺭﻭﺒﻲ ﻤﻥ)‪ (S1‬ﺇﻟـﻰ )‪ ،(S2‬ﻜﻤـﺎ ﻓـﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل )‪ (9.2-a‬ﻭﺴﺘﺼﺒﺢ ‪:‬‬

‫‪TdS‬‬

‫ﺸﻜل )‪ -(9.2‬ﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺭﻭﺒﻲ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﻘﻠﺔ ﻤﻤﺜﻠﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ )‪ (1 2 3 4‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺨﻁﻁ )‪ (T-S‬ﺃﻱ‪:‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫)‪dq = TdS ⇒ ∫ dq = T ∫ dS.........................(9.5‬‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬

‫)‪∴ q = T∆S 12 = area1234........................(9.6‬‬

‫)‪(2‬ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻴﺘﻤﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﺒﺜﺒﻭﺕ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻡ‪ ،‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺸﻜل )‪ (9.2-b‬ﻓﻠﻔﺭﺽ ﺇﻴﺠﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻤـﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘـﻲ‬
‫‪ .(1‬ﻫـﺫﻩ‬ ‫ﺘﻤﺜل ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﻘﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺨﻁﻁ )‪ ،(T-S‬ﻨﻔﺘﺭﺽ ﻨﻘﻁﺔ )‪ (x‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻨﺤﻨﻲ ﺍﻹﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ )‪2‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﺘﻤﺜل ﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺠﺯﺌﻲ ﺃﻭ ﺼﻐﻴﺭ ﻟﻸﻨﺘﺭﻭﺒﻲ )‪ .(ds‬ﺃﻤﺎ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ )‪ (T‬ﻓﻠﺼﻐﺭﻫﺎ ﺘﻌﺘﺒـﺭ ﺜﺎﺒﺘـﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻟﺫﻟﻙ ﺴﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺌﻴﺔ )‪ (dq‬ﻤﺴﺎﻭﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻤﺜل ﺘﻔﺎﻀل ﻨﺎﻗﺹ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ‪:‬‬
‫)‪ ……………………(9.7‬ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺌﻴﺔ = ‪dq = TdS‬‬
‫ﻭﻤﺠﻤﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺌﻴﺔ ﺘﻤﺜل ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﻓﺌﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴـﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ ﻗﻴﻤـﺔ ﺍﻟﻤـﺴﺎﺤﺔ‬
‫ﺒﺤﺴﺎﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻤل‪ ،‬ﻓﻌﻨﺩ ﺘﻜﺎﻤل ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺫﻜﻭﺭﺓ ﺁﻨﻔﺎ ﻴﻨﺘﺞ‪:‬‬
‫‪s2‬‬
‫)‪……..(9.8‬ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ ‪∫ dq = T ∫ dS = ∑ TdS = 1234‬‬
‫‪s1‬‬

‫)‪∴ q = T∆S 12 = T(S 2 − S 1 ) = area1234..................(9.9‬‬

‫ﺇﻥ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻹﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﻋﻜﺱ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺩﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺤﻴﺙ ﺍﻹﺘﺠﺎﻩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺨﻁـﻁ )‪ .(T-S‬ﻭﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻗـﺸﺔ ﺍﻋـﻼﻩ‬
‫ﺘﻨﻁﺒﻕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺘﻴﻥ‪ ،‬ﻤﺎﻋﺩﺍ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺩﺩ ﻜﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﻤﻭﺠﺒﺔ ﻭﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﺍﻹﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﻜﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺴﺎﻟﺒﺔ‪.‬‬

‫)‪(279‬‬
 ‫)‪ -(9.3‬ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺭﻭﺒﻲ ﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ‬
‫ﻻ ﻴﻌﺘﻤﺩ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺭﻭﺒﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺭ ﺃﻭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻜﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺤﺩﻭﺙ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﻴﺭ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﻨﻤﺎ ﻴﻌﺘﻤﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺘﻴﻥ ﺍﻻﺒﺘﺩﺍﺌﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺌﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻟﺫﻟﻙ ﻴﺠﺏ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺨﺎﺼﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺃﻱ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻻ ﻴﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻤﻬﻤﺎ ﺃﺨﺘﻠﻔﺕ ﻤﺴﺎﻟﻙ ﺃﻭ ﻁـﺭﻕ ﺍﻟﻌـﻭﺩﺓ ﺒـﻴﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺘﻴﻥ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﻨﻌﻜﺎﺴﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻨﻔﺘﺭﺽ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨﻲ )‪ (A‬ﻓﻲ ﺸﻜل )‪ (9.3‬ﻴﻤﺜل ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺇﻨﻌﻜﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ )‪ (1‬ﺇﻟﻰ )‪ .(2‬ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨﻲ )‪(B‬‬
‫ﻴﻤﺜل ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺇﻨﻌﻜﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ )‪ (2‬ﺇﻟﻰ )‪.(1‬‬

‫ﺸﻜل )‪ –(9.3‬ﻤﺴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺭﻭﺒﻲ‬

‫‪dq‬‬
‫∫ ( ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻤل ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺭﻱ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻀل ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻡ )‪ .(Perfect Differential‬ﻫـﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ) ‪= 0‬‬
‫‪T‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻤل ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺭﻱ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻥ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﺘﻜﺎﻤﻠﻴﻥ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ‪:‬‬
‫‪dq 2 dq‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫‪dq‬‬
‫∫‬ ‫‪R‬‬
‫‪= ∫ ( ) A + ∫ ( )B = 0‬‬
‫‪T 1 T‬‬ ‫‪T‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫‪dq‬‬ ‫‪dq‬‬
‫)‪∴ ∫ ( ) A = − ∫ ( ) B .................................(9.10‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫‪T‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪T‬‬
‫ﻭﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨﻲ )‪ (C‬ﻴﻤﺜل ﺃﻴﻀﺎ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺇﻨﻌﻜﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ )‪ (2‬ﺇﻟﻰ )‪ ،(1‬ﻓﻴﻜﻭﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫‪dq‬‬ ‫‪dq‬‬
‫(∫‬ ‫‪T‬‬
‫)‪) A = − ∫ ( )C ..........................(9.11‬‬
‫‪T‬‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬

‫ﻭﺒﺘﻌﻭﻴﺽ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ )‪ (9.10‬ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ )‪ (9.11‬ﻴﻨﺘﺞ‪:‬‬

‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫‪dq‬‬ ‫‪dq‬‬
‫)‪∫ ( T ) B = ∫ ( T ) C ...........................(9.12‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬

‫)‪(280‬‬
 ‫‪dq‬‬
‫∫(‬ ‫ﻴﺘﻀﺢ ﺃﻥ ﻤﺴﺎﻟﻙ ﺍﻟﻌﻭﺩﺓ ﺴﻭﺍﺀ ﻋﻥ ﻁﺭﻴﻕ )‪ (B‬ﺃﻭ )‪ (C‬ﻤﺘﺴﺎﻭﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻟﺫﻟﻙ ﻻ ﻴﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭ )‬
‫‪T‬‬
‫ﻤﻬﻤﺎ ﺘﻐﻴﺭﺕ ﻤﺴﺎﻟﻙ ﺍﻟﻌﻭﺩﺓ‪ .‬ﺃﻱ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻴﻌﺘﻤﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻷﺒﺘﺩﺍﺌﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺌﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭ ﻫﻭ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺭﻭﺒـﻲ‪،‬‬
‫ﻟﺫﺍ ﻓﺎﻷﻨﺘﺭﻭﺒﻲ ﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ـﺎﻨﻲ‬
‫ـﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺜـ‬
‫ـﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﻴﺎﻀ ـﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻘـ‬
‫ـﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟـ‬
‫ـﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻼﺇﻨﻌﻜﺎﺴـ‬
‫ـﺩﻭﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻻﻨﻌﻜﺎﺴـ‬
‫ـﻭﺍﺹ ﺍﻟـ‬
‫)‪ -(9.4‬ﺨـ‬
‫)ﻤﺘﺒﺎﻴﻨﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻻ ﻤﺘﺴﺎﻭﻴﺔ ﻜﻠﻭﺯﻴﻭﺱ( ‪. Clausius Inequality‬‬
‫ﻗﺩﻡ ﻜﻠﻭﺯﻴﻭﺱ )‪ (R. Clausius‬ﻭﻫﻭ ﻋﺎﻟﻡ ﺃﻟﻤﺎﻨﻲ ﻨﻅﺭﻴﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻌﺘﻤﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﻜﺎﺭﻨﻭ‪:‬‬
‫‪T‬‬ ‫‪Q‬‬ ‫‪T‬‬ ‫‪Q‬‬ ‫‪Q‬‬ ‫‪Q‬‬
‫‪ηC = 1 − min = 1 − o ⇒ min = o ⇒ in = o‬‬
‫‪Tmax‬‬ ‫‪Q in‬‬ ‫‪Tmax Q in‬‬ ‫‪Tmax Tmin‬‬
‫ﻭﻷﻥ ﺇﺸﺎﺭﺓ )‪ (Qo‬ﺴﺎﻟﺒﺔ ﻓﺴﻴﻜﻭﻥ‬
‫‪Q in‬‬ ‫‪Q‬‬ ‫‪Q‬‬ ‫‪Q‬‬
‫‪= − o ⇒ in + o = 0‬‬
‫‪Tmax‬‬ ‫‪Tmin‬‬ ‫‪Tmax Tmin‬‬

‫∑∴‬
‫‪dQ‬‬ ‫‪dQ‬‬
‫∫‪= 0....OR ....‬‬ ‫)‪= 0...............(9.13‬‬
‫‪T‬‬ ‫‪T‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻷﺨﻴﺭﺓ ﺘﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻱ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺇﻨﻌﻜﺎﺴﻴﺔ )ﻜﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﻜﺎﺭﻨﻭ ﻤﺜﻼ(‪ .‬ﻓﻠﻭ ﻗﺴﻤﻨﺎ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺇﻨﻌﻜﺎﺴـﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺇﻟﻰ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﺕ ﻜﺎﺭﻨﻭ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﻴﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺸﻜل )‪ .(9.4‬ﻓﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﺩﻭﺭﺓ )‪ (abcd‬ﺃﻭ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ )‪(efgh‬‬

‫ﺸﻜل )‪ – (9.4‬ﺩﻭﺭﺍﺕ ﻜﺎﺭﻨﻭ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﻴﺭﺓ‬

‫∑ ( ﻭﻟﻠﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻤﻠﺔ ﺴـﻴﻜﻭﻥ ) ‪= O‬‬
‫‪dQ‬‬ ‫‪dQ‬‬
‫∫ (‪.‬‬ ‫ﺃﻭ ﺃﻱ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺼﻐﻴﺭﺓ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ ﺴﻴﻜﻭﻥ ) ‪= O‬‬
‫‪T‬‬ ‫‪T‬‬
‫ﺘﻨﻁﺒﻕ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﺌﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﻨﻌﻜﺎﺴﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﻤﺜل ) ∫ ( ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻤل ﺍﻟﻜﻠـﻲ ﺍﻭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻡ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺭﻱ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﻐﻠﻕ )ﺃﻱ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻤل ﻭﻓﻕ ﺨﻁ ﻤﻐﻠﻕ ﺃﻭ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ(‪ .‬ﻫـﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟـﺔ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﻠـﺼﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻌـﺎﻟﻡ‬

‫)‪(281‬‬
‫ﻜﻠﻭﺯﻴﻭﺱ ﻋﺎﻡ )‪ (1854‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﻴﺎﻀﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻘﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ ﻷﻴﺔ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺇﻨﻌﻜﺎﺴـﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺘـﺴﻤﻰ‬
‫ﺒﺘﻜﺎﻤل ﻜﻠﻭﺯﻴﻭﺱ ﺍﻷﻭل‪.‬‬
‫ﺃﻤﺎ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﻜﺎﺭﻨﻭ ﺍﻟﻼﺇﻨﻌﻜﺎﺴﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺴﺎﺱ ﻤﺒـﺎﺩﺉ ﻜـﺎﺭﻨﻭ‪ ،‬ﻓـﺄﻥ ﻜﻔـﺎﺀﺓ ﻜـﺎﺭﻨﻭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻼﺇﻨﻌﻜﺎﺴﻴﺔ ) ‪ ηC (IRR‬ﺃﺼﻐﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻻﻨﻌﻜﺎﺴﻴﺔ ) ‪ . ηC (IRV‬ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪T‬‬ ‫‪Q‬‬ ‫‪Q‬‬ ‫‪Q‬‬
‫‪ηC (IRR ) < ηC ( REV ) ⇒ 1 − min < 1 − o ⇒ in < o‬‬
‫‪Tmax‬‬ ‫‪Q in‬‬ ‫‪Tmax Tmin‬‬
‫ﻭﻷﻥ ﺍﺸﺎﺭﺓ )‪ (Qo‬ﺴﺎﻟﺒﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺴﻴﻜﻭﻥ ‪:‬‬
‫‪Q in‬‬ ‫‪Q‬‬ ‫‪Q‬‬ ‫‪Q‬‬
‫‪< − o ⇒ in + o < 0‬‬
‫‪Tmax‬‬ ‫‪Tmin‬‬ ‫‪Tmax Tmin‬‬

‫∑∴‬
‫‪dQ‬‬ ‫‪dQ‬‬
‫∫ ‪< 0........OR .........‬‬ ‫)‪< 0 .......................(9.14‬‬
‫‪T‬‬ ‫‪T‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻻﺨﻴﺭﺓ ﺘﺴﺘﻌﻤل ﻓﻲ ﺃﻴﺔ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﻻ ﺇﻨﻌﻜﺎﺴﻴﺔ )ﻜﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﻜـﺎﺭﻨﻭ ﻤـﺜﻼ(‪ .‬ﻓﻠـﻭ ﻗـﺴﻤﻨﺎ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ‬
‫∑ ( ﻭﻟﻠﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻤﻠﺔ‬
‫‪dQ‬‬
‫ﺍﺨﺘﻴﺎﺭﻴﺔ ﻻ ﺇﺘﻌﻜﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﺕ ﺼﻐﻴﺭﺓ ﻓﺴﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻷﻴﺔ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺼﻐﻴﺭﺓ ) ‪< 0‬‬
‫‪T‬‬
‫‪dQ‬‬
‫∫ (‪ .‬ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﻠﺼﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻡ ﻜﻠﻭﺯﻴﻭﺱ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﻴﺎﻀﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻘﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺜـﺎﻨﻲ‬ ‫)‪< 0‬‬
‫‪T‬‬
‫ﻷﻴﺔ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﻻ ﺇﻨﻌﻜﺎﺴﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺘﺴﻤﻰ ﺒﺘﻜﺎﻤل ﻜﻠﻭﺯﻴﻭﺱ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ‪ .‬ﻭﻋﻨﺩ ﺩﻤﺞ ﺘﻜﺎﻤل ﻜﻠﻭﺯﻴﻭﺱ ﺍﻷﻭل ﻭﺍﻟﺜـﺎﻨﻲ‬
‫ﻴﻨﺘﺞ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﻴﺎﻀﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻤﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻘﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ ﺃﻭ ﻤﺘﺒﺎﻴﻨﺔ ﻜﻠﻭﺯﻴﻭﺱ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﻌﺒﺭ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ‪:‬‬
‫‪dq‬‬
‫)‪∫ T ≤ 0...............................................(9.15‬‬
‫ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺒﺎﻴﻨﺔ ﻤﻬﻤﺔ ﻟﻐﺭﺽ ﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﻤﺤﻁﺔ ﺘﻭﺭﺒﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﺒﺨﺎﺭﻴﺔ ﻤﺜﻼ‪ ،‬ﻷﻨﻬـﺎ ﺘﻁﺒـﻕ ﻓـﻲ ﺍﻟـﺩﻭﺭﺍﺕ‬
‫‪dQ‬‬
‫∫ ( ﻓﻬـﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻨﻌﻜﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻼﺇﻨﻌﻜﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺤﺭﻙ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻱ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴـﺔ‪ .‬ﺃﻤـﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗـﺔ ) ‪> 0‬‬
‫‪T‬‬
‫ﻤﺴﺘﺤﻴﻠﺔ ﻷﻥ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻴﺘﻨﺎﻗﺽ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺒﺎﻴﻨﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ‪.‬‬

‫)‪(282‬‬
 ‫)‪ -(9.5‬ﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺭﻭﺒﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﺩﻴﺎﺒﺎﺘﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻵﻴﺭﻭﺜﺭﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﻨﻌﻜﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻼﺇﻨﻌﻜﺎﺴﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫)‪ (1‬ﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺭﻭﺒﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﺩﻴﺎﺒﺎﺘﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﻨﻌﻜﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻼﺇﻨﻌﻜﺎﺴﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪Pvγ=C.‬‬ ‫‪Pvγ=C.‬‬

‫ﺸﻜل )‪ -(9.5‬ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺍﻹﺩﻴﺎﺒﺎﺘﻲ ﻟﻸﻨﺘﺭﻭﺒﻲ ﺍﻹﻨﻌﻜﺎﺴﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻶﺇﻨﻌﻜﺎﺴﻲ‬

‫ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﻜل )‪ (9.5‬ﻴﺒﻴﻥ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺇﺩﻴﺎﺒﺎﺘﻴﺔ ﺘﺸﻤل ﺃﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ‪ ،‬ﺸﻜل )‪ (9.5-a‬ﻭﺘﻤـﺩﺩ‪ ،‬ﺸـﻜل )‪ ،(9.5-b‬ﻭﺇﻥ‬
‫ﻤﺴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺘﻴﻥ ﻤﻭﻀﺢ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﺄﺘﻲ‪:‬‬
‫‪ :(1‬ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺇﻨﻌﻜﺎﺴﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺘﺘﻡ ﺒﺩﻭﻥ ﺤﺩﻭﺙ ﺃﻱ ﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﻨﺘﺭﻭﺒﻲ‪ ،‬ﻟﺫﻟﻙ ﺘﺴﻤﻰ ﺒﺎﻵﻴﺯﻨﺘﺭﻭﺒﻲ‪،‬‬ ‫)‪2′ ) (1‬‬
‫ﺘﺨﻀﻊ ﻟﻠﻌﻼﻗﺔ )‪ ،(Pvγ=C1‬ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺸﻐل ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﻘل ﻗﻠﻴﻼ‪.‬‬
‫‪ :(1‬ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻻ ﺇﻨﻌﻜﺎﺴﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﺃﻭﺍﻟﻔﻌﻠﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻴﺤﺩﺙ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﻨﺘﺭﻭﺒﻲ‪ ،‬ﻴﻜﻭﻥ‬ ‫)‪2) (2‬‬
‫ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺸﻐل ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﻘل ﺃﻜﺒﺭ ﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ ﺒﺎﻷﻨﻌﻜﺎﺴﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺴﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﻨﺘﺭﻭﺒﻲ ﻟﻠﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻵﺩﻴﺎﺒﺎﺘﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻼﺇﻨﻌﻜﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﺄﺘﻲ‪:‬‬
‫‪∆s12= (1‬‬ ‫‪+ ( 2′‬ﺃﺩﻴﺎﺒﺎﺘﻲ ﺇﻨﻌﻜﺎﺴﻲ ) ‪2′‬‬ ‫ﺘﺴﺨﻴﻥ ﺒﺜﺒﻭﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻡ ) ‪2‬‬
‫‪T2‬‬
‫‪0 + CvLn‬‬ ‫‪= ∆s 22′‬‬
‫‪T2′‬‬
‫)‪ (2‬ﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺍﻷﻨﺘﺭﻭﺒﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻵﻴﺯﻭﺜﺭﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻨﻌﻜﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻼﺇﻨﻌﻜﺎﺴﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﺘﻤﺜل ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺨﻁﻁ )‪ (T-S‬ﺒﺨﻁﻭﻁ ﺃﻓﻘﻴﺔ ﻓﻌﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻴﻀﻐﻁ ﻏﺎﺯ ﻤﺜﺎﻟﻲ ﺃﻭ ﻴﺘﻤـﺩﺩ ﻻ ﺇﻨﻌﻜﺎﺴـﻴﺎ‬
‫ﺁﻴﺯﻭﺜﺭﻤﻠﻴﺎ‪.‬‬

‫)‪(283‬‬
 ‫ﺸﻜل )‪-(9.6‬ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺍﻵﻴﺯﻭﺜﺭﻤﻠﻲ ﻟﻸﻨﺘﺭﻭﺒﻲ ﺍﻹﻨﻌﻜﺎﺴﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻺﻨﻌﻜﺎﺴﻲ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻤﻐﻠﻕ ﻤﻥ )‪ (1‬ﺇﻟﻰ )‪ (2‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺸﻜل )‪ (9.6‬ﻓﺴﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﻐل ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﻘل ﻤﻤﺜﻼ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﺃﻗل‬
‫ﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ ﺒﺎﻷﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻹﻨﻌﻜﺎﺴﻲ‪ .‬ﻭﺴﻴﺯﺩﺍﺩ ﺍﻷﻨﺘﺭﻭﺒﻲ ﺨﻼل ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﻼﺇﻨﻌﻜﺎﺴﻲ‪ .‬ﻤﻥ ﻫﻨﺎ ﻅﻬﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺹ ﺍﻟﺜـﺎﻨﻲ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻘﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫ﻜﻠﻤﺎ ﺍﺯﺩﺍﺩﺕ ﺍﻟﻼﺇﻨﻌﻜﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﺯﺩﺍﺩ ﺍﻷﻨﺘﺭﻭﺒﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻜﺱ ﺼﺤﻴﺢ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺒﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﻋﺎﻤﺔ ﻓﺒﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻼﺇﻨﻌﻜﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﻴﺯﺩﺍﺩ ﺃﻨﺘﺭﻭﺒﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﻜﻥ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺤﺩﺙ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻭﻗﺕ ﻨﻔﺴﻪ ﻁﺭﺡ‬
‫ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﺴﺒﺏ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻨﻘﺹ ﺍﻷﻨﺘﺭﻭﺒﻲ‪ .‬ﻟﺫﻟﻙ ﻗﺩ ﻴﻨﻘﺹ ﺃﻭ ﻴﺯﺩﺍﺩ ﺍﻨﺘﺭﻭﺒﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩﺍ ﻋﻠـﻰ‬
‫ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭ ﻫﺫﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭﻴﻥ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ ﺍﻟﻼﺇﻨﻌﻜﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﻭﻁﺭﺡ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺒـﺴﺒﺏ ﺍﻟﻼﺇﻨﻌﻜﺎﺴـﻴﺔ ﻓﻴﻤﺜـل‬
‫ﺒﻤﻨﺤﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﻤﺘﻘﻁﻌﺔ‪ ،‬ﻷﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺘﺤﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨﻲ ﻻ ﺘﻤﺜل ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﻘﻠﺔ‪.‬‬

‫)‪ -(9.6‬ﺍﻟﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻵﻴﺯﻨﺘﺭﻭﺒﻴﺔ ‪Isentropic Efficiency‬‬

‫ﺇﻥ ﺍﻷﺠﺭﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻹﺩﻴﺎﺒﺎﺘﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﻨﻌﻜﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺍﺠﺭﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﻤﺜﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺨﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﺤﺘﻜـﺎﻙ ﻭﺍﻟﺨـﺴﺎﺌﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺨﺭﻯ‪ .‬ﻻ ﻴﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻷﻨﺘﺭﻭﺒﻲ ﺃﻱ )‪ ،(∆s=0‬ﻟﺫﻟﻙ ﺘﺴﻤﻰ ﺒﺎﻷﺠﺭﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻵﻴﺯﻨﺘﺭﻭﺒﻴﺔ‪.‬ﻜﻤـﺎ ﻴﻭﻀـﺤﻪ‬
‫‪ (1‬ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜل )‪ ،(9.7‬ﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﻐل ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻤﻨﺤﻨﻲ )‪2‬‬

‫‪PVγ=C.‬‬

‫ﺸﻜل)‪– (9.7‬ﺍﻷﻨﺘﺭﻭﺒﻲ ﻭﺍﻷﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻵﻴﺯﻨﺘﺭﻭﺒﻲ‬

‫)‪(284‬‬
 ‫ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻷﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﻨﻅﺭﻱ)‪ (Wtheo.‬ﻭﻴﺭﻤﺯ ﻟﻪ ﺃﻴﻀﺎ )‪ (Ws‬ﺃﻱ ﺍﻟﺸﻐل ﺍﻵﻴﺯﻨﺘﺭﻭﺒﻲ‪.‬‬
‫ﺃﻤﺎ ﺍﻷﺠﺭﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﻴﺎﺒﺎﺘﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻼﺇﻨﻌﻜﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﻓﻬﻲ ﺍﺠﺭﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺤﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﻴﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻷﻨﺘﺭﻭﺒﻲ ﺒﺴﺒﺏ ﻭﺠـﻭﺩ‬
‫‪ (1‬ﻓﻲ ﺸﻜل )‪ ،(9.7‬ﺤﻴﺙ ﺍﻟﺸﻐل ﻓـﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺤﺘﻜﺎﻙ ﻭﺨﺴﺎﺌﺭ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﻭﻀﺤﻪ ﻤﻨﺤﻨﻲ )‪3‬‬
‫ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻻﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺤﻘﻴﻘﻲ )‪ .(Wact.‬ﻭﻴﺭﻤﺯ ﻟﻪ ﺃﻴﻀﺎ )‪ (Wa‬ﺃﻱ ﺸﻐل ﺤﻘﻴﻘﻲ‪.‬‬
‫ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻻﺠﺭﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺇﺩﻴﺎﺒﺎﺘﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﻨﻅﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻐﻠﻘﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻔﺘﻭﺤﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﻨﻅﻤﺔﺍﻟﻤﻐﻠﻘﺔ ﺘﺴﺎﻭﻱ‪:‬‬
‫‪=o‬‬
‫) ‪q − w = ∆µ = Cv(T2 − T1‬‬
‫)‪w = −Cv(T2 − T1 ) ............................................. (9.16‬‬
‫ﺃﻤﺎ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﻨﻅﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺘﻭﺤﺔ ﻓﺘﺴﺎﻭﻱ‪:‬‬
‫‪=o‬‬
‫) ‪q − w = ∆h = Cp(T2 − T1‬‬
‫)‪w = −Cp(T2 − T1 ) ........................................... (9.17‬‬
‫ﻨﻌﻭﺩ ﺍﻻﻥ ﻟﻤﻭﻀﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻵﻴﺯﻭﻨﺘﺭﻭﺒﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻗﺸﺔ ﺍﻋﻼﻩ ﻴﺘﻀﺢ ﺃﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺍﺠـﺭﺍﺀﺍﺕ‬
‫ﻤﺜﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺁﻴﺯﻭﻨﺘﺭﻭﺒﻴﺔ )ﺇﻨﻌﻜﺎﺴﻴﺔ( ﻭﺍﺠﺭﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺤﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ )ﻻﺇﻨﻌﻜﺎﺴﻴﺔ(‪ ،‬ﺘﻘﺎﺭﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻻﺠﺭﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺒﻨـﺴﺒﺔ ﺘﻌـﺭﻑ‬
‫ﺒﺎﻟﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻵﻴﺯﻭﻨﺘﺭﻭﺒﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻹﺩﻴﺎﺒﺎﺘﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﺭﻤﺯ ﻟﻬﺎ ) ‪ ( ηis‬ﺃﻭ ) ‪ ( η‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻌﺭﻑ ﺒﺄﻨﻬﺎ ﻜﻔـﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻻﻨﻅﻤـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﺴﺎﺌﺭ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﺠﺭﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻼﺇﻨﻌﻜﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﺒﺴﺒﺏ ﺍﻻﺤﺘﻜـﺎﻙ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻤﻌﺭﻓـﺔ ﺘـﺄﺜﻴﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺤﺘﻜﺎﻙ ﻨﻘﻭﻡ ﺒﺎﻟﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻟﻭ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻻﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺇﻨﻌﻜﺎﺴﻴﺎ )ﺁﻴﺯﻨﺘﺭﻭﺒﻴﹰﺎ(*‪ .‬ﺜﻡ ﻨﻀﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺒﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻻﺠﺭﺍﺀ‬
‫)ﺍﻟﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻵﻴﺯﻨﺘﺭﻭﺒﻴﺔ(‪ ،‬ﻟﻜﻲ ﻨﺤﺼل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﻘﺭﻴﺭ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﻭﺍﻗﻌﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﻥ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻜﻔـﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻻﺠـﺭﺍﺀ ﺘﺤـﺩﺩ ﻤـﻥ‬
‫ﺘﺠﺎﺭﺏ ﻨﻘﻭﻡ ﺒﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻨﻅﻤﺔ ﻤﻤﺎﺜﻠﺔ‪.‬‬
‫)‪Irrev.(Act.‬‬

‫‪2a‬‬

‫‪2a‬‬ ‫‪∆Ta‬‬

‫‪4a‬‬ ‫‪4a‬‬
‫‪∆Ta‬‬
‫)‪Rev.(theo.‬‬

‫ﺸﻜل )‪ –(9.8‬ﺍﻟﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻵﻴﺯﻨﺘﺭﻭﺒﻴﺔ ﻟﻤﺤﻁﺔ ﺘﻭﺭﺒﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻏﺎﺯﻴﺔ‬

‫*‬
‫ﺴﻭﻑ ﻨﺸﻴﺭ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻻﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻵﻴﺯﻨﺘﺭﻭﺒﻲ ﺒﺎﻟﺤﺭﻑ )‪ (s‬ﺃﻤﺎ ﺍﻻﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻲ ﻓﺭﻤﺯﻩ )‪ .(a‬ﻜﻤـﺎ ﻓـﻲ‬
‫ﺸﻜﻠﻲ )‪ (9.8‬ﻭ )‪.(9.9‬‬

‫)‪(285‬‬
‫ﻟﺫﺍ ﺘﻌﺩ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻜﻔﺎﺀﺍﺕ ﻜﻌﻭﺍﻤل ﺘﺼﺤﻴﺤﻴﺔ ﺘﺠﺭﻴﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺩﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ ﺍﻻﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻲ ﺒﺎﻻﺠﺭﺍﺀ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺭﻱ)ﺍﻻﻴﺯﻨﺘﺭﻭﺒﻲ(‪ .‬ﻟﺫﺍ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺘﺴﻤﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﺒﺎﻟﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻻﻴﺯﻨﺘﺭﻭﺒﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻻﺠﺭﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﻤﻭﻀﺤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟـﺸﻜﻠﻴﻥ‬
‫)‪ (9.8‬ﻭ )‪.(9.9‬‬

‫‪∆Ta‬‬
‫‪a‬‬
‫‪∆Ts‬‬
‫‪2a‬‬ ‫‪5a‬‬ ‫‪∆Ts‬‬

‫‪∆Ta‬‬

‫ﺸﻜل )‪ –(9.9‬ﺍﻟﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻵﻴﺯﻨﺘﺭﻭﺒﻴﺔ ﻟﻤﺤﺭﻙ ﺘﻭﺭﺒﻴﻨﻲ ﻨﻔﺎﺙ‬

‫ﻟﺫﻟﻙ ﻭﺒﺴﺒﺏ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺍﻻﺤﺘﻜﺎﻙ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﺠﺭﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺴﺎﺱ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻊ ﻏﺎﺯ ﻤﺜﺎﻟﻲ‪ ،‬ﺴﺘﻜﻭﻥ‬
‫ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺘﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻻﻴﺯﻨﺘﺭﻭﺒﻴﺔ ﻟﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻻﻨﻅﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺘﻭﺤﺔ ﻜﺎﻻﺘﻲ‪:‬‬
‫)‪ (1‬ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻔﺙ‪:‬‬
‫‪(C 2 ) 2 a‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪(C 2 ) 2 a ∆h a ∆Ta‬‬
‫= ‪ηN‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫=‬ ‫=‬ ‫)‪..........................................( 9.18‬‬
‫‪(C 2 ) 2 s (C 2 ) 2 s ∆Ts ∆T s‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫)‪ (2‬ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺸﺭﺓ‪:‬‬
‫‪P − P1‬‬
‫‪η D = 2a‬‬ ‫)‪..............................................................( 9.19‬‬
‫‪P2S − P1‬‬
‫)‪ (3‬ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺭﺒﻴﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪w a ∆h a ∆Ta‬‬
‫= ‪ηT‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫=‬ ‫)‪....................................................( 9.20‬‬
‫‪w s ∆h s ∆Ts‬‬
‫)‪ (4‬ﺍﻟﻀﺎﻏﻁ‪:‬‬
‫‪w s ∆h s ∆Ts‬‬
‫= ‪ηC‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫=‬ ‫)‪..............................................( 9.21‬‬
‫‪w a ∆h a ∆Ta‬‬

‫)‪(286‬‬
 ‫ﺃﻤﺜﻠﺔ ﻤﺤﻠﻭﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻻﻴﺯﻨﺘﺭﻭﺒﻴﺔ‬
‫)‪(9.1‬‬
‫ﻫﻭﺍﺀ ﺼﻐﻁﻪ )‪ (4.14 bar‬ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘﻪ)‪ (837 C‬ﺘﻤﺩﺩ ﻓﻨﻔﺙ ﺍﺩﻴﺎﺒﺎﺘﻴﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ )‪ .(1.035 bar‬ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ‬
‫‪o‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻻﻴﺯﻨﺘﺭﻭﺒﻴﺔ ﻟﻤﻨﻔﺙ )‪ .(90%‬ﺍﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻲ ﻟﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‪.‬ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺭ ‪.( γ =1.4‬‬
‫ﺍﻨﻅﺭ ﺸﻜل )‪.(9.9‬‬
‫‪γ −1‬‬
‫‪P‬‬
‫) ‪T2 = T1 ( 2‬‬ ‫‪γ‬‬
‫‪= 1110 × ( 1.035 ) 0.286 = 747K‬‬
‫‪P1‬‬ ‫‪4.14‬‬
‫‪∆Ta‬‬ ‫‪∆Ta‬‬
‫= ‪η IS‬‬ ‫=‬
‫‪∆Ts T2S − T1‬‬
‫‪∆Ta = 0.9 × (1110 − 747 ) = 3267K‬‬
‫)‪(9.2‬‬
‫)‪ (1kg/s‬ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍﺀ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘﻪ )‪ (15oC‬ﻭﻀﻐﻁﻪ )‪ (1bar‬ﻴـﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﺩﻴﺎﺒﺎﺘﻴـﺎ ﺇﻟـﻰ )‪ (125oC‬ﻭ‬
‫)‪ (2.38 bar‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺍﻟﻲ‪.‬ﺍﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﺸﻐل ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﻘل ﻟﻜل )‪ (1kg‬ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻻﻴﺯﻨﺘﺭﻭﺒﻴﺔ‪.‬ﻋﻠﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ‬
‫‪γ=1.4 ،Cp=1.005 kJ/kg.K‬‬
‫ﺍﻨﻅﺭ ﺸﻜل)‪(9.8‬‬

‫‪∆Ta = t 2 − t 1 = 125 − 15 = 110 o C‬‬ ‫‪∆Ts = T2 s − T1 = 370 − 288 = 82 o C‬‬

‫‪w = ∆h = Cp∆T = 1.005 × 110‬‬ ‫‪∆Ts‬‬
‫= ‪η is‬‬ ‫‪= 82 = 0.745‬‬
‫‪= 110.5 kJ / kg‬‬ ‫‪∆Ta 110‬‬
‫‪γ −1‬‬ ‫‪0.4‬‬
‫‪P‬‬
‫‪T2S‬‬ ‫) ‪= T1 ( 2‬‬ ‫‪γ‬‬
‫‪= 288( 2.38 ) 1.4‬‬
‫‪P1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫‪= 370K‬‬
‫)‪(9.3‬‬
‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻤﺔ ﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻊ ﻫﻲ )‪ (6.83kW‬ﻭﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻻﻴﺯﻨﺘﺭﻭﺒﻴﺔ ﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻊ ﻫـﻲ‬
‫)‪ .(5.4 kW‬ﺍﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻻﻴﺯﻨﺘﺭﻭﺒﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪&s‬‬
‫‪w‬‬
‫= ) ‪η ( is‬‬ ‫‪= 5.4 = 0.79‬‬
‫‪& a 6.83‬‬
‫‪w‬‬

‫)‪(287‬‬
 ‫)‪(9.4‬‬
‫ﻫﻭﺍﺀ ﻀﻐﻁﻪ )‪ (1.01352 bar‬ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘﻪ )‪ (15 oC‬ﻀﻐﻁ ﻓﻲ ﻀﺎﻏﻁﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ )‪ .(4.14bar‬ﻴﻤـﺭ‬
‫ﺇﻟﻰ ﻤﺒﺎﺩل ﺤﺭﺍﺭﻱ ﻟﻴﺨﺭﺝ ﻤﻨﻪ ﺒﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ )‪ (760oC‬ﻭﻟﻴﺩﺨل ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺭﺒﻴﻥ‪ .‬ﻭﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻨـﺎﺘﺞ ﺍﻟـﺸﻐل‬
‫ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺠﻲ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺭﺒﻴﻥ ﻜﺎﻓﻴﺎ ﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴل ﺍﻟﻀﺎﻏﻁ‪ .‬ﻭﺒﻌﺩ ﺨﺭﻭﺝ ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍﺀ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺭﺒﻴﻥ ﻴﺘﻤﺩﺩ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺘﻔـﺙ ﺇﻟـﻰ‬
‫ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻴﺯﻨﺘﺭﻭﺒﻴﺔ ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭﻫﺎ )‪ (722K‬ﻭﻴﻌﻭﺩ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻀﻐﻁﻪ ﺍﻷﺒﺘﺩﺍﺌﻲ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻻﻴﺯﻨﺘﺭﻭﺒﻴﺔ ﻟﻜل ﻤـﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻭﺭﺒﻴﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻨﻔﺙ ﻫﻲ )‪ (0.90) ، (0.80) ، (0.85‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺍﻟﻲ‪ .‬ﺍﺤﺴﺏ‪:‬‬
‫)‪(1‬ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺍﻻﻴﺯﻨﺘﺭﻭﺒﻲ ﻟﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺭﺒﻴﻥ )‪(2‬ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻠﻲ ﻟﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻔﺙ ﻋﻠﻤﺎ ﺒﺄﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪γ =1.4 ، Cp=1.005 kJ/kg.K‬‬
‫ﺍﺴﺘﻨﺎﺩﺍ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﻜل )‪(9.9‬‬

‫‪P‬‬
‫‪γ −1‬‬
‫‪∆Ta T3 − T4‬‬
‫‪T2S‬‬ ‫) ‪= T1 ( 2‬‬ ‫‪γ‬‬
‫‪= 288( 4.14 ) 0.286‬‬ ‫= ‪η ist‬‬ ‫=‬
‫‪P1‬‬ ‫‪1.013‬‬ ‫‪∆Ts‬‬ ‫‪∆Ts‬‬
‫‪= 430K‬‬ ‫‪T − T4 1033 − 866‬‬
‫‪∆T st = 3‬‬ ‫=‬
‫‪∆Ts = T2s − T1 = 430 − 288‬‬ ‫‪η ist‬‬ ‫‪0 .8‬‬
‫‪= 142K‬‬ ‫‪= 208.75K‬‬
‫‪w S = C P ∆Ts = 1.005 × 142‬‬ ‫‪∆Ta‬‬ ‫‪∆Ta‬‬ ‫‪∆Ta‬‬
‫= ‪η isN‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫=‬
‫‪∆Ts T4 − T5S 866 − 722‬‬
‫‪= 143KJ / Kg‬‬
‫‪∆TaN = 144 × 0.9 = 129.6K‬‬
‫‪w‬‬ ‫‪143‬‬
‫= ‪η isc = s ⇒ w ac‬‬
‫‪wa‬‬ ‫‪0.85‬‬
‫‪= 168 kJ / kg‬‬
‫‪w ac = w at‬‬
‫) ‪168 = Cp(T3 − T4 ) = 1.005(1033 − T4‬‬
‫‪T4 = 866K‬‬

‫)‪(288‬‬
 ‫)‪(9.5‬‬
‫ﻤﺤﻁﺔ ﺘﻭﺭﺒﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻏﺎﺯﻴﺔ ﻤﻐﻠﻘﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺴﺎﺱ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺠﻭل ﺍﻭ ﺒﺭﺍﻴﺘﻭﻥ‪ ،‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺸﻜل )‪ .(9.8‬ﺃﻗﺼﻰ ﻭﺍﺩﻨـﻰ‬
‫‪P‬‬
‫ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺭﺓ )‪ (1000K‬ﻭ)‪ (288K‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘـﻭﺍﻟﻲ‪ .‬ﻨـﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟـﻀﻐﻁ) ‪ .( 2 = 6‬ﺍﻟﻜﻔـﺎﺀﺓ‬
‫‪P1‬‬
‫ﺍﻻﻴﺯﻨﺘﺭﻭﺒﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻭﺭﺒﻴﻥ )‪ (90%) ,(85%‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺍﻟﻲ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﺤﺴﺏ ﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺭﺓ؟ ﻋﻠﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪γ=1.4 ،Cp=1.005 kJ/kg.K‬‬
‫‪P‬‬
‫‪γ −1‬‬
‫‪γ‬‬
‫‪1.4 −1‬‬ ‫)‪w C = −Cp(T1 − T1 ) = −1.005 × (515 − 288‬‬
‫‪T2S‬‬ ‫) ‪= T1 ( 2‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪288 × (6) 1.4‬‬
‫‪P1‬‬ ‫‪= −288 kJ / kg‬‬
‫‪= 481K‬‬ ‫)‪w T = −Cp(T4 − T3 ) = −1.005 × (639 − 1000‬‬
‫‪= 363 kJ / kg‬‬
‫‪∆Ts‬‬
‫= ‪η is‬‬ ‫‪⇒ 0.85 = 481 − 288‬‬
‫‪∆Ta‬‬ ‫‪T2 − 288‬‬ ‫‪w net = w C + w T = −288 + 363‬‬
‫‪T2 = 515K‬‬ ‫‪= 135 kJ / kg‬‬
‫‪γ −1‬‬
‫‪P4‬‬ ‫‪1.4 −1‬‬ ‫‪q 23‬‬ ‫)‪= Cp(T3 − T2 ) = 1.005 × (1000 − 515‬‬
‫( ‪T4S = T3‬‬ ‫)‬ ‫‪γ‬‬
‫) ‪= 1000 × ( 1‬‬ ‫‪1.4‬‬
‫‪P3‬‬ ‫‪6‬‬ ‫‪= 487 kJ / kg‬‬
‫‪= 599K‬‬ ‫‪w net 135‬‬
‫= ‪ηcycle‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 0.277‬‬
‫‪∆Ta‬‬ ‫‪1000 − T4‬‬ ‫‪q 23 487‬‬
‫= ‪η isT‬‬ ‫= ‪⇒ 0.9‬‬
‫‪∆Ts‬‬ ‫‪1000 − 599‬‬
‫‪T4 = 639K‬‬ ‫= ‪kJ / kg‬‬
‫‪kJ / s‬‬
‫‪= kW / kg.s‬‬
‫‪kg / s‬‬
‫‪kW..per ...kg / s‬‬

‫)‪(289‬‬
 ‫)‪(9.6‬‬
‫ﻤﺤﻁﺔ ﺘﻭﺭﺒﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻏﺎﺯﻴﺔ ﻤﺜﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻴﺩﺨل ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍﺀ ﻟﻠﻀﺎﻏﻁﺔ ﻋﻨﺩ )‪ (1bar‬ﻭ)‪ (15oC‬ﻭﺒﻀﻐﻁ ﻋﻨـﺩ )‪.(6bar‬‬
‫ﻭﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤـﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻋﻨـﺩ ﺍﻟـﺩﺨﻭل ﺇﻟـﻰ ﺍﻟﺘـﻭﺭﺒﻴﻥ )‪ .(650oC‬ﺍﻟﻤـﺎﻨﻊ ﻫـﻭﺍﺀ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﻥ ‪، γ =1.4‬‬
‫‪ ،Cp=1.005 kJ/kg.K‬ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﻟﻜل ﻤـﻥ ﺍﻟـﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﻭﺍﻟﺘـﻭﺭﺒﻴﻥ ) ‪ .( 16‬ﻜﻔـﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻻﻨـﻀﻐﺎﻁ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻴﺯﻨﺘﺭﻭﺒﻴﺔ )‪ .(0.88‬ﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺩﺩ ﺍﻻﻴﺯﻨﺘﺭﻭﺒﻴﺔ )‪ .(0.9‬ﺍﺤﺴﺏ ﻟﻜل )‪:(1kg‬‬
‫)ﺃ(ﺸﻐل ﺍﻟﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻭﺭﺒﻴﻥ )ﺏ(ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﻘﻠﺔ )ﺝ(ﺍﻟﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪P‬‬
‫‪γ −1‬‬ ‫‪1.4 −1‬‬ ‫)‪w C = Cp(T2 − T1 ) = 1.005 × ( 219‬‬
‫‪T2S‬‬ ‫) ‪= T1 ( 1‬‬ ‫‪γ‬‬
‫) ‪= 288( 6‬‬ ‫‪1.4‬‬
‫‪P2‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪= 220 kJ/kg‬‬
‫‪= 481K‬‬ ‫‪w T = Cp(T4 − T3 ) = 1.005 × 334‬‬
‫‪∆Ts‬‬ ‫‪= 336 kJ/kg‬‬
‫= ‪η isC‬‬ ‫‪⇒ 0.88 = 481 − 288‬‬
‫‪∆Ta‬‬ ‫‪T2 − 288‬‬ ‫‪q in = Cp(T3 − T2 ) = 1.005 × 416‬‬
‫‪T2 = 507‬‬ ‫‪= 418 kJ/kg‬‬
‫‪γ −1‬‬ ‫‪1.4 −1‬‬
‫‪P4‬‬ ‫‪q o = Cp(T4 − T1 ) = 1.005 × 301‬‬
‫( ‪T4S = T3‬‬ ‫)‬ ‫‪γ‬‬
‫=‬ ‫‪923( 1 ) 1.4‬‬
‫‪P3‬‬ ‫‪6‬‬ ‫‪= 303 kJ/kg‬‬
‫‪= 552‬‬ ‫‪w net = w C + w T = −220 + 336‬‬
‫‪∆Ta‬‬ ‫‪923 − T4‬‬ ‫‪= 116 kJ/kg‬‬
‫= ‪η isT‬‬ ‫= ‪⇒ 0.9‬‬
‫‪∆Ts‬‬ ‫‪923 − 552‬‬ ‫‪w‬‬ ‫‪116‬‬
‫‪T4 = 589K‬‬ ‫= ‪η = net‬‬ ‫‪= 0.277‬‬
‫‪q in‬‬ ‫‪418‬‬

‫)‪(9.7‬‬
‫) ‪ ( 90kg / h‬ﻤﻥ ﻤﺎﺌﻊ ﻴﺘـﺩﻓﻕ ﺒـﺸﻜل ﻤـﺴﺘﻘﺭ ﻓـﻲ ﻀـﺎﻏﻁ‪ .‬ﺍﻷﻨﺜـﺎﻟﺒﻲ ﺍﻟﻨـﻭﻋﻲ ﻋﻨـﺩ ﺍﻟـﺩﺨﻭل‬
‫) ‪ .( 189.7 kJ/kg‬ﺍﻻﻨﺜﺎﻟﺒﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻲ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻷﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﺍﻻﺩﻴﺎﺒﺎﺘﻲ ) ‪ ( 223.63 kJ/kg‬ﻭﻋﻨـﺩ ﺍﻷﻨـﻀﻐﺎﻁ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻲ ) ‪ .( 230.4 kJ/kg‬ﺍﺤﺴﺏ ﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻟﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﺍﻻﺩﻴﺎﺒﺎﺘﻴﺔ )ﺍﻻﻴﺯﻨﺘﺭﻭﺒﻴﺔ(‪.‬‬
‫‪2‬‬

‫‪h2a=230.4 kJ/kg‬‬
‫‪T‬‬
‫‪C.‬‬ ‫‪h2s=232.63kJ/kg‬‬ ‫‪P1=200kPa‬‬
‫‪2s 2a‬‬ ‫‪P2=1.2MPa‬‬
‫‪& 12 = m‬‬
‫‪W‬‬ ‫) ‪& (h 1 − h 2 a‬‬ ‫‪h1=189.7kJ/kg‬‬ ‫‪t1=0oC‬‬
‫‪90‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪t2=80oC‬‬
‫=‬ ‫)‪(189.7 − 230.4‬‬
‫‪3600‬‬
‫‪= −1.02kW‬‬ ‫‪S‬‬
‫‪& 12S = m‬‬
‫‪W‬‬ ‫) ‪& (h 1 − h 2 s‬‬ ‫‪& 12S − 0.85‬‬
‫‪W‬‬
‫= ) ‪η is ( c‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 0.833‬‬
‫‪90‬‬ ‫‪& 12a − 1.02‬‬
‫‪W‬‬
‫=‬ ‫‪(189.7 − 223.63) = −0.85kW‬‬
‫‪3600‬‬

‫)‪(290‬‬
 ‫)‪(9.8‬‬
‫ﻫﻴﻠﻭﻴﻡ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘﻪ )‪ (450 K‬ﻭﻀﻐﻁﻪ )‪ .(300kPa‬ﺘﻤـﺩﺩ ﺍﺩﻴﺎﺒﺎﺘﻴـﺎ ﻓـﻲ ﻨـﻭﺯل ﻤﻌـﺯﻭل ﺇﻟـﻰ‬
‫)‪ .(180 kPa‬ﺍﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻴﺔ )ﺍﻗﺼﻰ ﺴﺭﻋﺔ(‪ .‬ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻲ ﺇﻟﻰ )‪ .(373 K‬ﺍﺤﺴﺏ‬
‫‪(1) :‬ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ‪(2)،‬ﺍﻟﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻻﻴﺯﻨﺘﺭﻭﺒﻴﺔ )ﺍﻻﺩﻴﺎﺒﺎﺘﻴﺔ( ﻟﻠﻨﻭﺯل‪(3) ،‬ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻲ ﻟﻼﻨﺘﺭﻭﺒﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻲ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻤﺎ ﺍﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪Cp = 5.19kJ / kg.K , R = 2.078kJ / kg.K‬‬
‫‪γ = 1.667‬‬ ‫‪T‬‬
‫‪γ −1‬‬ ‫‪1.667 −1‬‬ ‫‪450‬‬
‫‪P‬‬ ‫‪γ‬‬ ‫‪180‬‬
‫) ‪T2 = T1 ( 2‬‬ ‫(‪= 450‬‬ ‫)‬ ‫‪1.667‬‬
‫‪P1‬‬ ‫‪300‬‬ ‫‪373‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪= 367K‬‬ ‫‪300‬‬ ‫‪2s‬‬ ‫‪S‬‬

‫) ‪C 2S = 2Cp(T1 − T2S‬‬

‫[‬ ‫]‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫‪= 2 × 5.19(450 − 367)10 3‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪C1<C2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪180kPa‬‬
‫‪= 928 m / s‬‬ ‫‪300kPa‬‬
‫‪373K‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻴــــﺔ‬ ‫‪450K‬‬

‫) ‪C 2a = 2Cp(T1 − T2‬‬ ‫‪∆s12 = S 2 − S 1‬‬

‫] ‪= [2 × 5.19(450 − 373) × 10‬‬

‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪T2‬‬ ‫‪P‬‬
‫‪3 2‬‬ ‫‪= Cp ln‬‬ ‫‪− R ln 2‬‬
‫‪T1‬‬ ‫‪P1‬‬
‫‪= 894m / s‬‬ ‫‪373‬‬ ‫‪180‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻴــــﺔ‬ ‫‪= 5.19 ln‬‬ ‫‪− 2.078 ln‬‬
‫‪450‬‬ ‫‪300‬‬
‫‪= 0.088kJ / kg.K‬‬
‫‪h1 − h 2a‬‬ ‫‪kJ = 10 3 J = 10 3 .N .m‬‬
‫= ‪ηis‬‬
‫‪h1 − h 2 s‬‬ ‫‪= 10 3 kg.m / s 2 .m‬‬
‫‪Cp(T1 − T2a ) 450 − 373‬‬
‫=‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 0.93‬‬ ‫‪= 10 3 kg.m 2 / s 2‬‬
‫‪Cp(T1 − T2S ) 450 − 367‬‬
‫‪10 3 .kg.m 2 / s 2‬‬
‫= ‪kJ / kg‬‬
‫‪kg‬‬
‫‪= 10 3 m 2 / s 2‬‬

‫)‪(291‬‬
 ‫)‪(9.9‬‬
‫ﻫﻭﺍﺀ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘﻪ )‪ (37oC‬ﻭﻀﻐﻁﻪ )‪ (101 kPa‬ﻴﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﺩﻴﺎﺒﺎﺘﻴﹰﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻀﺎﻏﻁﺔ ﺒﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﺼﺒﺢ ﻀﻐﻁﻪ‬
‫)‪ (12‬ﻤﺭﺓ ﺍﻜﺜﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻷﺒﺘﺩﺍﺌﻲ‪ .‬ﺘﻀﺎﻑ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺒﺜﺒـﻭﺕ ﺍﻟـﻀﻐﻁ ﻭﺘـﺼﺒﺢ ﺩﺭﺠـﺔ ﺍﻟﺤـﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬
‫)‪ .(1566.1K‬ﻴﺘﻤﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍﺀ ﺍﺩﻴﺎﺒﺎﺘﻴﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺘﻭﺭﺒﻴﻥ ﻟﻴﻌﻭﺩ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻀﻐﻁﻪ ﺍﻷﺒﺘﺩﺍﺌﻲ‪ .‬ﺜﻡ ﺘﻁﺭﺩ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺒﺜﺒـﻭﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﻟﻴﻌﻭﺩ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺤﺎﻟﺘﻪ ﺍﻻﺼﻠﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ‪ .Cp=1.004kJ/kg.K ،γ =1.4‬ﺍﺤﺴﺏ‪:‬‬
‫)‪(1‬ﺼﺎﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻐل ‪(2) ،‬ﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺭﺓ‬
‫ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻷﺩﻴﺎﺒﺎﺘﻴﺔ )ﺍﻻﻴﺯﻨﺘﺭﻭﺒﻴﺔ( ﻟﻠﻀﺎﻏﻁ )‪ (84%‬ﻭﻟﻠﺘﻭﺭﺒﻴﻥ )‪. (87%‬‬
‫ﺍﺤﺴﺏ )‪(1‬ﺼﺎﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻐل ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻲ ‪(2) ،‬ﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪γ −1‬‬ ‫‪1.4 − 1‬‬
‫‪P‬‬ ‫‪γ‬‬
‫) ‪T2S = T1 ( 2‬‬ ‫)‪= 310(12‬‬ ‫‪1.4‬‬
‫‪P1‬‬
‫‪= 630.96K‬‬
‫‪γ −1‬‬
‫‪P‬‬
‫) ‪T4S = T3 ( 4‬‬ ‫‪γ‬‬
‫‪= 1566( 1 )0.286‬‬
‫‪P1‬‬ ‫‪12‬‬
‫‪= 769.4K‬‬ ‫‪T2a = 692.1K‬‬
‫) ‪w 12S = Cp(T1 − T2S‬‬ ‫) ‪q 23 = Cp(T3 − T2a‬‬
‫)‪= 1.004( 310 − 630.96‬‬ ‫)‪= 1.004(1566 − 292.1‬‬
‫‪= −322.3kJ / kg‬‬ ‫‪= 877.4kJ / kg‬‬
‫) ‪w 34S = Cp(T3 − T4S‬‬ ‫‪w‬‬
‫‪ηth = net = 281.7 = 0.32‬‬
‫‪q 23 877.4‬‬
‫)‪= 1.004(1566 − 769.4‬‬
‫‪w‬‬ ‫‪− 321‬‬
‫‪= 799.8kJ / kg‬‬ ‫= ‪ηc = 12S ⇒ w 12act‬‬
‫‪w 12a‬‬ ‫‪0.84‬‬
‫) ‪w net = w 34S + ( w 12S‬‬
‫‪= −383.7kJ / kg‬‬
‫)‪= 796.1 + ( −320.5‬‬
‫‪w 34a‬‬
‫‪= 475.6kJ / kg‬‬ ‫= ‪ηT‬‬ ‫‪⇒ w 34a = 0.87 × 764.8‬‬
‫‪w 34s‬‬
‫) ‪q 2S 3 = Cp(T3 − T2S‬‬
‫‪= −665.4kJ / kg‬‬
‫)‪= 1.004(1566 − 630.96‬‬
‫) ‪ηnet = w 34act + w 12act = 665.4 + ( −383.7‬‬
‫‪= −938.8kJ / kg‬‬
‫‪= 281.7kJ / kg‬‬
‫‪w‬‬
‫‪η th = net = 475.6 = 0.506‬‬
‫‪q 2S 3 938.8‬‬
‫‪T − T1‬‬
‫‪η C = 2S‬‬
‫‪T2a − T1‬‬
‫‪630.96 − 310‬‬
‫= ‪⇒ 0.84‬‬
‫‪T2a − 310‬‬

‫)‪(292‬‬
 ‫)‪(9.10‬‬
‫ﻫﻭﺍﺀ ﻀﻐﻁﻪ )‪ (100kN/m2‬ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘﻪ )‪ .(20oC‬ﻴﻀﻐﻁ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻫﻭﺍﺀ ﺍﺩﻴﺎﺒﺎﺘﻴﺎ ﺒﻤﻌـﺩل )‪(10kg/s‬‬
‫(‪ .‬ﺍﻟﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻻﻴﺯﻨﺘﺭﻭﺒﻴﺔ )‪ .(0.85‬ﺍﺤﺴﺏ‪:‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫ﻭﺒﻨﺴﺒﺔ )‬
‫)ﺃ(ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺌﻲ )ﺏ(ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠﻭﺒﺔ ﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴل ﺍﻟﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﺒﺎﻟـ )‪(kW‬ﻋﻠﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪γ =1.4 ،Cp=1.005 kJ/kg.K‬‬
‫ﺸﻜل )‪(9.8‬‬
‫‪P‬‬
‫‪γ −1‬‬ ‫‪0.4‬‬ ‫‪T2 = 494K‬‬
‫‪γ‬‬
‫‪T2S‬‬ ‫) ‪= T1 ( 2‬‬ ‫‪= 293(5) 1.4 = 464K‬‬
‫‪P1‬‬ ‫‪P2 = 5P1 = 5.100 = 500kN / m 2‬‬
‫‪T − T1‬‬ ‫‪& =m‬‬ ‫) ‪& Cp(T − T‬‬
‫‪η is = ∆Ts = 2′‬‬
‫‪W‬‬ ‫‪c‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪∆Ta T2 − T1‬‬ ‫‪= 10 × 1.005( 293 − 494) = −2020kW‬‬
‫‪0.85 = 464 − 293‬‬
‫‪T2 − 293‬‬

‫)‪(9.11‬‬
‫ﻋﺎﺯ ﻀﻐﻁﻪ )‪(93kN/m2‬ﻭﺩﺭﺓ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘﻪ )‪ ،(15oC‬ﻜﺜﺎﻓﺘﻪ )‪( 1.3kg/m3‬ﻴﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﺩﻴﺎﺒﺎﺘﻴﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻀـﺎﻏﻁﺔ‬
‫ﺇﻟﻰ )‪ .(200kN/m2‬ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺩﻓﻘﺔ )‪ .(0.17 kg/s‬ﺍﻟﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻻﻴﺯﻨﺘﺭﻭﺒﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻀﺎﻏﻁ )‪.(82%‬‬
‫ﺍﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠﻭﺒﺔ ﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴل ﺍﻟﻀﺎﻏﻁ‪ .‬ﻋﻠﻤﺎ ﺍﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪γ=1.4 ،Cp=1.005 kJ/kg.K‬‬
‫ﺸﻜل)‪(9.8‬‬
‫‪P1‬‬ ‫‪93‬‬ ‫‪∆Ts T2S − T1‬‬
‫=‪R‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫= ‪η( is )c‬‬ ‫=‬
‫‪ρT 1.3 × 288‬‬ ‫‪∆Ta‬‬ ‫‪∆Ta‬‬
‫‪= 0.248kJ / kg.K‬‬ ‫‪T − T1 353 − 288‬‬
‫‪∆Ta = 2S‬‬ ‫=‬
‫‪Rγ‬‬ ‫‪0.248 × 1.38‬‬ ‫‪0.82‬‬ ‫‪0.82‬‬
‫= ‪Cp‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 79.3K‬‬
‫‪γ −1‬‬ ‫‪1.38 − 1‬‬
‫‪& c=m‬‬‫‪& Cp∆Ta‬‬
‫‪= 0.902kJ / kg.K‬‬ ‫‪W‬‬
‫‪γ −1‬‬ ‫‪1.38−1‬‬ ‫‪= 0.17 × 0.902 × 79.3‬‬
‫‪P‬‬ ‫‪γ‬‬ ‫‪200‬‬
‫) ‪T2S = T1 ( 2‬‬ ‫(‪= 288‬‬ ‫)‬ ‫‪1.38‬‬
‫‪= 12.16kW‬‬
‫‪P1‬‬ ‫‪93‬‬
‫‪= 353K‬‬

‫)‪(293‬‬
 ‫)‪ -(9.7‬ﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺭﻭﺒﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﻨﻌﻜﺎﺴﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻨﻔﺘﺭﺽ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻤﻐﻠﻕ ﻴﺤﺘﻭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻏﺎﺯ ﻤﺜﺎﻟﻲ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﺴـﻁﻭﺍﻨﺔ ﻋﺩﻴﻤـﺔ ﺍﻻﺤﺘﻜـﺎﻙ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺴﺭﺏ‪ .‬ﻭﻴﺘﻌﺭﺽ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻨﻌﻜﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ )‪(1‬ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ )‪ (2‬ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻀـﺤﺔ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﻤﺨﻁﻁـﻲ‬
‫)‪ (P-V‬ﺸﻜل )‪ (a‬ﻭ)‪ (T-S‬ﺸﻜل )‪ (b‬ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﺸﻜﺎل ﺍﺩﻨﺎﻩ‪ ،‬ﻓﺴﻴﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺭﻭﺒﻲ ﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪-:‬‬
‫)‪(1‬ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺜﺒﻭﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻡ ‪Iso-choric process‬‬
‫ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺒﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﺒﻘﻰ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻡ ﺜﺎﺒﺘﺎﹰ‪ ،‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺸﻜل )‪ (9.10‬ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﻭﻀﺢ ﻤﺴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﺴﻴﻜﻭﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺭﻭﺒﻲ ﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻻﺘﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪dq 2 CvdT‬‬ ‫‪T‬‬
‫∫ = ‪∆s 12‬‬ ‫∫=‬ ‫)‪= Cv ln 2 ...........................(9.22‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫‪T 1 T‬‬ ‫‪T1‬‬

‫ﺸﻜل )‪ (9.10‬ﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺍﻹﻨﺘﺭﻭﺒﻲ ﺒﺜﺒﻭﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻡ‬

‫)‪(2‬ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺜﺒﻭﺕ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ‪Iso-baric process‬‬

‫ﻟﺘﻜﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺒﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﺒﻘﻰ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﺜﺎﺒﺘﺎﹰ‪ ،‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜل )‪ (9.11‬ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﻭﻀﺢ ﻤﺴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴـﺔ‪ .‬ﻓـﺴﻴﻜﻭﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺭﻭﺒﻲ ﻫﻭ‪:‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪dq 2 CpdT‬‬ ‫‪T‬‬
‫‪∆s 12‬‬ ‫∫=‬ ‫∫=‬ ‫)‪= Cp ln 2 ...........................(9.22‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫‪T 1 T‬‬ ‫‪T1‬‬

‫ﺸﻜل )‪- (9.11‬ﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺭﻭﺒﻲ ﺒﺜﺒﻭﺕ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ‬

‫)‪(294‬‬
‫)‪(3‬ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﻴﺯﻭﺜﺭﻤﻠﻴﺔ ‪ Isothermal Process‬ﻟﺘﻜﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺒﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﻤﺎ ﺒﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﺒﻘﻰ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺜﺎﺒﺘﺔ‪ ،‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺸﻜل )‪.(9.12‬‬

‫ﺸﻜل )‪ -(9.12‬ﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺭﻭﺒﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻻﻴﺯﻭﺜﺭﻤﻠﻲ‬

‫ﺨﻼل ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺴﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻨﺘﻘﺎل ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻤﺴﺎ ٍﻭ ﻷﻨﺘﻘﺎل ﺍﻟﺸﻐل‪ ،‬ﻭﺴﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﻨﺘﺭﻭﺒﻲ ﻫﻭ‪:‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪= ∫ Pdν = ∫ RTdν‬‬
‫‪dq‬‬
‫∫ = ‪∆s12‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫‪T 1 T‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫‪νT‬‬

‫‪Q P = RT‬‬
‫‪ν‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪ν‬‬
‫)‪∴ ∆s12 = R ∫ dν = R ln 2 ............................(9.24‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫‪ν‬‬ ‫‪ν1‬‬
‫‪OR :‬‬
‫‪ν2‬‬
‫‪RT ln‬‬
‫‪q‬‬ ‫‪ν1‬‬ ‫‪ν2‬‬
‫= ‪∆s12‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= R ln‬‬ ‫)‪................9.25‬‬
‫‪T‬‬ ‫‪T‬‬ ‫‪ν1‬‬
‫)‪ (4‬ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﺩﻴﺎﺒﺎﺘﻴﺔ ‪Adiabatic Process‬‬
‫ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﻨﻌﻜﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻨﺘﻘﺎل ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻴﻁ ﺃﻭ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﺘﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺼﻔﺭﹶﺍ‪ .‬ﻭﻤﺴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻤﻭﻀﺢ ﻓﻲ ﺸﻜل )‪ ، (9.13‬ﻭﻟﺫﻟﻙ ﺘﺴﻤﻰ ﺒﺎﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﻴﺯﻭﻨﺘﺭﻭﺒﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻻﺱ )‪ (γ‬ﻴـﺴﻤﻰ ﺍﻻﺱ ﺍﻻﺩﻴﺎﺒـﺎﺘﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻨﻌﻜﺎﺴﻲ ﺃﻭﺍﻻﻴﺯﻨﺘﺭﻭﺒﻲ‪ .‬ﻟﺫﻟﻙ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪dq‬‬
‫∫ = ‪∆s 12‬‬ ‫)‪= O...................................(9.26‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫‪T‬‬

‫)‪(295‬‬
 ‫ﺸﻜل )‪- (9.13‬ﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺭﻭﺒﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻻﺩﻴﺎﺒﺎﺘﻲ‬

‫)‪ (5‬ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻭﻟﺘﺭﻭﺒﻴﺔ ‪Polytropic Process‬‬

‫ﻋﻨﺩ ﺤﺩﻭﺙ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻨﻌﻜﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﺒﺤﻴﺙ ﻻ ﺘﺒﻘﻰ ﺃﻴﺔ ﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﺜﺎﺒﺘﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ ﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟـﻀﻐﻁ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺠـﻡ ﻭﺩﺭﺠـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜل )‪.(9.14‬‬

‫ﺸﻜل )‪-(9.14‬ﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺭﻭﺒﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺒﻭﻟﺘﺭﻭﺒﻲ‬

‫ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻻﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﻘﻠﺔ ﻤﺴﺎﻭﻴﺔ ﻟﻤﺠﻤﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﺯﺍﺌﺩ ﺍﻟﺸﻐل ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﻘل‪ .‬ﺃﻱ‬
‫ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺭﻭﺒﻲ ﻴﺴﺎﻭﻱ‪:‬‬
‫‪dq = du + dw‬‬
‫ﻭﻷﻥ‪:‬‬

‫‪dq‬‬ ‫‪du‬‬ ‫‪pdν‬‬ ‫‪du‬‬ ‫‪RTdν‬‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻜﻭﻥ‬ ‫‪P = RT‬‬

‫∫‬ ‫∫=‬ ‫∫‪+‬‬ ‫∫=‬ ‫∫‪+‬‬ ‫‪V‬‬
‫‪T‬‬ ‫‪T‬‬ ‫‪T‬‬ ‫‪T‬‬ ‫‪νT‬‬
‫‪CvdT‬‬ ‫‪dν‬‬
‫∫ = ‪∆s12‬‬ ‫∫‪+ R‬‬
‫‪T‬‬ ‫‪V‬‬
‫‪T‬‬ ‫‪ν‬‬
‫)‪= Cv ln 2 + R ln 2 ....................................(9.27‬‬
‫‪T1‬‬ ‫‪ν1‬‬

‫)‪(296‬‬
 ‫ﺍﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﻭﺍﺴﺘﻨﺎﺩﺍ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ )‪ (9.27‬ﺍﺍﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺭﻭﺒﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﺠـﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺒـﻭﻟﺘﺭﻭﺒﻲ ﻴﻤﻜـﻥ ﺍﺸـﺘﻘﺎﻕ‬
‫ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ ﻟﻠﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺭﻭﺒﻲ ﻭﺒﺎﻟﻁﺭﻕ ﺍﻻﺘﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻻﻭﻟﻰ‬
‫‪T‬‬ ‫‪ν‬‬ ‫‪T‬‬ ‫‪ν‬‬
‫‪Q ∆ s 12‬‬ ‫‪= Cv ln 2 + R ln 2‬‬ ‫‪Q ∆s12‬‬ ‫‪= Cv ln 2 + R ln 2‬‬
‫‪T1‬‬ ‫‪ν1‬‬ ‫‪T1‬‬ ‫‪ν1‬‬
‫‪Q Cv = Cp − R‬‬ ‫‪Q R = Cp − Cv‬‬
‫‪T2‬‬ ‫‪T‬‬ ‫‪ν‬‬ ‫‪T‬‬ ‫‪ν‬‬ ‫‪ν‬‬
‫‪∴ ∆ s 12 = ( Cp ln‬‬ ‫) ‪− R ln 2 ) + R ln 2 ∴ ∆s12 = Cv ln 2 (Cp ln 2 − Cv ln 2‬‬
‫‪T1‬‬ ‫‪T1‬‬ ‫‪ν1‬‬ ‫‪T1‬‬ ‫‪ν1‬‬ ‫‪ν1‬‬
‫‪T‬‬ ‫‪T‬‬ ‫‪ν‬‬ ‫‪ν‬‬ ‫‪T‬‬ ‫‪ν‬‬
‫) ‪= Cp ln 2 − R (ln 2 − ln 2‬‬ ‫) ‪= Cp ln 2 + Cv(ln 2 − ln 2‬‬
‫‪T1‬‬ ‫‪T1‬‬ ‫‪ν1‬‬ ‫‪ν1‬‬ ‫‪T1‬‬ ‫‪ν1‬‬
‫‪T‬‬ ‫‪Tν‬‬ ‫‪ν‬‬ ‫‪Tν‬‬
‫‪= Cp ln 2 − R ln 2 1‬‬ ‫‪= Cp ln 2 + Cv ln 2 1‬‬
‫‪T‬‬ ‫‪Tν‬‬ ‫‪ν1‬‬ ‫‪T1ν 2‬‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪ν2‬‬ ‫‪P‬‬
‫‪= Cp ln‬‬
‫‪T2‬‬ ‫‪P‬‬
‫‪− R ln 2 .......... .......... ........‬‬ ‫‪= Cp ln‬‬ ‫)‪+ Cv ln 2 ..............(9.28‬‬
‫‪T1‬‬ ‫‪P1‬‬ ‫‪ν1‬‬ ‫‪P1‬‬

‫ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻴﻀﺎ ﺍﺸﺘﻘﺎﻕ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺭﻭﺒﻲ ﺍﺴﺘﻨﺎﺩﺍ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟـﺔ ﻜﻤﻴـﺔ ﺍﻟﺤـﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻓـﻲ ﺍﻻﺠـﺭﺍﺀ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﻭﻟﺘﺭﻭﺒﻲ )‪(5.46‬ﻭﻜﺎﻵﺘﻲ‪:‬‬
‫ﺒﺘﻜﺎﻤل ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻓﻴﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺴﻤﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ )‪(T‬‬
‫‪p R‬‬
‫ﻭﺒﻤﺎ ﺍﻥ ‪= :‬‬
‫‪T ν‬‬
‫‪γ−n‬‬
‫=‪q‬‬ ‫‪.dw‬‬
‫‪γ −1‬‬
‫‪dq γ − n pdν‬‬
‫∫‬ ‫=‬ ‫∫‪.‬‬
‫‪T γ −1‬‬ ‫‪T‬‬
‫‪γ −n‬‬ ‫‪dν‬‬
‫= ‪∆s12‬‬ ‫∫ ‪.R‬‬
‫‪γ −1‬‬ ‫‪ν‬‬
‫‪γ−n‬‬ ‫‪ν‬‬ ‫‪γ−n‬‬ ‫‪ν‬‬
‫=‬ ‫= ‪.R . ln 2‬‬ ‫‪.Cv( γ − 1) ln 2‬‬
‫‪γ −1‬‬ ‫‪ν1 γ − 1‬‬ ‫‪ν1‬‬
‫‪ν2‬‬
‫‪∆s12 = Cv( γ − n ) ln‬‬ ‫)‪...............................(9.29‬‬
‫‪ν1‬‬
‫ﺍﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﻭﺍﺴﺘﻨﺎﺩﺍ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ )‪ (9.29‬ﻟﻠﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺭﻭﺒﻲ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﺸﺘﻘﺎﻕ ﻤﻌـﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﺃﺨـﺭﻯ ﻭﺒـﺎﻟﻁﺭﻕ‬
‫ﺍﻵﺘﻴﺔ‪:‬‬

‫)‪(297‬‬
 ‫‪T2‬‬ ‫‪ν‬‬ ‫‪p n−1‬‬
‫‪Q‬‬ ‫‪= ( 1 )n−1 = ( 2 ) n‬‬
‫‪T1‬‬ ‫‪ν2‬‬ ‫‪p1‬‬
‫‪T2 n1−1‬‬ ‫‪ν1‬‬ ‫‪p 2 n1‬‬
‫) (=) (= ) (‬
‫‪T1‬‬ ‫‪ν2‬‬ ‫‪p1‬‬
‫‪ν2‬‬ ‫‪T 1‬‬ ‫‪P 1‬‬
‫)‪= ( 1 ) n−1 = ( 1 ) n ...............................(9.30‬‬
‫‪ν1‬‬ ‫‪T2‬‬ ‫‪P2‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻻﻭﻟﻰ‬
‫‪ν‬‬ ‫‪ν‬‬
‫‪∆s 12‬‬ ‫‪= Cv( γ − n ) ln 2‬‬ ‫‪∆s12 = Cv( γ − n ) ln 2‬‬
‫‪ν1‬‬ ‫‪ν1‬‬
‫‪p 1 n1‬‬ ‫‪T1 n1−1‬‬
‫) (‪= Cv( γ − n ) ln‬‬ ‫) (‪= Cv( γ − n ) ln‬‬
‫‪p2‬‬ ‫‪T2‬‬
‫‪γ − n p1‬‬ ‫‪γ − n T1‬‬
‫‪= Cv‬‬ ‫‪ln ....................‬‬ ‫‪= Cv‬‬ ‫)‪ln .....................(9.31‬‬
‫‪n‬‬ ‫‪p2‬‬ ‫‪n − 1 T2‬‬
‫ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺘﻠﺨﻴﺹ ﺍﺠﺭﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺭﻭﺒﻲ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﺍﻟﻤﺨﻁﻁ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‬

‫ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺭﻭﺒﻲ ﺜﺎﺒﺕ‪∆s=C.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺩﻴﺎﺒﺎﺘﻴﺔ‬

‫ﻴﻤﺭ ﺒﺩﻭﺭﺓ‪∆s=C.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻨﻌﻜﺎﺴﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻏﻴﺭﺍﻻﺩﻴﺎﺒﺎﺘﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻴﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺭﻭﺒﻲ‬ ‫ﻴﻤﺭ ﺒﺠﺯﺀ ﻤﻥ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺠﺭﺍﺀﺍﺕ‬
‫ﻴﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺭﻭﺒﻲ ﺒﺴﺒﺏ ﺍﻻﺤﺘﻜﺎﻙ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺩﻴﺎﺒﺎﺘﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﻴﺯﻭﺜﺭﻤﻠﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻼﺍﻨﻌﻜﺎﺴﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻴﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺭﻭﺒﻲ ﺒﺴﺒﺏ ﺍﻨﺘﻘﺎل ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻏﻴﺭﺍﻻﺩﻴﺎﺒﺎﺘﻴﺔ‬
‫‪ +‬ﺒﺴﺒﺏ ﺍﻻﺤﺘﻜﺎﻙ‪ .‬ﺍﻱ‪:‬‬

‫‪∆s 12 = ( ∆s 12 ) heat transfer + ( ∆s 12 ) IRR‬‬

‫‪2‬‬
‫‪dq‬‬
‫∫=‬ ‫‪+ ( ∆s 12 ) IRR‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫‪T‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪dq‬‬
‫∫ > ‪∆s 12‬‬ ‫)‪..........................................( 9.32‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫‪T‬‬

‫)‪(298‬‬
 ‫)‪ -(9.8‬ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﻜﺎﺭﻨﻭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﻁﻁ )‪(T-S‬‬
‫ﻴﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﻜل )‪ (9.15-a‬ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﻜﺎﺭﻨﻭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺨﻁﻁﻲ )‪ (P-V‬ﻭ)‪ .(T-S‬ﻭﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺘﺴﺘﻠﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤـﺼﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺨﻼل ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ‬
‫‪Qin‬‬
‫‪Qin‬‬

‫‪Qin‬‬

‫‪Qin‬‬

‫ﺸﻜل)‪ -(9.15‬ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﻜﺎﺭﻨﻭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺨﻁﻁﻲ )‪ (P-V‬ﻭ)‪(T-S‬‬

‫‪ (1‬ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﺘﻁﺭﺡ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺇﻟـﻰ ﺍﻟﻤـﺴﺘﻭﺩﻉ ﺨـﻼل‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪6‬‬ ‫)‪ (1 2‬ﻭﺘﻤﺜل ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ )‪5‬‬
‫‪ (3‬ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺭﻕ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻫﺎﺘﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺤﺘﻴﻥ ﺃﻱ‬ ‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪ (3‬ﻭﺘﻤﺜل ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ )‪6‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ )‪4‬‬
‫‪ (1‬ﺘﻤﺜل ﺸﻐل ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺭﺓ‪ .‬ﻟﺫﻟﻙ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﺸﺘﻘﺎﻕ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻟـﺩﻭﺭﺓ‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ )‪4‬‬
‫ﻜﺎﺭﻨﻭ ﺒﺎﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﻤﺨﻁﻁ )‪ (T-S‬ﻭﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻲ‪:‬‬
‫)‪area(1 ⇒ 2 ⇒ 3 ⇒ 4‬‬
‫= ‪η c .th = W‬‬
‫)‪Q in area(1 ⇒ 2 ⇒ 6 ⇒ 5‬‬
‫) ‪(Tmax − Tmin )(S 2 − S 1‬‬ ‫‪T‬‬
‫=‬ ‫) ‪= 1 − min .........( 9.33‬‬
‫) ‪Tmax (S 2 − S 1‬‬ ‫‪Tmax‬‬
‫ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﻨﻔﺱ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﻜﺎﺭﻨﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻤﺭﺕ ﺒﻨﺎ ﺴﺎﺒﻘﺎ‪ .‬ﺃﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﺸﻜل )‪ (9.15-b‬ﻓﻴﻭﻀﺢ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﻜـﺎﺭﻨﻭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻜﺴﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺨﻁﻁﻲ )‪ (P-V‬ﻭ)‪ .(T-S‬ﻭﺒﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﻤﺸﺎﺒﻬﺔ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ‪:‬‬
‫) ‪Tmin (S 4 − S 1‬‬
‫= ‪C.O.P‬‬
‫) ‪(Tmax − Tmin )(S 4 − S 1‬‬
‫‪Tmin‬‬
‫=‬ ‫)‪..................( 9.34‬‬
‫‪Tmax − Tmin‬‬

‫)‪(299‬‬
 ‫ﺃﻤﺜﻠﺔ ﻤﺤﻠﻭﻟﺔ‪:‬‬
‫)‪(9.12‬‬
‫ﺍﺤﺴﺏ ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺭﻭﺒﻲ ﻟـ )‪ (1kg‬ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍﺀ ﻴﺘﻤﺩﺩ ﺒﻭﻟﺘﺭﻭﺒﻴﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺴـﻁﻭﺍﻨﺔ ﻤـﻥ ﻀـﻐﻁ‬
‫)‪ (6.3 bar‬ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ )‪ (550oC‬ﺇﻟﻰ ﻀﻐﻁ )‪ (1.05bar‬ﻋﻠﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ )‪.(n =1.3‬‬
‫‪n‬‬ ‫‪1.3‬‬
‫‪P‬‬ ‫‪1.05 1.3−1‬‬
‫(‪T2 = T1 ( 2 ) n−1 = 823‬‬ ‫)‬ ‫‪= 545K‬‬
‫‪P1‬‬ ‫‪6.3‬‬
‫‪P1‬‬ ‫‪T‬‬ ‫‪6.3‬‬ ‫‪823‬‬
‫‪∆s 12 = R ln‬‬ ‫‪− Cp ln 1 = 0.287 ln‬‬ ‫‪− 1.005 ln‬‬ ‫‪= 0.1kJ / kg.K‬‬
‫‪P2‬‬ ‫‪T2‬‬ ‫‪1.05‬‬ ‫‪545‬‬
‫)‪(9.13‬‬
‫ﻭﻋﺎﺌﻴﻥ ﻤﺘﺴﺎﻭﻴﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻤﻴﻥ ﻤﻌﺯﻭﻻﻥ ﺘﺼﻼﻥ ﺒﺎﻨﺒﻭﺏ ﻴﺤﺘﻭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺼﻤﺎﻡ‪ ،‬ﺍﺤﺩ ﺍﻟﻭﻋﺎﺌﻴﻥ ﻴﺤﺘﻭﻱ ﻋﻠـﻰ‬
‫ﻫﻭﺍﺀ ﻭﺍﻻﺨﺭ ﻤﻔﺭﻍ ﺘﻤﺎﻤﺎ‪ .‬ﺍﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺭﻭﺒﻲ ﻟﻜل )‪ (1kg‬ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍﺀ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻅﻭﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻟـﺔ‬
‫ﻓﺘﺢ ﺍﻟﺼﻤﺎﻡ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻭﻋﺎﺌﻴﻥ ﺒﺤﻴﺙ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍﺀ ﻴﺸﻐل ﻜﻼ ﺍﻟﺨﺯﺍﻨﻴﻥ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻴﺯﻭﺜﺭﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪ν2‬‬ ‫‪2ν‬‬
‫‪∆s 12 = R ln‬‬ ‫‪= 0.287 ln 1 = 0.199kJ / kg.K‬‬
‫‪ν1‬‬ ‫‪ν1‬‬
‫)‪(9.14‬‬
‫)‪ (0.5kg‬ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍﺀ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻨﻅﻭﻤﺔ ﻤﺅﻟﻔﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﺔ ﻭﻤﻜﺒﺱ ﻋﻨﺩ ﻀـﻐﻁ )‪ (1bar‬ﻭﺩﺭﺠـﺔ ﺤـﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬
‫)‪ .(270 K‬ﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍﺀ ﺍﻴﺯﻭﺜﺭﻤﻠﻴﺎ ﻭﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﻐل ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﻘل )‪ .(63.9 kJ‬ﺍﺤﺴﺏ‪:‬‬
‫)ﺃ(ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺌﻲ )ﺏ(ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺭﻭﺒﻲ‪ .‬ﻋﻠﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ‪:‬‬
‫‪R= 0.287 kJ/kg.K‬‬
‫‪P‬‬ ‫‪P1‬‬
‫‪W12 = mRT1 ln 1‬‬ ‫‪∆S 12 = mR ln‬‬
‫‪P2‬‬ ‫‪P2‬‬
‫‪− 63.9 = 0.5 × 0.287 × 270. ln 1‬‬ ‫‪= 0.5 × 0.287 × ln‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫‪P2‬‬ ‫‪5.2‬‬
‫‪P2 = 5.2bar‬‬ ‫‪= −0.237kJ / K‬‬

‫)‪(300‬‬
 ‫)‪(9.15‬‬
‫ﻏﺎﺯ ﺤﺠﻤﻪ )‪ (0.03m3‬ﻭﻀﻐﻁﻪ )‪ (1.05bar‬ﻭﺩﺭﺠـﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘـﻪ )‪.(15oC‬ﻀـﻐﻁ ﺁﻴﺯﻭﺜﺭﻤﻠﻴـﺎ ﺇﻟـﻰ‬
‫)‪ . (4.2 bar‬ﺍﻭﺠﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻓـﻲ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺭﻭﺒـﻲ ﻭﺍﻟـﺸﻐل ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﻘـل ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨـﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠـﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻟﻴـﺔ ﻟﻠﻐـﺎﺯ‬
‫)‪.(28 kg/kmoL‬‬
‫‪R 8.314‬‬ ‫‪Q12 = T∆S12‬‬
‫=‪R‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 0.297kJ / kg.K‬‬
‫‪M‬‬ ‫‪28‬‬ ‫‪= 288( −0.01516) = −4.37kJ‬‬
‫=‪m‬‬
‫‪PV 105.0.03‬‬
‫=‬ ‫‪= 0.036kg‬‬ ‫‪W12 = Q12 = −4.37kJ‬‬
‫‪RT 0.297.288‬‬ ‫‪mRT2‬‬
‫‪P‬‬ ‫= ‪V2‬‬ ‫‪= 0.007m 3‬‬
‫‪∆S 12 = −mR ln 2‬‬ ‫‪P2‬‬
‫‪P1‬‬
‫‪V2‬‬
‫‪4.2‬‬ ‫‪W = mRT ln‬‬ ‫‪= −4.37kJ‬‬
‫‪= −0.0368 × 0.29 ln‬‬ ‫‪V1‬‬
‫‪1.05‬‬
‫‪Q12‬‬
‫‪= −0.01516kJ / kg‬‬ ‫= ‪∆S 12‬‬
‫‪T‬‬
‫‪− 4.37‬‬
‫=‬ ‫‪= −0.01516kJ / kg‬‬
‫‪288‬‬
‫)‪(9.16‬‬
‫ﺍﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﺔ ﺘﺤﺘﻭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ )‪ (1kg‬ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍﺀ ﻴﺘﺤﺭﻙ ﺒﺩﺍﺨﻠﻬﺎ ﻤﻜﺒﺱ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻅﻭﻤﺔ ﻤﻭﻀـﻭﻋﺔ ﺩﺍﺨـل ﺨـﺯﺍﻥ‬
‫ﺒﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ )‪ (300K‬ﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﺒﺎﺩل ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍﺀ ﻭﺍﻟﺨـﺯﺍﻥ‪ .‬ﻋﻨـﺩ ﺍﻨﺘﻘـﺎل ﺸـﻐل ﻤﻘـﺩﺍﺭﻩ‬
‫)‪ (10kJ‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍﺀ ﻴﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻀـﻐﻁﻪ ﻤـﻥ )‪ (1bar‬ﻭﺩﺭﺠـﺔ ﺤـﺭﺍﺭﺓ )‪ (300 K‬ﺇﻟـﻰ )‪ (2.5 bar‬ﻭ‬
‫)‪ .(310 K‬ﺍﺤﺴﺏ‪:‬‬
‫)‪(1‬ﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺭﻭﺒﻲ ﻟﻠﻬﻭﺍﺀ )‪(2‬ﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺭﻭﺒﻲ ﻟﻠﺨﺯﺍﻥ )‪ (3‬ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﻘﻠﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍﺀ‪ .‬ﻋﻠﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ‪:‬‬
‫‪Cp=1.005 kJ/kg.K , Cv = 0.718 kJ/kg.K‬‬

‫‪T2‬‬ ‫‪P‬‬ ‫‪∆U = mCv∆T‬‬

‫‪∆s12 = Cp ln‬‬ ‫‪− R ln 2‬‬
‫‪T1‬‬ ‫‪P1‬‬ ‫‪= 1 × 0.718( 310 − 300) = 718kJ‬‬
‫‪310‬‬ ‫‪2.5‬‬ ‫‪Q = ∆U + W‬‬
‫‪= 1.005 ln‬‬ ‫‪− R ln‬‬
‫‪300‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪= 7.18 + ( −10) = −2.82kJ‬‬
‫‪= − 0.2‬‬ ‫‪Q 2.82‬‬
‫= = ‪∆S‬‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺨﺯﺍﻥ ‪= 0.0094kJ / K‬‬
‫‪= −0.23kJ / kg.K‬‬ ‫‪T 300‬‬

‫)‪(301‬‬
 ‫)‪(9.17‬‬
‫ﻏﺎﺯ ﻓﻲ ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻤﻐﻠﻕ ﺤﺠﻤﻪ )‪ (0.02m3‬ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘﻪ )‪ (15oC‬ﻭﻀﻐﻁﻪ )‪ .(1.05 bar‬ﺍﻀﻴﻔﺕ ﺇﻟﻴـﻪ‬
‫ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺒﺜﺒﻭﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻡ ﺤﺘﻰ ﻭﺼل ﻀﻐﻁﻪ )‪ (4.2 bar‬ﺜﻡ ﺍﻀﻴﻔﺕ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺒﺜﺒـﻭﺕ ﺍﻟـﻀﻐﻁ ﺤﺘـﻰ‬
‫ﺍﺼﺒﺤﺕ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘﻪ ﻤﺴﺎﻭﻴﺔ ﻟﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻻﺒﺘﺩﺍﺌﻴﺔ‪.‬ﺍﺤﺴﺏ‪:‬‬
‫)‪(1‬ﺼﺎﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ )‪(2‬ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺭﻭﺒﻲ‪ .‬ﻋﻠﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪R=0.287 kJ/kg.K , Cv=0.718 kJ/kg.K‬‬

‫‪P1 V1 105 × 0.02‬‬ ‫‪Q 31 = Q12 + Q 23 = 15.75 − 22.05‬‬

‫=‪m‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 0.0254kg‬‬
‫‪RT1 0.287 × 288‬‬ ‫‪= −6.3kJ = Qo‬‬

‫‪P2‬‬ ‫‪4.2‬‬ ‫‪T3‬‬ ‫‪P‬‬

‫( ‪T2 = T1‬‬ ‫(‪) = 288‬‬ ‫‪) = 1152K‬‬ ‫‪∆S 31 = mCp ln‬‬ ‫‪− mR ln 2‬‬
‫‪P1‬‬ ‫‪1.05‬‬ ‫‪T1‬‬ ‫‪P1‬‬
‫‪4.2‬‬
‫‪= −0.0254 × 0.287 × ln‬‬
‫‪Q 12 − W12 = ∆U 12‬‬ ‫‪1.05‬‬
‫‪= −0.01kJ / K‬‬
‫) ‪= mCv(T2 − T1‬‬
‫)‪= 0.0254 × 0.718 × (1152 − 288‬‬
‫‪= 15.75kJ‬‬

‫) ‪Q 23 = mCp(T3 − T2‬‬
‫)‪= 0.0254 × 1.005( 288 − 1152‬‬
‫‪= −22.05kJ‬‬

‫)‪(302‬‬
 ‫)‪(9.18‬‬
‫ﻀﻐﻁ ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ )‪ (1kg‬ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍﺀ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﺔ )‪ (1bar‬ﻭ )‪ (15oC‬ﻴﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﺩﻴﺎﺒﺎﺘﻴﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺭﺒـﻊ‬
‫ﺤﺠﻤﺔ ﺍﻷﻭل‪) .‬ﺃ(ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻻﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﺍﻨﻌﻜﺎﺴﻴﺎ ﻭﻓـﻕ ﺍﻟﻘـﺎﻨﻭﻥ) ‪).( PV 1.4 = C‬ﺏ(ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜـﺎﻥ ﺍﻻﻨـﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﻻ‬
‫ﺇﻨﻌﻜﺎﺴﻴﺎ ﺒﺤﻴﺙ ﺍﺼﺒﺤﺕ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺃﻜﺒﺭ ﻤﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ ﻓﻲ )ﺃ( ﺒـ )‪. (6.6oC‬ﻗﺎﺭﻥ ﺍﻟـﺸﻐل‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺭﻭﺒﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺘﻴﻥ‪ .‬ﻋﻠﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪R=0.29 kJ/kg.K‬‬
‫ﺍﻨﻌﻜﺎﺴﻲ‬ ‫ﻻﺍﻨﻌﻜﺎﺴﻲ‬
‫‪1 ⇒ 2′‬‬ ‫‪1⇒ 2‬‬

‫‪V1 γ −1‬‬ ‫‪T2 = 501.1 + 6.6 = 507.7 K‬‬

‫( ‪T2′ = T1‬‬ ‫)‬
‫‪V2‬‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫) ‪w = − ∆u12 = −Cv(T2 − T1‬‬
‫‪= 288( ) γ −1 = 501.1K‬‬
‫‪4‬‬ ‫) ‪R (T2 − T1‬‬
‫‪=−‬‬
‫‪γ −1‬‬
‫) ‪R(T1 − T2‬‬ ‫)‪0.29(507.7 − 288‬‬
‫= ‪w′‬‬ ‫‪γ −1‬‬ ‫‪=−‬‬
‫‪1.4 − 1‬‬
‫)‪− 0.287(501.1 − 288‬‬ ‫‪= −157.6kJ / kg‬‬
‫=‬
‫‪1.4 − 1‬‬
‫‪= −152.9kJ / kg‬‬ ‫‪T2‬‬ ‫‪R‬‬ ‫‪T‬‬
‫‪∆s 2′2 = Cv ln‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪ln 2‬‬
‫‪T2′ γ − 1 T2′‬‬
‫‪∆S 12′ = 0‬‬ ‫‪= 0.0093kJ / kg.K‬‬

‫)‪(303‬‬
 ‫)‪(9.19‬‬
‫ﻫﻭﺍﺀ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘﻪ )‪ (15oC‬ﻭﻀﻐﻁﻪ )‪ (1.05 bar‬ﻭﺤﺠﻤﻪ )‪ (0.02m3‬ﻴﺴﺨﻥ ﺒﺜﺒﻭﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺠـﻡ ﺤﺘـﻰ‬
‫ﻴﺼل ﻀﻐﻁﻪ )‪ .(4.2 bar‬ﺜﻡ ﻴﺒﺭﺩ ﺒﻀﻐﻁ ﺜﺎﺒﺕ ﻭﺼﻭﻻ ﻟﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻻﺒﺘﺩﺍﺌﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺍﺤﺴﺏ )‪(1‬ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﻘﻠﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍﺀ)‪(2‬ﺼﺎﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺭﻭﺒﻲ‪ .‬ﻋﻠﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ‪:‬‬

‫‪R=0.287kJ/kg.K‬‬

‫‪PV 105 × 0.02‬‬ ‫‪T2‬‬

‫=‪m‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 0.0254kg‬‬ ‫‪∆S 12 = mCv ln‬‬
‫‪RT 0.287 × 288‬‬ ‫‪T1‬‬
‫‪1152‬‬
‫‪P‬‬ ‫‪4.2‬‬ ‫‪= 0.0254.0.718 ln‬‬
‫(‪T2 = T1 ( 2 ) = 288‬‬ ‫‪) = 1152K‬‬ ‫‪288‬‬
‫‪P1‬‬ ‫‪1.05‬‬ ‫‪= 0.0253kJ / kg‬‬

‫) ‪Q 12 = mCv(T2 − T1‬‬
‫‪T3‬‬
‫)‪= 0.0254 × 0.718(1152 − 288‬‬ ‫‪∆S 23 = mCp ln‬‬
‫‪T2‬‬
‫‪= 15.75kJ‬‬
‫‪288‬‬
‫‪= 0.0254 × 1.005 ln‬‬
‫‪115‬‬
‫) ‪Q 23 = mCp(T3 − T2‬‬ ‫‪= 0.0354kJ / kg‬‬
‫)‪= 0.0254 × 1.005( 288 − 115.2‬‬
‫‪= −22.05kJ‬‬
‫‪∆S 31 = 0.0354 − 0.0253 = 0.0101kJ / K .‬‬

‫‪∑ Q = Q12 + Q 23‬‬

‫‪= 15.75 − 22.05 = −6.3kJ‬‬

‫)‪(304‬‬
 (9.20)
‫ ﻴـﻀﻐﻁ ﺇﻟـﻰ‬. (25oC) ‫( ﻭﺩﺭﺠـﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘـﻪ‬0.14m3) ‫( ﻭﺤﺠﻤـﻪ‬140 kN/m2) ‫ﻏـﺎﺯ ﻀـﻐﻁﻪ‬
‫(ﺍﻟﺤـﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬2)‫(ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴـﺭ ﻓـﻲ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺭﻭﺒـﻲ‬1) : ‫ ﺍﺤﺴﺏ‬.( PV 1.25 = C .) ‫( ﻭﻓﻕ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻥ‬1.4kN/m2)
:‫ﻋﻠﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ‬.‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﻘﻠﺔ‬
Cp=1.041kJ/kg.K ,Cv=0.743kJ/kg.K

R = Cp − Cv = 1.041 − 0.743 :‫∆ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻴﻀﺎ‬s 12 ‫ﻴﺴﺘﺨﺭﺝ‬

= 0.298kJ / kg.K T p
(1)∆s12 = Cp ln 2 − R ln 2
PV 140 × 0.14 T1 p1
m= 1 1 =
RT 0.298 × 298 = −0.205kJ / kg.K
= 0.221kg
T ν
1 1 ( 2)∆s12 = Cv ln 2 + R ln 2
P 140 1.25 T1 ν1
V2 = V1 ( 1 ) n = 0.14( )
P2 1400 = −0.205kJ / kg.K
= 0.022m 3 ν
( 3)∆s12 = Cv( γ − n ) ln 2
V2 P ν1
∆s 12 = Cp ln + Cv ln 2
V1 P1 = −0.205kJ / kg.K
0.0222 1400 γ−n T
= 1.041 ln + 0.743 ln (4)∆s 12 = Cv( ) ln 1
0.14 140 n−1 T2
= −0.205kJ / kg.K = −0.205kJ / kg.K
∆S 12 = m∆s 12 = 0.221 × ( − 0.205) γ−n P
(5)∆s 12 = Cv( ) ln 1
= −0.0453kJ / K n P2
P V − P2 V2 = −0.205kJ / kg.K
W12 = 1 1
n −1
140 × 0.14 − 1400 × 0.0222
=
1.25 − 1
= −46.0kJ
γ−n
Q 12 = .W12
γ −1
1.4 − 1.25
= × ( −46) = −17.25kJ
1.4 − 1

(305)
 ‫)‪(9.21‬‬
‫(ﺤﺠﻤـﻪ‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫‪4‬‬
‫ﻏﺎﺯ ‪ Co2‬ﻜﺘﻠﺘﻪ )‪ (0.5kg‬ﻭﻀﻐﻁﻪ )‪ (1 bar‬ﻭﺤﺠﻤﻪ)‪ (0.3m3‬ﻴﻀﻐﻁ ﺁﻴﺯﻨﺘﺭﻭﺒﻴـﺎ ﺇﻟـﻰ )‬
‫ﺍﻷﻭل‪ .‬ﺜﻡ ﻴﺒﺭﺩ ﺒﺜﺒﻭﺕ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻌﻭﺩ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘﻪ ﺍﻻﺒﺘﺩﺍﺌﻴـﺔ‪ .‬ﻓـﺈﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨـﺕ )‪،(γ=1.306‬‬
‫)‪.(R=0.189 kJ/kg.K‬ﺍﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺭﻭﺒﻲ‪.‬‬
‫‪∆s 12 = O‬‬ ‫‪mRT3‬‬
‫= ‪V3‬‬
‫‪P1 V1‬‬ ‫‪100 × 0.3‬‬ ‫‪P3‬‬
‫= ‪T1‬‬ ‫=‬
‫‪mR 0.5 × 0.189‬‬ ‫‪0.5 × 0.189 × 317.46‬‬
‫=‬
‫‪= 317.46K‬‬ ‫‪611.35‬‬
‫‪V‬‬ ‫‪= 0.05m‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬
‫‪T2 = T1 ( 1 ) γ −1‬‬
‫‪V2‬‬ ‫‪T3‬‬
‫‪∆S 23 = mCp ln‬‬
‫‪V1 0.306‬‬ ‫‪T2‬‬
‫(‪= 317.46‬‬ ‫)‬ ‫‪= 485.2K‬‬
‫‪0.25V1‬‬ ‫‪Rγ‬‬ ‫‪T‬‬
‫‪=m‬‬ ‫‪ln 3‬‬
‫( ‪P2 = P1‬‬
‫‪V1 γ‬‬
‫)‬ ‫‪γ − 1 T2‬‬
‫‪V2‬‬ ‫‪0.189 × 1.366‬‬ ‫‪317.46‬‬
‫‪= 0.5‬‬ ‫‪× ln‬‬
‫(‪= 100‬‬
‫‪V1 1.306‬‬
‫)‬ ‫‪= 611.35kN / m 2‬‬ ‫‪1.306 − 1‬‬ ‫‪485.2‬‬
‫‪0.25V1‬‬ ‫‪= 0.171kJ / kg‬‬

‫)‪(9.22‬‬
‫ﻫﻭﺍﺀ ﻀﻐﻁﻪ )‪ (1bar‬ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘﻪ)‪ (20oC‬ﻭﺤﺠﻤﻪ )‪ .(0.02m3‬ﺴﺨﻥ ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍﺀ ﺒﺜﺒﻭﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺠـﻡ ﺇﻟـﻰ‬
‫)‪ .(5bar‬ﻭﺒﻌﺩﻫﺎ ﺒﺭﺩ ﻴﺜﺒﻭﺕ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻥ ﻋﺎﺩ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘﻪ ﺍﻻﺒﺘﺩﺍﺌﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺍﺤﺴﺏ ﺼﺎﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴـﺭ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺭﻭﺒﻲ‪ .‬ﻋﻠﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ‪:‬‬
‫‪Cp=1.01kJ/kg.K , R=0.287kJ/kg.K‬‬
‫‪PV‬‬ ‫‪T3‬‬
‫‪m= 1 1‬‬ ‫‪∆S 23 = mCp ln‬‬
‫‪RT1‬‬ ‫‪T2‬‬
‫‪100 × 0.02‬‬ ‫‪293‬‬
‫=‬ ‫‪= 0.0238kg‬‬ ‫‪= 0.0238 × 1.01 ln‬‬
‫‪0.287 × 293‬‬ ‫‪1465‬‬
‫‪Cv = Cp − R‬‬ ‫‪= −0.0387kJ / K‬‬
‫‪= 1.01 − 0.287 = 0.723kJ / kg.K‬‬ ‫‪∆S 31 = ∆S12 + ∆S 23‬‬
‫‪P‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪= 0.0277 − 0.0387‬‬
‫‪T2 = T1 ( 2 ) = 293( ) = 1465K‬‬
‫‪P1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪= −0.011kJ / K‬‬
‫‪P2‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬
‫‪∆S 12 = mCv ln‬‬ ‫‪= 0.0238 × 0.723 ln‬‬
‫‪P1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫‪= 0.0277kJ / K‬‬

‫)‪(306‬‬
 ‫)‪(9.23‬‬
‫ﻏﺎﺯ ﻤﺜﺎﻟﻲ ﺤﺠﻤﻪ )‪ (0.056m3‬ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘﻪ )‪ (38oC‬ﻭﻀﻐﻁﻪ )‪ (1.03 bar‬ﺴﺨﻥ ﺒﺜﺒـﻭﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺠـﻡ‬
‫ﺇﻟﻰ )‪ .(1.72bar‬ﺜﻡ ﺴﺨﻥ ﺒﺜﺒﻭﺕ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﺇﻟﻰ )‪ .(0.126m3‬ﺃﻭﺠﺩ ﻟﻜل ﺍﺠﺭﺍﺀ )ﺃ( ﺍﻟﺤـﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟـﺸﻐل‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﻘل )ﺏ( ﺼﺎﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﻴﺔ )ﺝ( ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺭﻭﺒﻲ‪ .‬ﻋﻠﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ‪:‬‬

‫‪R=0.287kJ/kg.K , Cv=0.718 kJ/kg.K‬‬

‫‪P1 V1‬‬ ‫) ‪W23 = P(V3 − V2‬‬

‫=‪m‬‬
‫‪RT1‬‬ ‫)‪= 172(0.126 − 0.056‬‬
‫‪103 × 0.056‬‬ ‫‪= 12.05kJ‬‬
‫=‬ ‫‪= 0.0647kg‬‬
‫‪0.287‬‬ ‫‪∆U 23 = Q 23 − W23‬‬
‫‪PT‬‬ ‫‪= 42.23 − 12.05‬‬
‫‪T2 = 2 1‬‬
‫‪P1‬‬ ‫‪= 30.18klJ‬‬
‫)‪1.72 × ( 311‬‬
‫=‬ ‫‪= 520K‬‬ ‫‪∑ U = ∆U12 + ∆U 23‬‬
‫‪1.03‬‬
‫‪= 9.7 + 30.18 = 39.88kJ‬‬
‫) ‪∆U 12 = mCv(T2 − T1‬‬
‫‪T2‬‬
‫‪= 0.0647 × 0.718 × 209‬‬ ‫‪∆S12 = mCv ln‬‬
‫‪T1‬‬
‫‪= 9.7kJ = Q12‬‬
‫‪520‬‬
‫‪VT‬‬ ‫‪= 0.0647 × 0.718 ln‬‬
‫‪T3 = 3 2‬‬ ‫‪311‬‬
‫‪V2‬‬ ‫‪= 0.0238kJ / K‬‬
‫‪0.126 × 520‬‬ ‫‪T‬‬
‫=‬ ‫‪= 1170K‬‬ ‫‪∆S23 = mCp ln 3‬‬
‫‪0.056‬‬ ‫‪T2‬‬
‫) ‪Q 23 = mCp(T3 − T 2‬‬
‫‪1170‬‬
‫)‪= 0.0647 × 1.005(650‬‬ ‫‪= 0.0647 × 1.005 ln‬‬
‫‪520‬‬
‫‪= 42.23kJ‬‬ ‫‪= 0.0527kJ / K‬‬
‫‪∑ ∆S = ∆S12 + ∆S23‬‬
‫‪= 0.0238 + 0.0527‬‬
‫‪= 0.0765kJ / K‬‬

‫)‪(307‬‬
 ‫)‪(9.24‬‬
‫ﻏﺎﺯ ﻤﺜﺎﻟﻲ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘﻪ)‪ (T1‬ﺴﺨﻥ ﺒﺜﺒﻭﺕ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﺇﻟﻰ )‪ .(T2‬ﺜﻡ ﺘﻤـﺩﺩ ﺇﻨﻌﻜﺎﺴـﻴﺎ ﺤـﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﻘـﺎﻨﻭﻥ‬
‫)‪ (Pvn=C‬ﺇﻟﻰ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ )‪ .(T1‬ﻤﺎ ﻫﻲ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ )‪ (n‬ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻴﻜـﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴـﺭ ﻓـﻲ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺭﻭﺒـﻲ ﺨـﻼل‬
‫ﺍﻻﺠﺭﺍﺌﻴﻥ ﻤﺘﺴﺎﻭﻱ )ﺒﺩﻻﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ(‪:‬‬

‫‪∆S 12 = ∆S 23‬‬ ‫‪γ−n‬‬

‫(=‪γ‬‬ ‫)‬
‫‪T2‬‬ ‫‪n−γ‬‬ ‫‪T‬‬ ‫‪n−1‬‬
‫‪mCp ln‬‬ ‫(‪= mCv‬‬ ‫‪) ln 3‬‬ ‫‪Cp‬‬
‫‪T1‬‬ ‫‪n −1‬‬ ‫‪T2‬‬ ‫‪Cp‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪2γ‬‬ ‫‪Cv = 2Cp‬‬
‫‪T2‬‬ ‫‪γ−n‬‬ ‫‪T‬‬ ‫=‪n‬‬ ‫= ‪= Cv‬‬
‫‪mCp ln‬‬ ‫(‪= mCv‬‬ ‫‪) ln 2‬‬ ‫‪γ + 1 Cp‬‬ ‫‪Cp + Cv Cp + Cv‬‬
‫‪T1‬‬ ‫‪n −1‬‬ ‫‪T1‬‬ ‫‪+1‬‬
‫‪Cv‬‬ ‫‪Cv‬‬
‫‪γ −n‬‬
‫(‪Cp = Cv‬‬ ‫)‬
‫‪n −1‬‬

‫)‪(9.25‬‬
‫ﻫﻭﺍﺀ ﻜﺘﻠﺘﻪ )‪ (0.5kg‬ﻴﻤﺭ ﺒﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﻜﺎﺭﻨﻭ‪ .‬ﺩﺭﺠـﺔ ﺍﻟﺤـﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟـﺼﻐﺭﻯ ﻭﺍﻟﻘـﺼﻭﻯ ﻓﻴﻬـﺎ )‪ (20oC‬ﻭ‬
‫)‪ (400 oC‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺍﻟﻲ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺭﻭﺒﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺃﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺩﺩ ﺍﻻﻴﺭﻭﺜﺭﻤﻠﻲ )‪.(0.1 kJ/K‬‬
‫ﺍﺤﺴﺏ)ﺃ( ﺍﻟﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺩﻭﺭﺓ )ﺏ(ﺍﻟﺸﻐل ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺘﺞ )ﺝ( ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻻﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﺍﻻﻴﺭﻭﺜﺭﻤﻠﻲ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ‪:‬‬

‫‪R=0.287 kJ/kg.K‬‬

‫‪Tmin‬‬ ‫‪293‬‬ ‫‪V2‬‬

‫‪η = −1‬‬ ‫‪=1−‬‬ ‫‪= 0.565‬‬ ‫‪WT = mR ln‬‬ ‫) ‪(T1 − T3‬‬
‫‪Tmax‬‬ ‫‪673‬‬ ‫‪V1‬‬
‫‪V2‬‬ ‫)‪= 0.5 × 0.287 × 0.697(673 − 293‬‬
‫‪∆S12 = mR ln‬‬
‫‪V1‬‬ ‫‪= 38.6kJ‬‬
‫‪V2 ∆s12‬‬ ‫‪0.1‬‬ ‫ﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﺨﺭﻯ ﻻﻴﺠﺎﺩ ‪WT‬‬
‫‪ln‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 0.697‬‬
‫‪V1 mR 0.5 × 0.287‬‬ ‫‪V2‬‬
‫‪Q in = mRT ln‬‬
‫‪V2‬‬ ‫‪V1‬‬
‫‪= e 0.697 = 2‬‬
‫‪V1‬‬ ‫‪= 0.5 × 0.287 × 673 × 0.697 = 67.3kg‬‬
‫‪WT = η.Q in = 0.565 × 67.3 = 38kg‬‬

‫)‪(308‬‬
 ‫)‪(9.26‬‬
‫( ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻻﺒﺘـﺩﺍﺌﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺘﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻥ )‪ (3‬ﺍﺠﺭﺍﺀﺍﺕ )‪(1‬ﺍﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﺁﻴﺭﻭﺜﺭﻤﻠﻲ ﻤﻥ )‪ (560K‬ﺇﻟﻰ )‬
‫)‪ (2‬ﺜﺒﻭﺕ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ )‪ (3‬ﺘﻤﺩﺩ ﺇﺩﻴﺎﺒﺎﺘﻲ‪ .‬ﺍﺤﺴﺏ ﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﻭﻗﺎﺭﻨﻬﺎ ﻤﻊ ﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﻜﺎﺭﻨﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻌﻤـل‬
‫ﺒﻴﻥ ﻨﻔﺱ ﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻴﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻐﺭﻯ ‪ ،‬ﻜﺫﻟﻙ ﺍﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺭﻭﺒﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻜل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻻﺠﺭﺍﺀﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺙ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪Cp=1 kJ/kg.K , R=0.287 kJ/kg.K , γ=1.4‬‬

‫‪V2‬‬ ‫‪qo‬‬ ‫‪111.4‬‬

‫‪q 12 = q o = RT1 ln‬‬ ‫‪ηcycle = 1 −‬‬ ‫‪=1−‬‬ ‫‪× 0.1‬‬
‫‪V1‬‬ ‫‪q in‬‬ ‫‪123.2‬‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪Tmin‬‬ ‫‪560‬‬
‫‪= 0.287 × 560 ln‬‬ ‫‪ηc = 1 −‬‬ ‫‪=1−‬‬ ‫‪= 0.18‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪Tmax‬‬ ‫‪683.2‬‬
‫‪= −11.4kJ / kg‬‬ ‫‪V2‬‬
‫‪∆s12 = R ln‬‬
‫‪P2 V1‬‬
‫=‬ ‫‪=2‬‬ ‫‪V1‬‬
‫‪P1 V2‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫‪γ −1‬‬
‫‪= 0.287 ln = −0.199kJ / kg.K‬‬
‫‪P2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪γ‬‬
‫( ‪T3 = T1‬‬ ‫)‬ ‫‪T‬‬
‫‪P1‬‬ ‫‪∆s12 = Cp ln 3‬‬
‫‪T2‬‬
‫‪= 560( 2) 0.287 = 683.2K‬‬
‫‪683.2‬‬
‫‪q 23 = q in‬‬ ‫( ×‪= 1‬‬ ‫‪) = 0.198kJ / kg.K‬‬
‫‪560‬‬
‫)‪= 1 × (683.2 − 560‬‬ ‫‪∆s 31 = O‬‬
‫‪= 123.2kJ / kg‬‬

‫)‪(309‬‬
 ‫)‪(9.27‬‬
‫ﻏﺎﺯ ﻜﺘﻠﺘﻪ )‪ (1.2kg‬ﻭﻀﻐﻁﻪ )‪ (2bar‬ﻭﺤﺠﻤـﻪ )‪.(0.5m3‬ﻀـﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﺒﻭﻟﺘﺭﻭﺒﻴـﺎ ﺤـﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﻘـﺎﻨﻭﻥ‬
‫) ‪ ( PV 1.3 = C.‬ﺤﺘﻰ ﺍﺼﺒﺢ ﻀﻐﻁﻪ )‪ .(28bar‬ﺒﻌﺩ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺘﻤﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﺁﻴﺭﻭﺜﺭﻤﻠﻴﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺭﺠـﻊ ﺇﻟـﻰ‬
‫ﺤﺠﻤﻪ ﺍﻻﻭل‪ .‬ﺜﻡ ﺍﻨﺘﻘﻠﺕ ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﺒﺜﺒﻭﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻡ ﺒﺤﻴﺙ ﺭﺠﻊ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺤﺎﻟﺘﻪ ﺍﻻﺒﺘﺩﺍﺌﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﺤﺴﺏ‪) :‬ﺃ(ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻻﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺒﻭﻟﺘﺭﻭﺒﻲ )ﺏ(ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺭﻭﺒﻲ ﻟﻸﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺒﻭﻟﺘﺭﻭﺒﻲ‬
‫)ﺝ(ﺍﻟﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺩﻭﺭﺓ‪ .‬ﻋﻠﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ‪:‬‬

‫‪γ =1.4 , R=0.288 kJ/kg.K‬‬

‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪P1 V1 − P2 V2‬‬

‫‪V1‬‬ ‫‪P‬‬ ‫‪28‬‬
‫‪= ( 2 ) n = ( ) 1.3 = 7.62‬‬ ‫= ‪W12‬‬
‫‪V2‬‬ ‫‪P1‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪n −1‬‬
‫‪200 × 0.5 − 2800 × 0.07‬‬
‫‪T2‬‬ ‫‪P‬‬
‫‪n −1‬‬
‫‪28‬‬
‫‪0.3‬‬
‫=‬
‫)‪=( 2‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬ ‫‪= ( ) 1.3 = 1.838‬‬ ‫‪1.3 − 1‬‬
‫‪T1‬‬ ‫‪P1‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪= −279kJ = Q O‬‬
‫‪n−γ‬‬ ‫‪T‬‬
‫(‪∆S 12 = mCv‬‬ ‫‪) ln 2‬‬ ‫= ‪T2‬‬
‫‪P2 V2‬‬
‫‪n −1‬‬ ‫‪T1‬‬ ‫‪mR‬‬
‫) ‪mR (n − γ‬‬ ‫‪T‬‬ ‫‪2800 × 0.07‬‬
‫=‬ ‫‪ln 2‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 531.5K‬‬
‫‪( γ − 1)(n − 1) T1‬‬ ‫‪1.2 × 0.288‬‬
‫)‪1.2 × 0.288 × (1.3 − 1.4‬‬ ‫‪W23 = Q 23‬‬
‫=‬ ‫‪× ln 1.838‬‬
‫)‪(1.4 − 1)(1.3 − 1‬‬ ‫‪V3‬‬ ‫‪V‬‬
‫‪= mRT2 ln‬‬ ‫‪= mRT2 ln 1‬‬
‫‪= −0.175kJ / K‬‬ ‫‪V2‬‬ ‫‪V2‬‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪0.5‬‬
‫‪P‬‬
‫‪V2 = V1 ( 1 ) γ‬‬ ‫‪= 1.2 × 0.288 × 531.5 × ln‬‬
‫‪P2‬‬ ‫‪0.07‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫‪= 373.06kJ‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪Q in = 373.06kJ‬‬
‫‪= 0.5 × ( ) 1.4 = 0.07m 3‬‬
‫‪28‬‬
‫‪Qin − Qo‬‬
‫=‪η‬‬
‫‪Qin‬‬
‫‪373.06 − 279‬‬
‫=‬ ‫‪= 0.2.5‬‬
‫‪373.06‬‬

‫)‪(310‬‬
 ‫)‪(9.28‬‬
‫ﻗﻁﻌﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﻜﺘﻠﺘﻬﺎ )‪ (2kg‬ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘﻬﺎ )‪ (100 C‬ﻭﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘﻬـﺎ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻴـﺔ )‪.(0.465kJ/kg.K‬‬
‫‪o‬‬

‫ﻭﻀﻌﺕ ﻤﻊ ﻗﻁﻌﺔ ﻤـﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺤـﺎﺱ ﻜﺘﻠﺘﻬـﺎ )‪ (1kg‬ﻭﺩﺭﺠـﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘﻬـﺎ )‪ (30oC‬ﻭﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘﻬـﺎ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻴـﺔ‬

‫)‪ (0.388kJ/kg.K‬ﺒﺩﺍﺨل ﺼﻨﺩﻭﻕ ﻤﻌﺯﻭل ﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺎ‪ .‬ﺍﺤﺴﺏ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤـﺸﺘﺭﻜﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴـﺭ ﻓـﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺭﻭﺒﻲ ﻟﻜل ﻤﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﻭﻟﻠﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻜﻜل‪.‬‬
‫‪m C t + m 2C 2 t 2‬‬ ‫‪Tm‬‬
‫‪tm = 1 1 1‬‬ ‫‪= 35.2K‬‬ ‫‪∆S Cu = mCv ln‬‬ ‫‪= 0.059kJ / K‬‬
‫‪m 1C1 + m 2 C 2‬‬ ‫‪T2‬‬
‫‪Tm‬‬ ‫‪∆S T = −0.053 + 0.059 = 0.006kJ / K‬‬
‫‪∆S Fe = mC ln‬‬ ‫‪= −0.053kJ / K‬‬
‫‪T1‬‬
‫)‪(9.29‬‬
‫ﻏﺎﺯ ﻀﻐﻁﻪ ) ‪ (700 kN/m‬ﻭﺤﺠﻤﻪ ) ‪ (0.014m‬ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘﻪ )‪ (150 C‬ﺘﻤﺩﺩ ﺁﻴﺯﻭﺜﺭﻤﻠﻴـﺎ ﺇﻟـﻰ‬
‫‪o‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬

‫)‪ .(0.0844m3‬ﺍﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺭﻭﺒﻲ‪.‬‬

‫‪V‬‬
‫‪P1 V1 ln 2‬‬
‫‪Q W‬‬ ‫‪V1‬‬
‫= = ‪∆S‬‬ ‫=‬
‫‪T T‬‬ ‫‪T‬‬
‫‪700 × 0.014 0.084‬‬
‫=‬ ‫‪ln‬‬ ‫‪= 0.0416kJ / K‬‬
‫‪423‬‬ ‫‪0.014‬‬
‫)‪(9.30‬‬
‫)‪ (1.5kg‬ﻤﻥ ﻏﺎﺯ ﻤﺜﺎﻟﻲ ﻀﻐﻁﻪ )‪ (1bar‬ﻴﻀﻐﻁ ﺒﻭﻟﺘﺭﻭﺒﻴﺎ ﺇﻨﻌﻜﺎﺴﻴﺎ ﺤﺘـﻰ ﻴـﺼﺒﺢ ﺤﺠﻤـﻪ ﺍﻟﻨﻬـﺎﺌﻲ‬
‫)‪ .(0.2076m3‬ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻻﺒﺘﺩﺍﺌﻴﺔ )‪ (7oC‬ﻭﺍﻻﺱ ﺍﻟﺒﻭﻟﺜﺭﻭﺒﻲ )‪ .(1.3‬ﺍﺤﺴﺏ‪:‬‬
‫)‪(1‬ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﻘﻠﺔ )‪(2‬ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺭﻭﺒﻲ‪ .‬ﻋﻠﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ‬
‫‪Cp=1.035 kJ/kg.K , R=0.2966 kJ/kg.K‬‬
‫‪mRT1‬‬ ‫‪Cv = Cp − R = 1.035 − 0.296‬‬
‫= ‪V1‬‬
‫‪P1‬‬ ‫‪= 0.739kJ / kg.K‬‬
‫‪1.5 × 0.296 × 280‬‬ ‫‪Cp‬‬
‫=‬ ‫‪= 1.24m 3‬‬ ‫=‪γ‬‬ ‫‪= 1.4‬‬
‫‪100‬‬ ‫‪Cv‬‬
‫‪V‬‬ ‫‪1.24 1.3−1‬‬ ‫‪γ−n‬‬
‫(‪T2 = T1 ( 1 )n−1 = 280‬‬ ‫)‬ ‫=‪Q‬‬ ‫‪W‬‬
‫‪V2‬‬ ‫‪0.2076‬‬ ‫‪γ −1‬‬
‫‪= 479.1K‬‬ ‫‪1.4 − 1.3‬‬
‫=‬ ‫‪× ( −295) = −73.75kJ‬‬
‫) ‪mR (T1 − T2‬‬ ‫‪1.4 − 1‬‬
‫= ‪W12‬‬ ‫‪Q − 73.75‬‬
‫‪n−1‬‬ ‫= = ‪∆S‬‬
‫)‪1.5 × 0.296( −199‬‬ ‫‪T‬‬ ‫‪280‬‬
‫=‬ ‫‪= −0.26kJ / K‬‬
‫‪1.3 − 1‬‬
‫‪= −295kJ‬‬

‫)‪(311‬‬
 ‫)‪(9.31‬‬
‫ﺨﺯﺍﻥ ﻴﺤﺘﻭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ )‪ (0.05 kg‬ﻤﻥ ﻏﺎﺯ )‪ (Co‬ﻀﻐﻁﻪ )‪ (0.95 bar‬ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘﻪ )‪.(30oC‬ﺍﻀﻴﻔﺕ‬
‫ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﺤﺘﻰ ﺍﺼﺒﺢ ﻀﻐﻁﻪ )‪ .(1.3 bar‬ﺍﺤﺴﺏ‪:‬‬
‫)ﺃ(ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﻘﻠﺔ )ﺏ(ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺭﻭﺒﻲ‪ .‬ﻋﻠﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ‪Cv=o.74 kJ/kg.K‬‬
‫‪P‬‬ ‫‪1.3‬‬ ‫‪T‬‬
‫(‪T2 = T1 ( 2 ) = 303‬‬ ‫‪) = 414K‬‬ ‫‪∆S 12 = mCv ln 2‬‬
‫‪P1‬‬ ‫‪0.95‬‬ ‫‪T1‬‬
‫‪Q12 = mCv∆T12‬‬ ‫‪414‬‬
‫‪= 0.05 × 0.74 × ln‬‬
‫‪= 0.05 × 0.74(414 − 303) = 4.1kJ‬‬ ‫‪303‬‬
‫‪= 0.011kJ / K‬‬
‫)‪(9.32‬‬
‫ﻏﺎﺯ ﻜﺘﻠﺘﻪ )‪ (4kg‬ﻀﻐﻁﻪ )‪ (2bar‬ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘﻪ )‪. (27 C‬ﺴﺨﻥ ﺒﺤﺠﻡ ﺜﺎﺒﺕ ﺇﻟـﻰ )‪ (6bar‬ﻭﺒـﺭﺩ‬
‫‪o‬‬

‫ﺒﻀﻐﻁ ﺜﺎﺒﺕ‪.‬ﺜﻡ ﺘﻤﺩﺩ ﺒﻭﻟﻨﺭﻭﺒﻴﺎ ﻭﺒﻘﻴﻤﺔ )‪ (n=1.15‬ﺒﺤﻴﺙ ﻋﺎﺩ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺤﺎﻟﺘﻪ ﺍﻻﺼﻠﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺍﺤﺴﺏ)‪ (1‬ﺍﻟﺤـﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﻘﻠﺔ ﺒﺜﺒﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ)‪ (2‬ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺭﻭﺒﻲ ﻟﻜل ﺃﺠﺭﺍﺀ )‪ (3‬ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻻﺩﺍﺀ ﻟﻠﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎﻟﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻜﻤﻀﺨﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺍﻭﺍﻟﺘﺩﻓﺌﺔ)‪ (4‬ﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺭﺓ‪ .‬ﻋﻠﻤﺎ ﺒﺄﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪Cp =1.55 kJ/kg.K ، Cv =1.25kJ/kg.K‬‬
‫‪P‬‬ ‫‪6‬‬ ‫)‪Q12 = mCv∆T = 4 × 1.25(900 − 300‬‬
‫‪T2 = T1( ( 2 ) = 300( ) = 900K‬‬
‫‪P1‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪= 3000kJ‬‬
‫‪n‬‬
‫‪P3 n−1‬‬
‫‪1.15‬‬
‫‪600 0.15‬‬ ‫)‪Q 23 = mCp∆T = 4 × 1.55(346 − 900‬‬
‫(‪T3 = T1 ( ) = 300‬‬ ‫)‬ ‫‪= 346.2K‬‬
‫‪P1‬‬ ‫‪200‬‬ ‫‪= −3433.5kJ‬‬
‫‪Q O = Q 23 = mCp∆T‬‬ ‫‪n−γ‬‬
‫‪Q 31 = mCv‬‬ ‫) ‪(T1 − T3‬‬
‫‪= 4 × 1.55( 346.2 − 900) = −3433.4kJ‬‬ ‫‪n −1‬‬
‫‪= 4 × 1.25( −0.6)(−46.2) = 138.6kJ‬‬
‫‪T‬‬ ‫‪900‬‬
‫‪∆S 12 = mCv ln 2 = 4 × 1.25 ln‬‬ ‫‪Q in = Q12 + Q 31 = 3138.6kJ‬‬
‫‪T‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪300‬‬
‫‪= 5.5kJ / K‬‬ ‫‪Q in‬‬ ‫‪3138.66‬‬
‫= ‪COPref‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪=1‬‬
‫‪Q o − Q in 3433.5 − 3138.66‬‬
‫‪T3‬‬ ‫‪346.2‬‬
‫‪∆S 23 = mCp ln‬‬ ‫‪= 4 × 1.55 ln‬‬ ‫‪COPHP = COPref + 1‬‬
‫‪T2‬‬ ‫‪900‬‬
‫‪= −6kJ / K‬‬ ‫‪= 10.65 + 1 = 11.65‬‬
‫‪γ = Cp / Cv = 1.55 / 1.25 = 1.24‬‬ ‫‪T‬‬
‫‪η = 1 − min‬‬
‫‪Tmax‬‬
‫‪n − γ T1‬‬
‫‪∆S 31 = mCv‬‬ ‫‪ln‬‬ ‫‪293‬‬
‫‪n − 1 T3‬‬ ‫‪=1−‬‬ ‫‪= 0.565‬‬
‫‪673‬‬
‫‪300‬‬
‫‪= 4 × 1.25( −0.6) ln‬‬
‫‪346.2‬‬
‫‪= 0.43kJ / K‬‬

‫)‪(312‬‬
 ‫)‪(9.33‬‬
‫ﻫﻭﺍﺀ ﻜﺘﻠﺘﻪ )‪ (0.3 kg‬ﻭﻀﻐﻁﻪ)‪ (350kN/m2‬ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘﻪ )‪ (35oC‬ﻴﺘﺴﻠﻡ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺒﺜﺒـﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺠـﻡ‬
‫ﺤﺘﻰ ﻴﺼﺒﺢ ﻀﻐﻁﻪ )‪ .(700kN/m2‬ﻭﻤﻥ ﺜﻡ ﻴﺴﺘﻠﻡ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺒﺜﺒـﻭﺕ ﺍﻟـﻀﻐﻁ ﺤﺘـﻰ ﻴـﺼﺒﺢ ﺤﺠﻤـﻪ‬
‫)‪ .(0.2289m3‬ﺍﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺭﻭﺒﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺃﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﻜل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻻﺠﺭﺍﺌﻴﻥ‪ .‬ﻋﻠﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ‪:‬‬

‫‪Cp =1.006kJ/kg.K ، Cv =0.717kJ/kg.K‬‬

‫‪R = Cp − Cv = 1.006 − 0.717‬‬ ‫‪V3‬‬ ‫‪0.2289‬‬

‫‪T3 = T2‬‬ ‫‪= 616‬‬ ‫‪= 1848K‬‬
‫‪= 0.289kJ / kg.K‬‬ ‫‪V2‬‬ ‫‪0.0763‬‬
‫‪mRT1 0.3 × 0.289 × 308‬‬ ‫‪V3‬‬
‫= ‪V1‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪∆s 23 = Cp ln‬‬
‫‪P1‬‬ ‫‪350‬‬ ‫‪V2‬‬
‫‪= 0.0763m 3‬‬ ‫‪0.2289‬‬
‫‪= 1.006 ln‬‬
‫‪P2‬‬ ‫‪700‬‬ ‫‪0.0763‬‬
‫( ‪T2 = T1‬‬ ‫‪) = 308‬‬ ‫‪= 616K‬‬ ‫‪= 1.1066kJ / kg.K‬‬
‫‪P1‬‬ ‫‪350‬‬
‫‪P‬‬ ‫‪700‬‬ ‫‪∆S 23 = ∆S 23 × m = 1.1066 × 0.3‬‬
‫‪∆s12 = Cv ln 2 = 0.717 ln‬‬ ‫‪= 0.332kJ / kg.K‬‬
‫‪P1‬‬ ‫‪350‬‬
‫‪= 0.496kJ / kg.K ⇒ ∆s12 .m‬‬ ‫ﻭﻨﺤﺴﺏ ‪ ∆s 23‬ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﺍﻵﺘﻴﺔ ﺍﻴﻀﹰﺎ‪:‬‬
‫‪= 0.496.03 = 1.488kJ / kg.K‬‬
‫‪T3‬‬
‫‪ (1)∆s 23 = Cp ln T‬ﻭﻨﺤﺴﺏ ‪ ∆s 12‬ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﺍﻵﺘﻴﺔ ﺍﻴﻀﹰﺎ‪:‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪T2‬‬
‫‪(1)∆s = Cv ln‬‬ ‫‪T‬‬ ‫‪V‬‬
‫‪T1‬‬ ‫‪( 2)∆s 23 = Cp ln 3 + R ln 3‬‬
‫‪T‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪V‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪T‬‬ ‫‪P‬‬
‫‪( 2)∆s = Cp ln 2 − R ln 2‬‬
‫‪T1‬‬ ‫‪P1‬‬

‫)‪(313‬‬
 ‫)‪(9.34‬‬
‫ﻏﺎﺯ ﻀﻐﻁﻪ )‪ (140kN/m2‬ﻭﺤﺠﻤﻪ )‪ (0.14m3‬ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘﻪ )‪.(25oC‬ﻀﻐﻁ ﺇﻟﻰ )‪(1.4MN/m2‬‬
‫ﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ )‪ .(PV1.25=C.‬ﺍﺤﺴﺏ )ﺃ(ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺭﻭﺒﻲ)ﺏ(ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺭﻴﺒﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺭﻭﺒﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺼل‬
‫ﻤﻥ ﺘﻘﺴﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﻘﻠﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻌﺩل ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠﻘﺔ ﺃﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻻﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪Cp=1.041 kJ/kg.K ، Cv=o.743 kJ/kg.K‬‬

‫‪R = Cp − Cv = 1.041 − 0.743‬‬ ‫‪V1 n −1‬‬

‫( ‪T2 = T1‬‬ ‫‪) = 298(6.3) 1.25−1 = 472k‬‬
‫‪= 0.298kJ / kg.K‬‬ ‫‪V2‬‬
‫‪PV‬‬ ‫‪140 × 0.14‬‬ ‫‪472 + 298 = 385K‬‬ ‫ﻤﻌﺩل ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺠﺔ‬
‫= ‪m= 1 1‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪RT1 0.298 × 298‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺭﻴﺒﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺭﻭﺒﻲ‪:‬‬
‫‪= 0.221kg‬‬
‫‪Q‬‬ ‫‪17.25‬‬
‫‪P‬‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪∆S = = −‬‬ ‫‪= −0.0448kJ / K‬‬
‫‪V2 = V1 ( 1 ) n‬‬ ‫‪T‬‬ ‫‪385‬‬
‫‪P2‬‬ ‫ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺤﺴﺎﺏ ) ‪( ∆s‬ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫‪140 1.25‬‬ ‫‪T‬‬ ‫‪P‬‬
‫(‪= 0.14‬‬ ‫)‬ ‫‪= 0.022m 3‬‬ ‫‪(1)∆s = Cp ln 2 − R ln 2‬‬
‫‪1400‬‬ ‫‪T1‬‬ ‫‪P1‬‬
‫‪V‬‬ ‫‪P‬‬ ‫‪T2‬‬ ‫‪V‬‬
‫‪∆s12 = Cp ln 2 + Cv ln 2‬‬ ‫‪( 2)∆s = Cv ln‬‬ ‫‪+ R ln 2‬‬
‫‪V1‬‬ ‫‪P1‬‬ ‫‪T1‬‬ ‫‪V1‬‬
‫‪0.0222‬‬ ‫‪1400‬‬ ‫‪V2‬‬
‫‪= 1.041 ln‬‬ ‫‪+ 0.743 ln‬‬ ‫‪( 3)∆s = Cv( γ − n ) ln‬‬
‫‪0.14‬‬ ‫‪140‬‬ ‫‪V1‬‬
‫‪= −0.205kJ / kg.K‬‬ ‫‪γ − n T1‬‬
‫‪∆S 12 = ∆s × m = −0.205 × 0.221‬‬ ‫‪(4)∆s = Cv‬‬ ‫‪ln‬‬
‫‪n − 1 T2‬‬
‫‪= −0.0453kg.K‬‬ ‫‪γ − n p1‬‬
‫‪(5)∆s = Cv‬‬ ‫‪ln‬‬
‫‪P V − P2 V2‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬ ‫‪p2‬‬
‫‪W= 1 1‬‬
‫‪n−1‬‬
‫=‬
‫‪140 × 0.14 − 1400 × 0.0222‬‬ ‫ﻜﻠﻬﺎ ﺘﻌﻁﻲ ﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺃﻱ‪:‬‬
‫‪1.25 − 1‬‬ ‫‪∆s = −0.205kJ / kg.K‬‬
‫‪= −46kJ‬‬
‫‪1.041‬‬
‫= ‪γ = Cp / Cv‬‬ ‫‪= 1.4‬‬
‫‪0.743‬‬
‫‪γ−n‬‬ ‫‪1.4 − 1.25‬‬
‫=‪Q‬‬ ‫=‪×W‬‬ ‫)‪× ( −46‬‬
‫‪γ −1‬‬ ‫‪1.4 − 1‬‬
‫‪= −17.25kJ‬‬

‫)‪(314‬‬
 ‫)‪(9.35‬‬
‫ﻏﺎﺯ ﻤﺜﺎﻟﻲ ﺴﺨﻥ ﺒﺜﺒﻭﺕ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ‪ ،‬ﺜﻡ ﺘﻤﺩﺩﺇﻨﻌﻜﺎﺴﻴﺎ ﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ )‪ (PVn=C.‬ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻥ ﻋﺎﺩ ﺇﻟـﻰ ﺩﺭﺠـﺔ‬
‫ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘﻪ ﺍﻻﺒﺘﺩﺍﺌﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺭﻭﺒﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﺠﺭﺍﺌﻴﻥ ﻤﺘﺴﺎﻭﻱ‪ .‬ﻭﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ )‪ (γ=1.4‬ﺍﺤﺴﺏ‬
‫ﻗﻴﻤﺔ )‪.(n‬‬

‫‪∆S 12 = ∆S 23‬‬ ‫‪n − 1.4 = −1.4‬‬

‫‪T2‬‬ ‫‪T n−γ‬‬ ‫‪n −1‬‬
‫‪mCp ln‬‬ ‫( ‪= mCv ln 1‬‬ ‫)‬ ‫‪n = 1.17‬‬
‫‪T1‬‬ ‫‪T2 n − 1‬‬
‫‪T2‬‬ ‫‪T‬‬
‫‪Cp ln‬‬ ‫‪− Cp ln 1‬‬
‫‪n−γ‬‬ ‫‪T1‬‬ ‫‪T2‬‬
‫=‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= −γ‬‬
‫‪n −1‬‬ ‫‪T1‬‬ ‫‪T1‬‬
‫‪Cv ln‬‬ ‫‪Cv ln‬‬
‫‪T2‬‬ ‫‪T2‬‬

‫)‪(315‬‬
 ‫)‪(9.36‬‬
‫)‪ (1kg‬ﻤﻥ ﻏﺎﺯ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘﻪ )‪ (27oC‬ﻴﺴﺨﻥ ﺒﺜﺒﻭﺕ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﺤﺘﻰ ﻴﺘﻀﺎﻋﻑ ﺤﺠﻤـﻪ‪ .‬ﺜـﻡ ﻴـﻀﻐﻁ‬
‫ﺁﻴﺯﻭﺜﺭﻤﻠﻴﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺭﻭﺒﻴﺎ ﺍﻻﺼﻠﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺜﻡ ﻴﺘﻤـﺩﺩﺒﻭﻟﺘﺭﻭﺒﻴﺎ ﺒﺤـﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗـﺔ )‪ (PV1.2=C.‬ﺇﻟـﻰ ﺍﻟﺤﺠـﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺒﺘﺩﺍﺌﻲ‪.‬ﺜﻡ ﻴﺒﺭﺩ ﺒﺜﺒﻭﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻡ ﻟﻴﻌﻭﺩ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺤﺎﻟﺘﻪ ﺍﻻﺒﺘﺩﺍﺌﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺍﺤﺴﺏ )‪(1‬ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟـﺸﻐل ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﻘﻠـﻴﻥ‪(2).‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﻨﺘﺭﻭﺒﻴﺎ‪ .‬ﻋﻠﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ‪:‬‬
‫‪R =0.029 kJ/kg.K ،Cp = 0.532 kJ/kg.K‬‬
‫‪1⇒ 2‬‬ ‫‪n−γ‬‬ ‫‪1.2 − 1.06‬‬
‫‪Cn = Cv‬‬ ‫‪= 0.503‬‬
‫‪V2‬‬ ‫‪n −1‬‬ ‫‪1.2 − 1‬‬
‫( ‪T2 = T1‬‬ ‫‪) = 300 × 2‬‬
‫‪V1‬‬ ‫‪= −0.2015kJ / kg.K‬‬
‫‪= 600K‬‬ ‫‪V4 V1 V2‬‬
‫=‬ ‫×‬
‫) ‪Q 12 = mCp(T2 − T1‬‬ ‫‪V3 V2 V3‬‬
‫‪= 1 × 0.532 × 300 = 159.6kJ‬‬ ‫=‬
‫‪V1‬‬
‫‪× 19.5 = 9.75‬‬
‫‪W12 = mR∆T12‬‬ ‫‪2V1‬‬
‫‪= 1 × 0.029 × 300 = 37.2kJ‬‬ ‫( ‪T4 = T3‬‬
‫‪V3 n−1‬‬
‫)‬
‫‪∆U 12 = Q 12 − W12‬‬ ‫‪V4‬‬
‫‪= 159.6 − 37.2 = 122.4kJ‬‬ ‫‪1 1.2−1‬‬
‫(‪= 600‬‬ ‫)‬ ‫‪= 380.7K‬‬
‫‪T‬‬ ‫‪9.75‬‬
‫‪∆S 12 = mCp ln 2‬‬ ‫‪Q 34‬‬ ‫‪= mCn∆T34‬‬
‫‪T1‬‬
‫‪= 44.2kJ‬‬
‫‪600‬‬
‫‪= 1 × 0.532 ln‬‬ ‫‪= 0.369kJ / K‬‬ ‫‪T4‬‬
‫‪300‬‬ ‫‪∆S 34 = mCn ln‬‬
‫‪2⇒ 3‬‬ ‫‪T3‬‬
‫‪∆S 23 = − ∆S 12 = −0.369kJ / K‬‬ ‫‪= 0.109kJ / K‬‬
‫‪Q 23 = T2 ∆S 23‬‬ ‫‪∆U 34 = mCv∆T34‬‬
‫)‪= 600 × ( −0.369‬‬ ‫‪= −88.5kJ‬‬
‫‪= −221.4kJ = W23‬‬ ‫‪W34 = Q 34 − ∆U 34‬‬
‫‪3⇒4‬‬ ‫‪= 132.7kJ‬‬
‫‪V3‬‬ ‫‪4⇒1‬‬
‫‪Q 23 = mRT2 ln‬‬
‫‪V2‬‬ ‫‪Q 41 = mCv∆T41‬‬
‫‪V3‬‬ ‫‪= −32.5kJ‬‬
‫‪221.4 = 1 × 0.029 × 600 ln‬‬
‫‪V2‬‬ ‫‪∆U 41 = Q 41‬‬
‫‪V3‬‬ ‫‪= −32.5kJ‬‬
‫∴‬ ‫‪= 19.5‬‬
‫‪V2‬‬ ‫‪∆S 41 = − ∆S 34‬‬
‫‪= −0.109kJ / K‬‬

‫)‪(316‬‬
 ‫)‪(9.37‬‬
‫ﻫﻭﺍﺀ ﻀﻐﻁﻪ )‪ (1bar‬ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘﻪ )‪ .(15oC‬ﻴﻀﻐﻁ ﺁﻴﺯﻭﺜﺭﻤﻠﻴﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ )‪ .(27.59 bar‬ﺜـﻡ ﻴـﻀﻐﻁ‬
‫ﺒﻭﻟﺘﺭﻭﺒﻴﺎ ﻭﻓﻕ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻥ )‪ (PV1.3=C.‬ﺇﻟﻰ ﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ‪.‬ﻗﺎﺭﻥ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺘﻴﻥ ﺒﺎﻟﻨـﺴﺒﺔ ﺇﻟـﻰ‪ (1) :‬ﺍﻟـﺸﻐل‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﻘﻠﻴﻥ )‪ (2‬ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺌﻴﺔ )‪ (3‬ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﻨﺘﺭﻭﺒﻲ ﻟﻜل )‪ (1kg‬ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍﺀ‪.‬‬
‫ﻋﻠﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪γ=1.4 ، R = 0.287 kJ/kg.K‬‬
‫)‪( A‬‬ ‫)‪(B‬‬
‫‪RT1 0.287 × 288‬‬ ‫‪P‬‬
‫‪n −1‬‬
‫= ‪ν1‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫) ‪T2 = T1 ( 2‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬
‫‪P1‬‬ ‫‪100‬‬ ‫‪P1‬‬
‫‪= 0.827m 3 / kg‬‬ ‫‪27.59 1.3‬‬
‫‪0.3‬‬

‫‪RT2 0.287 × 288‬‬ ‫(‪= 288‬‬ ‫‪) = 619.2K‬‬

‫= ‪ν2‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫‪P2‬‬ ‫‪100‬‬ ‫‪R‬‬
‫= ) ‪∆U = Cv(T2 − T1‬‬ ‫) ‪(T2 − T1‬‬
‫‪= 0.030m 3 / kg‬‬ ‫‪γ −1‬‬
‫‪V‬‬ ‫‪0.287‬‬
‫‪q = w = RT ln 2‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪(619.2 − 288) = 237.61kJ / kg‬‬
‫‪V1‬‬ ‫‪0.402‬‬
‫‪0.030‬‬ ‫‪T‬‬ ‫‪P‬‬
‫‪= 0.287 × 288 ln‬‬ ‫‪∆s = Cv ln 2 − R ln 2‬‬
‫‪0.827‬‬ ‫‪T1‬‬ ‫‪P1‬‬
‫‪= −263.47kJ / kg‬‬ ‫‪γ‬‬ ‫‪T‬‬ ‫‪P‬‬
‫=‬ ‫‪R ln 2 − R ln 2‬‬
‫‪ν2‬‬ ‫‪T‬‬ ‫‪γ −1‬‬ ‫‪T1‬‬ ‫‪P1‬‬
‫‪∆s = R ln‬‬ ‫‪+ Cv ln 2‬‬
‫‪ν1‬‬ ‫‪T1‬‬ ‫‪1.4‬‬ ‫‪619.2‬‬ ‫‪27.59‬‬
‫=‬ ‫‪.0.287 ln‬‬ ‫‪− 0.287 ln‬‬
‫‪0.03‬‬ ‫‪0.4‬‬ ‫‪288‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫‪= 0.287 ln‬‬ ‫‪+0‬‬
‫‪0.827‬‬ ‫‪= −0.186kJ / kg.K‬‬
‫‪= −0.915kJ / kg.K‬‬ ‫) ‪P ν − P2 ν 2 R(T1 − T2‬‬
‫‪w= 1 1‬‬ ‫=‬
‫‪n −1‬‬ ‫‪n−1‬‬
‫)‪0.287( −331.2‬‬
‫=‬
‫‪1.3 − 1‬‬
‫‪= −316.84kJ / kg‬‬
‫‪q = w + ∆u = −316.84 + 237.61‬‬
‫‪= −79.23kJ / kg‬‬

‫)‪(317‬‬
 ‫)‪(9.38‬‬
‫ﻫﻭﺍﺀ ﻀﻐﻁﻪ )‪ (110kPa‬ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘﻪ )‪ .(50oC‬ﻴﻀﻐﻁ ﺇﺩﻴﺎﺒﺎﺘﻴﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ )‪(1/8‬ﺤﺠﻤﻪ ﺍﻻﺒﺘـﺩﺍﺌﻲ‪ .‬ﺜـﻡ‬
‫ﺘﻀﺎﻑ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺒﺜﺒﻭﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻡ ﻟﺘﺼﺒﺢ ﺩﺭﺤﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘﻪ )‪ .(900 oC‬ﺜﻡ ﻴﺘﻤـﺩﺩ ﺇﺩﻴﺎﺒﺎﺘﻴـﺎ ﺇﻟـﻰ ﺤﺠﻤـﻪ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺒﺘﺩﺍﺌﻲ‪.‬ﺜﻡ ﺘﻁﺭﺡ ﻤﻨﻪ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺒﺜﺒﻭﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺠـﻡ ﻟﻴﻌـﻭﺩ ﺇﻟـﻰ ﺤﺎﻟﺘـﻪ ﺍﻻﺼـﻠﻴﺔ‪.‬ﻓـﺈﺫﺍ ﻜـﺎﻥ )‪(γ= 1.4‬‬
‫ﻭ)‪.(Cv=0.718 kJ/kg.K‬ﺍﺤﺴﺏ‪:‬‬
‫)‪(1‬ﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﻭﻗﺎﺭﻨﻬﺎ ﻤﻊ ﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﻜﺎﺭﻨﻭ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺘﻌﻤل ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺩﺭﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﻴﻥ ﻨﻔﺴﻬﻤﺎ‪.‬‬
‫)‪(2‬ﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺭﻭﺒﻲ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻨﺘﻘﺎل ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‪.‬‬

‫‪V1 γ −1‬‬ ‫‪Wnet 173.7‬‬

‫( ‪T2 = T1‬‬ ‫)‬ ‫=‪η‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 0.563‬‬
‫‪V2‬‬ ‫‪q in‬‬ ‫‪308.7‬‬
‫‪= 323(8) 0.4 = 743K‬‬
‫‪V3 γ −1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪Tmin‬‬ ‫‪323‬‬
‫( ‪T4 = T3‬‬ ‫‪) = 1173( ) 0.4 = 511K‬‬ ‫‪ηc = 1 −‬‬ ‫‪=1−‬‬ ‫‪= 0.725‬‬
‫‪V4‬‬ ‫‪8‬‬ ‫‪Tmax‬‬ ‫‪1173‬‬
‫‪q 23 − w 23 = µ 3 − µ 2‬‬ ‫‪∆s 23 = Cv ln‬‬
‫‪T3‬‬
‫‪= 0.718 ln‬‬
‫‪1173‬‬
‫) ) ‪= Cv(T3 − T2‬‬ ‫‪T2‬‬ ‫‪743‬‬
‫‪= 308.7kJ / kg‬‬ ‫‪= 0.328kJ / kg.K‬‬
‫) ‪= Cv(T1 − T4‬‬ ‫‪T1‬‬ ‫‪323‬‬
‫‪q 41‬‬ ‫‪∆s 41 = Cv ln‬‬ ‫‪= 0.718 ln‬‬
‫‪T4‬‬ ‫‪511‬‬
‫‪= 0.718( 323 − 511) = −135kJ / kg‬‬
‫)‪w net = q in + q o = 308.7 + ( −135‬‬ ‫‪= 0.329kJ / kg.K‬‬

‫‪= 173.7kJ / kg‬‬

‫)‪(318‬‬
 ‫)‪(9.39‬‬
‫ﻫﻭﺍﺀ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘﻪ )‪ (40oC‬ﻴﻀﻐﻁ ﺇﺩﻴﺎﺒﺎﺘﻴﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ) ‪ ( 171‬ﻤﻥ ﺤﺠﻤﻪ ﺍﻻﺼﻠﻲ‪.‬ﺘﻀﺎﻑ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺒﺜﺒـﻭﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﺤﺘﻰ ﻴﺘﻀﺎﻋﻑ ﺤﺠﻤﻪ‪ .‬ﺜﻡ ﻴﺘﻤﺩﺩ ﺇﺩﻴﺎﺒﺎﺘﻴﺎ ﺤﺘﻰ ﺘﺼﺒﺢ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘﻪ )‪ (826K‬ﻭﻴﻌﻭﺩ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺤﺠﻤﻪ‬
‫ـﺎﻥ)‪، (γ =1.4‬‬
‫ـﺈﺫﺍ ﻜـ‬
‫ـﻠﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻓـ‬
‫ـﻪ ﺍﻻﺼـ‬
‫ـﻰ ﺤﺎﻟﺘـ‬
‫ـﻭﺩ ﺇﻟـ‬
‫ـﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻟﻴﻌـ‬
‫ـﻪ ﺤـ‬
‫ـﺭﺩ ﻤﻨـ‬
‫ـﻡ ﺘﻁـ‬
‫ـﺩﺍﺌﻲ‪ .‬ﺜـ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺒﺘـ‬
‫)‪.(R =0.287 kJ/kg.K‬ﺍﺤﺴﺏ‪:‬‬
‫)‪(1‬ﺍﻟﺸﻐل ﺍﻟﺼﺎﻓﻲ‪.‬‬
‫)‪ (2‬ﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﻭﻗﺎﺭﻨﻬﺎ ﻤﻊ ﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﻜﺎﺭﻨﻭ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﺘﻌﻤل ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺩﺭﻴﻥ ﻨﻔﺴﻴﻬﻤﺎ‪.‬‬
‫)‪ (3‬ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻗﻲ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺭﻭﺒﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺃﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻨﺘﻘﺎل ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‪.‬‬

‫‪V1 γ −1‬‬ ‫‪Wnet = q in + q o‬‬

‫( ‪T2 = T1‬‬ ‫‪) 313(17 )0.4‬‬
‫‪V2‬‬ ‫)‪= 975.9 + ( −367.8‬‬
‫‪= 972K‬‬ ‫‪= 608.1kJ / kg‬‬
‫‪V‬‬ ‫‪W‬‬ ‫‪608.1‬‬
‫)‪T3 = T2 ( 3 ) = 972( 2‬‬ ‫= ‪η = net‬‬ ‫‪= 0.623‬‬
‫‪V2‬‬ ‫‪q in‬‬ ‫‪975.9‬‬
‫‪= 1944K‬‬ ‫‪Tmin‬‬ ‫‪313‬‬
‫‪ηc = 1 −‬‬ ‫‪=1−‬‬ ‫‪= 0.84‬‬
‫‪Rγ‬‬ ‫‪0.287 × 1.4‬‬ ‫‪Tmax‬‬ ‫‪1944‬‬
‫= ‪Cp‬‬ ‫=‬
‫‪γ −1‬‬ ‫‪0.4‬‬ ‫‪T3‬‬
‫‪∆s 23 = Cp ln‬‬
‫‪= 1.004kJ / kg.K‬‬ ‫‪T2‬‬
‫) ‪q 23 = P2 (ν 3 − ν 2 ) + (µ 3 − µ 2‬‬ ‫‪1944‬‬
‫‪= 1.004 ln‬‬ ‫‪= 0.696kJ / kg.K‬‬
‫) ‪= h 3 − h 2 = Cp(T3 − T2‬‬ ‫‪972‬‬
‫)‪= 1.004(1944 − 972‬‬ ‫‪∆s 23 = ∆s 41‬‬
‫‪= 975.9kJ / kg = q in‬‬ ‫‪= −0.696kJ / kg.K‬‬
‫‪R‬‬ ‫‪0.287‬‬
‫= ‪Cv‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 0.717kJ / kg.K‬‬
‫‪γ −1‬‬ ‫‪0.4‬‬
‫‪q 41‬‬ ‫) ‪= w 41 + (µ 1 − µ 4‬‬
‫) ‪= Cv(T1 − T4‬‬
‫)‪= 0.717( 313 − 826‬‬
‫‪= −367.8kJ / kg‬‬

‫)‪(319‬‬
 ‫ﻤﺴﺎﺌل‬
‫)‪(9.1‬‬
‫ﻏﺎﺯ ﻜﺘﻠﺘﻪ )‪ (1kg‬ﺘﻤﺩﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺇﺩﻴﺎﺒﺎﺘﻲ ﺤﻴﺙ ﺍﻨﺨﻔـﻀﺕ ﺩﺭﺠـﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘـﻪ ﻤـﻥ )‪ (240 oC‬ﺇﻟـﻰ‬
‫)‪ (115oC‬ﺒﻴﻨﻤﻨﺎ ﺃﺼﺒﺢ ﺤﺠﻤﻪ ﻀﻌﻑ ﺤﺠﻤﻪ ﺍﻻﺒﺘﺩﺍﺌﻲ ﻭﺘﻡ ﺍﻨﺠﺎﺯ ﺸﻐل ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭﻩ )‪ .(90kJ‬ﺒﻌﺩ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺴﺨﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﺒﺜﺒﻭﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻡ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻀﻐﻁﻪ ﺍﻻﺒﺘﺩﺍﺌﻲ‪ .‬ﺜﻡ ﺃﻋﻴﺩ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺤﺎﻟﺘﻪ ﺍﻻﻭﻟـﻰ ﻋﻨـﺩ ﺜﺒـﻭﺕ ﺍﻟـﻀﻐﻁ‪ .‬ﺍﺭﺴـﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺠﺭﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺨﻁﻁﻲ )‪ (P-V‬ﻭ )‪ (T-S‬ﻭﺍﺤﺴﺏ ﻟﻜل ﺃﺠﺭﺍﺀ‪:‬‬
‫)‪ (1‬ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻐل ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﻘﻠﻴﻥ‪ (2).‬ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻗﻲ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﻴﺔ ‪(3) .‬ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺭﻭﺒﻲ‪.‬‬
‫ﺝ‪:‬‬
‫)‪(-0.7kJ/K, 0.7kJ/K, -369.36, -90kJ, -148.77kJ, -518.13kJ, 459.36kJ‬‬

‫)‪(9.2‬‬
‫ﻏﺎﺯ ﻜﺘﻠﺘﻪ )‪ (0.3kg‬ﻭﺤﺠﻤﻪ )‪ (0.24m3‬ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘﻪ )‪ .(22oC‬ﺘﻡ ﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩﻩ ﺒﺜﺒﻭﺕ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ‪ .‬ﺜﻡ ﻴﺴﺨﻥ‬
‫ﺒﺜﺒﻭﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻡ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻀﻐﻁ )‪ (2 bar‬ﺜـﻡ ﻴﺘﻤـﺩﺩ ﻓـﻲ ﺍﺠـﺭﺍﺀ ﺜﺒـﻭﺕ ﺩﺭﺠـﺔ ﺍﻟﺤـﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺇﻟـﻰ ﺤﺠـﻡ‬
‫)‪.(0.2 m3‬ﺜﻡ ﻴﺘﻤﺩﺩ ﺇﺩﻴﺎﺒﺎﺘﻴﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺤﺎﻟﺘﻪ ﺍﻻﻭﻟﻰ ﻤﻜﻤﻼ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺭﺓ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻋﻠﻤﺕ ﺃﻥ‪، (Cv =0.63 kJ/kg.K) :‬‬
‫)‪ .(Cp = 0.82 kJ/kg.K‬ﺍﺭﺴﻡ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺨﻁﻁﻲ )‪ (P-V‬ﻭ )‪ (T-S‬ﻭﺍﺤﺴﺏ‪:‬‬
‫)‪ (1‬ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﻘﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻜل ﺍﺠﺭﺍﺀ )‪ (2‬ﺍﻟﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺩﻭﺭﺓ)‪ (3‬ﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺭﻭﺒﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻜل ﺍﺠﺭﺍﺀ‪.‬‬
‫ﺝ‪:‬‬
‫)‪(0.0162kJ/K, 0.0985kJ/K, -0.1148kJ/K, 0.066, 8.56kJ, 40.5kJ, -45.86kJ‬‬

‫)‪(9.3‬‬
‫ﻫﻭﺍﺀ ﻜﺘﻠﺘﻪ )‪ (0.3 kg‬ﻭﻀﻐﻁﻪ )‪ (1 bar‬ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘﻪ )‪ .(40 oC‬ﻴﻀﻐﻁ ﺁﻴﺯﻭﺜﺭﻤﻠﻴﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺭﺒﻊ ﺤﺠﻤﻪ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻭل‪ .‬ﺜﻡ ﻴﺴﺨﻥ ﺒﺜﺒﻭﺕ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ‪ .‬ﺜﻡ ﻴﺘﻤﺩﺩ ﺒﻭﻟﺘﺭﻭﺒﻴﺎ ﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ )‪ (PV1.35=C1‬ﺇﻟﻰ ﺤﺎﻟﺘﻪ ﺍﻻﺼـﻠﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ‪ (R=0.287kJ/kg.K , γ =1.4):‬ﺍﺭﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺨﻁﻁﻲ )‪ (P-V‬ﻭ)‪ (T-S‬ﻭﺍﺤﺴﺏ )‪(1‬‬
‫ﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﻓﻲ ﺒﺩﺍﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﻭﻟﺘﺭﻭﺒﻲ )‪ (2‬ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻟﻸﻨﺘﺭﻭﺒﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻜل ﺍﺠﺭﺍﺀ )‪ (3‬ﺍﻟـﺸﻐل ﺍﻟﻨـﺎﺘﺞ ﻋـﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺭﺓ )‪ (4‬ﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺭﺓ‪.‬‬
‫ﺝ‪:‬‬
‫‪3‬‬
‫) ‪(30%, 7.588kJ, 0.01136kJ/K, 0.108kJ/K, -0.11936kJ/K, 0.0965m‬‬

‫)‪(320‬‬
 ‫)‪(9.4‬‬
‫ﺍﻀﻴﻔﺕ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺒﺜﺒﻭﺕ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﺇﻟﻰ )‪ (2 kg‬ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍﺀ ﺤﺘﻰ ﺍﺼﺒﺢ ﺤﺠﻤﻪ )‪ (3‬ﻤﺭﺍﺕ ﺤﺠﻤﻪ ﺍﻻﻭل‪ .‬ﺒﻌﺩ‬
‫ﺫﻟﻙ ﻴﻀﻐﻁ ﺒﺜﺒﻭﺕ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺤﺘﻰ ﻴﻌﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺤﺠﻤﻪ ﺍﻻﻭل‪ .‬ﺜﻡ ﻴﺒﺭﺩ ﺒﺜﺒﻭﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻡ ﺤﺘﻰ ﻴﻌﻭﺩ ﺇﻟـﻰ‬
‫ﺤﺎﻟﺘﻪ ﺍﻻﻭﻟﻰ‪ .‬ﺍﺭﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺨﻁﻁﻲ )‪ (P-V‬ﻭ)‪ (T-S‬ﻭﺍﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺭﻭﺒﻲ ﻟﻜل ﺍﺠـﺭﺍﺀ‬
‫ﻭﺼﺎﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺭﻭﺒﻲ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻤﺎ ﺒﺄﻥ‪:‬‬
‫)‪.(R=0.287kJ/kg.K , γ =1.4‬‬
‫ﺝ‪(0, -1.575kJ/K, -0.63kJ/K ,2.208kJ /K):‬‬

‫)‪(9.5‬‬
‫‪ (500‬ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻻﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﻓـﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﻭﺍﺀ ﻴﻤﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﻜﺎﺭﻨﻭ ﺘﻌﻤل ﺒﻴﻥ ﺩﺭﺠﺘﻲ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ )‪ (25 C‬ﻭ)‪C‬‬
‫‪o‬‬ ‫‪o‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺭﺓ )‪.(15‬‬
‫ﺍﺤﺴﺏ )‪ (1‬ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺭﻭﺒﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻲ ﻻﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‪(2) .‬ﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺭﺓ‪.‬‬
‫ﺝ‪(0.614, 0.091kJ/kg.K) :‬‬

‫)‪(9.6‬‬
‫ﻏﺎﺯ ﻜﺘﻠﺘﻪ )‪ (0.2 kg‬ﻭﻀﻐﻁﻪ )‪ (27 C‬ﻭﺤﺠﻤﻪ ) ‪ .(0.12m‬ﻀﻐﻁ ﺇﺩﻴﺎﺒﺎﺘﻴﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ) ‪ .(0.09m‬ﺜﻡ ﻀﻐﻁ‬
‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪o‬‬

‫ﺁﻴﺯﻭﺜﺭﻤﻠﻴﺎ‪ .‬ﺜﻡ ﺘﺨﺭﺝ ﻤﻨﻪ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺒﺜﺒﻭﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻡ‪ .‬ﺜﻡ ﻴﺘﻤﺩﺩ ﺁﻴﺯﻭﺜﺭﻤﻠﻴﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺤﺎﻟﺘﻪ ﺍﻻﺼﻠﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺍﺭﺴﻡ ﺍﻟـﺩﻭﺭﺓ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺨﻁﻁﻲ )‪ (P-V‬ﻭ)‪ (T-S‬ﻭﺍﺤﺴﺏ )‪ (1‬ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﻘﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻜل ﺍﺠﺭﺍﺀ )‪ (2‬ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻻﺩﺍﺀ ﻟﻠـﺩﻭﺭﺓ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﻋﻤﻠﻬﺎ ﻟﻠﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ )‪ (3‬ﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺭﻭﺒﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻜل ﺍﺠﺭﺍﺀ‪.‬‬
‫ﻋﻠﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ‪:‬‬
‫)‪.(Cp = 0.82 kJ/kg.K)، (Cv =0.63 kJ/kg.K‬‬
‫ﺝ‪:‬‬
‫)‪(0.014kJ/K, -0.011kJ/K, -0.0032kJ/K, 20,4.22kJ, -3.41kJ, -1.036kJ‬‬

‫)‪(9.7‬‬
‫ﺍﻭﻜﺴﺠﻴﻥ ﻜﺘﻠﺘﻪ )‪ (0.2kg‬ﻭﺤﺠﻤﻪ )‪ (0.12m3‬ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘﻪ)‪ (15oC‬ﺴﺨﻥ ﺒﺜﺒﻭﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻡ‪ .‬ﺜـﻡ ﺘﻤـﺩﺩ‬
‫ﺁﻴﺯﻭﺜﺭﻤﻠﻴــﺎ ﺇﻟــﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺭﺠــﻊ ﺇﻟــﻰ ﻀــﻐﻁﻪ ﺍﻻﻭل ﻭﺃﺼــﺒﺢ ﺤﺠﻤــﻪ )‪ .(0.5m3‬ﻓــﺈﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨــﺕ‬
‫)‪ (Cp=0.91kJ/kg.K ,Cv=0.65kJ/kg.K‬ﺍﺭﺴﻡ ﺍﻻﺠـﺭﺍﺌﻴﻥ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﻤﺨﻁﻁـﻲ )‪ (P-V‬ﻭ)‪(T-S‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﺤﺴﺏ ﻜل ﻤﻨﻬﻤﺎ‪:‬‬
‫)‪ (1‬ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﻘﻠﺔ )‪ (2‬ﺍﻟﺸﻐل ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﻘل )‪(3‬ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﻴﺔ )‪ (4‬ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺭﻭﺒﻲ‪.‬‬
‫ﺝ‪:‬‬
‫)‪(0.309kJ/K, 0.7855kJ/K, 118.56kJ, 89.05kJ, 89.05kJ, 118.56kJ‬‬

‫)‪(321‬‬
 ‫)‪(9.8‬‬
‫)‪ (1kg‬ﻫﻭﺍﺀ ﻓﻲ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﻜﺎﺭﻨﻭ ﺘﻌﻤل ﺒﻴﻥ ﺩﺭﺠﺘﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ )‪ (327oC‬ﻭ)‪ .(27oC‬ﺍﻋﻠﻰ ﻀﻐﻁ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺭﺓ‬
‫)‪ (7 bar‬ﻭﺍﻗل ﻀﻐﻁ )‪ .(0.35 bar‬ﺍﺭﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺨﻁﻁﻲ )‪ (P-V‬ﻭ)‪ (T-S‬ﻭﺍﺤﺴﺏ‪:‬‬
‫)‪ (1‬ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺠﻡ ﻓﻲ ﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔ ﻜل ﺍﺠﺭﺍﺀ)‪ (2‬ﺼﺎﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺭﻭﺒـﻲ )‪ (3‬ﺼـﺎﻓﻲ ﺍﻟـﺸﻐل )‪(4‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺎﻓﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺝ‪(98.2kJ, 49.08kJ , 0.002kJ/K, 0.62bar, 1.4m3):‬‬

‫)‪(9.9‬‬
‫)‪ (1kg‬ﻫﻭﺍﺀ ﻀﻐﻁﻪ )‪ (1bar‬ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘﻪ )‪ (300K‬ﻀﻐﻁ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺁﻴﺯﻭﺜﺭﻤﻠـﻲ ﺤﺘـﻰ ﺍﺼـﺒﺢ‬
‫ﻀﻐﻁﻪ ﺨﻤﺴﺔ ﺍﻀﻌﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻻﺒﺘﺩﺍﺌﻲ‪ .‬ﺍﻀﻴﻔﺕ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﻭ ﺒﺜﺒﻭﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻡ‪ .‬ﺜﻡ ﺍﻀﻴﻔﺕ ﺇﻟﻴـﻪ ﺤـﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺒﺜﺒﻭﺕ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﻗﻴﻤﺘﻬﺎ ﻨﺼﻑ ﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺒﺜﺒﻭﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻡ‪ .‬ﺒﻌﺩ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺘﻤﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍﺀ ﺇﺩﻴﺎﺒﺎﺘﻴـﺎ ﺤﺘـﻰ‬
‫ﺭﺠﻊ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺤﺎﻟﺘﻪ ﺍﻻﺒﺘﺩﺍﺌﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺍﺭﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺨﻁﻁﻲ )‪ (P-V‬ﻭ)‪ (T-S‬ﻭﺍﺤﺴﺏ‪:‬‬
‫)‪ (1‬ﺼﺎﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻐل ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺭﺓ )‪ (2‬ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺎﻓﺔ )‪ (3‬ﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺭﺓ )‪ (4‬ﺍﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺭﺓ )‪(5‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺭﻭﺒﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻻﺠﺭﺍﺀﺍﺕ‪.‬‬

‫)‪(9.10‬‬
‫ﻨﺼﻑ ﻜﻴﻠﻭ ﻏﺭﺍﻡ ﻤﻥ ﻏﺎﺯ ﻓﻲ ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻤﻐﻠﻕ ﺘﻤﺩﺩ ﺇﺩﻴﺎﺒﺎﺘﻴﺎ ﻤﻥ ﻀﻐﻁ ﻤﻘـﺩﺍﺭﻩ )‪ (5bar‬ﻭﺩﺭﺠـﺔ ﺤـﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬
‫ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭﻫﺎ )‪ (100oC‬ﺇﻟﻰ ﻀﻐﻁ ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭﻩ )‪ (1.89bar‬ﻭﺍﺼﺒﺢ ﺤﺠﻤﻪ ﻀﻌﻑ ﻤﺎ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺩﺍﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺜـﻡ‬
‫ﺘﻤﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﺁﻴﺯﻭﺜﺭﻤﻠﻴﺎ |ﺇﻟﻰ ﻀﻐﻁ ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭﻩ )‪ .(1bar‬ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ )‪.(Cv=0.71kJ/kg.K‬ﺍﺭﺴﻡ ﺍﻻﺠـﺭﺍﺀﺍﺕ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺨﻁﻁﻲ )‪ (P-V‬ﻭ)‪(T-S‬ﻭﺍﺤﺴﺏ‪:‬‬
‫)‪ (1‬ﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﺍﻻﺒﺘﺩﺍﺌﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺌﻲ ﻟﻸﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻹﺩﻴﺎﺒﺎﺘﻲ‪ (2) .‬ﺍﻟﺸﻐل ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﻘﻠﻴﻥ ﻟﻼﺠـﺭﺍﺌﻴﻥ )‪(3‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻼﺠﺭﺍﺌﻴﻥ )‪ (4‬ﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ)‪ (5‬ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺭﻭﺒﻲ ﻟﻼﺠﺭﺍﺌﻴﻥ‪.‬‬
‫ﺝ‪:‬‬
‫)‪(0.09kJ/K, 4.72kg/m , -32.3kJ, 25.55kJ, 32.33kJ, 0.212m , 0.106m3‬‬
‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬

‫)‪(9.11‬‬
‫ﻏﺎﺯ ﻤﺜﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺤﺎﻟﺘﻴﻥ ﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺘﻴﻥ )‪ (1‬ﻭ)‪ (2‬ﺤﻴـﺙ ﺃﻥ )‪، (V2=2.15m3)، (t1=15oC)، (P1=1 bar‬‬
‫)‪ .(t2=15oC)، (P2=5 bar)، (V1=10.7m3‬ﻟﻠﻭﺼﻭل ﻤﻥ )‪ (1‬ﺇﻟﻰ )‪ (2‬ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﺘﺒﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪):‬ﺃ(‬
‫ﺘﺴﺨﻴﻥ ﺒﺜﺒﻭﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻡ ﺜﻡ ﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺒﺜﺒﻭﺕ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ )ﺏ( ﺍﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﺁﻴﺯﻭﺜﺭﻤﻠﻲ )ﺝ( ﺍﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﺇﺩﻴﺎﺒـﺎﺘﻲ ﻴﺘﺒﻌـﻪ‬
‫ﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺒﺜﺒﻭﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻡ‪ .‬ﺍﺭﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻴﻨﺔ ﻓﻲ )ﺃ ‪ ،‬ﺏ‪ ،‬ﺝ( ﺒﻴﻥ )‪ (1‬ﻭ )‪ (2‬ﻋﻠـﻰ ﻤﺨﻁﻁـﻲ )‪(P-V‬‬
‫ﻭ)‪ (T-S‬ﺜﻡ ﺍﺤﺴﺏ ﻟﻜل ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺭﺍﺕ )‪ (1‬ﺍﻟﺸﻐل ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﻘﻠـﺔ )‪ (2‬ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴـﺭ ﻓـﻲ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗـﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻻﻨﺜﺎﻟﺒﻲ )‪ (3‬ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺭﻭﺒﻲ‪.‬‬

‫)‪(322‬‬
 ‫)‪(9.12‬‬
‫ﻏﺎﺯ ﻤﺜﺎﻟﻲ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘﻪ )‪ (T1‬ﺴﺨﻥ ﺒﺜﺒﻭﺕ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﺇﻟﻰ )‪ .(T2‬ﺜﻡ ﺘﻤـﺩﺩ ﺇﻨﻌﻜﺎﺴـﻴﺎ ﺤـﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﻘـﺎﻨﻭﻥ‬
‫)‪ (PVn=C1‬ﺤﺘﻰ ﺍﺼﺒﺤﺕ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘﻪ )‪ (T3‬ﻤﺴﺎﻭﻴﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ )‪ .(T1‬ﺍﺤﺴﺏ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ )‪ (n‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨـﺕ ﻗﻴﻤـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺭﻭﺒﻲ ﻟﻼﺠﺭﺍﺀﻴﻥ ﻤﺘﺴﺎﻭﻴﺔ ‪ .‬ﻋﻠﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ )‪ .(γ =1.67‬ﺍﺭﺴﻡ ﺍﻻﺠـﺭﺍﺀﻴﻥ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﻤﺨﻁﻁـﻲ‬
‫)‪ (P-V‬ﻭ)‪.(T-S‬‬
‫ﺝ‪(1.25) :‬‬

‫)‪(9.13‬‬
‫ﻫﻭﺍﺀ ﻀﻐﻁﻪ ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﻨﻪ )‪ (1 bar‬ﻭ)‪ (20 C‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺍﻟﻲ ‪.‬ﻀﻐﻁ ﺇﺩﻴﺎﺒﺎﺘﻴﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ) ‪ ( 181‬ﻤﻥ ﺤﺠﻤـﻪ‬
‫‪o‬‬

‫ﺍﻻﺼﻠﻲ‪ .‬ﺍﻀﻴﻔﺕ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺒﺜﺒﻭﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻡ ﻤﺴﺎﻭﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺍﻀﻴﻔﺕ ﺒﺜﺒﻭﺕ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ‪ .‬ﺜﻡ ﺘﻤـﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﻬـﻭﺍﺀ‬
‫ﺇﺩﻴﺎﺒﺎﺘﻴﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺤﺠﻤﻪ ﺍﻻﺒﺘﺩﺍﺌﻲ ﻭﻋﺎﺩ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺤﺎﻟﺘﻪ ﺍﻻﺒﺘﺩﺍﺌﻴﺔ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺃﻥ ﻁﺭﺩ ) ‪ ( 13‬ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺩﺨﻠﺕ ﺍﻟـﺩﻭﺭﺓ‪.‬‬
‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻗﺼﻰ ﻀﻐﻁ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺭﺓ )‪ .(69 bar‬ﺍﺭﺴﻡ ﺍﻻﺠﺭﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺨﻁﻁﻲ )‪ (P-V‬ﻭ)‪(T-S‬ﻭﺍﺤﺴﺏ‪:‬‬
‫)ﺃ( ﺍﻟﺸﻐل ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺠﺯ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺭﺓ )ﺏ( ﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﻭﻗﺎﺭﻨﻬﺎ ﻤﻊ ﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﻜﺎﺭﻨﻭ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﺘﻌﻤل ﺒﻴﻥ ﻨﻔـﺱ‬
‫ﺤﺩﻭﺩ ﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‪) .‬ﺝ( ﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺭﻭﺒﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺠﺭﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‪ .‬ﻋﻠﻤﺎ ﺍﻥ‪:‬‬
‫)‪(R=0.287kJ/kg.K‬‬
‫ﺝ‪(0.116kJ/kg.K, 0.135kJ/kg.K, 76.7%, 67%, 183.8kJ/kg) :‬‬

‫)‪(9.14‬‬
‫ﻏﺎﺯ ﻤﺜﺎﻟﻲ ﻜﺘﻠﺘﻪ )‪ (0.5 kg‬ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘﻪ )‪ (120 C‬ﻭﻀﻐﻁﻪ )‪ (0.37 Mpa‬ﺘﻡ ﺘﺴﺨﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﺒﺜﺒﻭﺕ‬
‫‪o‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻡ ﺤﺘﻰ ﺍﺼﺒﺢ ﻀﻐﻁﻪ )‪ .(1.48 MPa‬ﺜﻡ ﺘﻤﺩﺩ ﺇﺩﻴﺎﺒﺎﺘﻴﺎ ﻭﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ )‪ (PV1.25=C.‬ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺒﺘﺩﺍﺌﻲ‪ .‬ﺜﻡ ﺒﺭﺩ ﺒﺜﺒﻭﺕ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﺤﺘﻰ ﻋﺎﺩ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺤﺎﻟﺘﻪ ﺍﻻﺒﺘﺩﺍﺌﻴﺔ‪.‬ﺍﺤﺴﺏ‪:‬‬
‫)‪ (2) Cp ، Cv (1‬ﺍﻟﺸﻐل ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺘﺞ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺭﺓ )‪ (3‬ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺭﻭﺒﻲ ﻟﻜل ﺍﺠﺭﺍﺀ‪ .‬ﺍﺭﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﻤﺨﻁﻁﻲ )‪ (P-V‬ﻭ )‪ (T-S‬ﻋﻠﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ‪:‬‬
‫)‪(R=0.1883kJ/kg.K‬‬
‫ﺝ‪(-0.5kJ/K, 0.5kJ/K, 66.7kJ, 0.752, 0.94) :‬‬

‫)‪(9.15‬‬
‫ﻫﻭﺍﺀ ﺤﺠﻤﻪ ) ‪ (0.2m‬ﻭﻀـﻐﻁﻪ )‪ (5 bar‬ﻭﺩﺭﺠـﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘـﻪ )‪ .(30 C‬ﻀـﻐﻁ ﺤـﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗـﺔ‬
‫‪o‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬

‫) ‪ ( PV γ = C.‬ﺇﻟﻰ ﻨﺼﻑ ﺤﺠﻤﻪ ﺍﻻﺒﺘﺩﺍﺌﻲ‪ .‬ﺜﻡ ﺒﺭﺩ ﺒﺜﺒﻭﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻡ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻀﻐﻁﻪ ﺍﻻﺒﺘـﺩﺍﺌﻲ‪ .‬ﺜـﻥ ﺴـﺨﻥ‬
‫ﺒﺜﺒﻭﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﻁ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺤﺠﻤﻪ ﺍﻻﺒﺘﺩﺍﺌﻲ‪ .‬ﺍﺭﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺨﻁﻁ )‪ (P-V‬ﻭ )‪ ،(T-S‬ﻭﺍﺤﺴﺏ ‪:‬‬
‫)‪ (1‬ﺼﺎﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻐل ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﻘل ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﻘﻠﺔ )‪ (2‬ﻟﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻻﺠﺭﺍﺀﺍﺕ ‪ ،‬ﺍﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺒﺎﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺒﺎﻻﻨﺘﺭﻭﺒﻲ‪ .‬ﻋﻠﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪R = 0.287kJ/kg.K , Cp = 1.005kJ/kg.K‬‬
‫ﺝ‪(0.32kJ/K, 0.228kJ/K, 125.08kJ, -205kJ, 79.7kJ, -30kJ, -29.7kJ):‬‬

‫)‪(323‬‬
 ‫)‪(9.16‬‬
‫ﻫﻭﺍﺀ ﻀﻐﻁﻪ )‪ (1bar‬ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘﻪ )‪ (0 C‬ﺴﺨﻥ ﺒﺜﺒﻭﺕ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺍﺼﺒﺤﺕ ﺩﺭﺠـﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘـﻪ‬
‫‪o‬‬

‫)‪.(25oC‬ﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍﺀ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺁﻴﺯﻭﺜﺭﻤﻠﻴﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻀﻐﻁ ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭﻩ )‪.(15bar‬ﺍﺭﺴﻡ ﺍﻻﺠﺭﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺨﻁـﻁ‬
‫)‪ (P-V‬ﻭ )‪ (T-S‬ﻭﺍﺤﺴﺏ‪:‬‬
‫)‪ (1‬ﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺭﻭﺒﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻜل ﺍﺠﺭﺍﺀ ‪ (2) .‬ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻐل ﻟﻠﻜﻴﻠﻭ ﻏﺭﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺤﺩ ﻓﻲ ﻜل ﺍﺠﺭﺍﺀ‪.‬‬
‫ﻋﻠﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ‬
‫‪Cp =1.005 kJ/kg.K , Cv =0.717kJ/kg.K‬‬
‫ﺝ‪:‬‬
‫)‪(-232.4kJ/kg, 25.125kJ/kg, 7.2kJ/kg, -0.78kJ/kg.K, 0.088kJ/kg.K‬‬

‫)‪(9.17‬‬
‫ﻏﺎﺯ ﻀﻐﻁﻪ )‪ (1.1bar‬ﻭﺩﺭﺠـﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘـﻪ )‪ (100 C‬ﻭﺤﺠﻤـﻪ )‪ . (280L‬ﻀـﻐﻁ ﺘﺒﻌـﺎ ﻟﻠﻌﻼﻗـﺔ‬
‫‪o‬‬

‫ـﺎﻥ )‪، (Cp=1kJ/kg.K‬‬

‫ـﺈﺫﺍ ﻜــ‬
‫ـﺩﺍﺌﻲ‪ .‬ﻓــ‬
‫ـﻪ ﺍﻻﺒﺘــ‬
‫ـﻥ ﺤﺠﻤــ‬
‫ـﻰ ) ‪ ( 141‬ﻤــ‬
‫)‪ (Pv1.28=C.‬ﺇﻟــ‬
‫)‪.(Cv =0.71kJ/kg.K‬ﺍﺤﺴﺏ‪:‬‬
‫)‪ (1‬ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺌﻲ )‪ (2‬ﺍﻟﺸﻐل ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﻘﻠﻴﻥ )‪ (3‬ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺭﻭﺒﻲ‪.‬‬
‫ﺝ‪(-0.07kJ/K , -38kJ, -120.4kJ, 3224kPa):‬‬

‫)‪(9.18‬‬
‫ﻏﺎﺯ ﻀﻐﻁﻪ)‪ (101bar‬ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘﻪ )‪ (36oC‬ﻴﻀﻐﻁ ﺇﺩﻴﺎﺒﺎﺘﻴﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﺇﻟﻰ )‪ (4‬ﺃﻤﺜـﺎل ﻀـﻐﻁﻪ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺒﺘﺩﺍﺌﻲ‪ .‬ﺘﻁﺭﺡ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺒﺎﺩل ﺤﺭﺍﺭﻱ ﺒﺜﺒﻭﺕ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﻭﺘﺼﺒﺢ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘﻪ )‪ .(401K‬ﻴﺘﻤـﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﻐـﺎﺯ‬
‫ﺇﺩﻴﺎﺒﺎﺘﻴﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺼﻤﺎﻡ ﺨﻨﻕ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻀﻐﻁﻪ ﺍﻻﺒﺘﺩﺍﺌﻲ‪ ،‬ﺜﻡ ﺘﻀﺎﻑ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺒﺎﺩل ﺤﺭﺍﺭﻱ ﻟﻴﻌﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻐـﺎﺯ ﺇﻟـﻰ‬
‫ﺤﺎﻟﺘﻪ ﺍﻻﺒﺘﺩﺍﺌﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ )‪.(Cp =1.004kJ/kg.K) ، (γ =1.4‬ﺍﺤﺴﺏ ‪:‬‬
‫)‪(1‬ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻁﺭﻭﺤﺔ ﻟﻜل ﻜﻴﻠﻭ ﻏﺭﺍﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ‪(2) .‬ﺼﺎﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻐل ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺎﻑ ﻟﻜل ﻜﻴﻠﻭ ﻏﺭﺍﻡ‬
‫ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ‪(3) .‬ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺭﻭﺒﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺝ‪(0.14, -151.5, -60, 40.16) :‬‬

‫)‪(9.19‬‬
‫ﺨﺯﺍﻥ ﻤﻐﻠﻕ ﻴﺤﻭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ )‪ (0.5kg‬ﻤﻥ ﺨﻠﻴﻁ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﻜﺘﻠﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻟﻴﺔ )‪ (M=28.5kg/kmoL‬ﺘﺤـﺕ‬
‫ﻀﻐﻁ ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭﻩ )‪ .(2bar‬ﺍﻀﻴﻔﺕ ﻟﻠﺨﻠﻴﻁ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭﻫﺎ )‪ (220kJ‬ﻓﺄﺭﺘﻔﻊ ﻀﻐﻁﻪ ﺇﻟـﻰ )‪ .(6bar‬ﻓـﺈﺫﺍ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻤﺕ ﺒﺄﻥ )‪ (γ =1.39‬ﻟﻠﺨﻠﻴﻁ ‪ ،‬ﺍﺭﺴﻡ ﺍﻻﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺨﻁﻁ )‪ (P-V‬ﻭ )‪ (T-S‬ﻭﺍﺤﺴﺏ‪:‬‬
‫)‪ (1‬ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻻﺒﺘﺩﺍﺌﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺨﻠﻴﻁ‪(2) .‬ﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻟﺨﺯﺍﻥ‪(3) .‬ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴـﺭ ﻓـﻲ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺭﻭﺒـﻲ ﺨـﻼل‬
‫ﺍﻻﺠﺭﺍﺀ‪.‬ﻋﻠﻤﺎ ﺒﺄﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪R = 0.292 kJ/kg.K‬‬
‫ﺝ‪(0.41kJ/K, 0.214m3, 881.19K, 293.73K) :‬‬

‫)‪(324‬‬
 ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺷﺮ – ﺍﻟﺨﻼﺋﻂ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﻳﺔ‬

‫‪Element, Compound and Mixture‬‬ ‫)‪ -(10.1‬ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺼﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺒﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺨﻼﺌﻁ‬

‫ﺘﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﺘﺤﺎﺩ ﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ ﺘﺴﻤﻰ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﺭﻜﺒﺎﺕ ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺔ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻨـﺎﻙ ﺒﻌـﺽ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﻻ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺼﻭل ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺒﻭﺴﺎﻁﺔ ﺍﺘﺤﺎﺩ ﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ ﻭﻟﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺒﺸﻜل ﻤـﺴﺘﻘل ﻻ‬
‫ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺘﺠﺯﺌﺘﻬﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ‪ .‬ﻋﺩﺩﻫﺎ ﻴﺘﺠﺎﻭﺯ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﺔ ﺘﺴﻤﻰ ﺒﺎﻟﻌﻨﺎﺼﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﺍﺴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ،‬ﻴﻤﻜـﻥ‬
‫ﺃﻥ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺼﺭ ﺼﻠﺒﺎ ﻤﺜل )‪ ، (S ,C‬ﺃﻭ ﺴﺎﺌﻼ ﻜﺎﻟـ )‪ ،(Hg‬ﺃﻭ ﻏﺎﺯﻴﺎ ﻜﺎﻟـ )‪.(N,H,O‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺒﺎﺕ ﻫﻲ ﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺘﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻥ ﻋﻨﺼﺭﻴﻥ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺼﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺏ ﻴﻔﻘﺩ ﻫﻭﻴﺘـﻪ ﺍﻻﺼـﻠﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺨﺼﺎﺌﺹ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺏ ﺘﺨﺘﻠﻑ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﺼﺎﺌﺹ ﺍﻻﺼﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻨﺎﺼﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻤﻨﻪ ﻓـﺈﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﻫﻭ ﻤﺭﻜﺏ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺴﺎﺌﻼ ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻟﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺃﻤﺎ ﻤﻜﻭﻨـﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤـﺎﺀ ﻓﻬﻤـﺎ ﻋﻨـﺼﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﻬﻴـﺩﺭﻭﺠﻴﻥ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻻﻭﻜﺴﺠﻴﻥ ﻭﻫﻤﺎ ﻏﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺃﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﺨﻼﺌﻁ ﻓﻬﻲ ﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺘﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻥ ﻋﻨﺎﺼﺭ ﺃﻭ ﻤﺭﻜﺒﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﻜﻠﻴﻬﻤﺎ ﻤﻌﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻻ ﻴﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺫﻟـﻙ‬
‫ﻤﺭﻜﺏ ﺠﺩﻴﺩ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻓﺎﻟﻬﻭﺍﺀ ﻴﻌﺩ ﺨﻠﻴﻁﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﻜﺎﻻﻭﻜﺴﺠﻴﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺘﺭﻭﺠﻴﻥ ﻭﻏﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﺨﺎﻤﻠﺔ ﻭﺒﺨـﺎﺭ‬
‫ﻤﺎﺀ‪.‬‬
‫)‪ -(10.2‬ﺍﻟﺫﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺫﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﻴﺔ )ﺍﻟﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﺫﺭﻱ(‬
‫)‪The Atomic and Relative Atomic Mass (Atomic Weight‬‬
‫ﺘﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺠﺴﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﻤﺘﻨﺎﻫﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﺭ ﺘﺩﻋﻰ ﺒﺎﻟﺫﺭﺍﺕ ﺨﻭﺍﺼﻬﺎ ﻭﻭﺯﻨﻬﺎ ﻴﺨﺘﻠﻑ ﻤﻥ ﻋﻨـﺼﺭ‬
‫ﻵﺨﺭ‪ ،‬ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺼﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺫﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﺤﺩﺓ ﻜﺎﻟـ )‪ ،(S,C‬ﺃﻭ ﻤﻥ ﺫﺭﺘـﻴﻥ ﻤﻨـﺸﺎﺒﻬﺘﻴﻥ ﻭﻤﺘـﺴﺎﻭﻴﺘﻴﻥ‬
‫ﺒﺎﻟﻭﺯﻥ ﻜﺎﻟـ )‪ (N2 ,H2, O2‬ﺘﺴﻤﻰ ﺒﺜﻨﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺫﺭﺓ )‪ (Diatomic‬ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺒﺎﺕ ﻤـﻥ‬
‫ﺫﺭﺘﻴﻥ ﻜﺎﻟـ )‪ ،(CO‬ﺃﻭ ﻤﻥ ﺜﻼﺙ ﺫﺭﺍﺕ ﻜﺎﻟـ )‪ (H2O,CO2‬ﻭﺘﺴﻤﻰ ﺜﻼﺜﻴـﺔ ﺍﻟـﺫﺭﺓ )‪ (Triatomic‬ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﻤﺘﻌﺩﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺫﺭﺍﺕ ﻜﺎﻟـ )‪(CH4‬ﻭﻴﺴﻤﻰ )‪.(polyatomic‬‬
‫ﺍﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﺫﺭﻱ ﻫﻭ ﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﺫﺭﺓ‪ .‬ﺃﻥ ﺃﺨﻑ ﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺼﺭ ﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺩﺭﻭﺠﻴﻥ ﻓﻘﺩ ﺘﻡ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻭﺯﻨـﻪ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺫﺭﻱ )‪ ،(1‬ﺃﻤﺎ ﺒﻘﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺼﺭ ﻓﻘﺩ ﺘﻡ ﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺘﻬﺎ ﻜﺘﻠﻴﺎ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺩﺭﻭﺠﻴﻥ‪ ،‬ﻓﻭﺠﺩ ﺃﻥ ﺫﺭﺓ ﺍﻻﻭﻜـﺴﺠﻴﻥ ﺘـﺯﻥ‬
‫)‪ (16‬ﻤﺭﺓ ﺒﻘﺩﺭ ﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺫﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺩﺭﻭﺠﻴﻥ ﻟﺫﺍ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﺫﺭﻱ ﻟﻸﻭﻜﺴﺠﻴﻥ )‪ (16‬ﻭﻟﻠﻜﺭﺒﻭﻥ )‪ .…(12‬ﺍﻟﺦ‪.‬‬
‫ﻟﻘﺩ ﺘﻡ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺭﺍﺡ ﺃﺨﻴﺭﺍ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺴﻤﻰ ﺍﻟﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﺫﺭﻱ ﺒﺎﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺫﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫)‪ -(10.3‬ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﻴﺔ )ﺍﻟﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﻴﺌﻲ(‬

‫)‪The Molecule and Relative Molecular Mass (Molecular Wright‬‬

‫)‪(325‬‬
 ‫ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺼﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺤﺘﻭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻜﺜﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺫﺭﺓ ﺘﺴﻤﻰ ﺒﺎﻟﺠﺯﻴﺌﺔ )‪ (Molecule‬ﻜﺠﺯﻴﺌـﺔ‬
‫)‪.…CH4, H2O, CO2, CO, N2, H2, O2‬ﺍﻟﺦ(‪ .‬ﻭﺠﺯﻴﺌﺔ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺼﺭ ﺘﺤﺘﻭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﺤـﺩﺓ‬
‫ﻜﺎﻟـ)‪.(S, C‬‬
‫ﺃﻥ )‪(CO, CO2, H2O‬ﺘﻌﻨﻲ ﺠﺯﻴﺌﺔ ﻭﺍﺤﺩﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﻥ )‪ (2H2O‬ﺘﻌﻨـﻲ ﺠـﺯﻴﺌﺘﻴﻥ ﻤـﻥ ﺍﻟﻤـﺎﺀ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﻥ‬
‫)‪ (4CO2‬ﺘﻌﻨﻲ ﺃﺭﺒﻊ ﺠﺯﻴﺌﺎﺕ ﻤﻥ ﺜﺎﻨﻲ ﺃﻭﻜﺴﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺭﺒﻭﻥ‪.‬‬
‫‪ (H2 +O2‬ﻨﻼﺤﻅ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺩﺭﻭﺠﻴﻥ ﻴﻜﺘﺏ )‪ (H2‬ﻭﺍﻻﻭﻜـﺴﺠﻴﻥ )‪.(O2‬‬ ‫ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ )‪H2O‬‬
‫ﺃﻥ ﻫﺫﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﻴﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺤﻴل ﺍﻟﺤﺼﻭل ﻋﻠﻴﻬﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻟﺘﻬﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺸـﻜل ﺫﺭﺍﺕ ﻤﻔـﺭﺩﺓ ﻭﺇﻨﻤـﺎ‬
‫ﻴﻅﻬﺭﺍﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺸﻜل ﺠﺯﻴﺌﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺘﺴﻤﻰ ﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﻴﺌﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﻴﺌﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻗﺘﺭﺡ ﺘﺴﻤﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﺃﺨﻴﺭﺍ ﺒﺎﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺭﻤﺯﻫﺎ)‪(M‬‬
‫ﺴﻨﺴﻤﻴﻬﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻻﻥ ﻓﺼﺎﻋﺩﺍ ﺒﺎﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻟﻴﺔ )‪.(Molecular Mass‬‬
‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﻱﺀ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺤﺩ ﻟﻠﻌﻨﺼﺭ ﻴﺤﺘﻭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﺤﺩﺓ ﻓﻘﻁ ﻜﺎﻟـ )‪ (S, C‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﺫﺭﻱ ﻴـﺴﺎﻭﻱ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﻴﺌﻲ‪ .‬ﺃﻤﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﻱﺀ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺤﺩ ﻟﻠﻌﻨﺼﺭ ﻴﺤﺘﻭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﺭﺘﻴﻥ ﻜﺎﻟــ )‪ (N2, H2, O2‬ﻓـﺈﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﻴﺌﻲ ﻴﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﻀﻌﻑ ﺍﻟﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﺫﺭﻱ‪ .‬ﺃﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﻱﺀ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺤﺩ ﻟﻠﻤﺭﻜﺏ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻭﺯﻨﻪ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﻴﺌﻲ ﻴـﺴﺎﻭﻱ‬
‫ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻉ ﺍﻻﻭﺯﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺫﺭﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻜﻭﻨﺎﺕ‪ .‬ﻓﺎﻟﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﻴﺌﻲ ﻟـ )‪ (CH4‬ﻤﺜﻼ ﻫـﻭ )‪ .(12.1 +4.1=16‬ﻭﻟــ‬
‫)‪ (CO2‬ﻫﻭ )‪…(12.1 +16.1=44‬‬
‫ﺠﺩﻭل )‪-(10.1‬ﺍﻻﻭﺯﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺫﺭﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺠﺯﻴﺌﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺼﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺒﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻭﺯﻥ‬
‫‪S=32‬‬ ‫‪C=12 N=14‬‬ ‫‪H=1‬‬ ‫‪O=16‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺫﺭﻱ‬

‫‪N2=28 H2=2 O2=32‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺯﻴﺊ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﻲ)‪(M‬‬

‫‪H2O=18‬‬ ‫‪CO=28‬‬
‫)‪(kg/kmol‬‬

‫ﺇﻥ ﺍﻻﻭﺯﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺫﺭﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺠﺯﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﻟﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺼﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺒﺎﺕ ﻤﻭﻀﺤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺠﺩﻭل )‪ .(10.1‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﺍﺴﻠﻔﻨﺎ‬
‫ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻭﺯﻥ )ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ( ﺍﻟﺠﺯﻴﺌﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﻲ ﻨﻌﺒﺭ ﻋﻨﻪ ﺒﺎﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻟﻴﺔ )‪.(M‬‬
‫) ‪ -(10.4‬ﺍﻟﺠﺯﻱﺀ ﺍﻟﻐﺭﺍﻤﻲ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﻭل )‪The Mole (N‬‬
‫ﺇﻥ ﻋﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﻴﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻐﺭﺍﻤﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﻱﺀ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺍﻤﻲ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﻭل ﻫﻭ ﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ )‪ (m‬ﺍﻟﻤـﺴﺎﻭﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻜﺘﻠـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻟﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟـ )‪ (m‬ﺒﺎﻟـ )‪ ،(kg‬ﻋﻨﺩﺌﺫ ﻴﺴﻤﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻭل ﺒﺎﻟﻜﻴﻠﻭﻤﻭل )‪ .(kmol‬ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ‪:‬‬
‫‪m ⎡ kg‬‬ ‫⎤‬
‫=‪N‬‬ ‫=‬
‫‪M ⎢⎣ kg / kmol‬‬ ‫)‪⎥ ..........................(10.1‬‬
‫‪kmol‬‬
‫⎦‬
‫ﻭﻫﻜﺫﺍ ﻓﺈﻥ‪:‬‬

‫)‪(326‬‬
 ‫‪1 kmole O2=32 kg O2‬‬ ‫‪1 kmole N2=28 kg N2‬‬
‫‪1 kmole H2=2 kg H2‬‬ ‫‪1 kmole CO2=44 kg CO2‬‬
‫‪1 kmole C=12 kg C‬‬ ‫‪1 kmole H2O=18 kg H2O‬‬

‫)‪ -(10.5‬ﻓﺭﻀﻴﺔ ﻭﻋﺩﺩ ﺍﻓﻭﻜﺎﺩﺭﻭ‪Avocadro’s Hypothesis and Number‬‬

‫ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﻅﺭﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺴﻴﺔ )‪ ، (S .T .P‬ﺃﻱ ﻋﻨﺩ ﻀﻐﻁ )‪ (1.01325 bar‬ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ )‪ (0oC‬ﻓﺈﻥ‬
‫‪(6.03010‬‬ ‫‪26‬‬
‫)‪ (32kgO2‬ﺃﻭ )‪ (2kg H2‬ﺃﻭ ) ‪ (28kg N2‬ﺃﻭ )‪ (1kmol‬ﻤﻥ ﺃﻱ ﻏﺎﺯ ﺴﻴﺤﺘﻭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ )‬
‫ﺠﺯﻴﺌﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻫﻭ ﻋﺩﺩ ﺍﻓﻭﻜﺎﺩﺭﻭ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﺸﻐل ﺤﺠﻤﺎ ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭﻩ )‪ ،(22.41m3/kmol‬ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ ﺤﺠﻡ ﻤﻭل ﻭﺍﺤﺩ‬
‫ﻤﻥ ﺃﻱ ﻏﺎﺯ ﻤﺜﺎﻟﻲ ﻤﺘﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﻋﻨﺩ ﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻟﻅﺭﻭﻑ ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‪ .‬ﻤﻥ ﻫﻨﺎ ﻅﻬﺭﺕ ﻓﺭﻀـﻴﺔ ﺍﻓﻭﻜـﺎﺩﺭﻭ‬
‫ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻨﺼﻬﺎ‪:‬‬
‫)ﻋﻨﺩ‪ ( S. T.P.‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺴﺎﻭﻴﺔ ﻟﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺘﺤﺘﻭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﺩﺩ ﻨﻔﺴﻪ ﻤـﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﻴﺌـﺎﺕ‪.‬‬
‫ﺃﻱ‪:‬‬
‫‪1 Vol C + 1 Vol O2‬‬ ‫‪1 Vol CO2‬‬
‫‪1 kmol C + 1 kmol O2‬‬ ‫‪1 kmol CO2‬‬
‫ﺃﻱ ﺃﻨﻪ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻋﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﻴﺌﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻏﺎﺯ ﻤﻌﻴﻥ ﻀﻌﻑ ﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻏﺎﺯ ﺁﺨﺭ ﻓﺴﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺤﺠﻤﻪ ﻀﻌﻑ ﺤﺠﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﺍﻵﺨﺭ‪ ،‬ﻷﻥ ﻋﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﻴﺌﺎﺕ ﻤﺘﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﻟﺤﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﻋﻨﺩ )‪ (S.T.P.‬ﺘﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺫﻜﻭﺭﺓ ﺃﻨﻔـﺎ‬
‫ﻤﺎﻴﻠﻲ‪:‬‬
‫ﺤﺠﻡ ﻭﻤﻭل ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻔﺎﻋﻼﺕ )‪( Ni،Vi‬ﻴﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺤﺠﻡ ﻭﻤﻭل ﺍﻟﻨﻭﺍﺘﺞ )‪ ،(VT ,NT‬ﻭﺴﻴﺘﻡ ﺍﺜﺒـﺎﺕ ﺫﻟـﻙ ﻻﺤﻘـﺎ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﺴﻴﻜﻭﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪Vi VT‬‬ ‫‪Vi N i‬‬
‫=‬ ‫⇒‬ ‫=‬ ‫)‪..................(10.2‬‬
‫‪Ni N T‬‬ ‫‪VT N T‬‬
‫ﺤﻴﺙ ﺍﻥ )‪ (i‬ﻫﻭ ﺭﻤﺯ ﻻﻱ ﻏﺎﺯ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﻁ )‪(T‬‬

‫)‪ -(10.6‬ﺍﻟﺨﻼﺌﻁ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﻴﺔ ‪Gaseous Mixtures‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﻁ ﻫﻭ ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺜﺭﻤﻭﺩﻴﻨﺎﻤﻴﻜﻲ ﻴﺘﺄﻟﻑ ﻤﻥ ﻋﺩﺓ ﻏﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﻤﺘﺠﺎﻨﺴﺔ ﺘﻌﺎﻤل ﻜﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﻭﺍﺤﺩﺓ‪ ،‬ﺸﺭﻁ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻓﺘﺭﺍﻀﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺘﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫)‪(1‬ﺍﺨﺘﻔﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺩﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﺒﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﻅﻬﺭ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﻁ ﻭﻜﺄﻨﻪ ﻤﺅﻟﻑ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﻭﺍﺤﺩﺓ‪.‬‬
‫)‪(2‬ﻋﺩﻡ ﺤﺩﻭﺙ ﺘﻔﺎﻋل ﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻱ ﺃﻭ ﺘﻜﺎﺜﻑ ﺃﻭ ﺘﺒﺨﺭ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﻭﻨﺔ ﻟﻠﺨﻠﻴﻁ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻤﻥ ﺍﻻﻤﺜﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺨﻼﺌﻁ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻑ )‪ (Dry Air‬ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻟﻲ ﻤﻥ ﺒﺨـﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤـﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﻟـﺫﻱ‬
‫ﻴﺤﺘﻭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﻭﻜﺴﺠﻴﻥ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺭﻭﺠﻴﻥ‪ ،‬ﺜﺎﻨﻲ ﺃﻭﻜﺴﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺭﺒﻭﻥ‪ ،‬ﺍﻵﺭﻜﻭﻥ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻜﺭﺒﺘﻭﻥ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻨﻴﻭﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻬﻠﻴﻭﻡ ﻜﻠﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻏﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﻤﻘﺎﺭﺒﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺼﻔﺎﺘﻬﺎ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻲ‪ .‬ﻟﻬﺫﺍ ﻴﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍﺀ ﻜﻐﺎﺯ ﻤﺜﺎﻟﻲ ﻴﺘﺄﻟﻑ ﻤﻥ ﻤـﺎﺩﺓ ﻭﺍﺤـﺩﺓ‪ ،‬ﻷﻥ‬
‫ﺘﺭﻜﻴﺒﻪ ﺜﺎﺒﺕ ﺒﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﻜﺎﻤﻠﺔ‪ ،‬ﻜﺘﻠﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻟﻴﺔ )‪ (MO2=28.97‬ﻭﻤﻥ ﺍﻻﻤﺜﻠﺔ ﺍﻻﺨﺭﻯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺨﻼﺌﻁ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﻴﺔ‬
‫)‪(327‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺠﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺍﺠل‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺭﻜﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﺜﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺭﺒﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻜﺫﻟﻙ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﻠﺔ ﻓـﻲ ﻤﺤﺭﻜـﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺤﺘﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﻲ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻻﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻤﺩﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻡ‪ .‬ﻭﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻀﺭﻭﺭﻱ ﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﺨـﻭﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﺨﻠـﻴﻁ ﺒﻤﻌﺭﻓـﺔ‬
‫ﺘﺭﻜﻴﺒﻪ ﻭﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﻭﻨﺔ ﻟﻪ‪.‬‬
‫)‪ -(10.7‬ﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﺨﻼﺌﻁ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﻴﺔ ‪Properties of Ideal Gaseous Mixture‬‬
‫ﻗﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻡ ﺩﺍﻟﺘﻭﻥ ﺒﻌﺩﺓ ﺘﺠﺎﺭﺏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺨﻼﺌﻁ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﻴﺔ ﻓﻭﻀﻊ ﻗﺎﻨﻭﻨـﺎ ﺒﺎﺴـﻤﻪ )‪،(Dalton’s Law‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻨﺼﻪ‪:‬‬
‫)ﻴﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﻜل ﻏﺎﺯ ﻓﺭﺍﻏﺎ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻷﻱ ﻏﺎﺯ ﺁﺨﺭ ﻴﺨﺘﻠﻁ ﻤﻌﻪ(‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻗﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻡ ﺠﺒﺱ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺒﺘﻁﻭﻴﺭ ﻗﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﺩﺍﻟﺘﻭﻥ ﻭﺼﻴﺎﻏﺔ ﻗﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﺠﺩﻴﺩ ﺴﻤﻲ ﺒﻘﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﺠﺒﺱ ﺩﺍﻟﺘـﻭﻥ‬
‫)‪ .(Gibbs-Dalton's Law‬ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﺸﻤل ﺜﻼﺙ ﻗﻭﺍﻋﺩ ﻋﺎﻤﺔ ﻟﻠﺨﻠﻴﻁ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﻱ ﺘﺘﻌﻠﻕ ﺒـ ‪:‬‬
‫)‪(1‬ﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﻁ ﻭﺍﻟﻀﻐﻭﻁ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺌﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻜﻭﻨﺎﺕ‪.‬‬
‫)‪(2‬ﺍﻟﻁﻠﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺎﻟﺒﻲ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫)‪(3‬ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺭﻭﺒﻲ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺼﻴﺎﻏﺔ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺍﻋﺩ ﺒﻤﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﺠﺒﺭﻴﺔ ﻭﻗﻭﺍﻨﻴﻥ ﺭﻴﺎﻀﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻜﻤﺎ ﺴﻨﻼﺤﻅ ﺨﻼل ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻗـﺸﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺭﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺃﺩﻨﺎﻩ‪:‬‬

‫‪Mixture & Partial Pressure‬‬ ‫)‪ -(10.8‬ﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﻁ ﻭﺍﻟﻀﻐﻭﻁ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺌﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺸﻜل)‪ -(10.1‬ﺨﻠﻁ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ )‪(V,T=Const.‬‬

‫ﻨﻔﺭﺽ ﺃﻥ ﺨﻠﻴﻁﺎ ﻏﺎﺯﻴﺎ ﻴﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻴﺔ )… ‪ (1, 2, 3,‬ﺫﻭ ﺤﺠﻡ ﺜﺎﺒﺕ ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺜﺎﺒﺘﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﻜﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜل )‪(10.1‬‬
‫ﻓﺴﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻲ‪:‬‬

‫)‪(328‬‬
 ‫)‪ (1‬ﺍﻨﻌﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺫﺏ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﻴﺌﺎﺕ ﻷﻨﻬﺎ ﻏﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﻤﺜﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫)‪ (2‬ﺴﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻜل ﻏﺎﺯ ﻤﺴﺘﻘﻼ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻻﺨﺭ ﻷﻥ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺜﺎﺒﺘﺔ‪.‬‬
‫)‪ (3‬ﺴﻴﺴﻠﻁ ﻜل ﻏﺎﺯ ﻀﻐﻁﺎ ﻴﺘﻨﺎﺴﺏ ﻤﻊ ﻋﺩﺩ ﻤﻭﻻﺘﻪ‪ ،‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﻟﻭ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻭﺤﺩﻩ ﻤﺘﻭﺍﺠﺩﺍ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻅـﺎﻡ‪ ،‬ﻴـﺴﻤﻰ‬
‫ﺒﺎﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺌﻲ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﺯ )‪ .(Partial Pressure‬ﻟﺫﻟﻙ ﺼﺎﻍ ﺩﺍﻟﺘـﻭﻥ ﻗـﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﺍﻟـﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺌـﻲ‬
‫)‪ (Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressure‬ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻲ ﻟﻠﺨﻠﻴﻁ )‪ (PT‬ﻴﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻭﻁ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺌﻴﺔ ﻟﻤﻜﻭﻨﺎﺘﻪ ﺒﺜﺒﻭﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺠـﻡ ﻭﺩﺭﺠـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ )‪ (1, 2, 3, ..‬ﻤﻜﻭﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﻁ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻥ)‪ (W‬ﺘﻤﺜل ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﻴﺔ)‪ (Mass Ratio‬ﻟﻠﻐﺎﺯ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﻁ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻭﺯﻨﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﻥ )‪(mT‬ﻫﻲ ﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﻁ‪ ،‬ﻓﺴﻴﻜﻭﻥ‪:‬‬
‫)‪PT = P1 + P2 + P3 + ..............................(10.3‬‬
‫)‪m T = m 1 + m 2 + m 3 + ............................(10.4‬‬
‫‪m1‬‬ ‫‪m‬‬ ‫‪m‬‬
‫= ‪W1‬‬ ‫)‪, W2 = 2 , W3 = 3 ...............(10.5‬‬
‫‪mT‬‬ ‫‪mT‬‬ ‫‪mT‬‬
‫‪W1 + W2 + W3 = 1‬‬
‫ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ )‪ (RT‬ﺘﻤﺜل ﺜﺎﺒﺕ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﻟﻠﺨﻠﻴﻁ ﻭﺍﺴﺘﻨﺎﺩﺍ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ ﻓﺈﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪m T R T T m 1 R 1T m 2 R 2 T m 3 R 3 T‬‬
‫=‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬
‫‪V‬‬ ‫‪V‬‬ ‫‪V‬‬ ‫‪V‬‬
‫‪m T R T = m1R 1 + m 2 R 2 + m 3 R 3‬‬
‫‪m1R 1 + m 2 R 2 + m 3 R 3‬‬
‫= ‪RT‬‬ ‫)‪= W1 R 1 + W2 R 2 + W3 R 3 ...................(10.6‬‬
‫‪mT‬‬

‫)‪ -(10.9‬ﺍﻟﺠﺯﻴﺊ ﺍﻟﻐﺭﺍﻤﻲ ﺃﻭ )ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻟﻲ( ﻟﻠﺨﻠﻴﻁ )‪(NT‬‬

‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ )‪ (M‬ﺘﻤﺜل ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻭ)‪ (Ŕ‬ﺘﻤﺜل ﺜﺎﺒﺕ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﻭﻗﻴﻤﺘﻪ )‪ (8.314 kJ/kmol.K‬ﻓﺴﻴﻜﻭﻥ‬
‫‪m‬‬ ‫‪R‬‬
‫=‪N‬‬ ‫)‪, R = ...................................................(10.7‬‬
‫‪M‬‬ ‫‪M‬‬
‫‪R‬‬
‫)‪PV = mRT = NMRT = NM. .T = NRT...............(10.8‬‬
‫‪M‬‬
‫‪Q PT = P1 + P2 + P3‬‬
‫‪N T RT N 1 RT N 2 RT N 3 R T‬‬
‫=‬ ‫=‬ ‫=‬
‫‪V‬‬ ‫‪V‬‬ ‫‪V‬‬ ‫‪V‬‬
‫)‪N T = N1 + N 2 + N 3 .............................................(10.9‬‬

‫)‪(329‬‬
 ‫)‪ -(10.10‬ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻟﻲ )‪ (Vmol‬ﻭﺜﺎﺒﺕ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ) ‪( R‬‬
‫‪Molar Volume & Universal Gas Constant‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﻴﺌﻲ ﺍﻟﻐﺭﺍﻤﻲ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻟﻲ ﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﺸﻐﻠﻪ ﺍﻟـ )‪ .(kmol‬ﻭﻫﻭ ﻗﻴﻤـﺔ ﺜﺎﺒﺘـﺔ ﻷﻱ‬
‫ﻏﺎﺯ ﻋﻨﺩ )‪ (S. T. P.‬ﺘﺸﺘﻕ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﺄﺘﻲ‪:‬‬
‫‪N RT‬‬
‫=‪V‬‬
‫‪P‬‬
‫‪V RT‬‬
‫=‬
‫‪N‬‬ ‫‪P‬‬
‫‪RT MRT 8.314 × 273.15‬‬
‫= ‪Vmol‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 22.4 m 3 / kmol‬‬
‫‪P‬‬ ‫‪P‬‬ ‫‪101.325‬‬
‫ﻤﻤﺎ ﺘﻘﺩﻡ ﻴﺘﺒﻴﻥ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻋﻨﺩ )‪ (S. T. P.‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﺘﺸﻐل ﺤﻴﺯﺍ ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭﻩ )‪ .(22.4 m /kmol‬ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪3‬‬

‫‪V mol 1 =Vmol 2=Vmol 3= Vmol‬‬

‫‪M1R 1T M 2 R 2 T M 3 R 3 T MRT‬‬
‫=‬ ‫=‬ ‫=‬
‫‪P‬‬ ‫‪P‬‬ ‫‪P‬‬ ‫‪P‬‬
‫)‪M1R 1 = M 2 R 2 = M 3 R 3 = MR = R = 8.314kJ / kmol.K..............(10.11‬‬
‫ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺜﺎﺒﺘﺔ ﻟﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺨﻼﺌﻁ ﻋﻨﺩ )‪.(S. T. P.‬‬
‫ﻨﻌﻭﺩ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻤﻭﻀﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﺒﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ‪ .‬ﺇﻥ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﻤﺎ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻀﻐﻁﻬﺎ )‪(P‬‬
‫ﻭﺤﺠﻤﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻲ) ‪ (v‬ﻭﺩﺭﺤﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘﻬﺎ)‪ . (T‬ﻭﻟﻜل ﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﻤﺘﺠﺎﻨﺴﺔ )ﺼﻠﺒﺔ ‪ ،‬ﺴﺎﺌﻠﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻏﺎﺯﻴﺔ( ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ‪،‬‬
‫‪pv‬‬
‫ﻟﻜﻨﻨﺎ ﺴﻨﻜﺘﻔﻲ ﺒﺫﻜﺭ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﻭﻨﺼﻬﺎ ) (‪.‬‬
‫‪T‬‬
‫ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻨﺄﺨﺫ ﻤﺜﻼ ﻏﺎﺯ )‪ ،(CO2‬ﺴﻨﻼﺤﻅ ﺃﻥ ﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺘﺘﻼﻗﻰ ﻓﻲ ﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﻭﺍﺤﺩﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺤـﻭﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﻤﻬﻤﺎ ﺍﺨﺘﻠﻔﺕ ﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻭﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ ‪ .‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﻤﻭﻀﺢ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜل )‪ .(10.2‬ﺃﻱ‬
‫‪pv‬‬
‫ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭ ) ( ﻻ ﻴﻌﺘﻤﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ‪.T‬‬
‫‪T‬‬

‫)‪(330‬‬
 ‫ﺸﻜل )‪ -(10.2‬ﺍﻟﺜﺎﺒﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ‬

‫ﻜﺫﻟﻙ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﺍﻻﺨﺭﻯ‪ .‬ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﻤﺸﺘﺭﻜﺔ ﻟﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﻭﺘﺴﻤﻰ ﺒﺎﻟﺜﺎﺒﺕ ﺍﻟﻌـﺎﻡ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ )‪ (P‬ﺘﻤﺜـل ﺍﻟـﻀﻐﻁ ﺒﻭﺤـﺩﺍﺕ )‪ (v) ، (Pa‬ﺍﻟﺤﺠـﻡ ﺍﻟﻨـﻭﻋﻲ ﺍﻟﻤـﻭﻟﻲ ﺒﻭﺤـﺩﺍﺕ‬
‫)‪ (m3/kmol.K‬ﻓﺴﻴﻜﻭﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪pv‬‬
‫‪= R =8.314 kJ/kmol.K‬‬
‫‪T‬‬
‫ﺃﻤﺎ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻓﺘﻨﻁﺒﻕ ﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺸﻜل )‪ (10.2‬ﻭﺘﺼﺒﺢ ﺨﻁـﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻓﻘﻴﺎ ﺘﻠﺘﻘﻲ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻁﺔ )‪ (8.314‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻤﺜل ) ‪.( R‬‬

‫)‪ -(10.11‬ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﺭﺍﻤﻴﺔ )ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻟﻴﺔ( ‪Mole Ratio or Mole Fraction‬‬
‫ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻤﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﻁ‪ .‬ﺭﻤﺯﻫﺎ )‪ .(X‬ﺘﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻭﻟﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻀﻐﻭﻁ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﻐﺭﺽ ﺍﺸﺘﻘﺎﻕ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ‪ ،‬ﻨﻔﺘﺭﺽ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺨﺯﺍﻥ ﻴﺤﺘﻭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻏـﺎﺯﺍﺕ )…‪، (1,2 ,3 ,‬‬
‫ﻀﻐﻁﻪ ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘﻪ ﺜﺎﺒﺘﺔ‪ ،‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜل )‪ .(10.3‬ﻓﺴﻴﻜﻭﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪VT RT‬‬
‫⇒ ‪PT VT = N T RT‬‬ ‫=‬
‫‪NT‬‬ ‫‪P‬‬

‫)‪(331‬‬
 ‫ﺸﻜل )‪ -(10.3‬ﻓﺼل ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﻭﻨﺔ ﻟﻠﺨﻠﻴﻁ )‪(P,T=Const.‬‬

‫ﻭﺍﺫﺍ ﺃﻤﻜﻥ ﻓﺼل ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﻭﻭﻀﻌﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺤﻴﺯ ﻤﻨﻔﺼل‪ ،‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺸﻜل )‪ (10.3‬ﺒﺤﻴـﺙ ﻴﻜـﻭﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﻗﺒل ﻭﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﺼل ﻤﺘﺴﺎﻭﻱ‪ .‬ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﺼل ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﺯ ﺍﻻﻭل ﻴﻜﻭﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪V‬‬ ‫‪RT‬‬ ‫‪V‬‬ ‫‪V‬‬
‫= ‪P1 V1 = N 1 RT ⇒ 1‬‬ ‫)‪⇒∴ X1 = 1 = T .............................(10.12‬‬
‫‪N1‬‬ ‫‪P‬‬ ‫‪N1 N T‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﻜﺫﺍ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﺒﻘﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ‪ .‬ﻴﻼﺤﻅ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﺃﻥ ﻜل ﻏﺎﺯ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﺼل ﻴﺸﻐل ﺤﺠﻤﺎ ﻴﺨﺘﻠﻑ‬
‫ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻻﺨﺭ‪ .‬ﻭﺤﺴﺏ ﻗﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﺍﻤﺎﺠﺎﺕ )‪ (Amagat’s Law‬ﻓﺴﻴﻜﻭﻥ‪:‬‬
‫)‪VT = V1 + V2 + V3 ...........................................................(10.13‬‬
‫‪P1 VT = N 1 RT‬‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﺯ ﺍﻻﻭل ﻗﺒل ﺍﻟﻔﺼل‪:‬‬
‫‪PT V1 = N 1 RT‬‬ ‫ﻭﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﺼل‪:‬‬
‫‪V1‬‬ ‫‪P‬‬
‫= ‪∴ X1‬‬ ‫)‪= 1 ...............................................................(10.14‬‬
‫‪VT PT‬‬

‫ﻭﻫﻜﺫﺍ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﺒﻘﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ‪ .‬ﻭﺒﺘﻌﻭﻴﺽ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ )‪ (10.12‬ﺒـ )‪ (10.14‬ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻓﺘﺭﺍﺽ ﺃﻥ )‪(i‬‬
‫ﺭﻤﺯ ﻷﻱ ﻏﺎﺯ ﻓﺴﻴﻜﻭﻥ‪:‬‬
‫)‪X i = Vi = Ni = Pi ..................................(10.15‬‬
‫‪VT N T PT‬‬
‫‪X1 + X 2 + X 3 = 1‬‬

‫)‪(332‬‬
 ‫)‪ -(10.12‬ﻤﻌﺩل ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﻴﺔ )ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻟﻴﺔ( ﻟﻠﺨﻠﻴﻁ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﻱ‬
‫‪Average Relative Molecular Mass of a Gas Mixture‬‬

‫‪m T m1 + m 2 + m 3 M 1N1 + M 2 N 2 + M 3 N 3‬‬

‫= ‪MT‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫=‬
‫‪NT‬‬ ‫‪NT‬‬ ‫‪NT‬‬
‫)‪= M 1 X 1 + M 2 X 2 + M 3 X 3 = ∑ M i X i .....................(10.16‬‬
‫‪MiNi‬‬ ‫‪M .X N‬‬ ‫‪M i Xi‬‬
‫= ‪Wi = mi‬‬ ‫= ‪= i i T‬‬ ‫)‪............(10.17‬‬
‫‪mT MTNT‬‬ ‫‪M T .N T‬‬ ‫‪∑ M i XI‬‬
‫ﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﻁ ‪The Density of Gas Mixture‬‬
‫‪M T ⎡ kg‬‬ ‫⎤ ‪kmol kg‬‬
‫= ‪ρT‬‬ ‫⎢‬ ‫×‬ ‫⎥‪= 3‬‬
‫‪Vmol ⎣ kmol m 3‬‬ ‫⎦ ‪m‬‬

‫)‪ -(10.13‬ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻤﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻭﺯﻨﻲ ‪Volumetric and Weight Analysis‬‬

‫ﺍﻥ ﻤﻨﺎﻗﺸﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﺘﺸﻤل ﻓﻘﻁ ﺍﻟﺨﻼﺌﻁ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻜﺎﻟﻬﻭﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻟﻲ ﻤﻥ ﺒﺨﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻭﻜﺴﺠﻴﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺘﺭﻭﺠﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﻭﻱ‪ .‬ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺭﻭﺠﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﻭﻱ ﻴﺸﻤل ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺭﻭﺠﻴﻥ‪ ،‬ﺜـﺎﻨﻲ ﺃﻭﻜـﺴﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﻜـﺎﺭﺒﻭﻥ‪،‬‬
‫ﺍﻻﺭﻜﻭﻥ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻜﺭﺒﺘﻭﻥ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻨﻴﻭﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻬﻴﻠﻴﻭﻡ‪ .‬ﻟﺫﻟﻙ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻘﺎل ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻬـﻭﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺠـﺎﻑ ﻴﺘﻜـﻭﻥ ﻤـﻥ )‪(21%‬‬
‫ﺍﻭﻜﺴﺠﻴﻥ ﻭ )‪ (79%‬ﻨﺘﺭﻭﺠﻴﻥ ﺠﻭﻱ‪ .‬ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺼﺭ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﺠﺭﻱ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﺍﻟﻭﺯﻨﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺠﻤـﻲ‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ )‪ (i‬ﺘﻤﺜل ﻏﺎﺯ ﻤﻌﻴﻥ ﻓﺴﻴﻜﻭﻥ‪:‬‬
‫)‪ (1‬ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﺍﻟﻭﺯﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﺤﺴﺏ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻻﺘﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪mi‬‬
‫= ‪Wi‬‬ ‫‪,‬‬ ‫⇒‬ ‫‪W1 + W2 + W3 = 1‬‬
‫‪mT‬‬

‫)‪ (2‬ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻤﻲ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺒﺤﺴﺏ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻲ‪:‬‬

‫‪Vi‬‬ ‫‪N‬‬
‫= ‪Xi‬‬ ‫⇒‪= i ,‬‬ ‫‪X1 + X 2 + X 3 = 1‬‬
‫‪VT N T‬‬

‫)‪ (3‬ﺘﺤﻭﻴل ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻤﻲ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻭﺯﻨﻲ ﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪:‬‬

‫‪Wi = Mi .Xi‬‬
‫‪∑ Mi .Xi‬‬
‫ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﺴﺒﻕ ﻭﺇﻥ ﻤﺭﺕ ﻋﻠﻴﻨﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻨﺎﻗﺸﺎﺕ ﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ‪.‬‬

‫)‪(333‬‬
 ‫ﻤﺜﺎل )‪(10.1‬‬
‫ﺨﻠﻴﻁ ﻴﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻥ )‪ (CO2=7kg) ،(O2=3kg) ، (H2=5kg‬ﺍﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﺍﻟﻭﺯﻨﻲ‪.‬‬
‫‪WI = mi‬‬
‫‪mT‬‬

‫‪WH 2 = 5 = 0.333,‬‬ ‫‪WO 2 = 3 = 0.2, WCO2 = 7 = 0.467‬‬

‫‪15‬‬ ‫‪15‬‬ ‫‪15‬‬
‫ﻤﺜﺎل)‪(10.2‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﺍﻟﻭﺯﻨﻲ )ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﻭﺯﻨﻴﺔ( ﻟﻠﻬﻭﺍﺀ )‪ . (23%O2) ، (75% N2‬ﻤﺎ ﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻤﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﻜﻭﻨﺎﺕ‪،‬‬
‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ )‪.(MN2=28) ، (MO2=32‬‬
‫‪N i = mi ⇒ N N 2 = 0.75 = 0.02696‬‬
‫‪Mi‬‬ ‫‪28‬‬
‫‪N O 2 = 0.23 = 0.00723‬‬
‫‪32‬‬
‫‪NT = 0.03419‬‬
‫⇒ ‪X i = Ni‬‬ ‫‪X N 2 = 0.02696 = 0.7809‬‬
‫‪NT‬‬ ‫‪0.03419‬‬

‫‪X O 2 = 0.00723 = 0.2115‬‬

‫‪0.03419‬‬
‫ﻤﺜﺎل )‪(10.3‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻤﻲ )ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻤﻴـﺔ( ﻟﻠﻬـﻭﺍﺀ )‪ .(0.21O2) ، (0.79N2‬ﻤـﺎ ﻫـﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴـل ﺍﻟـﻭﺯﻨﻲ‬
‫)ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﻴﺔ( ﻟﻠﻤﻜﻭﻨﺎﺕ ‪ ،‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ )‪(MN2=28) ، (MO2=32‬‬
‫= ‪Wi = mi = MiXi ⇒ WN 2‬‬ ‫‪28 × 0.79‬‬ ‫‪= 0.767‬‬
‫‪m t ∑ MiXi‬‬ ‫‪28 × 0.79 + 32 × 0.21‬‬

‫= ‪WO 2‬‬ ‫‪32 × 0.21‬‬ ‫‪= 0.233‬‬

‫‪28 × 0.79 + 32 × 0.21‬‬
‫ﻤﺜﺎل )‪(10.4‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠـﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻤـﻲ ﻟﻠﻬـﻭﺍﺀ )‪0.95% ) ، (21%O2) ، (78,05%N2‬ﻏـﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﺨﺎﻤﻠـﺔ( ﻓـﺈﺫﺍ ﻜـﺎﻥ‬
‫)‪ M=39.9 ) ، (MO2=32) ، (MN2=28‬ﻟﻠﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻤﻠﺔ(‪ .‬ﺍﻭﺠﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻬﻭﺍﺀ‪.‬‬
‫‪m‬‬ ‫‪m + m 2 + m 3 M 1 N1 + M 2 N 2 + M 3 N 3‬‬
‫‪MT = T = 1‬‬ ‫=‬
‫‪NT‬‬ ‫‪NT‬‬ ‫‪NT‬‬
‫‪28 × 78.05 + 32 × 21 + 39.9 × 0.95‬‬
‫=‪M‬‬ ‫‪= 28.95kg / kmol‬‬
‫‪78.05 + 21 + 0.95‬‬

‫)‪(334‬‬
 ‫)‪ -(10.14‬ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻻﻨﺜﺎﻟﺒﻲ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﻨﺘﺭﻭﺒﻲ ﻟﻠﺨﻠﻴﻁ‬
‫‪Internal Energy, Enthalpy, Specific Heat and Entropy of Mixture‬‬
‫ﺍﺴﺘﻨﺎﺩﺍ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻗﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﺠﺒﺱ ﺩﺍﻟﺘﻭﻥ ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺃﻴﺔ ﺨﺎﺼﻴﺔ ﺸـﺎﻤﻠﺔ )‪ (Extensive Properties‬ﻟﺨﻠـﻴﻁ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﺘﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺩﻴﺔ ﻟﻜل ﻏﺎﺯ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﻭﻨﺔ ﻟﻠﺨﻠﻴﻁ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻴﺸﻐل ﻜل‬
‫ﻤﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﺒﻤﻔﺭﺩﻩ ﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﻁ ﻨﻔﺴﻪ ﻭﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺒﻨﻔﺱ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘﻪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﻤﺜﻼ ﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺘﺘﺄﻟﻑ ﻤﻥ ﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺃﺠﺯﺍﺀﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺒﺔ ﻟﺫﻟﻙ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺌﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻐـﺎﺯﺍﺕ‬
‫ﻴﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﻁ‪ ،‬ﻟﺫﻟﻙ ﻴﻨﺹ ﻗﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﺠﺒﺱ ﺩﺍﻟﺘﻭﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺎ ﻴﺎﺘﻲ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻻﻨﺜﺎﻟﺒﻲ‪ ،‬ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺭﻭﺒﻲ ﻟﻠﺨﻠﻴﻁ ﻴﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻻﻨﺜﺎﻟﺒﻲ‪ ،‬ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺭﻭﺒﻲ‬
‫ﻟﻤﻜﻭﻨﺎﺘﻪ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺜﺒﻭﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻡ ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ) ‪ (S, H, U‬ﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻻﻨﺜﺎﻟﺒﻲ ﻭﺍﻻﻨﺘﺭﻭﺒﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺍﻟﻲ ‪ ،‬ﻓﺒﺎﻟﻨـﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻁﺎﻗـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺨﻠﻴﻁ ﺴﻴﻜﻭﻥ‪:‬‬
‫)‪U T = U1 + U 2 + U 3 .............................................(10.19‬‬
‫‪µ T m T = µ 1 m1 + µ 2 m 2 + µ 3 m 3‬‬
‫‪µ1 m 1 + µ 2 m 2 + µ 3 m 3‬‬
‫= ‪µT‬‬ ‫)‪= W1µ1 + W2 µ 2 + W3µ 3 ....(10.20‬‬
‫‪mT‬‬
‫‪µ‬‬
‫ﻭﻹﻴﺠﺎﺩ )‪ (CvT‬ﻟﻠﺨﻠﻴﻁ ﻨﻘﻭل‪ ،‬ﺒﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ) ‪ ( µ = CvT‬ﻓﺴﻴﻜﻭﻥ ) = ‪( Cv‬‬
‫‪T‬‬
‫ﻭﻋﻨﺩ ﻗﺴﻤﺔ ﻁﺭﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ )‪ (10.20‬ﻋﻠﻰ )‪ ( T‬ﻴﻨﺘﺞ‪:‬‬
‫‪µT‬‬ ‫‪µ‬‬ ‫‪µ‬‬ ‫‪µ‬‬
‫‪= W1 1 + W2 2 + W3 3‬‬
‫‪T‬‬ ‫‪T‬‬ ‫‪T‬‬ ‫‪T‬‬
‫)‪Cv = W1 Cv 1 + W2 Cv 2 + WCv 2 + W3 Cv 3 ............................(10.21‬‬
‫ﻭﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻻﻨﺜﺎﻟﺒﻲ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﻁ ﻓﺴﻴﻜﻭﻥ‬
‫)‪H T = H 1 + H 2 + H 3 .......................................................(10.22‬‬
‫‪h T m T = h 1m 1 + h 2 m 2 + h 3 m 3‬‬
‫‪h 1m 1 + h 2 m 2 + h 3 m 3‬‬
‫= ‪hT‬‬ ‫)‪= W1h 1 + W2 h 2 + W3 h 3 ......................(10.23‬‬
‫‪mT‬‬
‫ﻭﻹﻴﺠﺎﺩ )‪ (CpT‬ﻟﺨﻠﻴﻁ ﻨﻘﻭل‪ ،‬ﺒﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ )‪ (h = CpT‬ﻓﺴﻴﻜﻭﻥ ) ‪ ، ( Cp = h‬ﻭﻋﻨﺩ ﻗﺴﻤﺔ ﻁﺭﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ‬
‫‪T‬‬
‫)‪ (10.23‬ﻋﻠﻰ )‪ (T‬ﻴﻨﺘﺞ‪:‬‬
‫‪hT‬‬ ‫‪h‬‬ ‫‪h‬‬ ‫‪h‬‬
‫‪= W1 1 + W2 2 + W3 3‬‬
‫‪TT‬‬ ‫‪T‬‬ ‫‪T‬‬ ‫‪T‬‬
‫)‪CPT = W1 CP1 + W2 CP2 + W3 CP3 ................................(10.24‬‬

‫)‪(335‬‬
 ‫ﻭﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻷﻨﺘﺭﻭﺒﻲ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﻁ ﻓﺈﻥ‪:‬‬
‫)‪s T = s1 + s 2 + s 3 ....................................................(10.25‬‬
‫‪s T m T = s1 m 1 + s 2 m 2 + s 3 m 3‬‬
‫‪s1 m 1 + s 2 m 2 + s 3 m 3‬‬
‫= ‪sT‬‬ ‫)‪= W1s1 + W2 s 2 + W3s 3 ........(10.26‬‬
‫‪mT‬‬
‫ﻭﺒﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﻋﺎﻤﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺒل ﺘﻁﺒﻴﻕ ﻗﻭﺍﻨﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﻁ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﻱ ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﻤـﻥ ﺍﻟـﻀﺭﻭﺭﻱ‬
‫ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﺜﻭﺍﺒﺕ ) ‪ (Cp , Cv , γ , R , M‬ﻟﻠﺨﻠﻴﻁ‪ .‬ﻋﻨﺌﺫ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﻁ ﻜﻐـﺎﺯ ﻭﺍﺤـﺩ ﻟـﻪ ﻫـﺫﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺜﻭﺍﺒﺕ‪ .‬ﻭﻜﻤﺜﺎل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ )‪ (R‬ﻟﻠﻬﻭﺍﺀ ﻫﻲ )‪ (0.287kJ/kg.K‬ﻟﻜﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺒﺎﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻭﺴﻁﺔ ﻟﻠﺨﻠﻴﻁ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﺤﺘﻭﻱ ﺒﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﺭﺌﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﻭﻜـﺴﺠﻴﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺘـﺭﻭﺠﻴﻥ ﻭﻏﻴﺭﻫـﺎ ﻤـﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ‪.‬‬

‫)‪ -(10.15‬ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﺭﺍﻤﻴﺔ )ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻟﻴﺔ(‬

‫‪Mollar Heat Capacity‬‬

‫ﺘﻌﺭﻴﻔﻬﺎ ﻨﻔﺱ ﺘﻌﺭﻴﻑ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﻤﺎ ﻋﺩﺍ ﺍﺴﺘﺒﺩﺍل ﺍﻟـ )‪ (kg‬ﺒﺎﻟـ )‪ .(kmol‬ﻟﺫﺍ ﻓﻭﺤـﺩﺍﺘﻬﺎ‬
‫)‪ .(kJ/kmol.K‬ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ )‪ (c‬ﺘﻤﺜل ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻭ )‪ (C‬ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﺠﺯﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﻏﺭﺍﻤﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗـﺔ‬
‫ﺒﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﻫﻲ )‪ ،(M =C/c‬ﻭﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ‪.‬‬

‫‪Q cp − cv = R‬‬ ‫‪Mcv= Cv‬‬

‫ﻀﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻓﻴﻥ ﺒـ ‪M‬‬ ‫‪Mcp= Cp‬‬
‫‪Mcp − Mcv = MR = R = 8.314‬‬ ‫‪Cp 8.314+ Cv‬‬
‫= =‪γ‬‬ ‫)‪......................(10.27‬‬
‫)‪Cp − Cv = 8.314......................(10.29‬‬ ‫‪Cv‬‬ ‫‪Cv‬‬
‫‪or‬‬
‫‪Cp‬‬ ‫‪Cp‬‬
‫= =‪γ‬‬ ‫)‪......................(10.28‬‬
‫‪Cv Cp− 8.314‬‬

‫)‪(336‬‬
 ‫)‪ -(10.16‬ﻤﻌﺩل ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﺭﺍﻤﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺨﻠﻴﻁ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﻱ‬
‫‪Average Molar Heat Capacity of Gas Mixture‬‬
‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ )‪ (NT‬ﺘﻤﺜل ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻉ ﻋﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﻴﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻐﺭﺍﻤﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺨﻠـﻴﻁ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﻥ )‪ (Cvav.‬ﺘﻤﺜـل ﻤﻌـﺩل‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﻴﺌﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﻥ )‪ (N1,N2 ,N3,….‬ﻫﻲ ﻋﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﻴﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻐﺭﺍﻤﻴﺔ ﻟﻜل ﻏﺎﺯ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺨﻠـﻴﻁ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﺇﻥ )‪ (Cv1, Cv2, Cv3, ….‬ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﺭﺍﻤﻴﺔ ﺒﺜﺒﻭﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻡ ﻟﻜـل ﻏـﺎﺯ ﻓـﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﻁ‪ .‬ﺇﻥ ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻤﺔ ﻟﺭﻓﻊ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ )‪ (N‬ﺠﺯﻴﺌﺎﺕ ﻏﺭﺍﻤﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﺩﺭﺠـﺔ ﺤـﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬
‫ﻭﺍﺤﺩﺓ ﺒﺜﺒﻭﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻡ ﻫﻲ )‪ ،(NCv‬ﻭﻤﻨﻪ ﻓﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﺨﻠﻴﻁ‪:‬‬
‫)‪N T Cv T = N 1 Cv 1 + N 2 Cv 2 + N 3 Cv 3 = ∑ NiCvi ....................(10.30‬‬
‫= ‪∑ NiCvi‬‬
‫= ‪Cv T‬‬
‫‪NT‬‬
‫)‪∑ NNi Cvi = ∑ XiCvi.............................(10.31‬‬
‫‪T‬‬
‫ﻭﺒﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﻴﻤﻜﻨﻨﺎ ﺇﻴﺠﺎﺩ ﻤﻌﺩل ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﺭﺍﻤﻴﺔ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺜﺒﻭﺕ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﻭﻜﺎﻻﺘﻲ‪:‬‬
‫)‪N T CPT = N 1CP1 + N 2 CP2 + N 3 CP3 = ∑ NiCpi .........................(10.32‬‬
‫= ‪∑ NiCpi‬‬
‫= ‪Cp T‬‬
‫‪NT‬‬ ‫)‪∑ NNi .Cpi = ∑ XiCpi.......................................(10.33‬‬
‫‪T‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎل ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻴﻭﻀﺢ ﻤﻭﻀﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻟﻴﺔ‪:‬‬

‫ﻤﺜﺎل )‪(10.5‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻤﻲ ﻟﺨﻠﻴﻁ )‪.(52%N2) ،(4%CO2) ، (3%CH4) ،(12%H2) ،(29% CO‬‬
‫ﺍﺤﺴﺏ ﻟﻠﺨﻠﻴﻁ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪ cv , Cv, cp, Cp‬ﻋﻠﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪CO‬‬ ‫‪H2‬‬ ‫‪CH4‬‬ ‫‪CO2‬‬ ‫‪N2‬‬
‫‪M‬‬ ‫‪28‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪16‬‬ ‫‪44‬‬ ‫‪28‬‬
‫‪CP‬‬ ‫‪29.27‬‬ ‫‪28.89‬‬ ‫‪35.8‬‬ ‫‪37.22‬‬ ‫‪29.14‬‬

‫)‪(337‬‬
‫‪Cp T = ∑ Xi.Cpi‬‬
‫‪= 0.29 × 29.27 + 0.12 × 28.89 + 0.03 × 35.8 + 0.04 × 37.22 + 0.52 × 29.14‬‬
‫‪= 29.676kJ / kg.K‬‬
‫‪Cv T = Cp T − R = 29.676 − 8.314 = 21.362kJ / kmol.K‬‬
‫‪M T = ∑ MiXi‬‬
‫‪= 28 × 0.29 + 2 × 0.12 + 16 × 0.03 + 44 × 0.04 + 28 × 0.52‬‬
‫‪= 25.2kg / kmol‬‬
‫‪Cp T 29.676‬‬
‫= ‪cp T‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 1.178kJ / kg.K‬‬
‫‪MT‬‬ ‫‪25.2‬‬
‫‪Cp T 21.362‬‬
‫= ‪cv T‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 0.847kJ / kg.K‬‬
‫‪MT‬‬ ‫‪25.2‬‬
‫)‪ (10.17‬ﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺭﻭﺒﻲ ﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺨﻠﻁ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬
‫‪Entorpy Change Due to Mixing of Perfect Gases‬‬
‫ﺨﻠﻁ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﻴﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺘﻠﻘﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻻﺇﻨﻌﻜﺎﺴﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻷﻨﻪ ﻟﻴﺱ ﺒﺎﻻﻤﻜﺎﻥ ﻓﺼل ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﻋﻥ ﺒﻌﻀﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻟﺫﺍ ﻴﺼﺒﺢ‬
‫ﺍﻨﺘﺭﻭﺒﻲ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﻁ ﺃﻜﺒﺭ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻉ ﺍﻨﺘﺭﻭﺒﻲ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ ﻴﺤﺼل ﺇﺯﺩﻴﺎﺩ ﺒﺎﻻﻨﺘﺭﻭﺒﻲ‪ ،‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﻓـﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴـﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺜﺭﻤﻭﺩﻴﻨﺎﻤﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻼﺇﻨﻌﻜﺎﺴﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻨﻔﺭﺽ ﺃﻥ ﻟﺩﻴﻨﺎ ﻏﺎﺯﺍﺕ )… ‪ (1 ,2 ,3,‬ﻤﻨﻔﺼﻠﺔ ﺒﺤﻭﺍﺠﺯ ﻋﻥ ﺒﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩﻩ ﻓﻲ ﺨﺯﺍﻥ ﻤﻌـﺯﻭل ﺫﺍﺕ‬
‫ﻀﻐﻁ )‪ (P‬ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺜﺎﺒﺕ‪ .‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜل )‪.(10.4‬‬

‫ﺸﻜل )‪ -(10.4‬ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻁ ﺍﻻﺩﻴﺎﺒﺎﺘﻲ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ )‪(P,T= Const,‬‬

‫ﻋﻨﺩ ﺭﻓﻊ ﺍﻟﺤﻭﺍﺠﺯ ﺴﺘﺨﺘﻠﻁ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﺇﺩﻴﺎﺒﺎﺘﻴﺎ ﻭﻟﻜﻥ ﻴﺒﻘﻰ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺜﺎﺒﺕ‪ .‬ﻭﺴـﻴﺘﻤﺩﺩ ﻜـل‬
‫ﻏﺎﺯ ﺒﺸﻜل ﺤﺭ ﺤﺘﻰ ﻴﻤلﺀ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺍﻍ ﺒﺄﺠﻤﻌﻪ ﺒﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﻨﺨﻔﺽ ﻀﻐﻁﻪ ﻤﻥ ﻀﻐﻁ ﻜﻠﻲ )‪ (P‬ﺇﻟـﻰ ﺠﺯﺌـﻲ‬
‫)… ‪.(P1, P2, P3,‬‬

‫)‪(338‬‬
‫ﺘﺘﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺘﺒﺎﺩل ﺤﺭﺍﺭﻱ ﺃﻭ ﺸﻐل ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻴﻁ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺠﻲ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ )‪ .(Q,W= O‬ﻭﻋﻨﺩ ﺘﻁﺒﻴﻕ ﺍﻟﻘـﺎﻨﻭﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻭل ﻟﻠﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻐﻠﻕ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻌﺯﻭل ﻓﺴﻴﻜﻭﻥ )‪ ،(∆ U= O‬ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﺴﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺜﺎﺒﺘﺔ ﺨﻼل ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻁ‪ ،‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜل )‪.(10.5‬‬

‫ﺸﻜل )‪ -(10.5‬ﺜﺒﻭﺕ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺃﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻁ ﺍﻻﺩﻴﺎﺒﺎﺘﻲ‬

‫ﻟﺫﺍ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻜل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﻨﺜﺎﻟﺒﻲ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﻗﺒل ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻁ ﻫﻲ ﻨﻔﺴﻬﺎ ﺒﻌـﺩ ﺍﻟﺨﻠـﻁ‪ .‬ﻭﺴـﻴﻜﻭﻥ‬
‫ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻉ ﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺍﻨﺘﺭﻭﺒﻲ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻁ ﺍﻵﻴﺯﻭﺜﺭﻤﻠﻴﺔ‪-‬ﺍﻹﺩﻴﺎﺒﺎﺘﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﺍﻻﺘﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪T‬‬ ‫‪V‬‬ ‫‪T‬‬ ‫‪P‬‬
‫‪∆Si = Cv ln‬‬ ‫)‪+ R ln = Cp ln − R ln .............................(10.34‬‬
‫‪Ti‬‬ ‫‪Vi‬‬ ‫‪Ti‬‬ ‫‪Pi‬‬
‫‪Q T = Ti‬‬
‫‪V‬‬ ‫‪P‬‬
‫‪∴ ∆si = R ln‬‬ ‫)‪= R ln ...........................................................(10.35‬‬
‫‪Vi‬‬ ‫‪Pi‬‬
‫‪∆s = ∑ ∆si > 0‬‬ ‫ﺃﻤﺎ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﺨﻠﻴﻁ ﻓﺈﻥ ‪:‬‬
‫ﻭﺒﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ )‪ ،(V > Vi‬ﻟﺫﺍ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺭﻭﺒﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺃﻋﻼﻩ ﻤﻭﺠﺏ ﺩﺍﺌﻤﺎ‪ .‬ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻁ ﺘﺅﺩﻱ‬
‫ﺇﻟﻰ ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺭﻭﺒﻲ ﺩﺍﺌﻤﺎ‪ .‬ﺃﻤﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺍﺠﺭﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻁ ﺒﻭﻟﺘﺭﻭﺒﻴﺔ ﻓﻨﻁﺒﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻻﺘﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪T‬‬ ‫‪v‬‬
‫‪∆s = Cv ln‬‬ ‫)‪+ R ln .......................................(10.36‬‬
‫‪Ti‬‬ ‫‪vi‬‬
‫‪γ−n‬‬ ‫‪v‬‬
‫=‬ ‫) ‪R ln .................................................(10.37‬‬
‫‪γ −1‬‬ ‫‪vi‬‬
‫‪n−γ T‬‬
‫‪= Cv‬‬ ‫)‪ln ................................................(10.38‬‬
‫‪n − 1 Ti‬‬
‫)‪ (10.18‬ﺨﻼﺌﻁ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﻀﻐﻭﻁ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬
‫‪Mixture of Perfect Gases at Different Initial Pressures and Temperatures‬‬

‫)‪(339‬‬
 ‫ﺸﻜل )‪ -(10.6‬ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺘﺭﻜﺔ ﻟﻠﺨﻠﻴﻁ‬

‫ﻨﻔﺘﺭﺽ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺜﻼﺜﺔ ﺍﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﺎﺕ ﻤﻌﺯﻭﻟﺔ ﺘﺤﺘﻭﻱ ﻜل ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻏﺎﺯ ﻤﺜﺎﻟﻲ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻑ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﺍﻻﺨﺭﻯ‬
‫ﻤﻥ ﺤﻴﺙ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺠﻡ ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﺘﺘﺼل ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻻﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﺎﺕ ﺒﺼﻤﺎﻤﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﻗﻲ ﺍﻟـﺸﻜل‬
‫)‪.(10.6‬‬
‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﻓﺘﺤﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻤﺎﻤﺎﺕ ﺴﺘﺨﺘﻠﻁ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ‪ .‬ﺇﻥ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﻁ ﻴﺄﺨﺫﺍﻥ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻭﺴـﻁﻴﺔ ﺘﺤـﺩﺩ‬
‫ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻵﺘﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪m Cv T + m 2 Cv 2 T2 + m 3 Cv 3 T3‬‬
‫‪TT = 1 1 1‬‬
‫‪m T Cv T‬‬
‫‪W1Cv1T1 + W2 Cv 2 T2 + W3 Cv 3 T3‬‬
‫=‬ ‫)‪..................................(10.39‬‬
‫‪Cv T‬‬
‫ﺍﻤﺜﻠﺔ ﻤﺤﻠﻭﻟﺔ‬
‫)‪(10.6‬‬
‫ﻤﺴﻌﺭ ﻤﻌﺯﻭل ﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺎ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻤﺎﺀ ﻜﺘﻠﺘﻪ )‪ (800g‬ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘﻪ )‪ .(15oC‬ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﻤﻭﻀﻭﻉ ﺩﺍﺨل ﻭﻋﺎﺀ ﻤﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﻀﺔ ﻜﺘﻠﺘﻪ )‪ .(250g‬ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻔﻀﺔ)‪ .(0.234 kJ/kg.K‬ﺭﻤﻴﻨﺎ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻌﺭ ﻗﻁﻌﺔ‬
‫ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﻟﻤﻨﻴﻭﻡ ﻜﺘﻠﺘﻬﺎ )‪ (200g‬ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘﻬﺎ )‪ .(100oC‬ﻭﺒﻌﺩ ﺘﻌﺎﺩل ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺩﺭﺠـﺔ ﺤـﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﻁ )‪ .(19.24oC‬ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻋﻠﻤﺕ ﺃﻥ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺀ )‪ .(4.2kJ/kg.K‬ﺍﺤـﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﺤـﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﻟﻸﻟﻤﻨﻴﻭﻡ‪.‬‬
‫‪m w C w t w + m s Cs t s + m a Ca t a‬‬
‫= ‪tT‬‬
‫‪m w C w + m s Cs + m a Ca‬‬
‫‪0.8 × 4.2 × 15 + 0.25 × 0.23 × 15 + 0.2 × Ca × 100‬‬
‫= ‪19.24‬‬
‫‪0.8 × 4.2 + 0.25 × 0.234 + 0.2Ca‬‬
‫‪Ca = 0.88kJ / kg.K‬‬
‫)‪(10.7‬‬
‫ﺨﻠﻁ )‪ (160L‬ﻤﺎﺀ ﺒﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ )‪ (160oC‬ﻤﻊ )‪ (90L‬ﻤﺎﺀ ﺒﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ )‪ .(98.4oC‬ﻤﺎ ﻫﻲ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ‬
‫ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﻁ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺃﻫﻤﻠﻨﺎ ﻓﻘﺩﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻴﻁ‪ ،‬ﻭﺤﺴﺒﻨﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺀ ﺜﺎﺒﺘﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪m c t + m 2 c 2 t 2 160 × c × 150 + 90 × c × 98.4‬‬
‫‪tT = 1 1 1‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 131.424 o C‬‬
‫‪m 1 c1 + m 2 c 2‬‬ ‫‪160 × c + 90 × c‬‬
‫)‪(10.8‬‬

‫)‪(340‬‬
‫ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻭﻡ ﺇﻥ ﺍﻻﻤﻭﻨﻴﺎ ﺘﺼﺒﺢ ﺴﺎﻤﺔ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻨﺴﺒﺘﻬﺎ ﺤﺠﻤﻴﺎ )‪ .(0.55‬ﺍﺤﺴﺏ ﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﻻﻤﻭﻨﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺴﺭﺒﺔ ﻤﻥ‬
‫ﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﻓﻲ ﺤﻴﺯ ﺤﺠﻤﻪ )‪ (100m3‬ﻟﻜﻲ ﻴﺼﺒﺢ ﺍﻟﺤﻴـﺯ ﺴـﺎﻤﺎ‪ .‬ﺍﻟـﻀﻐﻁ )‪ ،(1bar‬ﺩﺭﺠـﺔ ﺍﻟﺤـﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬
‫)‪ ،(15 oC‬ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﻟﻸﻤﻭﻨﻴﺎ )‪.(17‬‬
‫‪PV 100 × 0.55‬‬
‫= ‪m NH 3‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 390kg‬‬
‫‪RT 8.314‬‬
‫‪× 288‬‬
‫‪17‬‬

‫)‪(341‬‬
 ‫)‪(10.9‬‬
‫ﻗﻨﻴﻨﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﺤﺠﻤﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﻲ ﻴﺴﺎﻭﻱ )‪ ،(15 litter‬ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻏﺎﺯ ﺜﺎﻨﻲ ﺃﻭﻜﺴﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺭﺒﻭﻥ ﺘﺤـﺕ ﻀـﻐﻁ‬
‫)‪ (110 bar‬ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ )‪ .(18oC‬ﺍﺤﺴﺏ )ﺃ(ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ‪) .‬ﺏ(ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻟﻲ‪) .‬ﺝ(ﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻐـﺎﺯ‪) .‬ﺩ(ﻋـﺩﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻻﺕ‪ .‬ﻋﻠﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪MCO2 =44Kg/kmol, R =0.185 kJ/kg.K‬‬

‫‪R 8.314‬‬ ‫‪RT 8.314 × 291‬‬

‫=‪R‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫= ‪Vmol‬‬ ‫=‬
‫‪M‬‬ ‫‪44‬‬ ‫‪P‬‬ ‫‪110 × 10 2‬‬
‫‪= 0.185kJ / kg.K‬‬ ‫‪= 0.22m 3 / kmol‬‬
‫‪PV 110 × 10 2 × 0.015‬‬ ‫‪m 3.064‬‬
‫=‪m‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫= =‪ρ‬‬ ‫‪= 204.27 kg / m 3‬‬
‫‪RT‬‬ ‫‪0.185 × 291‬‬ ‫‪v 0.015‬‬
‫‪= 3.064kJ‬‬ ‫‪V‬‬ ‫‪0.015‬‬
‫=‪N‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 0.0682kmol‬‬
‫‪Vmol 0.22‬‬

‫)‪(10.10‬‬
‫)‪ (1kg‬ﻤﻥ )‪ ،(H2‬ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠﻭﺏ ﺇﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ )‪ (O2‬ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﻟﻜﻲ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻨـﺴﺒﺔ ﺤﺠـﻡ ﺍﻟﻬﻴـﺩﺭﻭﺠﻴﻥ ﺇﻟـﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻭﻜﺴﺠﻴﻥ ) ‪ .( 12‬ﺍﺤﺴﺏ ﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻟﻭﻋﺎﺀ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻲ )‪ (1 bar‬ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ )‪.(15oC‬‬

‫‪mH 2 1‬‬ ‫‪32 × 0.5‬‬

‫= ‪N H2‬‬ ‫‪= = 0.5‬‬ ‫= ‪mo 2‬‬ ‫‪=8‬‬
‫‪MH 2 2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪mo 2 mo 2‬‬ ‫‪N T = No 2 + NH 2‬‬
‫= ‪N O2‬‬ ‫=‬
‫‪Mo 2‬‬ ‫‪32‬‬ ‫‪8‬‬
‫‪= 0.5 +‬‬ ‫‪= 0.75‬‬
‫‪NH 2 2‬‬ ‫‪32‬‬
‫‪= = 0.5‬‬
‫‪N O 2 1 mo 2‬‬ ‫‪NRT 0.75 × 8.314 × 288‬‬
‫=‪V‬‬ ‫=‬
‫‪32‬‬ ‫‪P‬‬ ‫‪100‬‬
‫‪= 17.96m‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬

‫)‪(342‬‬
 (10.11)
‫ ( ﻭﺩﺭﺠـﺔ‬200kN / m 2 ) ‫( ﻋﻨﺩ ﻀﻐﻁ‬H2 =0.8 kg) ،(CO2 =1 kg) ‫ﺨﺯﺍﻥ ﻴﺤﺘﻭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺨﻠﻴﻁ ﻤﻥ‬
:‫ ﻏﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﻤﺜﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﻜﺎﻨﺕ‬H2 ، CO ‫( ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺭﺕ‬18 oC) ‫ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬
Cp H2 =14.31 kJ/kg.K ، CpCO =1.042 kJ/kg.K
:‫ﺍﺤﺴﺏ‬
‫ )ﺝ( ﺍﻟـﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺌـﻲ ﻟﻤﻜﻭﻨـﺎﺕ‬،‫ )ﺏ( ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻲ ﻟﻠﺨﻠﻴﻁ‬، ‫ ﻟﻠﺨﻠﻴﻁ‬Cv , Cp , R (‫)ﺃ‬
.‫ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﻁ‬

(1) ( 2)
R CO =
R
=
8.314
= 0.297kJ / kg.K mRT 1.8 × 2.015 × 291
V= =
M 12 + 16 P 200
R 8.314 = 5.277m 3
R H2 = = = 4.157kJ / kg.K
M 2 V 5.277
∑ miRi = 1 × 0.297 + 0.8 × 4.157 v= = = 2.931m 3 / kg
R= m 1.8
∑ mi 1 + 0.8
Nco =
m 1
= = 0.0357Mol
= 2.015kJ / kg.K M 28

CP =
∑ miCpi = 1 × 1.042 + 0.8 × 14.31 NH 2 =
m 0.8
= = 0.4Mol
∑ mi 1 + 0.8 M 2
N = ∑ Ni = 0.0357 + 0.4
= 6.938kJ / kg.K
Cv = Cp − R = 6.938 − 2.015 = 0.4357Mol
= 4.923kJ / kg.K Nco 0.0347
Pco = P = 200. = 16.4kPa
N 0.4357
NH 2 0.4
PH 2 = P = 200 = 183.6kPa
N 0.4357

(343)
 ‫)‪(10.12‬‬
‫ﺨﻠﻴﻁ ﻏﺎﺯﻱ ﻓﻲ ﺇﻨﺎﺀ ﻤﻐﻠﻕ ﻤﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻥ )‪ .(m kg CO2) ،(7 kg N2) ،(8 kg O2‬ﺍﻟـﻀﻐﻁ ﻭﺩﺭﺠـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﻤﺠﻤﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻻﺕ ﻟﺨﻠﻴﻁ ﻫﻲ ) ‪ (1 kmol) ،(60 oC) ، ( 416kN / m 2‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺍﻟﻲ ﺍﺤﺴﺏ‪:‬‬
‫ـﻴﻁ‪.‬‬
‫ـﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﻠـ‬
‫ـﻴﻁ‪) .‬ﺝ( ﻜﺜﺎﻓـ‬
‫ـﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﻠـ‬
‫ـﻲ ﻟﻤﻜﻭﻨـ‬
‫ـﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺌـ‬
‫ـﺎﺯ‪) .CO2‬ﺏ( ﺍﻟـ‬
‫ـﺔ )‪ (m‬ﻟﻐـ‬
‫)ﺃ( ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠـ‬
‫)ﺩ( ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺠﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻹﻨﺎﺀ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﺘﺭﺘﻔﻊ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﻁ ﺇﻟﻰ )‪ .(228oC‬ﻋﻠﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ‪:‬‬
‫‪M O2 =32, M N2 = 28, M CO2 = 44‬‬
‫= ‪Ni‬‬
‫‪mi‬‬ ‫‪NRT 1.8 × 314× 333‬‬
‫= ‪(3)V‬‬ ‫=‬
‫‪Mi‬‬ ‫‪P‬‬ ‫‪416‬‬
‫= ‪No 2‬‬
‫‪8‬‬
‫‪= 0.25kmol‬‬ ‫‪= 6.7m‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬

‫‪32‬‬ ‫‪m = mo2 + mH2 + mco2‬‬

‫‪7‬‬
‫= ‪NN 2‬‬ ‫‪= 0.25kmol‬‬ ‫‪= 8 + 7 + 22 = 37kg‬‬
‫‪28‬‬
‫‪m 37‬‬
‫‪mco 2‬‬ ‫= =‪ρ‬‬ ‫‪= 5.5kg / m3‬‬
‫= ‪Nco 2‬‬ ‫‪= kmol‬‬ ‫‪V 6.7‬‬
‫‪44‬‬
‫‪(4)V = Vo2 = VN 2 = Vco2‬‬
‫‪N T = No 2 + N N 2 + Nco 2‬‬
‫‪= 6.7m3‬‬
‫‪mco 2‬‬
‫‪1kmol = 0.25 + 0.25 +‬‬ ‫‪NRT 1× 8.314× 501‬‬
‫‪44‬‬ ‫=‪P‬‬ ‫=‬
‫‪mco 2 = 22kg‬‬ ‫‪V‬‬ ‫‪6.7‬‬
‫‪22‬‬ ‫‪= 625.9kN / m‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬

‫= ‪Nco 2‬‬ ‫‪= 0.5kmol‬‬

‫‪44‬‬
‫‪No‬‬ ‫‪0.25‬‬ ‫ﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﺨﺭﻯ ﻻﺴﺘﺨﺭﺍﺝ ) ‪(P‬‬
‫‪( 2)Po 2 = p 2 = 416‬‬ ‫‪= 104kN / m 2‬‬
‫‪N‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪mRT2 37 × 0.225 × 501‬‬
‫= ‪P2‬‬ ‫=‬
‫‪NN 2‬‬ ‫‪0.25‬‬ ‫‪V‬‬ ‫‪6.7‬‬
‫‪PN 2 = P‬‬ ‫‪= 416‬‬ ‫‪= 104kN / m‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪N‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪= 625.9kN / m 2‬‬
‫‪Nco 2‬‬ ‫‪0.5‬‬
‫‪Pco 2 = P‬‬ ‫‪= 416‬‬ ‫‪= 208kN / m 2‬‬
‫‪N‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬

‫)‪(344‬‬
 (10.13)
:‫ﺍﺤﺴﺏ‬.(7 mol Air) ،(4 mol CO) ،(3 mol N2) ،(2 mol He) ‫ﺨﻠﻴﻁ ﻏﺎﺯﻱ ﻤﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻥ‬
‫ ﻋﻠـﻰ‬.‫( ﻟﻠﺨﻠـﻴﻁ‬γ) ‫( ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺒﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ‬Cv)‫( ﻭ‬Cp) ‫ )ﺏ( ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ‬.(R) ‫)ﺃ( ﺜﺎﺒﺕ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﻟﻠﺨﻠﻴﻁ‬
، (N2 =79%) ‫ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍﺀ ﻴﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤـﻥ ﺍﻻﻭﻜـﺴﺠﻴﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻴﺘـﺭﻭﺠﻴﻥ ﻓﻘـﻁ ﻭﺒﺎﻟﻨـﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴـﺔ‬
: ‫ ﻋﻠﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ‬،(O2 =21%)
He N2 CO O2
Cp (kJ/kg.K) 2.22 1.046 1.046 0.92
Cv (kJ/kg.K) 0.17 0.754 0.754 0.67
M (kg/kmol) 4 28 28 32

N N 2 = 3 + 7 × 0.79 = 8.53Mol R 8.314

R= =
No 2 = 7 × 0.21 = 1.47Mol M 25.368
N = NH e + N N 2 + Nco + N air = 0.327kJ / kg.K
= 2 + 3 + 4 + 7 = 16Mol ( 2)
mi
or Mi = ⇒ mi = NiMi
N = NH e + N N 2 + Nco + No 2 Ni
m He = 2 × 10 − 3 × 4 = 0.008kg
= 2 + 8.53 + 4 + 1.47 = 16Mol
NH e 2 m N 2 = 8.53 × 10 − 3 × 28 = 0.239kg
XH e = = = 0.125
N 16 m co = 4 × 10 − 3 × 28 = 0.112kg
N N 2 8.53
XN 2 = = = 0.533 m O2 = 1.47 × 10 − 3 .32 = 0.047kg
N 16
Nco 4 Cp =
∑ miCpi
Xco = = = 0.25 ∑ mi
N 16
No 2 1.47 = 0.008×2.22+ 0.239×1.046+ 0.112×1.047 + 0.0047×0.92
0.008+ 0.239+ 0.112+ 0.047
Xo 2 = = = 0.092
N 16 = 1.053kJ / kg.K
M = XM He + XM N 2 + XM co + XM o2 Cv = Cp − R = 1.053 − 0.327
= 0.125 × 4 + 0.533 × 28 + 0.25 × 28 = 0.726kJ / kg.K
+ 0.092 × 32 = 25.368kg / kmol Cp 1.053
γ= = = 1.45
Cv 0.726

(345)
 ‫)‪(10.14‬‬
‫ﺨﺯﺍﻥ ﻴﺤﺘﻭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺨﻠﻴﻁ ﻤﻜﻭﻨﺎﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻤﻴﺔ )‪ .(20% CO) ،(80% H2‬ﺍﺭﻴﺩ ﺇﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﻤـﻥ )‪(CO‬‬
‫ﻟﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﻁ ﻤﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻥ )‪ (50% H2‬ﻭ )‪.(50% CO‬ﺍﺤﺴﺏ ﻟﻜل )‪ (mol‬ﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﻠـﻴﻁ ﻭﻜﺘﻠـﺔ )‪(CO‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺎﻓﺔ‪ .‬ﻋﻠﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺨﺯﺍﻥ ﺜﺎﺒﺘﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻜﺎﻥ‪.MCO = 28 ،MH2 = 2 :‬‬

‫‪M m = ∑ Vi .M‬‬ ‫ﻟﻜﻥ ﻟـ )‪ (mol‬ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﻁ ﻫﻭ )‪(50%CO)،(50%H‬‬

‫‪V‬‬
‫‪mm‬‬
‫‪= 0.8 × 2 + 0.2 × 28 = 7.2‬‬ ‫‪0.8 −‬‬ ‫‪= 0.5‬‬
‫‪9‬‬
‫‪N m = mm = mm‬‬ ‫‪m m = (0.8 − 0.5) × 9 = 2.7kg‬‬
‫‪Mm 7.2‬‬
‫‪mm mco‬‬
‫‪VH‬‬ ‫=‬
‫‪N H 2 = N m . 2 = mm × 0.8‬‬ ‫‪7.2‬‬ ‫‪28‬‬
‫‪VT‬‬ ‫‪7.2‬‬
‫‪2.7 × 28‬‬
‫= ‪m co‬‬ ‫‪= 10.5kg‬‬
‫‪= mm‬‬ ‫‪7.2‬‬
‫‪9‬‬
‫‪N H2‬‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺒﺘﺩﺍﺌﻲ ‪= 0.8 × 1 = 0.8‬‬

‫‪N H 2 = 0.8 − mm‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺒﻘﻲ‬

‫‪9‬‬

‫)‪(10.15‬‬
‫ﺨﻠﻴﻁ ﻴﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻥ )‪ (CO2) (1 kmol‬ﻭ)‪ (3.5 kmol‬ﻫﻭﺍﺀ‪ .‬ﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻓﻲ ﻭﻋﺎﺀ ﻋﻨـﺩ ﻀـﻐﻁ )‪(1 bar‬‬
‫ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ )‪ .(15oC‬ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻤﻲ ﻟﻠﻬﻭﺍﺀ ﻫﻭ )‪ .(79% N2) ،(21% O2‬ﺍﺤﺴﺏ ﻟﻠﺨﻠـﻴﻁ )‪(1‬‬
‫ﻜﺘل )‪ (CO2‬ﻭ)‪ (O2‬ﻭ)‪ (N2‬ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ‪ (3) Rm ,Mm (2) .‬ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺌﻭﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻜﺭﺒﻭﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﻁ‪.‬‬

‫= ‪Ni‬‬
‫‪Vi‬‬
‫‪.N‬‬ ‫ﺍﻥ )‪ (M=12‬ﺘﻌﻨﻲ ﺍﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ )‪ (12kg‬ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﺭﺒﻭﻥ ﻟﻜـل‬
‫‪V‬‬
‫)‪ (1kmol‬ﻤﻥ )‪.(CO‬‬
‫‪No2‬‬ ‫‪= 0.21 × 3.5 = 0.735kmol‬‬
‫‪12‬‬
‫‪N N 2 = 0.79 × 3.5 = 2.765kmol‬‬ ‫= ‪%C‬‬ ‫‪= 8.27%‬‬
‫‪145.05‬‬
‫‪m = N .M‬‬ ‫‪Nm‬‬ ‫‪= N co 2 + N o 2 + N N 2 = 4.5kmol‬‬
‫‪m co 2 = 1.44 = 44kg‬‬ ‫‪Ni‬‬
‫∑ = ‪Mm‬‬ ‫‪.Mi‬‬
‫‪m o 2 = 0.735 × 32 = 23.55kg‬‬ ‫‪N‬‬
‫‪m N 2 = 2.765 × 28 = 77.5kg‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪0.735‬‬ ‫‪2.765‬‬
‫=‬ ‫‪× 44 +‬‬ ‫‪× 32 +‬‬ ‫‪× 28‬‬
‫‪m m = 23.55 + 77.5 = 145.05kg‬‬ ‫‪4.5‬‬ ‫‪4.5‬‬ ‫‪4.5‬‬
‫‪= 32.2kg / kmol‬‬

‫)‪(346‬‬
 (10.16)
‫ ﺍﻭﺠﺩ‬،(0.05% CO2)‫( ﻭ‬1.28% Ar) ‫( ﻭ‬75.58% N2) ‫( ﻭ‬23.14% O2) ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﺍﻟﻭﺯﻨﻲ ﻟﻠﻬﻭﺍﺀ‬
:‫ ﻋﻠﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ‬،(M)‫ ( ﻭ‬R ) ‫ﺍﻟﺜﺎﺒﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﻟﻠﻬﻭﺍﺀ‬
MO2 =32 ,M N2 =28, M Ar =40, M CO2 =44.
R PV = mRT = T∑ miRi
Ri =
Mi mR = ∑ miRi
8.314
R O2 = = 0.259kJ / kg.K mi
32 R = ∑ Ri = 0.2314 × 0.2598 + 0.7553 × 0.296
m
8.314
R N2 = = 0.2468kJ / kg.K + 0.0128 × 0.208 + 0.0005 × 0.1889
28
= 0.287kJ / kg.K
8.314
R Ar = = 0.208kJ / kg.K R
40 R=
8.314 M
R co 2 = = 0.1889kJ / kg.K R 8.314
44 M air = = = 28.96kg / kmol
R 0.2871

(10.17)
.(1 bar) ‫ ﺍﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻤﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻀﻐﻭﻁ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺌﻴﺔ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻲ‬.‫ﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻟﺴﺅﺍل ﺍﻋﻼﻩ‬

Ni =
mi X N 2 = 0.02696 = 78.09%
Mi 0.03452

NO2 =
0.2314
= 0.00723kg / kmol X Ar = 0.00032 = 0.93%
32 0.03452
0.7553 X CO 2 = 0.00001 = 0.03%
N N2 = = 0.02696kg / kmol 0.03452
28
Po 2 = 0.2095 × 1 = 0.2095bar
0.0128
N Ar = = 0.0032kg / kmol PN 2 = 0.7809 × 1 = 0.7809bar
40
0.0005 PAr = 0.0093 × 1 = 0.0093bar
N co 2 = = 0.00001kg / kmol
44 PCO 2 = 0.0003 × 1 = 0.0003bar
N = ∑ Ni = 0.03452kg / kmol
Vi Ni Pi
= = = Xi
VT NT PT
0.00723
Xo2 = = 20.95%
0.03452

(347)
 ‫)‪(10.18‬‬
‫ﺨﺯﺍﻥ ﺤﺠﻤﻪ )‪ (0.4m3‬ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘﻪ )‪ (15oC‬ﻴﺤﺘﻭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ )‪ (0.45kg CO‬ﻭ)‪.(1kg Air‬‬
‫ﺍﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺌﻲ ﻟﻬﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺘﻭﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﻓـﻲ ﺍﻟﺨـﺯﺍﻥ‪ ،‬ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴـل ﺍﻟـﻭﺯﻨﻲ ﻟﻠﻬـﻭﺍﺀ ﻫـﻭ‬
‫)‪ .(76.7% N2) ،(23.3%O2‬ﻋﻠﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪M CO=28 ,M N2=28, M O2=32.‬‬
‫‪23.3‬‬ ‫‪NR T‬‬
‫= ‪m O2‬‬ ‫‪× 1 = 0.233kg‬‬ ‫= ‪Pi‬‬
‫‪100‬‬ ‫‪V‬‬
‫‪76.7‬‬ ‫‪0.0073 × 8.314 × 288‬‬
‫= ‪m N2‬‬ ‫‪× 1 = 0.767kg‬‬ ‫= ‪Po2‬‬
‫‪100‬‬ ‫‪0.4‬‬
‫= ‪Ni‬‬
‫‪mi‬‬ ‫‪= 43.59kN / m 2‬‬
‫‪Mi‬‬ ‫‪0.0274 × 8.314 × 288‬‬
‫‪0.233‬‬ ‫= ‪PN 2‬‬
‫= ‪N O2‬‬ ‫‪= 0.0073kmol‬‬ ‫‪0.4‬‬
‫‪32‬‬ ‫‪= 164kN / m 2‬‬
‫‪0.767‬‬
‫= ‪N N2‬‬ ‫‪= 0.0274kmol‬‬ ‫‪0.0161 × 8.314 × 288‬‬
‫‪28‬‬ ‫= ‪PCO‬‬
‫‪0.4‬‬
‫‪0.45‬‬
‫= ‪N co‬‬ ‫‪= 0.01kmol‬‬ ‫‪= 96.2kN / m 2‬‬
‫‪28‬‬
‫‪P = ∑ Pi = 43.59 + 164 + 96.2‬‬
‫‪= 303.8kN / m 2‬‬

‫)‪(348‬‬
 ‫)‪(10.19‬‬
‫ﺨﺯﺍﻥ ﺤﺠﻤﻪ )‪ (0.3m3‬ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘﻪ )‪ (15oC‬ﻴﺤﺘﻭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ )‪ .(4kg O2) ،(7kg CO‬ﺍﺤﺴﺏ ﻀﻐﻁ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﻁ؟ ﻭﺍﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺭﻓﻊ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺇﻟﻰ )‪.(40oC‬ﻭﺍﺤـﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﻨـﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻤﻴـﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺠﺯﻴﺌﻴﺔ؟‬

‫‪mi‬‬ ‫‪Vi‬‬ ‫‪Ni‬‬

‫= ‪Ni‬‬ ‫=‬
‫‪Mi‬‬ ‫‪VT NT‬‬
‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪VO 2 0.125‬‬
‫= ‪N O2‬‬ ‫‪= 0.125kg / kmol‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 0.333‬‬
‫‪32‬‬ ‫‪V‬‬ ‫‪0.375‬‬
‫‪7‬‬ ‫‪VCO 0.25‬‬
‫= ‪N CO‬‬ ‫‪= 0.250kg / kmol‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 0.667‬‬
‫‪28‬‬ ‫‪V‬‬ ‫‪0.375‬‬
‫‪N = 0.125 + 0.250 = 0.375kg / kmol‬‬ ‫‪Vi‬‬
‫‪M = ∑ Mi = 0.333 × 32 + 0.667 × 28‬‬
‫‪N RT1 0.375 × 8.314 × 288‬‬ ‫‪V‬‬
‫= ‪P1‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 29.33kg / kmol‬‬
‫‪V‬‬ ‫‪0.3‬‬
‫‪= 29.93bar‬‬ ‫‪or‬‬
‫‪T‬‬ ‫‪313‬‬ ‫‪m 7+4‬‬
‫(‪P2 = P1 ( 2 ) = 29.93‬‬ ‫)‬ ‫= =‪M‬‬ ‫‪= 29.33‬‬
‫‪T1‬‬ ‫‪288‬‬ ‫‪N 0.375‬‬
‫‪= 32.53bar‬‬ ‫=‪R‬‬
‫‪R 8.314‬‬
‫=‬ ‫‪= 0.283kJ / kg.K‬‬
‫‪M 29.33‬‬

‫)‪(349‬‬
 ‫)‪(10.20‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻤـﻲ ﻷﺤـﺩ ﺍﻟﻐـﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻁﻴـﺔ ﻜﻤـﺎ ﻴﻠـﻲ‪،(3%CH4) ،(29% CO) ،(12% H2) :‬‬
‫)‪ .(52% N2) ،(4% CO2‬ﺍﺤﺴﺏ‪:‬‬
‫)ﺃ( ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺨﻠﻴﻁ )‪) .(Cv,Cp‬ﺏ( ﺍﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﻟﺨﻠﻴﻁ )‪ (cv ,cp‬ﻋﻠﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻟﻴﺔ )‪ (Cp‬ﻟﻠﻤﻜﻭﻨﺎﺕ ﻫﻲ‪:‬‬
‫‪H2‬‬ ‫‪CO‬‬ ‫‪CH4‬‬ ‫‪N2‬‬ ‫‪CO2‬‬
‫‪Cp (kJ/kg.K) 28.89‬‬ ‫‪29.27‬‬ ‫‪35.8‬‬ ‫‪29.13‬‬ ‫‪37.22‬‬
‫‪Vi‬‬
‫‪Cp = ∑ .Cpi‬‬
‫‪V‬‬
‫‪= 0.12 × 28.89 + 0.29 × 29.27 + 0.03 × 35.8 + 0.04 × 37.22 + 0.52 × 29.14‬‬
‫‪= 29.676kJ / kmol‬‬
‫‪Cv = Cp − R = 29.676 − 8.314 = 21.362kJ / kmol.K‬‬
‫‪Vi‬‬
‫‪M = ∑ .Mi = 0.29 × 28 + 0.12 × 2 + 0.03 × 16 + 0.044 + 0.52 × 28 = 25.2kg / kmol‬‬
‫‪V‬‬
‫‪Cp 29.676‬‬ ‫‪Cv 21.362‬‬
‫= ‪cp‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫= ‪= 1.178kJ / kg.k , cv‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 0.847kJ / kg.k‬‬
‫‪M‬‬ ‫‪25.2‬‬ ‫‪M‬‬ ‫‪25.2‬‬

‫)‪(10.21‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻤﻲ ﻟﺨﻠﻴﻁ ﻫﻭ )‪ ، (20% CO) ،(80% H2‬ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠﻭﺏ ﺠﻌل ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻤﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺨﻠﻴﻁ ) ‪50%‬‬
‫‪ .(50% CO) ،(H2‬ﺍﺤﺴﺏ ﻟﻜل )‪ (1 N‬ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﻁ‪ ،‬ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠـﻭﺏ ﺴـﺤﺒﻬﺎ ﻭﻜﻤﻴـﺔ )‪(CO‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠﻭﺏ ﺍﻀﺎﻓﺘﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺭ ﺃﻥ )‪.(P,V,T=C.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤل‪:‬‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ )‪ ،(Pv=N R T‬ﺒﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ )‪ (P,V,T, R =C.‬ﻓﻴﻜﻭﻥ ‪ .N = C‬ﺃﻱ ﺍﻥ )‪ (N‬ﺍﻟﻤـﺴﺤﻭﺒﺔ ﻤـﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﻁ = )‪ (N‬ﻤﻥ ‪ CO‬ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺎﻓﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﺨﻠﻴﻁ )‪ (N=1‬ﻓﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻋﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﻴﺌـﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤـﺴﺤﻭﺒﺔ‬
‫)‪.(Nd‬‬
‫ﺍﺫﻥ )‪ (N‬ﻟـ )‪ (H2‬ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺤﻭﺒﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﻁ = ‪0.8Nd‬‬
‫‪NH2 = 0.8-0.8Nd‬‬ ‫)‪ (N‬ﻟـ )‪ (H2‬ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺒﻘﻴﺔ =‬
‫‪NH 2‬‬ ‫‪NH 2 0.8 − 0.8Nd‬‬
‫= ‪= 0.5‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪⇒ Nd = 0.375‬‬
‫‪N‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫‪Vco‬‬ ‫‪VH 2‬‬
‫‪md = Nd.‬‬ ‫‪.Mco + Nd.‬‬ ‫‪.MH 2‬‬
‫‪V‬‬ ‫‪V‬‬ ‫ﺍﺫﻥ ﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺤﻭﺒﺔ =‬
‫‪= 0.375 × 0.2 × 28 + 0.375 × 0.8 × 2 = 2.7kg‬‬
‫‪0.375×28=10.5kg‬‬ ‫ﺍﺫﻥ ﻜﺘﻠﺔ‪ CO‬ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺎﻓﺔ =‬

‫)‪(350‬‬
 ‫)‪(10.22‬‬
‫ﻏﺎﺯ ﻨﻔﻁﻲ ﻨﺴﺒﻪ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻤﻴﺔ )‪ (20% N2) ،(8% CO2) ،(60% CH4) ،(12% H2‬ﻴﺩﺨل ﺇﻟـﻰ ﻏﺭﻓـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﺤﺘﺭﺍﻕ ﻤﺭﺠل ﺒﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ )‪ (32oC‬ﻭﻀﻐﻁ )‪ (1.2 bar‬ﻭﺒﻤﻌﺩل )‪ .(0.5 m3/s‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻜل )‪(1 kg‬‬
‫ﻤﻥ )‪ (H2‬ﻴﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﺇﻟﻰ )‪ (10 kg‬ﻤﻥ )‪ (O2‬ﻭﻜل )‪ (1 kg‬ﻤﻥ )‪ (CH4‬ﻴﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﺇﻟﻰ )‪ (1.5 kg‬ﻤـﻥ )‪.(O2‬‬
‫ﺍﺤﺴﺏ ﻤﻌﺩل ﺠﺭﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻡ ﻟﻸﺤﺘﺭﺍﻕ ﺒﺎﻟـ )‪ (m3/s‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘﻪ)‪ (310 K‬ﻭﻀﻐﻁﻪ‬
‫)‪ ،(1.5 bar‬ﻋﻠﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪.M CH4=16 , M H2=2‬‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪m O 2 = 0.2839 × 1.5 + 0.0071 × 10‬‬
‫‪V H 2 = 0.12 × 0.5 = 0.06m 3 / s‬‬
‫‪= 0.4968kg / s‬‬
‫‪& CH = 0.6 × 0.5 = 0.3m 3 / s‬‬
‫‪V‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬
‫‪mi‬‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪PV‬‬ ‫‪150 × 0.3‬‬ ‫= ‪Ni‬‬
‫‪m CH 4‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪Mi‬‬
‫‪RT 8.314‬‬
‫‪× 305‬‬ ‫= ‪NO2‬‬
‫‪0.4968‬‬
‫‪= 0.0155‬‬
‫‪16‬‬ ‫‪32‬‬
‫‪= 0.284kg / s‬‬ ‫‪0.4968 79‬‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪PV 150 × 0.06‬‬ ‫= ‪N N2‬‬ ‫×‬ ‫‪= 0.0584‬‬
‫= ‪m M2‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪32‬‬ ‫‪21‬‬
‫‪RT 8.314‬‬
‫‪× 305‬‬ ‫‪N = ∑ Ni = 0.0739‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪NRT 0.0739 × 8.314 × 3.0‬‬
‫‪= 0.0071kg / s‬‬ ‫=‪V‬‬ ‫=‬
‫‪P‬‬ ‫‪150‬‬
‫‪= 1.27m / s‬‬
‫‪3‬‬

‫)‪(10.23‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻤﻲ ﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻡ )‪ .(10% O2) ،(12% CO2) ،(78% N2‬ﺍﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﺍﻟﻭﺯﻨﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ‬
‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ )‪.(550oC) ،(1 bar‬‬
‫‪mi = Ni.Mi‬‬ ‫‪5.28‬‬
‫= ‪WCO 2‬‬ ‫‪= 0.174‬‬
‫‪m N 2 = 0.78 × 21 = 21.8kg‬‬ ‫‪30.32‬‬
‫‪m CO 2 = 0.12 × 44 = 5.28kg‬‬ ‫= ‪WO 2‬‬
‫‪3.2‬‬
‫‪= 0.105‬‬
‫‪m O 2 = 0.1 × 32 = 3.2kg‬‬ ‫‪30.32‬‬
‫‪m 30.32‬‬
‫‪m T = 30.32kg‬‬ ‫= =‪M‬‬ ‫‪= 30.32‬‬
‫‪N‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫‪mi‬‬
‫= ‪Wi‬‬ ‫‪R 8.314‬‬
‫‪mT‬‬ ‫=‪R‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 0.274kJ / kg.K‬‬
‫‪M 30.32‬‬
‫‪21.84‬‬
‫= ‪WN 2‬‬ ‫‪= 0.71‬‬ ‫‪m‬‬
‫‪30.32‬‬ ‫‪PV = mRT ⇒ P = RT ⇒ P = ρRT‬‬
‫‪v‬‬
‫‪P‬‬ ‫‪100‬‬
‫=‪ρ‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 0.443 kg / m 3‬‬
‫‪RT 0.274 × 823‬‬
‫)‪(351‬‬
 (10.24)
‫ ﻭﻗﻴﻤـﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﻭﺍﺒـﺕ‬،‫ ﺍﺤـﺴﺏ ﻜﺘﻠـﺔ ﺍﻟﻬـﻭﺍﺀ‬.‫( ﺤﺠﻤـﺎ‬79% N2)‫( ﻭ‬21% O2) ‫ﻫـﻭﺍﺀ ﻴﺘـﺄﻟﻑ ﻤـﻥ‬
: ‫ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ‬.‫( ﻟﻠﻬﻭﺍﺀ‬γ, Cv, Cp, M, R )
R=8.314 kJ/kg.K,
MO2=32, cv O2=0.66 kJ/kg.K,
M N2=28, cv N2=0.735 kJ/kg.K.

R 23.3 × 0.26 + 76.7 × 0.297

R= RT =
M 23.3 + 76.7
8.314 = 0.287kJ / kg.K
R O2 = = 0.26kJ / kg.K
32 8.314
MT = = 29.0
8.314 0.287
R N2 = = 0.297kJ / kg.K
28 23.3 × 0.66 + 76.6 × 0.753
cv T =
PV = mRT 100
P × 0.21 = m O 2 × 0.26 × T = 0.718kJ / kg.K
P × 0.79 = m N 2 × 0.297 × T cp T = cv T + R T = 0.718 + 0.287
m O 2 0.21 0.297 1 = 1.005kJ / kg.K
= × =
m N 2 0.79 0.26 3.29 cp T 1.005
γT = = = 1 .4
OR cv T 0.718
76.6%N 2 ,23.3%O 2 .‫ﻻ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻥ ﻨﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍﺀ ﻫﻭ ﻏﺎﺯ ﻭﺍﺤﺩ ﺒﻬﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺜﻭﺍﺒﺕ‬

(352)
 (10.25)
‫( ﻋﻨﺘـﺩ ﺩﺭﺠـﺔ‬0.7m3) ‫ ﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﻁ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻹﻨﺎﺀ‬.(20% O2) ،(80% H2) ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻤﻲ ﻟﺨﻠﻴﻁ ﻫﻭ‬
‫ )ﺏ( ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗـﺔ‬.‫( ﻓـﻲ ﺍﻹﻨـﺎﺀ‬O2)‫( ﻭ‬H2) ‫ ﺍﺤﺴﺏ )ﺃ( ﻜﺘﻠـﺔ‬.(350kN/m3) ‫( ﻭﻀﻐﻁ‬38oC) ‫ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬
:‫ ﻋﻠﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ‬.‫( ﻋﻨﺩ ﺜﺒﻭﺕ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ‬393 K) ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠﻭﺒﺔ ﻟﺭﻓﻊ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﻁ ﺇﻟﻰ‬
CpH2 =14.4 kJ/kg.K, CvH2 =10.4 kJ/kg.K,
CpO2 =0.92 kJ/kg.K, CvO2=0.67 kJ/kg.K.

(1) R = Cp − Cv = 3.616 − 2.616

VH 2 = 1kJ / kg.K
M H2 .
m H2
= V PV 350 × 0.7
m= =
Vi
∑ Mi V
m RT 1.311
= 0.787kg
2 × 0 .8
= = 0 .2 m H2
2 × 0.8 + 32 × 0.2 = 0.2 ⇒ m H 2 = 0.2.m
m
VO
M O2 . 2 = 0.2 × 0.787
mO2 V
= = 0.157kg
Vi
∑ Mi V
m
m O2
= 0.8 ⇒ m O2 = 0.8.m
32 × 0.8 m
= = 0 .8 = 0.8 × 0.787
2 × 0.8 + 32 × 0.2

Cp =
∑ miCpi = m H2 Cp H2 + m O2 Cp O2 = 0.629kg
∑ mi m ( 2)
m H 2 Cp H 2 m O2 Cp O2 Q = mCp(T2 − T1 )
= + = 0.787 × 3.616 × ( 393 − 311)
m m
m H2 m O2 = 233.35kJ
= Cp H 2 + Cp O2
m m
= 0.2 × 14.4 + 0.8 × 0.92
= 3.616kJ / kg.K
m H2 m O2
Cv = CvH 2 + Cv O2
m m
= 0.2 × 10.4 + 0.8 × 0.67
= 2.616kJ / kg.K

(353)
 (10.26)
‫ ﻀﻐﻁ ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺨﻠـﻴﻁ‬،( 3 mol CO) ،(5 mol H2) ،(2 mol O2) ‫ﺨﻠﻴﻁ ﻏﺎﺯﻱ ﻤﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻥ‬
:‫ ﺍﺤﺴﺏ‬.‫( ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺍﻟﻲ‬17oC)‫( ﻭ‬24 bar)
:‫ ﻭﺃﻥ‬.‫ )ﺩ( ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺌﻲ‬.(R) ‫ )ﺝ( ﺜﺎﺒﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﻁ‬.‫ )ﺏ( ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﺍﻟﻭﺯﻨﻲ‬.‫)ﺃ( ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻤﻲ‬
MO2=32, M H2=2, M CO=28.
VO2 N O2 2 Wi = MiXi
= = = 0.2
V N 2+5+3 ∑ MiXi
VH 2 VH 2 5 WO 2 = 32.0.2
= = = 0.5 32 × 0.2 + 2.0 × 5 + 28 × 0.3
V N 10
Vco Vco 3 = 40.5%
= = = 0 .3 2 × 0 .5
V N 10 WH 2 =
VO2 VH 2 32 × 0.2 + 2 × 0.5 + 28 × 0.3
Vco
M= M O2 + M H2 + M CO = 6.3%
V V V
WCO = 28 × 0.3
= 0.2 × 32 + 0.5 × 2 + 0.3 × 28
32 × 0.2 + 2 × 0.5 + 28 × 0.3
= 15.8kg / kmol = 53.1%
R 8.314
R= =
M 15.8
= 0.526kJ / kg.K
N O2
PO2 = P
N
= 24 × 0.2 = 4.8bar
N N2
PH 2 = P = 24 × 0.5 = 12bar
N
Nco
PCO =P = 24 × 0.3 = 7.2bar
V

(354)
 (10.27)
.(Air=7 Moles) ،(CO=4Moles)، (N2=3Moles) ،(He=2Moles) ‫ﺨﻠﻴﻁ ﻏﺎﺯﻱ ﻴﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤـﻥ‬
:‫ ﻋﻠﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ‬.‫ )ﺃ( ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻤﻲ ﻟﻠﺨﻠﻴﻁ )ﺏ( ﻭﺤﻭﻟﻪ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﺍﻟﻭﺯﻨﻲ‬:‫ﺍﺤﺴﺏ‬

He N2 CO O2
M(kg/kmol) 4 28 28 32

Ni Vi
= m CO = 28.4 × 10 −3 = 0.112kg
N V m O 2 = 32 × 7 × 10 − 3 = 0.224kg
NH e NH e 2
= = = 0.125 m = ∑ mi = 0.428kg
N V 2+3+4+7
N N 2 VN 2 3 mi
= = = 0.1875 Wi =
N V 16 MT
N CO VN 2 4 0.008
= = = 0.25 WHe = = 1.87%
N V 16 0.428
N O 2 VO 2 7 -:‫ﺒﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ‬
= = = 0.437
N V 16 WN2 =19.626% , WCO =26.17% ,
WO2 =52.336%
mi = Mi .Ni
m He = 4.2 × 10 − 3 = 0.008kg
m N 2 = 28.3 × 10 − 3 = 0.084kg

(355)
 (10.28)
‫ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴـل ﺍﻟـﻭﺯﻨﻲ ﻟﻠﺨﻠـﻴﻁ‬،(27oC) ‫( ﻭﺩﺭﺠـﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘـﻪ‬2 kg) ‫( ﻭﻜﺘﻠﺘـﻪ‬1.5 bar) ‫ﺨﻠﻴﻁ ﻀﻐﻁﻪ‬
‫ ﺜﻡ ﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﻁ ﺇﺩﻴﺎﺒﺎﺘﻴﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻨﺼﻑ ﺤﺠﻤـﻪ‬.(50% O2) ،(25% CO2) ،(5% H2) ،(20% CO)
:‫ ﺍﺤﺴﺏ‬.‫ﺍﻻﻭل‬
(‫ )ﺩ‬.‫ )ﺝ( ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺌﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﻜﻭﻨﺎﺕ‬.‫ )ﺏ( ﺍﻟﺜﺎﺒﺕ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﻱ ﻟﻠﺨﻠﻴﻁ‬.‫)ﺃ( ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻤﻲ ﻟﻤﻜﻭﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﻁ‬
:‫ ﻋﻠﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ‬.‫ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺌﻲ ﻟﻠﺨﻠﻴﻁ‬
CO H2 CO2 O2
Cp(kJ/kg.K) 1.04 14.4 0.82 0.9
N 28 2 44 32
mi Vi
Wi = ⇒ m 1 = Wi .∑ mi M = ∑ Mi
∑ mi V
m CO = 0.2 × 2 = 0.4kg = 3.742 + 0.9354 + 4.6772 + 9.353
m H 2 = 0.1kg, m CO2 = 0.5kg, = 18.704kg / kmol
R 8.314
m O2 = 1kg R= = = 0.4445kJ / kg.k
M 18.704
mi mi
Mi = ⇒ Ni = Vi
Pi = .P
Ni Mi V
0.4
Nco = = 0.0143kmoles Pco = 0.134 × 150 = 20.046kN / m 2
28
0.1 PH 2 = 0.468 × 150 = 70.16kN / m 2
NH2 = = 0.05kmoles
2 Pco 2 = 0.1063 × 150 = 15.945kN / m 2
0.5 Po 2 = 0.2923 × 150 = 43.85kN / m 2
Nco 2 = = 0.011364kmoles
∑ miCpi
44
1 Cp =
No 2 =
32
= 0.03125kmoles ∑ mi
N = 0.1060kmoles 0.4 × 1.04 + 0.1 × 14.4 + 0.5 × 0.82 + 1 × 0.9
=
Vco Vco 0.0143 2
= = = 0.134 = 1.583kJ / kg.k
V N 0.1069
VH 2 VH 2 Cv = Cp − R = 1.583 − 0.4445
0.05
= = = 0.468 = 1.1385kJ / kg.k
VT N 0.1069
Vco 2 Nco 2 0.011364 Cp 1.583
= = = 0.1063 γ = = = 1.39
VT NT 0.1069 Cv 1. 1385
Vo 2 No 2 0.03125 V 2
= = = 0.29233 P2 = P1 ( 1 ) γ = 150( )1.39 = 3.9323bar
VT NT 0.1069 V2 1

(356)
 ‫)‪(10.29‬‬
‫ﺨﺯﺍﻨﺎﻥ ﺤﺠﻡ ﻜل ﻤﻨﻬﻤﺎ )‪ (0.7 m3‬ﻴﻔﺼل ﺒﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﺤﺎﺠﺯ‪ .‬ﺍﺤﺩﻫﻤﺎ ﻴﺤﺘﻭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﻭﻜﺴﺠﻴﻥ ﻭﺍﻵﺨﺭ ﻋﻠـﻰ‬
‫ﻨﺘﺭﻭﺠﻴﻥ‪ ،‬ﻋﻨﺩ ﻀﻐﻁ )‪ (7 bar‬ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺔ )‪ (90oC‬ﻟﻜل ﻤﻨﻬﻤﺎ‪ .‬ﺒﻌﺩ ﺭﻓﻊ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺠﺯ ﻴﺨﺘﻠﻁ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﺍﻥ ﺇﺩﻴﺎﺒﺎﺘﻴـﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﻤﺎ ﻫﻲ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻭﻜﻡ ﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺭﻭﺒﻲ؟‬
‫ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﻁ ﺴﺘﻜﻭﻥ = ‪T = 90+273 = 363 K T′‬‬
‫‪P = P ′ = 7bar , PO2 = PN2‬‬ ‫ﻭﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﻁ ﺴﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻁ‬
‫‪P = PO 2 + PN 2 = 3.5 + 3.5 = 7bar‬‬ ‫‪PV 350 × 1.4‬‬
‫= ‪m O2‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 5.2kg‬‬
‫‪VO 2 = VN 2 = 0.7m‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪RT‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬‫‪26‬‬ ‫×‬ ‫‪363‬‬
‫‪PV‬‬ ‫‪350 × 1.4‬‬
‫‪R 8.314‬‬ ‫= ‪m N2‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 4.55kg‬‬
‫= ‪R O2‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 0.26kJ / kg.K‬‬ ‫‪R 0.297 × 363‬‬
‫‪M‬‬ ‫‪32‬‬
‫‪P‬‬ ‫‪P‬‬
‫‪R 8.314‬‬ ‫‪∆S = m O2 R O2 ln‬‬ ‫‪+ m N 2 R N 2 ln‬‬
‫= ‪R N2‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 0.297kJ / kg.K‬‬ ‫‪PO 2‬‬ ‫‪PN 2‬‬
‫‪M‬‬ ‫‪28‬‬
‫‪7‬‬
‫‪= (5.2 × 0.26 + 4.55 × 0.297) ln‬‬
‫‪3.5‬‬
‫‪= 1.87kJ / kg‬‬

‫)‪(357‬‬
 (10.30)
.(1000oC) ‫ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘـﻪ‬.(76.5% N2) ،(11.5% O2) ،(12% CO2) ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻤﻲ ﻟﺨﻠﻴﻁ‬
:(1 kg) ‫ ﺍﺤﺴﺏ ﻟﻜل‬.(Pv1.25C.) ‫ ( ﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ‬71 ) ‫ﻴﺘﻤﺩﺩ ﺇﻨﻌﻜﺎﺴﻴﺎ ﺒﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺤﺠﻤﻴﺔ‬
: ‫ ﻋﻠﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ‬.‫ )ﺏ( ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺭﻭﺒﻲ‬.‫)ﺃ( ﺍﻟﺸﻐل ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﻘﻠﻴﻥ‬
Cp N2=1.172 kJ/kg.K ،Cp O2=1.088 kJ/kg.K ،Cp CO2=1.235 kJ/kg.K
m = ∑ NiMi = Nco 2 Mco 2 + No 2 Mo 2 + N N 2 M N 2
= 0.12 × 44 + 0.115 × 32 + 0.765 × 28 = 30.36kg
mi 5.28 3.68 21.42
Cp = ∑ .Cpi = × 1.235 + × 1.088 + × 1.172 = 1.173kJ / kg.K
mT 30.36 30.36 30.36
mi R 5.28 8.134 3.68 8.134 21.42 8.314
R=∑ . = × + × + × = 0.2739kJ / kg.K
m M 30.36 44 30.36 32 30.36 28
Cv = Cp − R = 1.173 − 0.2739 = 0.899kJ / kg.K
V 1
T2 = T1 ( 1 )n−1 = 1273( ) 0.25 = 783.2K
V2 7
R(T1 − T2 ) 0.2739(1273 − 783.2)
w 12 = = = 536.3kJ / kg.K
n−1 1.25 − 1
q 12 = w 12 + Cv(T2 − T1 ) = 536.3 + 0.899(783.2 − 1273) = 96kJ / kg
(B )
T2 V 783.2 7
∆s12 = Cv ln + R ln 2 = 0.899 ln + 0.2739 ln = 0.0963kJ / kg.K
T1 V1 1273 1
or
γ−n V 1.305 − 1.25 7
∆s12 = R ln 2 = × 0.2739 ln = 0.0961kJ / kg.K
γ −1 V1 0.305 1

(358)
 ‫)‪(10.31‬‬
‫ﺨﻠﻴﻁ ﻴﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻥ )‪ (4 moles O2)، (16 moles N2‬ﺘﺤﺕ ﻀﻐﻁ ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭﻩ )‪ (3 bar‬ﻭﺩﺭﺠـﺔ ﺤـﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬
‫ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭﻫﺎ )‪ .(40oC‬ﺜﻡ ﻀﻐﻁ ﺒﻭﻟﺘﺭﻭﺒﻴﺎ ﻭﻓﻕ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻥ )‪ (PV1.2C.‬ﺒﺤﻴـﺙ ﺍﺼـﺒﺢ ﺤﺠﻤـﻪ ) ‪( 14‬ﺤﺠﻤـﻪ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺼﻠﻲ‪ .‬ﺍﺤﺴﺏ‪:‬‬
‫)ﺃ( ﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﻗﺒل ﺍﻹﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ‪) .‬ﺏ( ﺍﻟﺜﺎﺒﺕ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﻱ ﻟﻠﺨﻠﻴﻁ‪) .‬ﺝ( ﺍﻟﺸﻐل ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻡ ﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ‪) .‬ﺩ( ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺭﻭﺒﻲ‪ .‬ﻋﻠﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ‪:‬‬

‫)‪Cp (kJ/kg.K‬‬ ‫)‪M (kg/kmol‬‬

‫‪O2‬‬ ‫‪0.92‬‬ ‫‪32‬‬
‫‪N2‬‬ ‫‪28‬‬ ‫‪1.046‬‬

‫‪N = ∑ Ni = 16 + 4 = 20Moles‬‬ ‫‪mR (T1 − T2 ) 0.576 × 0.2887( 313 − 413‬‬

‫=‪W‬‬ ‫=‬
‫‪RT 8.314 × 313‬‬ ‫‪n −1‬‬ ‫‪1.2 − 1‬‬
‫= ‪Vmol‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= −83.1456kJ‬‬
‫‪P‬‬ ‫‪300‬‬
‫‪= 8.674m / kmol‬‬
‫‪3‬‬
‫= ‪Cp‬‬
‫‪∑ miCpi = mN 2CpN 2 + mO 2CpO 2‬‬
‫‪V = Vmol .N = 8.674 × 20 × 10 −3‬‬ ‫‪∑ mi‬‬ ‫‪mN 2 + mO 2‬‬
‫‪= 0.173m 3‬‬ ‫‪0.448 × 1.046 + 0.128 × 0.92‬‬
‫=‬
‫‪m N 2 = 28 × 16 × 10 −3 = 0.448kg‬‬ ‫‪3.576‬‬
‫‪= 1.018kJ / kg.K‬‬
‫‪m O 2 = 32 × 4 × 10 −3 = 0.128kg‬‬
‫‪Cv = Cp − R = 1.018 − 0.2887‬‬
‫‪m T = 0.448 + 0.128 = 0.57 kg‬‬
‫‪= 0.73kJ / kg.K‬‬
‫‪PV 300 × 0.173‬‬
‫=‪R‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪Cp 1.018‬‬
‫‪m T 0.576 × 313‬‬ ‫=‪γ‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 1.396‬‬
‫‪Cv 0.73‬‬
‫‪= 0.2887 kJ/kg.K‬‬ ‫‪n − γ T2‬‬
‫‪V‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪∆S12 = mCv‬‬ ‫‪ln‬‬
‫‪T2 = T1 ( 1 ) n −1 = 313( ) 0.2‬‬ ‫‪n − 1 T1‬‬
‫‪V2‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1.2 − 1.396‬‬ ‫‪413‬‬
‫‪= 413K‬‬ ‫(‪= 0.576 × 0.7293‬‬ ‫‪) ln‬‬
‫‪1.2 − 1‬‬ ‫‪313‬‬
‫‪= −0.114kJ / K‬‬

‫)‪(359‬‬
 (10.32)
‫( ﺒـﻀﻐﻁ‬O2) ‫( ﻴﻔـﺼل ﺒﻴﻨﻬﻤـﺎ ﺤـﺎﺠﺯ ﺃﺤـﺩﻫﻤﺎ ﻴﺤﺘـﻭﻱ ﻋﻠـﻰ‬1.4m3) ‫ﺨﺯﺍﻨﺎﻥ ﺤﺠﻡ ﻜل ﻤﻨﻬﻤﺎ‬
‫( ﻭﺩﺭﺠـﺔ ﺤـﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬2 bar) ‫( ﺒـﻀﻐﻁ‬CO2) ‫( ﻭﺍﻵﺨﺭ ﻴﺤﺘﻭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ‬150oC) ‫(ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬7 bar)
:‫ ﺃﻫﻤل ﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺠﺯ ﻭﺍﺤﺴﺏ‬.‫ ﺃﺯﻴل ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺠﺯ ﻭﺍﺨﺘﻠﻁ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﺍﻥ ﺇﺩﻴﺎﺒﺎﺘﻴﺎ‬. (15oC)
‫ﻭﻀﻐﻁﻪ؟‬، ‫ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﻁ‬-1
: ‫ﺼﺎﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺭﻭﺒﻲ؟ ﻋﻠﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ‬-2
CpO2=0.656 kJ/kg.K , MO2=32 kg/kmol
CpCO2=0.643 kJ/kg.K MCO2= 44 kg/kmol.
R 8.314 N T = 0.279 + 0.117 = 0.396kmol
R O2 = =
M O2 32 N T RT 0.396 × 8.314 × 369
Pm = =
= 0.26kJ / kg.K V 100 × 2.8
Cvo 2 = Cpo 2 − Ro 2 = 0.656 − 0.26 = 4.04bar
= 0.396kJ / kg.K (a )
Tm Vm
Rco 2 =
R
=
8.314 ∆Si = mi(Cvi ln + Ri ln )
Mco 2 44 Ti Vi
369 2.8
= 0.189kJ / kg.K = 8.928(0.396 ln + 0.26 ln )
423 1.4
Cvco 2 = Cp co 2 − Rco 2 = 0.643 − 0.189
= 1.126kJ / kg
= 0.454kJ / kg.K (b )
PV 700 × 1.4
No 2 = = = 0.279kmol ∆Si = mi(Cvi ln
Tm
+ Ri ln
Vm
RT 8.314 × 423 Ti Vi
)
PV 200 × 1.4
Nco 2 = = = 0.117kmol = 5.148(0.454 ln
369
+ 0.189 ln
2.8
)
RT 8.314 × 288 288 1.4
mo 2 = MN = 32 × 0.279 = 8.928kg = 1.1254kJ / K
m CO 2 = MN = 44 × 0.117 = 5.148kg ∆S = ∆S a + ∆S b
Q − W = ∆U = 0 = 1.126 + 1.254 = 2.4kJ / K
Um = Ua + Ub
Tm (m a C va + m b Cv b ) = m a Cv a Ta + m b Cv b T
m a Cv a Ta + m b Cv b Tb
tm =
m a Cv a + m b Cv b
8.928 × 0.396 × 423 + 5.148 × 0.454 × 288
=
8.928 × 0.396 + 5.148 × 0.454
2168.6
= = 369K
5.873

(360)
 ‫)‪(10.33‬‬
‫ﺨﻠﻴﻁ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍﺀ ﻭﻏﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺜﺎﻥ ﺒﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺠﺯﻴﺌﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺜﺎﻥ ﺇﻟﻰ )‪ (3‬ﺠﺯﻴﺌﺎﺕ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻻﻭﻜﺴﺠﻴﻥ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﺤﺴﺏ ‪ γ, R, Cv, Cp, cv, cp‬ﻟﻠﺨﻠﻴﻁ‪ .‬ﺒﻔﺭﺽ ﺇﻥ ﻤﻜﻭﻨـﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻬـﻭﺍﺀ ﺒﻨـﺴﺏ ﺤﺠﻤﻴـﺔ )‪،(21% O2‬‬
‫)‪ .(79% N2‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﻁ ﻤﻥ )‪ (95oC) ،(1bar‬ﺇﺩﻴﺎﺒﺎﺘﻴﺎ ﺤﺘﻰ ﺨﻤﺱ ﺤﺠﻤـﻪ‪ .‬ﺍﺤـﺴﺏ ﺩﺭﺠـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺌﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻐل ﻟﻜل )‪ (1kg‬ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﻁ ﻭﺍﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻓـﻲ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺭﻭﺒـﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺨﻠﻴﻁ‪ .‬ﻋﻠﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ‪NCH4=1 , NO2=3 :‬‬

‫‪N CH 4 = 1,‬‬ ‫‪No 2 = 3‬‬

‫‪Cv‬‬ ‫‪Cp‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻜﻭﻨﺎﺕ‪:‬‬
‫‪N N 2 VN 2 0.79 N N 2‬‬ ‫‪20.825‬‬ ‫‪29.14‬‬ ‫‪N2‬‬
‫=‬ ‫=‬ ‫=‬
‫‪N O 2 VO 2 0.21‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪21.076‬‬ ‫‪129.341‬‬ ‫‪O2‬‬
‫‪27.48‬‬ ‫‪35.797‬‬ ‫‪CH4‬‬
‫‪N N 2 = 3 × 79 = 11.286‬‬
‫‪21‬‬
‫ﻋﺩﺩ ﺠﺯﻴﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﻁ ‪NT=11.286+1+3=15.286‬‬
‫‪Ni‬‬ ‫‪Cp 1.058‬‬
‫‪Cp m = ∑ .Cpi‬‬ ‫=‪γ‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 1.39‬‬
‫‪N‬‬ ‫‪Cv 0.761‬‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪V‬‬
‫=‬ ‫‪× 35.797 +‬‬ ‫‪× 129.341 P2 = P1 ( 1 ) γ = 1.(5)1.39 = 9.4bar‬‬
‫‪15.286‬‬ ‫‪15.286‬‬ ‫‪V2‬‬
‫‪11.286‬‬ ‫‪V‬‬
‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪× 29.14‬‬ ‫‪T2 = T1 ( 1 ) γ −1‬‬
‫‪15.286‬‬ ‫‪V2‬‬
‫‪= 29.624kJ / kmol.K‬‬
‫‪= 368(5) 0.39 = 689K = 416 o C‬‬
‫‪Cv = Cp − R = 29.624 − 8.314‬‬
‫‪∆s12 = s 2 − s1 = 0‬‬
‫‪= 21.31KJ / Kmol.k‬‬
‫) ‪∆µ12 = µ 2 − µ1 = Cv(T2 − T1‬‬
‫‪Ni‬‬
‫‪M T = ∑ .Mi‬‬ ‫‪= 0.761(415 − 95) = 241kJ / kg‬‬
‫‪N‬‬
‫‪q12 − w 12 = ∆µ12 = µ 2 − µ1 − W12‬‬
‫‪1 × 16‬‬ ‫‪3 × 32 11.286 × 28‬‬
‫=‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪= 28‬‬ ‫‪− w 12 = µ 2 − µ1‬‬
‫‪15.286 15.286‬‬ ‫‪15.286‬‬
‫‪Cp 29.624‬‬ ‫‪w 12 = µ1 − µ 2 = −241kJ / kg‬‬
‫= ‪cp‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 1.058kJ / kg.K‬‬
‫‪M‬‬ ‫‪28‬‬
‫‪Cv 21.31‬‬
‫= ‪cv‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 0.761kJ / kg.K‬‬
‫‪M‬‬ ‫‪28‬‬
‫‪R 8314.4‬‬
‫= =‪R‬‬ ‫‪= 296.94kJ / kg.K‬‬
‫‪M‬‬ ‫‪28‬‬

‫)‪(361‬‬
 ‫)‪(10.34‬‬
‫ﻫﻭﺍﺀ ﻭﺃﻭل ﺃﻭﻜﺴﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﺭﺒﻭﻥ ﻴﺠﺭﻴﺎﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻨﻅﻭﻤﺔ ﻤﻔﺘﻭﺤﺔ ﺒﻨﺴﺏ ﻭﺯﻨﻴﺔ ) ‪ (3‬ﻫﻭﺍﺀ ﻭ)‪ CO (1‬ﻴﺠﻬـﺯ‬
‫‪ CO‬ﺒﻀﻐﻁ )‪ (4bar‬ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ )‪ (15oC‬ﻭﻴﺠﻬﺯ ﺍﻟﻬـﻭﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻜـﻭﻥ ﻤـﻥ )‪ (N2‬ﻭ)‪ (O2‬ﺒـﻀﻐﻁ‬
‫)‪( 7 bar‬ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ )‪ .(32oC‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ )‪ ،(1 bar‬ﺍﺤﺴﺏ‪:‬‬
‫)‪(1‬ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﻁ ﻭﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺌﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﻜﻭﻨﺎﺕ‪.‬‬
‫)‪(2‬ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺭﻭﺒﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻲ‪.‬‬
‫)‪(3‬ﻤﻌﺩل ﺍﻟﺠﺭﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻤﻲ ﻟﻠﺨﻠﻴﻁ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺠﺭﻴﺎﻥ )‪ (CO‬ﺒﻤﻌﺩل )‪.(1 kg/min‬‬
‫)‪(4‬ﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺠﺭﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﻁ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﺃﻨﺒﻭﺏ ﺍﻟﺠﺭﻴﺎﻥ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻁ )‪ .(0.1 m2‬ﻋﻠﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪Cp O2=0.9182 , Cp N2=1.04, Cp CO=1.o41 kJ/kg.K‬‬

‫ﻨﺄﺨﺫ )‪ (1kg‬ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﻁ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺝ‪-:‬‬ ‫‪4bar CO2‬‬ ‫?=‪T‬‬

‫‪15oC‬‬ ‫‪1bar‬‬ ‫‪1Kg‬‬

‫‪A=0.1m2‬‬
‫‪7bar‬‬ ‫‪N2+O2‬‬
‫‪32oC‬‬

‫)‪(362‬‬
m air
= 3,
m co 1
= :‫ﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺭﻭﺒﻲ‬
m co m 4 ∆s = ∑ ∆si
∴ m air = 0.75kg :‫ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻼﻭﻜﺴﺠﻴﻥ‬-‫ﺃ‬
m co = 0.25kg m = 0.175, T1 = 305K
-:‫ ﺍﺫﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﻭﺯﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻬﻭﺍﺀ‬T2 = 300 × 7K , P1 = 7 × 0.21
0.233O2 , 0.767 N2 = 1.47bar , P2 = 0.156bar
mO2=0.233×0.75=0.175kg T2 V2
mN2=0.767O0.75=0.575g ∴∆S o2 = m(Cv ln + R ln )
T1 V1
‫ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﺔ = ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺠﺔ‬
T2 P
( ∑ mihi ) in = ( ∑ mihi ) out = m(Cpln + R ln 1 )
T1 P2
⇒ 0.175 × 0.9182 × 305 + 0.575 × 1.05 × 305
+ 0.25 × 1.041 × 288
300.7 8.314 1.47
= 0.175(0.9182ln + ln )
= T(0.175 × 0.9182 + 0 × 575 × 1.04 305 32 0.156
+ 0.25 × 1.041)
= 0.1kJ/ K
306.351 = 1.0189T -:‫ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﺘﺭﻭﺠﻴﻥ‬-‫ﺏ‬
∴ T = 300.7K
m = 0.598, T1 = 305K
Pi Ni
=
Ni
N=
m ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻜﻭﻨﺎﺕ‬ T2 = 300.7K , P2 = 7 × 0.79 = 5.53bar ,
P N N M
PO2 =0.156bar 0.1565 0.175
= 0.00547 O2
P1 = 0.588bar
32
T2 P
PN2 =0.588bar 0.588 0.575
28
= 0.0205 N2
∴ ∆S N 2 = m(Cp ln + R ln 2 )
PCO =0.255bar 0.2556 0.25 CO
T1 P1
= 0.00893
28
300.7 8.314 5.53
NT=0.03494 = 0.598(1.04 ln + ln )
305 28 0.588
= 1.66kJ / K

(363)
 -:CO ‫ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟـ‬-‫ﺝ‬
m = 0.25, T1 = 288K
T2 = 300.7K , P1 = 4bar ,
P2 = 0.2556bar
T2 P
∴ ∆s co = m(Cp ln + R ln 2 )
T1 P1
300.7 8.314 0.2556
= 0.25(1.041 ln + ln
305 28 4
= −0.2kJ / K
( ∆S )total = ∑ ∆Si = 1.55kJ / K
(4)
m CO 1
= ⇒ 1kg(CO )
mT 4
= 4kg(mixture)
N=4×.03494= ‫∴ ﻋﺩﺩ ﺠﺯﺌﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﻁ‬
. NRT
V=
P
4 × 0.03494 × 8.314 × 300.7
= '
100
= 3.494m 3 / min
.
V = C.A
.
V 3.49m 3 / min
C= =
A 0.1m 2
= 34.9m 3 / min
= 0.58m / s

(364)
 ‫)‪(10.35‬‬
‫ﺨﺯﺍﻥ ﺤﺠﻤﻪ )‪ (0.3m3‬ﻭﻴﺤﺘﻭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﻭﺍﺀ‪ ،‬ﻋﻨﺩ )‪ (7 bar)،(32 oC‬ﻭﺨﺯﺍﻥ ﺁﺨﺭ ﺤﺠﻤﻪ )‪ (0.03m3‬ﻴﺘـﺼل‬
‫ﺒﺎﻻﻭل ﺒﺼﻤﺎﻡ ﻭﻴﺤﺘﻭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ‪ O2‬ﻋﻨﺩ )‪ (21 bar)،(15 oC‬ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻨﻅﻭﻤﺔ ﻤﻌﺯﻭﻟﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻓﺘﺢ ﺍﻟﺼﻤﺎﻡ ﺒﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ‪.‬ﺍﺤـﺴﺏ‪:‬‬
‫)‪(1‬ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‪ (2).‬ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺌﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﻜﻭﻨﺎﺕ‪ (3).‬ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻤﻲ ﻟﻠﺨﻠﻴﻁ‪ (4).‬ﻗـﻴﻡ ‪γ, M, R,‬‬
‫‪(5) .Cv, Cp‬ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺒﺎﻻﻨﺘﺭﻭﺒﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻲ‪(6).‬ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺒﺎﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﻨﺜﺎﻟﺒﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻲ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺒﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﺨﺯﺍﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻰ )‪ .(10 oC‬ﺍﻓﺘﺭﺽ ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍﺀ ﻴﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻥ ﻨﺘﺭﻭﺠﻴﻥ ﻭﺃﻭﻜﺴﺠﻴﻥ ﺒﻨﺴﺏ ﺤﺠﻤﻴﺔ )‪.(0.21 O2) ، (0.79 N2‬‬
‫ﻨﺄﺨﺫ ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍﺀ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺨﺯﺍﻥ ﺍﻻﻭل‪-:‬‬
‫‪PV 700 × 0 × 3 × 0.21‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻤﻲ‪-:‬‬
‫= ‪m O2‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪mi‬‬
‫‪RT‬‬ ‫‪8.314‬‬ ‫= ‪Ni‬‬
‫‪× 305‬‬ ‫‪Mi‬‬
‫‪32‬‬
‫‪= 0.5565kg‬‬ ‫= ‪No 2‬‬
‫‪1.3984‬‬
‫‪= 0.0427‬‬
‫‪PV 700 × 0.3 × 0.79‬‬ ‫‪32‬‬
‫= ‪m N2‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪1.8318‬‬
‫‪RT‬‬ ‫‪8.314‬‬
‫‪× 305‬‬ ‫= ‪N N2‬‬ ‫‪= 0.0654‬‬
‫‪28‬‬ ‫‪28‬‬
‫‪= 1.8318kg‬‬ ‫‪N T = 0.10912‬‬
‫‪Vo 2 No 2 0.0437‬‬
‫ﺍﻻﻭﻜﺴﺠﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺨﺯﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ‪-:‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪× 100 = 40.1%‬‬
‫‪V‬‬ ‫‪N‬‬ ‫‪0.10912‬‬
‫‪Pv‬‬ ‫‪100 × 0.03‬‬
‫‪m O2‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪VN 2 NN 2 0.0654‬‬
‫‪RT 8.314 × 288‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 59.9%‬‬
‫‪V‬‬ ‫‪N‬‬ ‫‪0.10912‬‬
‫‪32‬‬
‫‪mi‬‬
‫‪= 08419kg‬‬ ‫‪Cv m = ∑ Cvi‬‬
‫‪U1 = U 2 = [(mo 2 )1 T1 + (mo 2 ) 2 T2 ]Cvo 2‬‬
‫‪m‬‬
‫)‪(1.3984 × 0.6586 + 1.8318 × 0.743‬‬
‫‪+ m N 2 Cv N 2 T1‬‬ ‫=‬
‫‪3.2303‬‬
‫‪= (0.5565 × 305 + 0.8419 × 228) × 0.6586‬‬ ‫‪= 0.7068kJ / kg.K‬‬
‫‪+ 1.8318 × 0.7436 × 305‬‬ ‫‪mi‬‬
‫∑ = ‪Cp m‬‬ ‫‪Cpi‬‬
‫‪= 686.923kJ = U 2‬‬ ‫‪m‬‬
‫‪U 2 = ( mo 2 Cvo 2 + m N 2 Cv N 2 )T‬‬ ‫)‪(1.3984 × 0.9182 + 1.8318 × 1.04‬‬
‫‪686 .923‬‬
‫=‬
‫=‪T‬‬ ‫)‪(1.3984 + 1.8318‬‬
‫‪(0.5565 + 0.8419 )0.586 + 1.8318 × 0.71 × 36‬‬
‫‪= 0.9873kJ / kg.K‬‬
‫‪= 300 .9 K‬‬
‫) ‪mo 2 Ro 2 T (0.5565 + 0.8419‬‬ ‫‪R m = Cp − Cv = 0.2805‬‬
‫= ‪Po 2‬‬ ‫=‬
‫‪Vo 2‬‬ ‫‪0.33‬‬ ‫‪R 8314.4‬‬
‫=‪M‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 29.64‬‬
‫‪8314 .4‬‬ ‫‪R 280.5‬‬
‫×‬ ‫‪× 30 = 3.313bar‬‬
‫‪32‬‬ ‫‪γ = Cp / Cv = 1.3969‬‬
‫‪1.8318 × 8314 .4‬‬
‫= ‪PN 2‬‬
‫‪28 .0.33‬‬
‫‪× 300 .9‬‬
‫ﺘﻜﻤﻠﺔ‬
‫‪= 8.273 bar‬‬

‫)‪(365‬‬
 ‫ﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺭﻭﺒﻲ‪:‬‬ ‫‪-3‬ﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺍﻨﺘﺭﻭﺒﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺭﻭﺠﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺨﺯﺍﻥ ﺍﻻﻭل‪:‬‬
‫‪-1 m N 2 = 1.8318Kg × T1 = 305K × T2‬ﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺍﻨﺘﺭﻭﺒﻲ ﺍﻻﻭﻜﺴﺠﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺨﺯﺍﻥ ﺍﻻﻭل‪:‬‬
‫‪m o2‬‬ ‫‪= 0.5565Kg × T1 = 305K × T2‬‬ ‫‪= 300.9K‬‬
‫‪= 300.9K‬‬ ‫‪V1 = 0.3m 3 , V2 = 0.33m 3‬‬
‫‪V1 = 0.3m 3 , V2 = 0.33m 3‬‬ ‫‪300.9‬‬
‫‪∆S3 = 1.8318(0.7436 ln +‬‬
‫‪T2‬‬ ‫‪v‬‬ ‫‪288‬‬
‫‪∆Si = m(Cv ln‬‬ ‫) ‪+ R ln 2‬‬ ‫‪8.314 0.33‬‬
‫‪T1‬‬ ‫‪v1‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪ln‬‬ ‫‪) = 1.342kJ / K‬‬
‫‪28‬‬ ‫‪0.03‬‬
‫‪300.9‬‬
‫‪∆S1 = 0.5565(0.6586 ln‬‬ ‫‪(∆S) total = ∆S1 + ∆S2 + ∆S3‬‬
‫‪305‬‬
‫‪8.314 0.33‬‬ ‫‪= 1.1426kJ / Kg‬‬
‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪ln‬‬ ‫)‬ ‫*ﻨﻐﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﺫﺍ ﺒﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﺨﺯﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻰ ‪10 C‬‬
‫‪o‬‬
‫‪32‬‬ ‫‪0.3‬‬
‫‪= 0.009kJ / K‬‬ ‫) ‪U 2 − U 1 = mCv(T2 − T1‬‬
‫)‪-2 = (0.5565 + 0.8419 + 1.8318‬ﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺍﻨﺘﺭﻭﺒﻲ ﺍﻻﻭﻜﺴﺠﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺨﺯﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﻴﺭ‪:‬‬
‫‪mo 2 = 0.8419kg × T1 = 288K × T2‬‬ ‫)‪× 0.7068(10 − 27.7‬‬
‫‪= 300.9K‬‬ ‫‪= −40.4kJ‬‬
‫‪V1 = 0.03m 3 , V2 = 0.33m 3‬‬ ‫*ﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺎﻟﺒﻲ‪-:‬‬
‫‪300.9‬‬ ‫‪∆H = mCp∆T‬‬
‫‪∆S2 = 0.8419(0.6586 ln‬‬ ‫)‪= 3.23 × 0.9873(10 − 27.7‬‬
‫‪288‬‬
‫‪8.314 0.33‬‬ ‫‪= −56.4kJ‬‬
‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪ln‬‬ ‫)‬
‫‪32‬‬ ‫‪0.03‬‬ ‫‪∆U − 40.4‬‬
‫= ‪∆µ‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= −12.5kJ‬‬
‫‪= 0.075kJ / K‬‬ ‫‪m‬‬ ‫‪3.23‬‬
‫‪∆H − 56.4‬‬
‫= ‪∆h‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= −17.45kJ‬‬
‫‪m‬‬ ‫‪3.23‬‬

‫)‪(366‬‬
 ‫ﻤﺴﺎﺌل‬
‫)‪(10.1‬‬
‫ﺨﻠﻴﻁ ﻴﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻥ )‪ (5 Moles O2‬ﻭ )‪ (10 Moles N2‬ﻭ)‪ .(5 Moles CO2‬ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤـﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺨﻠـﻴﻁ‬
‫)‪(23 oC‬ﻭﻀﻐﻁﻪ )‪ .(2 bar‬ﻭﺘﻡ ﺇﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﺒﻀﻐﻁ ﺜﺎﺒﺕ ﺒﺤﻴﺙ ﺍﺼﺒﺢ ﺤﺠﻤﻪ ﺍﻟﻨﻬـﺎﺌﻲ)‪(1.5‬‬
‫ﻤﺭﺓ ﺒﻘﺩﺭ ﺤﺠﻤﻪ ﺍﻻﺒﺘﺩﺍﺌﻲ‪ .‬ﺍﺤﺴﺏ‪:‬‬
‫)‪(1‬ﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﻁ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺌﻲ‪(2) .‬ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﻘﻠﺔ ‪(3) .‬ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪O2‬‬ ‫‪N2‬‬ ‫‪CO2‬‬
‫)‪Cv (kJ/kg.K‬‬ ‫‪0.65‬‬ ‫‪0.727‬‬ ‫‪0.639‬‬
‫)‪M (kg/kmol‬‬ ‫‪32‬‬ ‫‪28‬‬ ‫‪44‬‬
‫‪(66.05kJ,‬‬ ‫‪90.9kJ,‬‬ ‫ﺝ‪0.246m3) :‬‬

‫)‪(10.2‬‬
‫ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﻀﻐﻁ ﺨﻠﻴﻁ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ )‪ (150 oC‬ﻭ)‪ (4 bar‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺍﻟﻲ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻤـﻲ ﻟﻬـﺫﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ‪ .(14% CO2) ، (5% O2)، (81% N2) :‬ﺍﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﺍﻟﻭﺯﻨﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺌﻲ ﻟﻤﻜﻭﻨﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﻁ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﺘﻡ ﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ )‪ (2.3 kg‬ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﻁ ﺘﺤﺕ ﻀﻐﻁ ﺜﺎﺒﺕ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺩﺭﺠـﺔ ﺤـﺭﺍﺭﺓ )‪ .(15oC‬ﺍﺤـﺴﺏ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺌﻲ‪ .‬ﻋﻠﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪MO2=32 kg/kmol, M CO2=44 kg/kmol, M N2=28 kg/kmol‬‬
‫ﺝ‪(0.453m3,3.24bar,0.20bar,0.56bar,0.745,0.053,0.202):‬‬

‫)‪(10.3‬‬
‫ﺨﻠﻴﻁ ﻴﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻥ )‪ (30%O2‬ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺎﻗﻲ ﻨﺘﺭﻭﺠﻴﻥ ﻜﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺤﺠﻡ ﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﺔ ﺸﺎﻗﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻓﻴﻬـﺎ ﻤﻜـﺒﺱ‬
‫ﻋﺩﻴﻡ ﺍﻻﺤﺘﻜﺎﻙ‪ .‬ﺍﻀﻴﻔﺕ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ )‪ (295kJ/kg‬ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺒﺤﻴﺙ ﺍﺼﺒﺢ ﺤﺠﻤﻪ ﻀﻌﻑ ﺤﺠﻤﻪ ﺍﻻﺒﺘـﺩﺍﺌﻲ‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻋﻠﻤﺕ ﺃﻥ ﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﻁ ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺩﺍﻴﺔ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ )‪ (1.02 bar‬ﻭ )‪ (20oC‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺍﻟﻲ‬
‫ﻭﺇﻥ )‪.(MO2=32kg/kmol, Cv N2=0.754kJ/kg.K, MN2=28kg/kmol‬ﺍﺤﺴﺏ‪(1) :‬ﺍﻟﺤـﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﺒﺜﺒﻭﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻡ ﻟﻸﻭﻜﺴﺠﻴﻥ‪(2) .‬ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺌﻲ ﻟﻜل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﻭﻜﺴﺠﻴﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺘـﺭﻭﺠﻴﻥ‪(3).‬ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴـل‬
‫ﺍﻟﻭﺯﻨﻲ ﻟﻠﺨﻠﻴﻁ‪.‬‬
‫ﺝ‪(67.1%, 32.9%, 0.714bar, 0.306bar, 0.645 kJ/kg.K):‬‬

‫)‪(367‬‬
 ‫)‪(10.4‬‬
‫ﺨﻠﻴﻁ ﻴﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻥ ﻏﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﻠﻴﻭﻡ )‪ (He‬ﻭﺍﻻﺭﻜـﻭﻥ )‪ .(Ar‬ﻜﺜﺎﻓـﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﻠـﻴﻁ ﻋﻨـﺩ ﺍﻟﻅـﺭﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺴـﻴﺔ‬
‫)‪.(1.2Kg/m3‬ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻋﻠﻤﺕ ﺒﺄﻥ ﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻭل ﻟﻠﻬﻴﻠﻴﻭﻡ )‪ (4kg/kmol‬ﻭﻟﻼﺭﻜﻭﻥ )‪ (40kg/kmol‬ﺠﺩ ﻟﻬـﺫﺍ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﻁ‪:‬‬
‫)‪(1‬ﺍﻟﺜﺎﺒﺕ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﻱ )‪(2‬ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻤﻲ )‪(3‬ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﺍﻟﻭﺯﻨﻲ‬
‫‪(94.56%, 5.43%,‬‬ ‫‪0.365,‬‬ ‫ﺝ‪0.635, 0.309kJ/kg.K):‬‬

‫)‪(10.5‬‬
‫ﺍﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﺔ ﻤﺠﻬﺯﺓ ﺒﻤﻜﺒﺱ ﺘﺤﺘﻭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ )‪ (Cv=14.3kJ/kg.K) (12mole H2‬ﺘﺤـﺕ ﻀـﻐﻁ )‪(1bar‬‬
‫ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ )‪ .(15oC‬ﺃﻀﻴﻑ ﺍﻟﻴـﻪ ﻤـﻊ ﺘﺜﺒﻴـﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻜـﺒﺱ ﻓـﻲ ﻤﻭﻀـﻌﻪ ﻜﻤﻴـﺔ ﻤـﻥ )‪(CO2‬‬
‫)‪ .(Cp=0.84kJ/kg.K‬ﻭﻭﺠﺩ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻻﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺒـﺄﻥ ﺍﻟـﻀﻐﻁ ﺃﺼـﺒﺢ )‪ (2.45bar‬ﻭﺩﺭﺠـﺔ ﺍﻟﺤـﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬
‫)‪ .(40 oC‬ﺍﺤﺴﺏ‪:‬‬
‫)‪(1‬ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﻭﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ )ﻋﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻻﺕ( ﻟـ )‪ (CO2‬ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺎﻑ‪ (2) .‬ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ )‪ (Cp,Cv‬ﻟﻠﺨﻠﻴﻁ‪.‬‬
‫)‪ (3‬ﺍﻟﺸﻐل ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻡ ﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﻁ ﺍﺩﻴﺎﺒﺎﺘﻴﹰﺎ ﺍﻟﻰ ﻨﺼﻑ ﺤﺠﻤﻪ ﺍﻻﺼﻠﻲ‪.‬‬
‫ﺝ‪(-0.557KJ, 0.983KJ/kg.K, 1.311KJ/kg.K, 15.05moles, 0.66kg):‬‬

‫)‪(10.6‬‬
‫ﺍﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﺔ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻤﻜﺒﺱ ﻋﺩﻴﻡ ﺍﻻﺤﺘﻜﺎﻙ ﺘﺤﺘـﻭﻱ ﻋﻠـﻰ )‪ (6mol N2) (3moles CO2‬ﻭ)‪(4 moles O2‬‬
‫ﺘﺤﺕ ﻀﻐﻁ ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭﻩ )‪ (20 bar‬ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭﻫﺎ )‪ (300 oC‬ﺘﻤﺩﺩ ﺍﻴﺯﻭﺜﺭﻤﻠﻴﹰﺎ ﺍﻟـﻰ ﺍﻥ ﺘـﻀﺎﻋﻑ‬
‫ﺤﺠﻤﻪ‪ .‬ﺍﺤﺴﺏ‪:‬‬
‫)‪(1‬ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺨﻠﻴﻁ‪ (2).‬ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻐل ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﻘﻠﻴﻥ ﺨﻼل ﺍﻻﺠﺭﺍﺀ‪.‬‬
‫)‪ (3‬ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺭﻭﺒﻴﻲ‪(4) .‬ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﺒﺜﺒﻭﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻡ‪ (γ)(5) .‬ﻟﻠﺨﻠﻴﻁ ﻋﻠﻤﹰﺎ ﺍﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪CO2‬‬ ‫‪O2‬‬ ‫‪N2‬‬
‫)‪Cp (kJ/kg.K‬‬ ‫‪0.85‬‬ ‫‪0.97‬‬ ‫‪1.039‬‬
‫)‪M (kg/kmol‬‬ ‫‪44‬‬ ‫‪32‬‬ ‫‪28‬‬
‫ﺝ‪(1.36, 0.707kJ/kg.K, 0.074kJ/K, 42.5kJ, 300 C, 10bar,0.06m3):‬‬
‫‪o‬‬

‫)‪(368‬‬
 ‫)‪(10.7‬‬
‫ﺨﻠﻴﻁ ﻤﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻥ )‪ .(3.5 kmol Air)،(1 kmol CO2‬ﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺨﺯﺍﻥ ﻀـﻐﻁﻪ )‪ (1 bar‬ﻭﺩﺭﺠـﺔ‬
‫ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ )‪ .(15oC‬ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻤﻲ ﻟﻠﻬﻭﺍﺀ )‪ .(79% N2) ،(21% O2‬ﺍﺤﺴﺏ ﻟﻠﺨﻠﻴﻁ‪:‬‬
‫)ﺃ( ﻜﺘل ﻤﻜﻭﻨﺎﺘﻪ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ‪) .‬ﺏ( ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻜﺭﺒﻭﻥ‪) .‬ﺝ( ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻟﻴـﺔ ﻟﻠﺨﻠـﻴﻁ‪).‬ﺩ( ﺜﺎﺒـﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﻁ )‪) .(Rm‬ﻫـ( ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻲ ﻟﻠﺨﻠﻴﻁ‪.‬ﻋﻠﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪Mc=12kg/kmol, MO2 =32kg/kmol, M N2=28 kmol.‬‬
‫ﺝ‪(0.744m3/kg, 0.258kJ/kg.K, 32.2kg/kmol, 8.27%, 145.05kg):‬‬

‫)‪(10.8‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻤﻲ ﻟﺨﻠﻴﻁ ﻏﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﻫﻭ )‪.(80% N2)، (10% O2)، (10% CO2‬ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤـﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺨﻠـﻴﻁ‬
‫)‪(1000oC‬ﺘﻤﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﻁ ﺤـﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗـﺔ )‪ (PV1.25=C.‬ﺤﺘـﻰ ﺍﺼـﺒﺢ ﺤﺠﻤـﻪ )‪ (7‬ﺃﻤﺜـﺎل ﺍﻟﺤﺠـﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺒﺘﺩﺍﺌﻲ‪.‬ﺍﺤﺴﺏ‪:‬‬
‫)‪ (1‬ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﺍﻟﻭﺯﻨﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﻜﻭﻨﺎﺕ‪ (2) .‬ﺍﻟﺸﻐل ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺠﺯ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﻟﻜل )‪ (1 kg‬ﻋﻠﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪CO2‬‬ ‫‪O2‬‬ ‫‪N2‬‬
‫)‪M (kg/kmol‬‬ ‫‪44‬‬ ‫‪32‬‬ ‫‪28‬‬
‫ﺝ‪(543kJ/kg, 0.747, 0.107, 0.147):‬‬

‫)‪(10.9‬‬
‫ﺨـﺯﺍﻥ ﻴﺤﺘـﻭﻱ ﻋﻠـﻰ )‪ (2.765 kmol)، (0.735 kmol O2)، (1 kmol CO2‬ﻀـﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﺨـﺯﺍﻥ‬
‫)‪ (1 bar‬ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘﻪ )‪.(15oC‬ﺍﺤﺴﺏ‪:‬‬
‫)‪ (1‬ﻜﺘﻠﺔ ‪ N2, O2, CO2‬ﻭ ﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﻁ‪ (2).‬ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﺯﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻜﺭﺒﻭﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﻁ‪ (3).‬ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠـﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻟﻴـﺔ‬
‫)‪ (M‬ﻭﺜﺎﺒﺕ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﻟﻠﺨﻠﻴﻁ‪ (4).‬ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻲ ﺒﺎﻟـ )‪.(m3/kg‬ﻋﻠﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪MCO2=44, MO2=32, M N2=28‬‬
‫ﺝ‪(0.7435m3/kg, 0.2581kJ/kg.K, 32.2,8.27%, 145.05kg, 77.5kg, 23.55kg, 44kg):‬‬

‫)‪(369‬‬
 ‫)‪(10.10‬‬
‫ﻏﺎﺯ ﻴﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻥ )‪ .(75% C4H10)، (15% N2)، (10% H2‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻜل ﺠﺯﻴﺌﺔ ﻫﻴﺩﺭﻭﺠﻴﻥ ﺘﺤﺘـﺎﺝ‬
‫ﻨﺼﻑ ﺠﺯﻴﺌﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻻﻭﻜﺴﺠﻴﻥ‪ .‬ﻭﺠﺯﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻭﺘﺎﻥ ﺘﺤﺘﺎﺝ )‪ (6.5‬ﺠﺯﻴﺌﺔ ﺃﻭﻜـﺴﺠﻴﻥ ﻷﻜﻤـﺎل ﺍﻻﺤﺘـﺭﺍﻕ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﺤﺴﺏ‪:‬‬
‫)ﺃ( ﻤﻌﺩل ﺠﺭﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻡ ﻟﻸﺤﺘﺭﺍﻕ )‪ (1m3/s‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻤﻌﺩل ﺠﺭﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ )‪ (1m3/s‬ﻭﻜﺎﻥ ﻀﻐﻁ‬
‫ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﻜل ﻤﻨﻬﻤﺎ )‪ (1 bar‬ﻭ )‪ (27oC‬؟ ﺇﻥ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻻﻭﻜﺴﺠﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻭﺯﻨﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻬـﻭﺍﺀ )‪ (23.3%‬ﻭﺍﻟﺒـﺎﻗﻲ‬
‫ﻨﺘﺭﻭﺠﻴﻥ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪O2‬‬ ‫‪N2‬‬ ‫‪H2‬‬ ‫‪C‬‬
‫)‪M (kg/kmol‬‬ ‫‪32‬‬ ‫‪28‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪12‬‬
‫ﺝ‪(23.3m3/s):‬‬

‫)‪(10.11‬‬
‫ﻏﺎﺯ ﻨﻔﻁﻲ ﻴﺠﺭﻱ ﺒﻤﻌﺩل )‪ (0.5 m3/s‬ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﻩ )‪ (27oC‬ﻭﻜﺎﻥ ﺘﺤﻠﻴﻠﻪ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻤﻲ )‪، (90% C3H8‬‬
‫)‪ (10% H2‬ﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﺨﺘﻠﻁ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘـﻪ )‪ (45oC‬ﻭﺘﺤﻠﻴﻠـﻪ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻤـﻲ )‪،(79% N2‬‬
‫)‪ .(21% O2‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻜل )‪ (1kg‬ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻭﺒﺎﻥ ﻴﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﺇﻟﻰ )‪ (5kg‬ﻤﻥ )‪ .(O2‬ﻭﻜل )‪ (1kg‬ﻤـﻥ )‪(H2‬‬
‫ﻴﺤﺘﺎﺝ )‪ (10kg‬ﻤﻥ )‪ .(O2‬ﻭﻜﺎﻥ ﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻅﻭﻤﺔ ﻗﺒل ﻭﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻁ )‪ .(1.1bar‬ﺍﺤﺴﺏ‪:‬‬
‫)ﺃ( ﻤﻌﺩل ﺠﺭﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍﺀ ﺒﺎﻟـ )‪).(m3/s‬ﺏ( ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﻁ ﻭﻤﻌﺩل ﺠﺭﻴﺎﻨﻪ )‪ (m3/s‬ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﺨـﺭﻭﺝ‬
‫)ﻗﺒل ﺍﻻﺸﺘﻌﺎل(‪) .‬ﺝ( ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻤﻲ ﻟﻠﺨﻠﻴﻁ )ﻗﺒل ﺍﻻﺸﺘﻌﺎل(‪ .‬ﻋﻠﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪O2‬‬ ‫‪N2‬‬ ‫‪C3H8‬‬ ‫‪H2‬‬
‫)‪Cp (kJ/kg.K‬‬ ‫‪0.92‬‬ ‫‪1.04‬‬ ‫‪1.69‬‬ ‫‪14.3‬‬
‫)‪M (kg/kmol‬‬ ‫‪32‬‬ ‫‪28‬‬ ‫‪44‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫ﺝ‪(76.432, 20.317, 2.926, 0.325, 16.235m /s, 316.67K, 15.77m3/s):‬‬
‫‪3‬‬

‫)‪(370‬‬
 ‫)‪(10.12‬‬
‫ﺨﻠﻴﻁ ﻓﻲ ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻥ ﺍﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﺔ ﻭﻤﻜﺒﺱ ﻴﺤﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻠﻭ ﻏـﺭﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺤـﺩ ﻋﻠـﻰ )‪، (4.95 Mole O2‬‬
‫)‪ .(1.65 Mole CO) ،(23.2 Mole CO2‬ﺘﻤﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﻁ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻻﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻀﻐﻁ )‪ (54 bar‬ﺇﻟـﻰ‬
‫)‪ .(1 bar‬ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﻁ ﻗﺒل ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺩﺩ )‪ (1000oC‬ﻭﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺩﺩ )‪.(300oC‬ﺍﻀﻴﻔﺕ ﺤـﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺨـﻼل‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺩﺩ ﺘﺴﺎﻭﻱ )‪ (18%‬ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﻐل ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ‪ .‬ﺍﺤﺴﺏ‪:‬‬
‫)‪(1‬ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻤﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻭﺯﻨﻲ ﻟﻠﺨﻠﻴﻁ‪ (2) .‬ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺌﻲ ﻟﻤﻜﻭﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﻁ ﻓﻲ ﻨﻬﺎﻴـﺔ ﺍﻻﺠـﺭﺍﺀ‪(3) .‬‬
‫ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺸﻐل ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺘﺞ ﻟﻠﻜﻴﻠﻭﻏﺭﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺤﺩ‪ (4) .‬ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺭﻭﺒﻲ ﻟﻠﻜﻴﻠﻭ ﻏﺭﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺤﺩ‪ .‬ﻋﻠﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪O2‬‬ ‫‪N2‬‬ ‫‪CO‬‬ ‫‪CO2‬‬
‫)‪M (kg/kmol‬‬ ‫‪32‬‬ ‫‪28‬‬ ‫‪28‬‬ ‫‪44‬‬
‫)‪Cv (kJ/kg.K‬‬ ‫‪0.659‬‬ ‫‪0.744‬‬ ‫‪0.745‬‬ ‫‪0.657‬‬
‫ﺝ‪(-0.0985kJ/kg.K, 612.9kJ/kg, 0.05bar, 0.1bar, 0.7bar, 0.15bar, 0.046, 0.146, 0.649, 0.159):‬‬

‫)‪(10.13‬‬
‫ﺨﻠﻴﻁ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﺔ ﺘﺤﻠﻴﻠﻪ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻤﻲ )‪ (76.5 % N2)،(11.5% O2)،(12% CO2‬ﻭﺘﺤﺕ ﻀﻐﻁ ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭﻩ‬
‫)‪ (2.6 bar‬ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭﻫﺎ )‪ .(510oC‬ﺘﻡ ﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩﻩ ﺒﺜﺒﻭﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻡ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻥ ﻭﺼل ﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﻁ ﺇﻟﻰ‬
‫)‪ .(1 bar‬ﺍﺤﺴﺏ‪:‬‬
‫)‪(1‬ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺌﻲ ﻟﻤﻜﻭﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﻁ ﻓﻲ ﺒﺩﺍﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺠﺭﺍﺀ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﺍﻟﻭﺯﻨﻲ ﻟﻠﺨﻠﻴﻁ‪.‬‬
‫)‪(2‬ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﺭﻭﺤﺔ ﺃﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻻﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﻟﻜل ﻜﻴﻠﻭ ﻏﺭﺍﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﻁ‪.‬‬
‫)‪(3‬ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺭﻭﺒﻲ ﺨﻼل ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻻﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﻟﻜل )‪ (1 kg‬ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﻁ‪ .‬ﻋﻠﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪CO2‬‬ ‫‪O2‬‬ ‫‪N2‬‬
‫)‪M (kg/kmol‬‬ ‫‪44‬‬ ‫‪32‬‬ ‫‪28‬‬
‫‪Cp (kJ/kg.K) 0.846‬‬ ‫‪0.918‬‬ ‫‪1.04‬‬
‫ﺝ‪(-0.685kJ/kg.K, -345kJ/kg, 1.989bar, 0.299bar, 0.312bar):‬‬

‫)‪(371‬‬
 ‫)‪(10.14‬‬
‫ﺨﻠﻴﻁ ﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻤﻲ )‪ (71% N2)،(19% O2)،(10% CH4‬ﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻓﻲ ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺘﺤﺕ ﻀـﻐﻁ ﻤﻘـﺩﺍﺭﻩ‬
‫)‪ (1bar‬ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ )‪ (25oC‬ﻭﺤﺠﻡ )‪ .(0,2m3‬ﻀﻐﻁ ﺇﺩﻴﺎﺒﺎﺘﻴﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻀﻐﻁ ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭ )‪ .(7bar‬ﺍﻭﺠـﺩ‬
‫)‪(1‬ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺸﻐل ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺎﻑ‪ (2) .‬ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﺍﻟﻭﺯﻨﻲ ﻟﻠﺨﻠﻴﻁ‪ .‬ﻋﻠﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ‪:‬‬

‫‪O2‬‬ ‫‪N2‬‬ ‫‪CH4‬‬

‫)‪Cp (kJ/kg.K‬‬ ‫‪0.92‬‬ ‫‪1.04‬‬ ‫‪2.23‬‬
‫)‪M (kg/kmol‬‬ ‫‪32‬‬ ‫‪28‬‬ ‫‪16‬‬
‫ﺝ‪(0.721, 0.22, 0.05, -37.15kJ):‬‬

‫)‪(10.15‬‬
‫ﺨﻠﻴﻁ ﺘﺤﻠﻴﻠﻪ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻤﻲ )‪ (55% N2)،(5% O2)، (40% CO2‬ﺘﺤﺕ ﻀﻐﻁ ﻤﻘـﺩﺍﺭﻩ )‪ (1bar‬ﻭﺩﺭﺠـﺔ‬
‫ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭﻫﺎ )‪ ،(25oC‬ﻴﺸﻐل ﺤﺠﻡ ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭﻩ )‪.(2m3‬ﺍﻭﺠﺩ ﻤﺎﻴﻠﻲ‪:‬‬
‫)‪ (1‬ﻜﺘل ﻤﻜﻭﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﻁ‪ (2).‬ﺍﻻﺱ ﺍﻹﺩﻴﺎﺒﺎﺘﻲ ﻟﻠﺨﻠﻴﻁ )‪ (3) .(γ‬ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﺍﻟﻭﺯﻨﻲ ﻟﻠﺨﻠﻴﻁ‪ .‬ﻋﻠﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ‪:‬‬

‫‪CO2‬‬ ‫‪O2‬‬ ‫‪N2‬‬

‫)‪Cp (kJ/kg.K‬‬ ‫‪0.846‬‬ ‫‪0.92‬‬ ‫‪0.743‬‬
‫)‪M (kg/kmol‬‬ ‫‪44‬‬ ‫‪32‬‬ ‫‪28‬‬
‫ﺝ‪(0.445kg, 0.046kg, 0.5kg, 1.428, 1.232kg, 0.128kg, 1.408kg):‬‬

‫)‪(372‬‬
 References ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺍﺠﻊ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺍﺠﻊ ﺒﺎﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻹﻨﻜﻠﻴﺯﻴﺔ‬-(‫)ﺃ‬
(1)Dwight, C. L and Harry, J.S. Thermodynamics.
California: books/cole Engineering Division.
(2)Eastop, T. D. and McConkey, A. Applied Thermodynamics Engineering
Technologists.3rd ed. London:Longmans, 1978.
(3)Kett,P.W. motor Vehicle Scince. Part, London: Chapman and Hall, 1982.
(4)Mark,W.Z. and Ricgard, H.D. Heat and Thermodynamics.New York:
McGraw-Hill, 1981.
(5)Mathur,M.L. and Shama, R.P. A course in Internal Combstion Engines.
Fourth ed. Delhi: Dhanpat Rai & Sons, 1984.
(6)Rayner Joel, Basic Engineering Thermodynamics, 3rd ed. London:
Longmans, 1976.
(7)Rogers & Mayhew. Engineering Thermodynamics, Work & Heat Transfer.
3rd ed. London: Longmans, 1983.
(8)Sen, S.P. Internal Combustion Engine (Theory and Practice),Second ed.
Delhi: Khanna, 1984.
(9)Wallace, F.J. and Linning, W.A. Basic Engineering Therm0dynamics,
Second ed. London: Pitman, 1977.
(10)William Z. Black & James G. Hartly, Thermodynamics, Harper & Row,
New York, 1985.
(11)Yunus A. Cengel & Michael A. Boles, Thermodynamics, Third Edittion,
New York, McGraw-Hill, 1998.
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺍﺠﻊ ﺒﺎﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ‬-(‫)ﺏ‬
،‫ ﺼﺎﻟﺢ ﺇﺴﻤﺎﻋﻴل ﻨﺠﻡ ﻭﺁﺨـﺭﻴﻥ‬.‫ ﺘﺭﺠﻤﺔ ﺩ‬،‫ ﺩﻭﻟﺘل‬.‫ﺃﺱ‬.‫ ﺘﺄﻟﻴﻑ ﺠﺴﻲ‬،‫(ﺩﻴﻨﺎﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻟﻠﻤﻬﻨﺩﺴﻴﻥ‬1)
.1988 ،‫ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺼﺭﺓ‬
،‫ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻌـﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜـﺔ‬،‫ ﺇﺴـﻜﻨﺩﺭﻴﺔ‬،‫ ﻤﻨﺸﺄﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺭﻑ‬،‫ ﺭﻤﻀﺎﻥ ﺃﺤﻤﺩ ﻤﺤﻤﻭﺩ‬.‫ ﺩ‬،‫(ﺍﻟﺜﺭﻤﻭﺩﻴﻨﺎﻤﻴﻜﺎ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺩﺴﻴﺔ‬2)
.1983
،‫ ﺒﺭﻫﺎﻥ ﻤﺤﻤﻭﺩ ﺃﺤﻤﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻲ ﻭﺁﺨـﺭﻴﻥ‬.‫ ﺘﺭﺠﻤﺔ ﺩ‬،‫ ﺘﺄﻟﻴﻑ ﺴﻨﻴﺩﻥ ﻭﻜﻴﺭ‬،‫(ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻁﺒﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻬﻨﺩﺴﻴﻥ‬3)
.1992 ،‫ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼل‬
.1985 ،‫ ﺒﻐﺩﺍﺩ‬،‫ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻭﻟﻭﺠﻴﺔ‬،‫ ﻋﺎﺭﻑ ﺃﺒﻭ ﺼﻔﻴﺔ‬.‫ ﺘﺄﻟﻴﻑ ﺩ‬.‫(ﺩﻴﻨﺎﻤﻴﻜﺎ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺘﺎﻟﻭﺭﺠﻴﺔ‬4)
‫)‪(5‬ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻁﺒﻴﻘﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬ﺘﺄﻟﻴﻑ ﺘﻲ‪ .‬ﺃﺝ‪ .‬ﺘﻭﻤﺎﺱ ﻭﺃﺭ‪ .‬ﻫﻨﺕ‪ ،‬ﺘﺭﺠﻤﺔ ﺩ‪ .‬ﻓﺎﻟﺢ ﺤﺴﻥ ﺨـﺼﺎﻑ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻤﻌـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻭﻟﻭﺠﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺒﻐﺩﺍﺩ‪.1981 ،‬‬
‫)‪(6‬ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺭﻤﻭﺩﺍﻴﻨﻤﻴﻙ‪ ،‬ﺘﺄﻟﻴﻑ ﺩ‪ .‬ﺴﻤﻴﺭ ﺨﻀﺭ‪ ،‬ﺁﻤﻨﺔ ﺃﺤﻤﺩ ﺭﻤﺯﻱ‪ ،‬ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺒﻐﺩﺍﺩ‪ ،‬ﻜﻠﻴـﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠـﻭﻡ‪،‬‬
‫‪.1978‬‬
‫)‪(7‬ﺍﻟﺜﺭﻤﻭﺩﻴﻨﺎﻤﻴﻜﺱ‪ ،‬ﺘﺄﻟﻴﻑ ﻓﺭﺍﻨﺴﻴﺱ ﻭﺴﺘﻭﻥ ﺴﻴﺭﺱ‪ ،‬ﺘﺭﺠﻤﺔ ﺩ‪.‬ﻁـﺎﻫﺭ ﻤﺠﻴـﺩ ﺍﻟـﺸﺭﺒﺘﻲ‪ ،‬ﺩ‪ .‬ﺭﻀـﺎ‬
‫ﺠﺭﺠﻴﺱ‪ ،‬ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺼﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺒﻴﺔ –ﻗﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺯﻴﺎﺀ‪.1980 ،‬‬
‫)‪(8‬ﺍﻟﺜﺭﻤﻭﺩﻴﻨﺎﻤﻴﻙ‪ ،‬ﺘﺄﻟﻴﻑ ﺩ‪ .‬ﺴﺎﻤﻲ ﻤﻅﻠﻭﻡ ﺼﺎﻟﺢ ﻭﺁﺨﺭﻴﻥ‪ .‬ﻭﺯﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ‪-‬ﺒﻐﺩﺍﺩ‪،‬‬
‫‪.1978‬‬
‫)‪(9‬ﺍﻟﺜﺭﻤﻭﺩﻴﻨﺎﻤﻴﻙ ﻭﺍﻵﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺩ‪ .‬ﻤﺭﺘﻀﻰ ﺍﻟﻜﻭﺍﻜﺒﻲ‪ ،‬ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺤﻠﺏ‪ -‬ﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺩﺴﺔ‪.1971 ،‬‬
‫)‪(10‬ﺍﻟﺜﺭﻤﻭﺩﻴﻨﺎﻤﻴﻜﺎ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺩﺴﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻘل ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻱ‪،‬ﺘﺄﻟﻴﻑ ﻓﻼﺩﻴﻤﻴﺭ ﻨﺎﺸﻭﻜﻴﻥ‪ ،‬ﺘﺭﺠﻤﺔ ﺩ‪ .‬ﻤﺤﻤﺩ ﺠﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻤﺩ‪،‬‬
‫ﺩﺍﺭ ﻤﻴﺭ‪ ،‬ﻤﻭﺴﻜﻭ‪.1986 ،‬‬
‫)‪(11‬ﻤﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺌﻊ‪ ،‬ﺘﺄﻟﻴﻑ ﺩ‪ .‬ﺠﻤﻴل ﺍﻟﻤﻼﺌﻜﺔ‪ ،‬ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺒﻐﺩﺍﺩ‪ ،‬ﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺩﺴﺔ‪-‬ﺒﻐﺩﺍﺩ‪.1982 ،‬‬
‫)‪(12‬ﻤﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺩﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻬﻴﺩﺭﻭﻟﻴﻜﺎ‪ ، ،‬ﺃ‪ .‬ﺘﺸﻴﺭﻨﻭﻑ ﻭﺁﺨﺭﻴﻥ‪ ،‬ﺩﺍﺭﻤﻴﺭ‪.1980 ،‬‬
‫)‪(13‬ﻤﻘﺩﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺩﻴﻨﺎﻤﻴﻙ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺌﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺘﺄﻟﻴﻑ ﺠﻲ‪.‬ﺍﻡ‪.‬ﺴﻤﺙ ﻭﺍﺝ‪ .‬ﺴﻲ‪.‬ﻓﺎﻥ ﻨﻴﺱ‪ ،‬ﺘﺭﺠﻤﺔ ﺩ‪ .‬ﺤﺴﻴﺏ‬
‫ﻴﺤﻴﻰ ﺃﺤﻤﺩ ﻭﺁﺨﺭﻴﻥ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻭﻟﻭﺠﻴﺔ‪-‬ﺒﻐﺩﺍﺩ‪.1988 ،‬‬
‫)‪(14‬ﺍﻟﺩﻴﻨﺎﻤﻴﻜﺎ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻡ‪.‬ﻡ‪ .‬ﺃﻴﻭﺕ‪ ،‬ﺴﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﻤﺨﺘﺼﺭﺍﺕ ﺴﺸﻭﻡ ﺩﺍﺭ ﻤﺎﻜﺠﺭﻭ‪-‬ﻫﻴل ﻟﻠﻨﺸﺭ‪.1980،‬‬
‫)‪(15‬ﻤﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﺩﻴﻨﺎﻤﻴﻙ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﺩ‪ .‬ﻤﻨﺫﺭ ﺇﺴﻤﺎﻋﻴل‪ ،‬ﻭﺯﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ‪ ،‬ﺒﻐﺩﺍﺩ‪.1980 ،‬‬
‫)‪(16‬ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺩﻴﻨﺎﻤﻴﻜﺎ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺘﺄﻟﻴﻑ ﻤﺎﺭﻙ ﺯﻴﻤﺎﻨﺴﻜﻲ‪ ،‬ﺘﺭﺠﻤﺔ ﺩ‪ .‬ﻤﺤﺴﻥ ﺴـﺎﻟﻡ ﺭﻀـﻭﺍﻥ‪ ،‬ﺩﺍﺭ‬
‫ﻤﺎﻜﺠﺭﻭ‪-‬ﻫﻴل ﻟﻠﻨﺸﺭ‪.1981 ،‬‬