Learning objective

At the end of this lesson student should be

able to:
Measure physical quantities using
appropriate instrument
Explain accuracy and consistency
Explain sensitivity

Differentiate the distribution of

gunshot below

Figure (a)

Figure (b)

Explanation
Figure (a)
Shots are closer to the target but scattered
from each other.
In other word, we can say all shot are
accurate
Figure(b)
All shots are close to each other but far from
the target
In other word, we can say that all shots are
consistent

What exactly means of consistency

and accuracy???

Introduction
Every measurement of a physical
quantity is an estimation only.
No measurement is exactly accurate and
consistent
For example, 500 g of rice bought from a
retail shop maybe 500.1 g or 499.9 g

Consistency
If all the reading are the same or if the
variations are small, then the measurements
are consistent
Consistency of the measuring instrument is
the ability of the instrument to produce
reading that are consistent with little or no
variations.
Precise electronic measuring instruments
such as the electronic balance usually
produce consistent reading.

Electronics balances

Accuracy
The accuracy of measuring instrument is the
ability of the instrument to give
measurements of a physical quantity which
are close to the actual value.
How to increase accuracy during take a
reading? To increase accuracy during take a
reading is take a reading many time (at least 3
times)

According to the picture

beside, interpret the
distribution of gun shots.

From the picture above we can say that the

distribution of gun shots is accurate and consistent.
This because all gun shots closest each other and
closest to the target.

Which of the following picture show us

not accuracy but consistent?
A

Which of the following picture show us

accuracy and consistent?
A

Which of the following picture show us

accuracy but not consistent?
A

Example :
The actual height of the table is 56.2cm.
Two students, Ahmad and Bakri measure
the height of the table and obtain the
following data:
Ahmad
(x)
Bakri
(.)

56.3cm

56.2cm 56.1cm 56.4cm

57.0cm

57.0cm 57.1cm 57.1cm

Solution
For Ahmad,
His reading are considered accurate because they are
very close to the actual reading
His reading are considered not consistent because
there are variations between the readings
For Bakri,
His reading are considered inaccurate because they are
far from the actual reading
His readings are considered more consistent because
they are concentrated on two values only

Quiz
1. If a group of students from your class leave for
Japan by plane, how are the readings on their
watches when they arrive in Japan?
A.
B.
C.
D.

Accurate but not consistent

Consistent but not accurate
Not consistent and not accurate
Accurate and consistent

Answer: B

Part of Vernier Callipers with their functions

Screw clamp to ensure that reading does not change

while the scale is being read

Method of Reading
Vernier Calipers

1.

Determine the reading on the main scale,

which is the value on the main scale just
before the zero mark on the Vernier scale

The reading on main scale = 2.3cm

2.

Determine the reading on the Vernier scale,

which is the marking on the Vernier scale which
coincides with a marking on the main scale.

Vernier scale reading = 0.4 mm

= 0.04 cm

3. The total reading is obtained by adding the

reading on the main scale with the reading on
the Vernier scale.

Will a measurement taken using this Vernier

calipers be accurate? Why?

 No, because this Vernier calipers has zero

error. The 0 mark on the main scale is not
in line with the 0 mark on the vernier scale
when jaws of the vernier calipers is closed

Zero Error on the Vernier Calipers

There are two type of zero error on the Vernier
calipers :
Positive Zero Error
Negative Zero Error

Positive zero error

Negative zero error

In case you
get the
negative
zero error,
the value
you obtain
from
Vernier
caliper
must be
subtract
with 0.1

Micrometer screw Gauge

How reading Micrometer Screw Gauge

1

0.5

Main scale ade dua scale:

Atas : yg mane setiap scale ni bermula dgn
0,1,2
Bawah: yg bwh pula setiap satu bernilai 0.5

 Semasa mengambil bacaan di main scale pastikan scale yg

kat bawah tu nampak atau tidak. Klau nampak, nilai yg kat
bawah kena tmbh dgn nilai yg kat atas.
So, skrg bacaan di main scale ialah 1.5

 Then take a reading on thimble scale. Bacaan yg kita

ambil adalah line on thimble scale yang coinside dgn
garis tengah on the main scale.
Berdsarkn gmbr diatas, 37 adalah garis yg coinsides
Then, 37 X 0.01 = 0.37 , ini kerana setiap scale line
bernilai O.O1 mm

 Reading on main scale + Reading on thimble

scale
1.5 + 0.37 = 1.87 mm

Positive zero error

If 0 mark
on main
scale is
locate above
than 0
mark on
thimble
scale, you
will get
positive zero
error

Negative zero error

If 0 mark
on main
scale is
locate
below than
0 mark on
thimble
scale, you
will get
negative
zero error

1. Students measure the same book. But why they

get different reading?
Because use the different type of instruments.
2. Which instruments is sensitive? Why?
Micrometer screw gauge because can read up
to 3 decimal place.

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