qarTveluri memkvidreoba (akaki wereTlis saxelmwifo universitetis qarTveluri

dialeqtologiis samecniero-kvleviTi institutis perioduli samecniero Jurnali) tomi XII,

gv., 241-247

madona konstantines asuli niJaraZe

saqarTvelos avtonomiis sakiTxi

da qarTveli inteligencia

qarTveli xalxis erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraoba mTels mis istorias gasdevs,

magram man gansakuTrebuli saxe miiRo XIX saukuneSi, rodesac ruseTis imperiam
gaauqma qarTuli saxelmwifoebrioba, taxti waarTva bagrationTa aTaswlovan samefo
dinastias da saqarTvelo nawil-nawil miuerTa ruseTs, aqcia mis guberniebad.
qarTveli xalxi ar Seurigda erovnuli Cagvris axal uRels, romelsac gansakuTrebulad
sastikad miiCnevda, radgan saqarTvelos ruseTisagan megobroba, mokavSireoba surda
mezobeli musulmani agresorebis winaaRmdeg.
XIX saukunis II naxevridan TergdaleulTa xelmZRvanelobiT erovnul-
ganmaTavisuflebelma moZraobam mwvave ideologiuri, farTo saxalxo xasiaTi SeiZina.
swored am dros ilia WavWavaZis "iveriam" dasva pirvelad qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobis
aRdgenis sakiTxi, Tumca Zalze SezRudulad, Sefarulad, magram mainc es iyo pirveli cda
avtonomiis moTxovnisa ruseTis farglebSi, rac SemdegSi ilia WavWavaZem ufro farTod
gansazRvra erovnul-demokratTa programaSi. "iveriis" mowinave statiis Sinaarsi imaze
metyvelebda, rom ilia WavWavaZesa da mis TanamebrZolebs ruseTis mravalerovnuli
saxelmwifos politikur-administraciuli mowyobis saukeTeso formad erovnul-teritoriul
avtonomiaTa federacia miaCndaT (al. bendianiSvili, 1980, gv. 147-148).
SemdegSi es problema detalurad daamuSaves da ufro energiuli saqmianoba
avtonomia-federaciis sakiTxze gaaCaRes gazeTebis "cnobis furclisa" da "saqarTvelos"
publicistebma.
"cnobis furclisa" da "saqarTvelos" irgvliv Tavmoyrili iyo qarTveli inteligenciis
mowinave nawili, kerZod: arCil jorjaZe, giorgi lasxiSvili, samson fircxalava, grigol
rcxilaZe, kita abaSiZe, aleqsandre aRlaZe, vladimer lorTqifaniZe.
am jgufma, romelic SemdegSi socialist-federalisturi partiis Seqmnis iniciatori iyo,
Taviseburi midgoma gamoamJRavna imTaviTve avtonomiis ideisadmi.
900-ian wlebSi mowinave qarTveli inteligenciis mier wamoyenebuli avtonomiis
ideas mxardaWera hqonda TviT imperiuli xelisuflebis mxridan. ruseTis mowinave
inteligencia im etapze am ideas farTo propagandas uwevda. 1906 wels ruseTis
saTaTbiroSi Seiqmna fraqcia, romelic sakanonmdeblo mxardaWeras ucxadebda
avtonomia-federaciis principiT ruseTis mowyobas, im erebisTvis kulturul-administraciuli
uflebebis miniWebas da avtonomiuri formiT arsebobis uflebas, romlebic ibrZodnen
amisaTvis. Sedegad ruseTi Seanelebda antireJimul gamosvlebs, centridanul
mmarTvelobas gaaadvilebda da imperiis kuTxeebs Soris kavSirs ganamtkicebda. es erebi
da qveynebi iyvnen: poloneTi, fineTi, baltiispireTi, amierkavkasiis qveynebi.
saTaTbiroSi Semaval avtonomistTa fraqciaSi Sediodnen da muSaobas
warmarTavdnen cnobili rusi profesorebi: boduen de kurtene, luCicki, lednicki,
kolubiakini, Sragi da sxv. kavSiri aRiarebda ruseTis mTlianobis politikas da iTxovda
erovnul-teritoriul avtonomiebs.
federaciul mowyobas eTanxmebodnen cnobili rusi mecnierebi, mwerlebi,
SemoqmedebiTi jgufebi, publicistebi.
saqarTvelos avtonomiis farglebSi saxelmwifo enad qarTuli ena gamocxaddeboda,
magram kanonmdebloba uzrunvelyofda saqarTvelos teritoriaze mcxovreb sxva
erovnebaTa enebis, kulturis, zne-Cveulebebis dacvasa da Tavisufal ganviTarebas.
avtonomiuri saqarTvelos parlamenti saSinao politikas warmarTavda, magram
sagareo politikis warmarTvis ufleba mas ar eqneboda. saqarTvelo Tavis wvlils Seitanda
federalur biujetSi da ruseTis Tavdacvis xarjebSi. ruseTis erTiani federaciuli saxelmwifos
marTva-gamgeobaSi avtonomiuri saqarTvelo centralur parlamentSi monawileobas
miiRebda gagzavnili warmomadgenlebis meSveobiT (oqmebi.., 1904, gv. 176-183).
imis gamo, rom avtonomiis sakiTxSi sazogadoebis mowinave nawilis azri orad
gaiyo: erTni emxrobodnen ruseTis federaciaSi saqarTvelos Sesvlas avtonomiis saxiT,
meoreni ki _ srul damoukideblobas iTxovdnen da yovelgvari politikuri kavSiris
gawyvetas ruseTTan, saWiro gaxda am ori azris SeTanxmeba. amitom 1904 wlis aprilSi
Catarda partiaTa da sazogadoebriv-politikur mimdinareobaTa warmomadgenlebis
konferencia, sadac unda miRebuliyo saerTo rezoluciebi ganxilul sakiTxebze, ris gamoc
social-demokratebma konferencia datoves. konferenciam yvelaze didi adgili avtonomiis
sakiTxis ganxilvas dauTmo. avtonomiis moTxovnas socialist-federalistebTan erTad
mxari dauWires socialist-revolucionerebma da anarqistebma. konferenciaze
"separatistebic" gamovidnen, Tumca isini umciresobaSi aRmoCndnen.
konferenciis mier miRebul rezoluciaSi ewera: "qarTvel revolucionerTa konferencia
uaryofs separatizms, romelic ar CaiTvleba erTa socialuri ganviTarebisa da erTa Soris
solidarobis ganmtkicebis Tavdebad da acxadebs, rom ganTavisuflebuli saqarTvelosaTvis
saukeTeso da usaWiroesi wyobileba unda iyos avtonomiuri _ saqarTvelo sxva erebTan
federaciulad SekavSirebuli" (oqmebi.., 1904, gv. 176-183).
am konferenciis organizatori da cnobili moazrovne arCil jorjaZe SemdegSi
aRniSnavda, rom igi male mixvda uazrobas: saerTaSoriso samarTalze imedis
damyarebiT damoukideblobis aRdgenas dasavleT evropaze damyarebuli imedebic male
ganelda. cxadi gaxda, rom amgvari imedebiT qarTvelebi verc saerTaSoriso asparezze
gavidodiT da verc erovnul avtonomias miviRebdiTo (gaz. "cnobis furceli", 1905 w., 25
Tebervali).
qarTuli presa did adgils uTmobda saxelmwifoebrivi mmarTvelobis sxvadasxva
formebs: federaciis, konfederaciis, unia-xelSekrulebis formebs, arCevda maT, argebda
qarTul interesebs.
am mxriv saintereso iyo samson fircxalavas werilebi "cnobis furcelSi", sadac is
upirates rols federaciis formas aniWebda.
saerTo demokratiul Tvalsazrisze mdgari qarTuli presa miiCnevda ruseTis
demokratiul safuZvelze gardaqmnis SesaZleblobas da avtonomiuri mmarTvelobis
ganxorcielebisaTvis brZolaSi Tavadaznau-robis gamoyenebasac.
saqarTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxeSi, kerZod, kaxeTSi, imereTSi, Tbilisis
saTavadaznauro krebebze gamohqondaT gadawyvetileba "qveynis mmarTvelobis
principad avtonomiis dasadebad". saqarTvelos inteligencias miaCnda, rom saswrafod
unda mowveuliyo damfuZnebeli kreba aRniSnuli sakiTxis gadasaWrelad.
 mxolod ganaxlebul ruseTs SeeZlo Serigeboda nacionaluri batonobis dakargvas da
im azrs, rom ganaxlebis gzaze damdgar erebs esaWiroeboda Tavisufleba da
TviTmmarTveloba (gaz. "cnobis furceli", 1905 w. 31 marti).
1905 wlis 18 Tebervals ruseTma gamosca imperatoris umaRlesi brZaneba
saxelmwifo saTaTbiros mowvevis Taobaze. amas did miRwevad Tvlida daviT
kariWaSvili, Tumca saeWvodac miiCnevda, rom am organoSi warmomadgenlebis
arCevis ufleba qarTvelebs miscemodaT.
saqarTvelos Sesvla ruseTis mfarvelobaSi qarTvel mefeebs da xalxs, daviT
kariWaSvilis azriT, sxvagvarad warmoedginaT. ruseTis biurokratiam ki uaryo qarTvelTa
erovnuli arseboba da misi sruli gadagvareba moisurva. Tanamedrove pirobebSi d.
kariWaSvili ayenebda axal moTxovnebs. eseni iyo:
1. saxelmwifo (rusul) enasTan erTad qarTuli enis daSveba skolebsa da saxelmwifo
dawesebulebebSi;
2. qarTuli eklesiis avtokefaliis aRdgena;
3. saqarTvelos moxeleebad ZiriTadad qarTvelebis daniSvna;
4. Cvens qveyanaSi sagubernio erobebis nacvlad erTi, centraluri saqarTvelos
erobisa da misi dawesebulebebis Camoyalibeba (gaz. "cnobis furceli", 1905 w. 18
maisi).
es moTxovnebi metad zomieri da SezRuduli iyo, rac mowinave qarTvel
inteligencias da qveynis patriotul Zalebs am droisTvis sruliad aRar akmayofilebdaT.
erovnuli sakiTxis dasmas, qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobis aRdgenas an Seqmnas
umTavres miznad acxadebdnen qarTveli publicistebi: anonimi avtori statiaSi "eri da
saxelmwifo" ixilavda sxvadasxva Tvalsazriss erovnul sakiTxze. is uaryofda da ganxilvis
Rirsadac ar miiCnevda imaT Tvalsazriss, romelTa TeoriiT did erebs unda CaeylapaT
patarebi.
avtonomistTa ideas dapirispirebuli qarTveli politikosebi acxadebdnen, rom es ar
iyo xalxis moTxovna, rom es avtonomia mxolod burJuaziis interesTa damcvelebma
moigones. samson fircxalava amas arasamarTlian gancxadebad Tvlida. misi azriT, xalxi
iTxovda saerTo demokratiul gardaqmnebs, arCevnebs. yvelaferi, rasac xalxi iTxovda, iyo
namdvili avtonomiis Sinaarsi. moxeleTa arCevnebi, qarTul enaze sasamarTlo da sxva
biurokratiuli dawesebulebebis muSaoba SeiZleboda mxolod avtonomiuri
TviTmmarTvelobis mqone qveyanaSi, xalxi decentralizaciis gziT unda daaxloveboda
marTva-gamgeobas.
gaz. "iveriasa" da "cnobis furcelSi" xSirad ibeWdeboda rusi moazrovneebis
werilebi. eseni umTavresad is avtonomistebi iyvnen, romlebmac damoukidebeli fraqcia
Seqmnes ruseTis sabWoSi, an, TavianTi demokratiuli azrovnebis gamo, mxars
uWerdnen erTa TviTgamorkvevis process avtonomiur-federaciul saxelmwifoSi.
v. golubaevis azriT, carizmi xSirad hkidebda erTmaneTs sxvadasxva erebs,
mimarTavda ra "dahyav da ibatones" imperiul princips, am gziT cdilobda Tavis
gadarCenas (v. golubaevi, 1905).
erTmaneTs daupirispirdnen erovnul-demokrati vasil wereTeli da social-demokrati
(bolSeviki) aleqsandre wulukiZec. avtonomias wulukiZe miuReblad Tvlida: ruseTSi
burJuazia ufro gaZlierdeba da CvenSi did baJebs Semoitanso, razedac vasil wereTeli
pasuxobda: marto eg Tua mizezi, maSin Cveni burJuaziac sakuTar baJebs daawesebs da
avtonomia ukeTesic iqnebao (alaroideli, 1909).
 saqarTvelos avtonomias mxars uWerda mwerali mixeil javaxiSvili. misi
publikaciebi xSirad warmoadgenda avtonomistTa opoziciis socialisturi partiebis
warmomadgenlebTan polemikas.
am sakiTxze msjelobdnen gazeTebi "Sroma" da "lampari". "Sroma" erovnuli
mimarTulebis iyo, "lampari" ki - prorusuli orientaciis.
"lamparsa" da "Sromas" Soris gamarTul polemikaSi Canda, rom mixeil
javaxiSvili mxars uWerda avtonomiis ideas, mas ramdenjerme mouxda Tavisi
Tvalsazrisis dasabuTeba (m. adamaSvili, 1906).
socialist-federalisturi "Sroma" TavgamodebiT icavda erovnul avtonomiasa da
msoflio federacias. misi azriT, unda mospobiliyo saxelmwifoTa amdroindeli sazRvrebi,
radganac isini "ar eTanxmebodnen eTnografiul da erovnul sazRvrebs" (gaz. "Sroma",
1906, #4).
avtonomiis moTxovnaSi igi imowmebda rusuli demokratiuli presis iseT organos,
rogoric iyo peterburgSi gamomavali gazeTi "strana".
"Sroma" Tvlida, rom social-demokratebma 1903 wlidan dakarges erovnuli saxe,
roca ruseTis socialur-demokratiul partiaSi aiTqvifnen. gazeTi ixilavda 1903 wlis
yrilobaze warsadgeni programis proeqtis II muxls, sadac ewera: "demokratiuli respublika,
romelic dafuZnebuli iqneba federaciuli principis Tanaxmad (saxelmwifos sxvadasxva
eris SeTanxmebuli moqmedebis safuZvlebze), ruseTis dayofa olqebad ekonomikuri da
teritoriuli pirobebis mixedviT" (gaz. "Sroma", 1906, #5).
"Sroma" akritikebda calkeul mosazrebebs avtonomiis Sesaxeb. is mxars ar uWerda
erovnul avtonomias, im mosazrebiT, rom teritoriul avtonomiaSi erTi eris hegemonia
ganxorcieldeboda da moxdeboda patara erebis daCagvra, erovnuli avtonomiebis
SemoReba swori ar iyo.
"Sroma" gamoricxavda saqarTvelos istoriuli sazRvrebis aRdgenas, iseTi teritoriul
moTxovnas, rogoric iyo, magaliTad, zaqaTala, romelic "ukve sxva modgmis xalxiT" iyo
dasaxlebuli, magram mtkiced icavda Tvalsazriss, rom is teritoria, romelic realurad
warmoadgenda qarTveli xalxis sacxovrebel adgils, saqarTvelos avtonomiaSi unda
Sesuliyo, Tundac mis SigniT, ramdenime raionSi, kompaqturad yofiliyvnen dasaxlebulni
somxebi an sxva eris xalxi.
gazeTis azriT, erTi eris meoreze gabatoneba ver moxdeboda, radgan amas
gamoricxavdnen saxelmwifos demokratiuli institutebi.
socialist-federalisturi "Sromis" amgvari Tvalsazrisi progresuli iyo am droisaTvis,
Tumca bolomde misaRebi igi qarTveli xalxis mowinave moazrovneebisaTvis ar yofila.
erovnul-demokratiuli mimarTulebis politikosebi amgvar avtonomiaSi xedavdnen
qarTveli eris interesebisadmi winaaRmdegobas, maT zaqaTala Tu samahmadiano
saqarTvelos teritoriebi momavali qarTuli saxelmwifos nawilad miaCndaT.
ruseTis I revoluciis dros gaaqtiurebuli es sakiTxi revoluciis Semdeg TiTqos
miiviwyes, Tumca qarTuli presa mainc ar iviwyebda am sakiTxs, ruseTis avtonomia-
federaciuli principebiT mowyobas da saimperio erovnul politikas, kolonizaciis
mimdinare procesebs erTmaneTTan akavSirebda da aanalizebda, raTa saTanado
daskvnebi gamoetana.
avtonomiis ideas ayenebda mixako wereTeli, cnobili qarTveli anarqisti gazeT
"erSi" gamoqveynebul vrcel publikaciaSi _ "eris ufleba" mTavar sakiTxad saerTaSoriso
organizaciebis mier erebis uflebaTa dacvas ayenebda da ara qveynebis uflebebisas.
 aseve saintereso iyo giorgi Jordanias broSura "aqvs Tu ara saqarTvelos kanonieri
ufleba moiTxovos avtonomia." es naSromi "grakxis" fesevdonimiT daibeWda quTaisSi
1907 wels, magram ver gavrcelda cenzuris gamo. naSromze recenzia gamoaqveyna
cnobilma istorikosma givi Jordaniam.
I msoflio omis dros ruseTi cdilobda kvlav Careuliyo saqarTvelos demografiul
procesebSi, ayrili aWarlebis nacvlad aWaris soflebSi sxva eTnosi CaesaxlebinaT, rasac
xeli SeuSala qarTulma erovnulma saqvelmoqmedo sazogadoebam, romelmac SeZlo
Tanxis Segroveba da iq kvlav aWarlebi daabruna.
1917 wlis Tebervlis revoluciis Semdeg amierkavkasiam marTlac moipova
avtonomiuri federacia. masSi sami qveyana: saqarTvelo, somxeTi da azerbaijani
gaerTianda. amierkavkasiis federaciul saxelmwifos qarTveli social-demokratebi, somexi
daSnak-cutunebi da azerbaijaneli musavatis partiebi marTavdnen. centri federaciisa q.
Tbilisi iyo. mis mTavrobaSic ZiriTadad qarTvelebi Warbobdnen.
mmarTveli social-demokratebi imedovnebdnen, rom ruseTSi gaZlierdeboda
demokratiuli xelisufleba da amierkavkasiis federacias miiRebda mis SemadgenlobaSi.
social-demokrati ivane gomarTeli gazeTSi _"Cveni megobari" imedovnebda, rom
saqarTvelo avtonomiis saxiT Sevidoda amierkavkasiis sxva qveynebTan erTad ruseTis
federaciul saxelmwifoSi.

damowmebuli literatura

m. adamaSvili, 1906 - m. adamaSvili, pasuxad "kampris redaqcias: gaz. "Sroma",

#57, ¹62, 1906.
alaroideli, 1909 - alaroideli, kavkasiis erToba: gaz. "droeba", #251, 1909 wlis 11
noemberi.
al. bendianiSvili, 1980 - al. bendianiSvili, erovnuli sakiTxi saqarTveloSi 1801-1921
wlebSi, Tb., 1980.
v. golubaevi, 1905 - v. golubaevi, erovneba da erebi: gaz. "cnobis furceli", 1905, 18
maisi.
erovnuli da teritorialuri: gaz. "Sroma", #11, 1906 wlis 16 aprili.
g. lasxiSvili, 1934 - g. lasxiSvili, memuarebi, Tb., 1934.
nacionaluri avtonomia da msoflio federacia: gaz. "Sroma", #4, 1906.
oqmebi.., 1904 - oqmebi qarTvel revolucionerTa pirveli konferenciisa, parizi,
1904.
gaz. "saqarTvelo", 1903, #9.
saqarTvelos xalxTa moZraoba da erovnuli niadagi: gaz. `Sroma", #5, 1906.
scsa - saqarTvelos centraluri saxelmwifo arqivi.
gaz. "cnobis furceli", 1905 w. 25 Tebervali, 29 marti, 31 marti, 16 aprili, 24
aprili; 18 maisi, 29 oqtomberi.
d. WumburiZe, 2003 - d. WumburiZe, qarTveli xalxis erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli
brZola XX s-is dasawyisSi: "mematiane", Tb., 2003.
Гр. Чалхушян, Армянский вопрос России, Тиф., 1905 г., ВЕ.63-63; Кариба, Кра-
сная книга, Тиф., 1920, стр. 52.
 MADONA NIZHARADZE

THE QUESTION OF GEORGIA’S AUTONOMY AND THE

GEORGIAN INTELLIGENTSIA

The question of restoring Georgia’s statehood was first deposed in Iveria, edited by
Ilia Chavchavadze. Later energetic polemics about the issues autonomy and federative
systems appeared in the newspapers Tsnobis Purtseli and Sakartvelo.
The idea of autonomy was promulgated by Grigol Rtskhiladze, Mikheil
Javakhishvili, Vasil Tsereteli, Kita Abashidze, Aleksandre Agladze, Vladimer
Lortkipanidze and others. In 1900s even the Russia’s imperialistic government supported
the idea of Georgia’s autonomy.
The chief point of publicists publishing in Georgian press was the demand of
restoring the Georgian as the official language of the autonomy. As for the other ethnic
groups living here they should be provided legal grounds for the preservation of their
language, culture and customs, the a possibility for the unencumbered freedom of
development.