M.tech Lab Manual

Industrial Instrumentation Lab
Expt. No:1
Date:
MEASUREMENT OF LEVEL& FLOW

AIM
To measure level of a tank using Capacitance type Level Gauge and to study the
characteristics and working principle of flow station.
COMPONENTS REQUIRED
VFPS-021 unit, PC, Data Acquisition Card (VAD104) with software, Patch Chords, Loop
cable, Capacitance Level Sensor
SPECIFICATION
Level Sensor
SENSOR
OUTPUT
: Capacitance Type
INACCURACY
: 5.0%
MEASURING TANK CAPACITY
: 50cms
MOTOR
: FHP motor with vertical pump attached
Indicator
DISPLAY
EXCITATION
INACCURACY
TARE
CALIBRATION
POWER SUPPLY
DISPLAY
ZERO
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: 4 to 20mA for FSD
: 3.5 digit seven segment LED display is used for the

indicator of 200mV full scale deflection to read +/- 199.9
: 24V DC
: 1.0%
: Front panel Zero adjustment through potentiometer
: in terms of Level (cms.)
: 230V +/- 10% 50 Hz.
: 3.5 Digit LED display to read +/- 1999 counts for 200mV
FSD
: Single turn Potentiometer to adjust the display to read
000
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SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM
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THEORY
Level Transmitter Trainer Using Capacitance type Level Gauge is a unique model
specially designed to demonstrate the method and application of level transmitter. The system
comprises of measuring tank with inlet and over flow port on the top, outlet port to drain water.
The measuring tank is fitted on the source tank. A rod is suspended from the capacitive sensor
inside the measuring tank full length. As the water is filled inside the tank the specific level of the
rod keeps reducing based on the level of water. The output of the capacitive sensor is connected
to the indicator which is calibrated top indicate the level of water in cms and also gives the
current output (4-20mA).
An orifice plate installed in a line creates a pressure differential as the fluid flows through
it. This differential pressure is measured via impulse lines by a differential pressure transmitter
which converts it into an analogue or digital signal which can be processed to provide a display
of the instantaneous rate of flow. The relationship between the rate of flow and the differential
pressure produced is very well understood and is fully covered by comprehensive national
standards. There is a pressure tap upstream from the orifice plate and another just downstream.
There are in general three methods of placing the taps. The coefficient of the meter depends upon
the position of taps.
CIRCUIT EXPLANATION
1) Level Transmitter & Indicator
The circuit comprises of three parts:
a) POWER SUPPLY
b) SIGNAL CONDITIONING AND AMPLIFYING
c) ANALOG TO DIGITAL CONVERTER
a) Power Supply
Inbuilt power supply use power to all electronic devices inside the circuitry. High stable
regulated Power supply is used for better performance.
There are two power supplies inside the unit.
0 5V 250mA & 0 - -5V 250mA. These two power supplies are used to drive the ADC
card and also for signal conditioner and also as strain gauge bridge excitation.
b) Signal Conditioning And Amplifying
Signal conditioner will process the output of transducer and presents a linear DC Voltage to the
amplifier. This circuit will also buffer the input signal given to the differential amplifier.
OBSERVATIONS- Level
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Tabular Column
SL.N
O
Actual Reading
Indicator Reading
Multimeter reading
(cm)
(cm)
(cm)
Expected Graph
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The operational amplifier is used as a differential amplifier where the signal gets
amplified to require level. The amplifier gives out the analog output.
c) Analog To Digital Converter
The output from the amplifier is a linearized analog DC voltage. This analog output is
converted into digital output with the help of IC 7107 3.5 digit 200mV A to D converter.
Then it is displayed through seven segmented LEDs.
Connection details
a. Check all the connections are properly made to the tank and instrument.
b. Initially 4-20mA O/P port in the backside of the indicator is shorted.
c. If you want to measure 4-20mA O/P, remove the short then connect the multimeter to
measure the mA O/P.
PROCEDURE
Level
1. Fill the storage tank with water till half the capacity.
2. Check whether the drain valve is in closed position or not, if not closed, close it.
3. Connect the three pin cable provided at the back of the instrument to 230V supply.
4. Switch on the instrument by the ON/OFF switch on the front panel of the instrument.
5. The display glows to indicate the instrument is ON.
6. Connect the ammeter to 4-20mA output terminal at back panel to read the current output,
initially it shorted, if we need to measure 4-20mA O/P remove the short then connect the
millimetre to measure the O/P.
7. Ensure that the initial level of the water tank is 0 cms, the multimeter reads 4mA. Adjust
the zero pot on the front panel. So that the display reads 000.
8. Switch ON the motor, the water level starts increasing inside the measuring tank. Let the
water level reaches the maximum position (50cms). Switch off the motor. The display
will show the maximum level of water in centimetres. If any change adjust the CAL POT
on the panel to read 50.
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OBSERVATIONS- Flow
Tabular Column
Flow Rate(LPH)
Flow transmitter current output(mA)
Expected graph
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9. Release the Drain valve till the water level decreases by 5cms and note down the readings
on both manometer and digital display. And in the same way note down the level for
every 5cm decrease in the water level till the minimum level (0 cms) of the water.
Tabulate the readings in the tabular column.
10. Tabulate the readings and plot the graphs for Actual reading in the tank V/s Indicator
reading of the instrument with respect to the multimeter readings can be calculated.
Flow
1. Electrical and pneumatic connection should be given as per diagram.
2. Air pressure should be more than 25 psi and maintain the air regulator output pressure (G2) to
20psi by varying the air regulator knob.
3.Openswitch ON the VFPS-021 and VAD-104 unit.
4. Invoke process control software and select the process station>>flow.
5. Select control>>manual mode and enter a controller output of 100%.
6. Select file>>start
7. Now, the control valve is in fully open condition and switch ON the water circulating pump
and fully open the process tank outlet valve(HV2) and partially open the HV3.
9. The flow in pipe line increases, then note down the current readings for every 100LPH upto
maximum flow by adjusting the HV1.
10.Switch OFF the pump.
11. Plot the graph between the Rotameter flow (LPH) and flow transmitter current output (mA)
along X-Y axis respectively.
RESULT
The characteristics of the flow station was experimentally verified. Different levels of water in a
tank was measured and the characteristics curve was plotted.
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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
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Expt. No: 2
Date:-
MEASUREMENT OF TEMPERATURE
AIM
To measure the temperature and to study the characteristics of RTD, thermocouple and
thermistor.
SPECIFICATION
Display
Initial set
Final set:
Select X:
Power ON
3.5 digital LED display of 200mv FSD.

:
Single turn potentiometer to set initial temperature. (Room temperature)
Single turn potentiometer to calibrate the instrument.
3- way rotary switch to select RTD.
:
Rocker switch to control the power supply to the instrument.
THEORY
Resistance Thermometer
Resistance thermometers, also called resistance temperature detectors (RTDs), are
sensors used to measure temperature by correlating the resistance of the RTD element with
temperature. Most RTD elements consist of a length of fine coiled wire wrapped around a
ceramic or glass core. The element is usually quite fragile, so it is often placed inside a sheathed
probe to protect it. The RTD element is made from a pure material, typically platinum, nickel or
copper. The material has a predictable change in resistance as the temperature changes; it is this
predictable change that is used to determine temperature. They are slowly replacing the use
ofthermocouples in many industrial applications below 600 C, due to higher accuracy and
repeatability. The R vs. T relationship is defined as the amount of resistance change of the sensor
per degree of temperature change. The relative change in resistance (temperature coefficient of
resistance) varies only slightly over the useful range of the sensor.
Platinum is a noble metaland has the most stable resistance-temperature relationship over the
largest temperature range. Nickel elements have a limited temperature range because the amount
of change in resistance per degree of change in temperature becomes very non-linear at
temperatures over 572 F (300 C). Platinum is the best metal for RTDs because it follows a very
linear resistance-temperature relationship and it follows the R vs. T relationship in a highly
repeatable manner over a wide temperature range. The unique properties of platinum make it the
material of choice for temperature standards over the range of -272.5 C to 961.78 C, and is
used in the sensors that define the International Temperature Standard, ITS-90. Platinum is
chosen also because of its chemical inertness. Resistance thermometers use electrical resistance
and require a power source to operate.
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OBSERVATION
Indicated value
Thermometer Reading
RTD
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Thermocouple
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Thermistor
The resistance ideally varies nearlylinearly with temperature per the Callendar Van-Dusen
equation. The advantages of platinum resistance thermometers include: high accuracy, low drift,
wide operating range, suitability for precision applications.Limitations are RTDs in industrial
applications are rarely used above 660 C. At temperatures above 660 C it becomes increasingly
difficult to prevent the platinum from becoming contaminated by impurities from the metal
sheath of the thermometer. This is why laboratory standard thermometers replace the metal
sheath with a glass construction. At very low temperatures, say below -270 C (or 3 K), because
there are very few phonons, the resistance of an RTD is mainly determined by impurities and
boundaryscattering and thus basically independent of temperature. As a result, the sensitivity of
the RTD is essentially zero and therefore not useful.
Compared to thermistors, platinum RTDs are less sensitive to small temperature changes
and have a slower response time. However, thermistors have a smaller temperature range and
stability.
Thermistor
Thermistor is a combination of term thermal resistors. They are generally composed of
semiconductor material. Thermistors can be classified into two types, if the resistance increases
with increasing temperature, and the device is called a positive temperature coefficient (PTC)
thermistor. If the resistance decreases with increasing temperature, and the device is called a
negativetemperaturecoefficient (NTC) thermistor .Most thermistors have a negative coefficient
of temperature resistance, i.e. resistance decrease with increase in temperature. The negative
temperature coefficient of resistance can be a large as several percent per degree Celsius. This
allows a thermistor to detect very small change in temperature. The high sensitivity to
temperature changes makes thermistor extremely useful for precision temperature control and
compensation. Thermistors differ from resistance temperature detectors (RTD) in that the
material used in a thermistor is generally a ceramic or polymer, while RTDs use pure metals.
Measurement range of thermistor is 90 C to 130 C
Thermocouple
A thermocouple is a temperature-measuring device consisting of two dissimilar
conductors that contact each other at one or more spots. It produces a voltage when the
temperature of one of the spots differs from the reference temperature at other parts of the circuit.
Thermocouples are a widely used type of temperature sensor for measurement and control and
can also convert a temperature gradient into electricity. Commercial thermocouples are
inexpensive, interchangeable, are supplied with standard connectors, and can measure a wide
range of temperatures. Thermocouples are self-powered and require no external form of
excitation. The main limitation with thermocouples is accuracy; system errors of less than one
degree Celsius (C) can be difficult to achieve.
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EXPECTED GRAPH
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Thermocouples are suitable for measuring over a large temperature range, up to 2300 C.
Applications include temperature measurement for kilns, gas turbine exhaust, diesel engines,
other industrial processes and fog machines. They are less suitable for applications where smaller
temperature differences need to be measured with high accuracy.
PROCEDURE
1. Pour around of water to the kettle and place the sensor and thermometer inside the kettle.
2. Connect the thermocouple terminals to the milli voltmeter, RTD and thermistor to the
ohmmeter.
3. Switch on the kettle and weight till the water boils and tabulate the readings.
4. Plot the graph for temperature change in thermometer versus change in millivolt or resistance.
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OUT PUT WAVES
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RESULT
Measured the temperature and studied the characteristics of RTD, thermocouple and
thermistor.
Sensitivity of RTD
Sensitivity of Thermistor
Sensitivity of Thermocouple =
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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
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Expt. No: 3
Date:-
TORQUE MEASUREMENT
AIM
To calibrate the torque measurement trainer and plot the characteristics between actual
reading and indicated reading.
SPECIFICATION
Torque Indicator
1
: 32
digit RED LED display of 200mv FSD to lead upto +/- 1999
Counts
Accuracy
: +/- 0.5% FSD
Resolution
: +/- 0.1 kgm
Bridge Excitation : 10 VDC
Calibration
: Direct reading sensor at 1m arm length 1.00 Kg
Power
: 230 V +/- 10% at 50Hz with perfect grounding
Sensor
Sensor
: Reaction torque sensor
Type
: Flange mounting
Capacity
: 1 Kg
Bridge Resistance
: 350 ohm +/- 1 ohm
Gauge Factor
: 2.01
Excitation voltage
: 10 V DC
Safe overload
: 150% of rated capacity
Operating comparator: 10 to 55 degree Celsius
Accuracy
: Less than 1%
Linearity
: Less than 0.5%
Connection
: 4 core shielded cable of 3m length with connector attached.
THEORY
Torque
Torque is the tendency of a force to rotate an object about an axis,
fulcrum, or pivot. Just as a force is a push or a pull, a torque can be thought of as a
twist to an object. Mathematically, torque is defined as the cross product of the
lever-arm distance and force, which tends to produce rotation. Loosely speaking,
torque is a measure of the turning force on an object such as a bolt or a flywheel. For example,
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pushing or pulling the handle of a wrench connected to a nut or bolt produces a torque (turning
force) that loosens or tightens the nut or bolt.
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The symbol for torque is typically , the Greek letter tau. When it is called moment, it is
commonly denoted M.
The magnitude of torque depends on three quantities: the force applied, the length of
the lever arm connecting the axis to the point of force application, and the angle between the
force vector and the lever arm. In symbols:
Where is the torque vector and is the magnitude of the torque is the displacement vector (a
vector from the point from which torque is measured to the point where force isapplied), F is the
force vector, denotes the product is the angle between the force vector and the lever arm
vector.The SI unit for torque is the newton metre (Nm)
Torque Measurement (Torque Cell)
Torque cells are transducers that convert twisting force to an electrical signal. The two
types of torque cells in common usage includes those installed on fixed shafts and those installed
on rotating shaft. The latter type is more difficult to utilize since the electrical signal must be
transmitted from the rotating shaft to a stationary assembly of recording instrument.
The sensor installed on fixed shafts are similar to load cells. To measure reaction torque
the system consists of a mechanical element and a sensor. A shaft with four strain gauges
mounted on two perpendicular 45 degree helixes define the principle stress and strain directions
for a shaft subjected to pure torsion.
The range of torque cell depends upon the diameter of the shaft or thickness of the shaft
if it is a square one, and yield strength of the material in torsion.
CIRCUIT EXPLANATION
The circuit comprises of three parts:
1. POWER SUPPLY
2. SIGNAL CONDITIONING AND AMPLIFYING
3. ANALOG TO DIGITAL CONVERTER
Power Supply
Inbuilt power supply use power to all electronic devices inside the circuitry. High stable
regulated power supply is used for better performance.
There are different power supply inside the unit.
+12 -0- -12 V 500mA to drive digital integrated circuitry
+5 -0- -5 V 250mA to drive A D converter.
1.2 to 14 V variable power supply for strain gauge excitation and to set gauge factor of the strain
gauge.
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OBSERVATION
ACTUAL LOAD
(Kg)
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INDICATOR
READING
(Kg)
BRIDGE
OUTPUT
(mv)
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ERROR
% ERROR
Signal Conditioning and Amplifying

Signal conditioner will process the output of transducer and presents a linear DC voltage
to the amplifier. This circuit will also buffer the input signal given to the differential amplifier.
The operational amplifier is used as a differential amplifier where the signal gets
amplified to required level. The amplifier gives out the analog output. This output is controlled
and calibrated to get the linear to micro-strain. This analog output is fed to the A to D converter.
Analog to Digital Converter
The output from the amplifier is a linearized analog DC voltage. This analog output is
converted into digital output with the help of IC 7107 3.5 digit 200mA A to D converter. Then it
is displayed through seven segmented LEDs.
PROCEDURE
1.Check connection made on switched ON that instrument by ladder switch at the front
panel.The display glows to indicate.
2.Allow the instrument in ON position for 10 mm for initial warm up.
3.Adjust potentiometer in the front panel till the display reads ooo.
4.Apply load to the fulcrum arm by adding dead weight in steps of 100gm.
5.The instrument reads the load on the sensor and display through LED reading can be tabulated.
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OUTPUT
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RESULT
Studied and plotted the graph between actual reading and indicated readings and
sensitivity readings and sensitivity readings and sensitivity is calculated.
Sensitivity=
Accuracy =
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SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM
CONNECTION DIAGRAM
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Expt. No:4
Date:-
DISPLACEMENT MEASURMENT
AIM
Measurement of displacement, and study of signal conditioning circuit and characteristics
of LVDT (Linear Voltage Displacement Transformer).
SPECIFICATION
Indicator
Display
Excitation Voltage
Operating Temperature
Zero Adjustment
Sensitivity
System In Accuracy
Repeatibility
Fuse
Power
Connection
31/2 digit seven segment red LED display of range 200mV

for full scale deflection.to read +/_ 1999 counts
1000Hz AT 1v
+10deg C to 55 deg C
Front panel through Potentiometer
0.1mm
1%
1%
250mA fast glow type
230V +/- 10%,50HZ
Through 6 core shielded cable with Din connector
Sensor
Range
Excitation Voltage
Linearity
Operating Temperature
Connection
Calibration Jig
+/_10.0mm
1 to 4 kHz at 1 to 4V
1%
+10degC to 55degC
Through 6 core shielded cable provide along with the
sensor of 2 M length
Micrometer of 0 to 25mm length is mounted on the base
Panel Details
Display
Zero
Cal
Circuitry
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31/2 digit seven segment red LED display of range

200mV for full scale deflection.to read +/_ 1999 counts
Single turn potentiometer to adjust the calibration point
Single turn potentiometer to adjust the calibration point
Block diagram of the circuit for displacement indicator.
The diagram also shows LVDT block diagram also
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BLOCK DIAGRAM
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THEORY
Measurement Of Displacement
Differential transformers, based on a variable inductance principle, are also used to
measure displacement. The most popular variable-inductance transducer for linear displacement
measurement is the linear variable differential transformer(LVDT).The LVDT illustrated in the
fig. consist of three symmetrically spaced coils wound onto an insulated bobbin. A magnetic
core, which moves through the bobbin without contact, provides a path for magnetic flux linkage
between coils. The portion of the magnetic core controls the manual between the center or
primary coils and with the two outside or secondary coils.
When an AC carrier excitation is applied to the primary coil, voltages are induced in the
two secondary coils that are wires in a series opposing circuit. When the coil is centered
between the two secondary coils, the voltage induces between the secondary coils are equal but
out of phase by 180 degree. The voltage in the two coil cancels and the output voltage will be
zero. When the core is move from the center position, an imbalance in mutual inductance
between the primary coil and the secondary coil occurs and an output voltage develops. The
output voltage is a linear function of the core position as long as the motion of the core is within
the operating range of the LVDT.
The Electronic Instrumentation System
The complete electronic instrumentation system usually consists of six sub systems or elements
TheTRANSDUCER is a device that converts a change in the mechanical or thermal quantity
being measured into a change of an electrical quantity. Example strain gauges bonded into a
specimen, gives out electrical output by changing its resistance when material is strained.
The POWERSUPPLY provides the energy to drive the transducers, example differential
transformer, which is a transducer used to measure displacement requires an AC voltage
supply to excite the coil.
SIGNAL CONDITIONERS are electronic circuits that convert compensate or manipulate
the output from in to a more usable electronic quantity. Example the Wheatstone bridge used
in the strain transducer converts the change in resistance R to a change in resistance
E
AMPLIFIERS are required in the system when the voltage output from the transducer signal
conditioner combination is small. Amplifiers with gains of 10 to 1000 are used to increase
their signals to levels where they are compatible with the voltage- measuring devices.
RECODERS are the voltage measuring devices that are used to display the measurement in a
form that can be read and interpreted. Digital/Analog voltmeters are often used to measure
static voltages.
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DATAPROCESSORS are used to convert the output signals from the instrument system into
data that can be easily interrupted by the engineer. Data processors are usually employed
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TABULAR COLUMN
Actual Reading
Indicator Reading
EXPECTED GRAPH
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Op-amp output
where large amount of data are being collected and manual reduction of these data would be too
time consuming and costly.
PROCEDURE
1
2
3
4
5
6
Connect the power supply chord at the rear panel to the 230V 50 HZ supply. Switch on
the instrument by pressing down the toggle switch. The display glows to indicate the
instrument is ON
Allow the instrument is ON position for 10 minutes for initial warm up
Rotate the micrometer till it reads 20.0
Adjust the CAL potentiometer at the front panel so that the display reads 10.0
Rotate the core of micrometer core till the micrometer reads 10.0 and adjust the ZERO
potentiometer till the display reads 00.0
Rotate back the micrometer core upto 20.0 and adjust once again the CAL potentiometer
till the display reads 10.0. Now the instrument is calibrated for +/- 10.0 mm range. As the
core of LVDT moves the display reads the displacement in mm.
Rotate the core of micrometer in steps of 1 or 2 mm and tabulate the readings. The
micrometer will show the exact displacement given to the LVDT core the display will
read the displacement sensed by LVDT. Tabulate the readings and plot the graph Actual
V/s indicator reading.
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OUTPUT
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RESULT
The displacement was measured, and characteristics of LVDT (Linear Voltage
Displacement Transformer) was studied.
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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
Fig 1: Experimental setup
Fig 2: LDR
EXPECTED GRAPH
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Expt. No: 5
Date:-
MEASURMENT OF DISTANCE
AIM
Measurement of distance, and study of signal conditioning circuit and characteristics of
LDR (Light Dependent Resister)
SPECIFICATION
Power Supply: In built power supply use power to all electronic device inside the circuitry. High
stable regulated power supply is used for better performance. There are three
power supplies inside the unit.
+12-0-12V, 500mA to drive digital integrated circuitry.
+5-0--5V, 250mA to drive Ato D converter.
1.2V to14V, 200mA variable supply for bulb.
Power: Connect the three pin power cable attached to the instrument to the AC mains 230V 50Hz
supply.
LDR
: Connect the LDR between yellow and green terminals mentioned LDR.
Connect the bulb between red and black mentioned variable power supply.
THEORY
Light dependent resistor is a semiconductor material changes its resistance property when
exposed to light. The resistance of the LDR will be maximum when it is in dark, and reduces as
it get exposed to light. The variation of the resistance is proportional to the intensity of light.
Because of this property LDR finds wide applications like , finding light intensity, used as
electronic eye in clocks, used in control applicationin solar lights, used in street light to switch
ONand switch OFF automatically and many other applications.
LDR trainer is an experimental setup to study the characteristics of LDR and its
behaviour with respect to the light intensity. LDR is fixed to movable rod inside a metal tube
where a bulb is fixed at the other end. The intensity of light can be varied by varying the
excitation voltage to the bulb and also by moving the LDR near and away from the bulb. The
whole setup is mounted on a base where the experiment can be conducted. As a study project the
indicator is settable to display the distance moved by the LDR with respect to the light source.
The electronic part of the setup comprises of a simple resistance voltage converter circuit where
the operational amplifier is used for processing. LDR is a connected through resistor to a voltage
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OBSERVATION
Actual Displacement(mm)
Intensity
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Indicated Reading(mm)
Resistance(ohm)
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Distance
Resistance
source Vcc, and the other end to the +ve input pin of the amplifier. The negative input pin of the
amplifier is connected to millivolt feeding source to adjust the display to read zero through a
variable potentiometer. The input signal is amplified and fed to display unit. Variable power
supply is provided to vary the light intensity.
PROCEDURES
Procedure (i)
(1)
Check connections made and switch ON the instrument by rocker switch at the front panel,
the display glows to indicate the instrument is ON.
(2)
Allow the instrument in ON position for 10min for initial warm up.
(3)
Push the LDR shaft full inside till the mark on the shaft coincide the zero in the scale.
(4)
Increase the voltage to the bulb by adjusting vps potentiometer.
(5)
Adjust the zero potentiometer till the display reads 000.
(6)
Push the LDR slowly outside for maximum displacement value and adjust vps
potentiometer till the display reads exact distance moved.
(7)
Push the LDR inside so that mark coincides zero position and adjust the zero position and
adjust the zero potentiometer till the display reads 000 once again.
(8)
Pull the LDR slowly in setup of 50 or 10mm and note down the corresponding display
readings for the distance moved.
(9)
Plot the graph of distance Vs display reading.
Procedure (ii)
(1) Disconnecting the yellow and green terminal near the sensor.
(2) Pull the LDR shaft completely outside so that the bulb is away from the LDR.
(3) Connect the ohm meter between green and yellow terminal and measure the resistance for
various displacements.
(4) Plot the graph of displacement Vs resistance.
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OUTPUT
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RESULT
The distance was measured, and the characteristics of LDR were studied.
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BLOCK DIAGRAM
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Expt. No: 6
Date:-
MEASURING THE SPEED OF MOTOR SHAFT WITH THE

HELP OF NON CONTACT TYPE PICK UP (MAGNETIC OR
PHOTOREFLECTIVE)
AIM
To familiarize measuring the speed of a motor shaft with the help of non-contact type pick-up
(magnetic or photoelectric)
APPARATUS REQUIRED
DC Motor, Photoelectric pick up kit,CRO connecting
SPECIFICATION
Measurement of Speed
SENSOR
MAX.RPM
MOTOR
MOTOR SPEED CONTROL
TONE WHEELS
POWER
Panel Details
DISPLAY
TOGGLE SWITCH
a) magnetic Pickup
b) Photoelectric
1700RPM
FHP DC motor to rotate at 1700 RPM
0-12V variable DC Drive
a)For magnetic pickup : MS wheel of 2
mm thick disk,on the circumference 60
teethes will be cut at equidistant
b)For photodiode ; A small copper disk
on which 60 slots will be etched at
equidistant
The instrument works at 230V 50
Hz.supply
4 Digit seven segment LED display to display upto
9999 counts.
DPDT toggle switch to select the two sensors
3 PIN SOCKETS
To connect photodiode andmagnetic pickup

sensors
THE CIRCUITRY
The circuitry is only a block diagram of the speed

indicator with various test points provides to test
while experiment for the easy understanding
various stages of the speed indicator.
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TABULAR COLUMN
SL.NO
ACTUAL SPEED OF MOTOR

PHOTOREFLECTIVE(RPM)
MAGNETIC
PICKUP(RPM)
EXPECTED GRAPH
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PHOTO
REFLECTIVE
(RPM)
ERROR
B-C
THEORY
Measurement of Speed by Magnetic Pick up And Photo Reflective Pick Up(Photo Diode)
Measurement of the speed of a rotating shaft is a common requirement in many
industrial and laboratory applications. Such measurements have usually been carried out in the
past with the help of contact type tachometers with friction drive. More recently digital optical
non-contact tachometers have been designed which count the reflected pulses from a white patch
on the shaft and then display the speed in rpm. The light source is usually a filament lamp
operating with dry cells leading to limited life and illumination. A similar idea with magnetic
pick-up from a particular area of the shaft has also been used for speed measurement. A third
category of speed measurement instruments is based on the stroboscope principle. In this a high
intensity light flash of a variable frequency is directed towards rotating shaft. Any marking on
the shaft appears stationary, if the time of one shaft revolution is a multiple of the flash period.
Earlier stroboscopes used neon tubes of low intensity which forced their use close to the rotating
shaft. The present unit has been designed to remove most of the above shortcomings. This has
resulted in a good quality, convenient-to-use, direct reading speed measuring instrument. A
highly stable function generator IC based circuit provides the basic variable frequency timing
pulses. These are read on an IC based 4-digit speed display in rpm. The flasher unit generates the
high intensity flashes at a suitably scaled rate directed towards the rotating shaft. A 10 turn
potentiometer makes the task of speed setting very precise. Operating instructions are included in
the Instruction manual accompanying the unit.
Features and Specification
Non-Contact-type - no error due to friction drive, suitable for small motors and also motors
in inaccessible locations
High intensity XENON flashes operation possible from a reasonable distance (0.5m) in
usual ambient light in a room. Detachable lamp unit with 1.5m cable
4-digit speed display in rpm - operating range of 500-9900 rpm, resolution 1 rpm. High
accuracy crystal controlled LED display
No shaft modification - Any distinctive existing shaft marking may be used.
Alternatively use of stickers or markers is possible
Power - 220V10%, 50Hz mains operation. IC regulated internal supplies
The Electronic Instrumentation System
The complete electronic instrumentation system usually consists of six sub systems or elements
TheTRANSDUCER is a device that converts a change in the mechanical or thermal quantity
being measured into a change of an electrical quantity. Example strain gauges bonded into a
specimen, gives out electrical output by changing its resistance when material is strained.
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The POWERSUPPLY provides the energy to drive the transducers, example differential
transformer, which is a transducer used to measure displacement requires an AC voltage
supply to excite the coil.
SIGNAL CONDITIONERS are electronic circuits that convert compensate or manipulate
the output from in to a more usable electronic quantity. Example the Wheatstone bridge used
in the strain transducer converts the change in resistance R to a change in resistance
E
AMPLIFIERS are required in the system when the voltage output from the transducer signal
conditioner combination is small. Amplifiers with gains of 10 to 1000 are used to increase
their signals to levels where they are compatible with the voltage- measuring devices.
RECODERS are the voltage measuring devices that are used to display the measurement in a
form that can be read and interpreted. Digital/Analog voltmeters are often used to measure
static voltages.
DATAPROCESSORS are used to convert the output signals from the instrument system into
data that can be easily interrupted by the engineer. Data processors are usually employed
where large amount of data are being collected and manual reduction of these data would be
too time consuming and costly.
CIRCUIT EXPLANATION
The circuit comprises of mainly five parts such as
1. Power supply 2. Oscillator 3. Signal conditioner 4. Mixer 5. Counter
1. POWER SUPPLY: The power supply required for speed measurement is regulated 6V,
250 mA DC supply.This 6V is used for both signal conditioner and also to drive the
display
2. OSCILLATOR: Quartz crystal is used to generate oscillating frequency. The crystal
Oscillator uses 5V dc and produces an oscillating frequency of 1kHz. An amplifier is
used to amplify the signal to the required level.
3. SIGNAL CONDITIONER: The signal conditioner gets the input from the sensor in the
form of pulses. For every one revolution 60 pulses are produced.These pulses are then
amplified to the required level whenthe calibration is done. These signals are buffered
toget pure oscillating frequency.
4. MIXER: The mixer combines the input signal from the sensor with the oscillating
frequency. This produces sum and difference components. When mixed, a third pulse is
produced. The frequency of pulse is a function of the difference in the two original
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inputs. If the frequency of one of the source is known and is adjusted to produce zero
pulse, then
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OUTPUT
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the frequency of the other source is also known by comparison.This procedure for
determining frequency is called the heterodyne method. The two signals are heterodyned.
5. COUNTER: The multiplexer converts the frequency into a simple voltage pulses.
Electronic counter uses basic counting device or event per unit Time meters require that
the counted input be converted into a simple voltage pulses, a count being recorded for
each pulse. The pulses are counted and displayed through seven segment LEDs.
CONNECTING DETAILS
CONNECTING INSTRUMENT TO MAINS
The 3-pin power chord is fixed to the instrument. Plug the chord to 230V 50Hz.mains
CONNECTING SENSORS
The magnetic pickup and photoreflective diodes are mounted on the speed set up.Connect the
sensors to the three pin connector provided on the panel.Care should be taken not to interchange
the sensors.
CONNECTING FAN TO MAINS
The fan runs at 230V supply two pin cable is fixed to the fan,plug in the connector to the 230V
supply.
Before connecting ensure that the regulator is in OFF position
PROCEDURE
Before switching ON the instrument ensure that the connections are made properly.
1. Switch ON the instrument by pushing down+ the toggle switch provided at the rear side
of the box,LED display glows to indicate the instrument is ON.
2. Allow the instrument for 10 minutes in ON position for initial warm up.
3. Select the sensor with the help of toggle switch.
4. Switch on the electronic regulator.The fan rotates the tone wheels.The display will start
indicating exact RPM of the motor.
5. Readings can be tabulated for both the sensors.Comparison can be made between two
sensors.
RESULT
Thus familiarized measuring the speed of a motor shaft with the help of non-contact type pick-up
(magnetic or photoelectric)
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Schematic diagram of the current to voltage converter circuit:
Calculations:
Find Vo voltage values for Iin = 0 mA, - 0.2 mA, - 0.4 mA, - 0.6 mA, - 0.8 mA, -1 mA.
Schematic Diagram of the voltage to current converter circuit:
Calculations:
Find the values of load current (current through milli-ammeter) for 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5
volts at node E.
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Expt. No: 7
VOLTAGE TO CURRENT AND CURRENT TO VOLTAGE

CONVERTERS
AIM
To familiarize current to voltage converter and voltage to current converter using opamp 741
MATERIALS REQUIRED
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
1x 741 op-amp,
1x 250 resistor, 1x 100 K potentiometer, 1x 1 K resistor
DC power supply,
Oscilloscope.
Digital multimeter (DMM)
SPECIFICATION
Opamp 741C
Supply voltage
Input impedance
Input current
Output impedance
Output Current
Output voltage
(Vs = 15v)
Open loop gain
22v max
2 Megohm typically
100 nAapprox
75 ohms approx
13 mA max
13v
> 100,000
THEORY
The 741 is a cheap and robust general purpose operational amplifier (Op-amp). The 741
Op-amp is usually in the form of an 8 pin DIL package although other varieties are available. The
block diagram, pin layout and specification are given here. The pin layout is common to most
Op-amps and can be treated as generic for the 8 pin packages.
TABULAR COLUMN
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Current to voltage converter
I
(mA
)
0.4
- 0.2
- 0.6
- 0.8
-1
12
16
18
20
Vo
(V)
Voltage to current converter

E (V)
Iload (mA)
EXPECTED GRAPH
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Besides providing the basis for excellent linear amplifier circuits, op-amps also make excellent
voltage-to-current and current-to-voltage converters. These converters are in effect transducers
which take a signal in one form, either voltage or current, and convert it to a signal of the other
form.
When analog voltage signals must be transmitted long distances by wire circuits, it is
common to convert the voltage signal to a current for transmission and then back to a voltage at
receiving end. This technique eliminates problems due to voltage drops in along circuit. The
current path, called a current loop, is a series circuit. Since the current at all points in a series
circuit must be the same, signal level is independent of circuit length.
Current to Voltage Converter:
Figure 5.1: Current to voltage converter

Point A of Fig 5.1 is held at zero volts (a virtual ground) by the output of the op-amp; and
since most of Iinmust flow through Rf, Vo must be approximately;
Vo = -I in R f
Voltage to Current Converters:
Figure 5.2: Voltage to current converter

The current through the load in Figure 5.2:
I load =
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OUTPUT
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PROCEDURE
Current to voltage converter
1) Build the circuit. Be sure E is initially set to zero.
2) Apply power to the circuit and by adjusting the potentiometer.
3) Measure the values ofVo corresponding to different Iin values. Record these values in the table.
Voltage to current converter
1) Build the circuit.
2) By adjusting the potentiometer, measure and record the values of load current (current through
milli-ammeter) for input voltages from 0 to +5 volts.
RESULT
Familiarized current to voltage converter and voltage to current converter using opamp 741 and
the circuit is verified for standard industrial values of current and voltages.
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Fig. 1. Experimental setup
Fig 2. pH electrode
OBSERVATION
SL NO
pH VALUE
1.
2.
3.
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CONDUCTIVITY VALUE
Expt. No: 8
pH MEASUREMENT
AIM
To measure the pH value of given solution.
REQUIREMENTS
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
pH Electrode
reference electrode
digital indicator
unknown solution whose pH is to be measured
Standard solutions with pH value 4.0 and 9.
THEORY
A pH measurement is a determination of the hydrogen ions in an aqueous solution. Many
important properties of a solution can be determined from an accurate measurement of pH,
including the activity of a solution and the extent of the reaction in the solution. Many chemical
processes and properties, such as the speed of a reaction and the solubility of a compound, can
also depend greatly on the pH of a solution.
pH is defined as follows: the lower case-letter p in pH stands for the negative common
(base ten) logarithm, while the upper-case letter H stands for the element hydrogen ions (H +)
per litter of solution.
Glass electrode: - the essential element of the glass electrode is a pH-sensitive glass, which is
blown onto the end of a length of glass tubing. The pH-sensitive glass, usually called a glass
membrane, gives the electrode its common name: glass electrode. Sealed inside the electrode is a
solution of potassium chloride buffered at pH 7. A piece of silver wire plated with silver chloride
contacts the solution.
The outside surface of the glass membrane contacts the liquid being measured, and the
inside surface contacts the filling solution. Through a complex mechanism, an electrical potential
directly proportional to pH develops at each glass-liquid interface. Because the pH of the filling
solution is fixed, the potential at the inside surface is constant. The potential at the outside
surface, however, depends on the pH of the test solution. The overall potential of the measuring
electrode equals the potential of the internal reference electrode plus potentials at the glass
membrane surfaces.
Reference electrode: - The reference electrode is a piece of silver wire plated with silver
chloride in contact with a concentrated solution of potassium chloride held in a glass or plastic
tube. In many reference electrodes the solution is an aqueous gel, not a liquid. Like the electrode
inside the glass electrode, the potential of the external reference is controlled by the
concentration of chloride the filling solution. Because the chloride level is constant, the potential
of the reference electrode is fixed.
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OUTPUT
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PROCEDURE
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Insert the pH electrode in the beaker solution where pH is to be measured.

Switch on the pH meter.
Read the digital value equivalent to the pH value.
Note down the corresponding readings.
Rinse the electrode with distilled water.
If pH>7, then the solution is alkaline.
If pH<7, then the solution is acidic.
If pH=7, then the solution is water.
Take the reading from the digital pH meter.
RESULT
pH value of given solution was measured.
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CONDUCTIVITY MEASUREMENT
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Expt. No: 9
Date:-
DIGITAL CONDUCTIVITY METER

AIM
To measure the conductivity of solutions having different pH values.
REQUIREMENTS
1. Electrode
2. Digital conductivity meter
3. Solutions
THEORY:
Conductivity is the ability of a material to conduct electric current. The principle by
which instruments measure conductivity is simple two plates are placed in the sample, a
potential is applied across the plates (normally a sine wave voltage), and the current is measured.
Conductivity (G), the inverse of resistivity (R) is determined from the voltage and current values
according to Ohms law:
I
G = R = I (amps) /E (volts)
Since charge on ions in solution facilities the conductance of electrical current, the
conductivity of a solution is proportional to its ion concentration. In some situations, however,
conductivity may not correlate directly to concentration. Ionic interaction can alter the linear
relationship between conductivity and concentration in some highly concentrated solutions.
The basic unit of conductivity is the Siemens (S), formerly called the mho. Since cell
geometry affects conductivity values, standardized measurements are expressed in specific
conductivity units (S/cm) to compensate for variations in electrode dimensions. Specific
conductivity (C) is simply product of measured conductivity (G) and electrode cell constant
(L/A), where L is the length of the column of liquid between the electrode and A is the area of
the electrodes.
C = G* (L/A)
If the cell constant is 1 cm-1, the specific conductivity is the same as the measured
conductivity of the solution.
Control And Services
1. Front Panel Controls:
On switch: Used switch ON/OFF the instrument.
Digital display: 3.8 digit LED display that reads conductivity of any aqueous solution.
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Function switch: This is a three position switch with following function. In check
position, the meter should display 1000 ignoring position of decimal point. If necessary
adjust reading with CAL control provided at the back of the instrument. In the
OBSERVATIONS
SI NO
CONDUCTIVITY
VALUE
OUTPUT
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CONDUCT position it measures conductivity. In the cell constant position, the display
indicates the cell constant at which the instrument has been set.
Range switch: This switch is used for selecting one of the five ranges of conductivity.
2. Back Panel Controls:
CAL control: The potentiometer is used to adjust the display to 1000 when the
FUNCTION SWITCH in all the check positions.
Input connection: Two banana sockets are the inputs of the instrument. The conductivity
cell used fitted with the banana plug is inserted in 3 sockets for connect the conductivity
cell to instrument.
3. Check Procedure:
Functional testing:
Ensure that earth connection of the instrument is properly made with supply earth
before switching on the instrument.
Connect the instrument to the AC main supply & allow it to warm up for 10 min.
Put the function switch to CHECK position.
See that display reads 1000, ignore decimal point. If necessary adjust is made to
1000 with the help of CAL control provided at the back of the instrument.
PROCEDURE
Rinse the cell with solution whose conductivity value is to be measured.

Dip the conductivity cell in solution under test.
Set the function switch to Check position. Display must read 1000 (irrespective
of decimal).
If not adjust to 1000 by rotating the knob control provided at the panel. Set the
temperature control to the actual temperature of the solution. Set the function
switch to Cell Constant portion.
Now set the function switch to Conduct position.
Bring the Range switch to Conduct position. Where maximum resolution is
obtained. Read the display, it will show the exact conductivity at 25 degree
celcious.
RESULT
The conductivity of different pH solution was measured using the digital conductivity
meter.
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Analog input
Block diagram
Front panel
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Expt. No: 10
Date:-
DATA ACQUISITION CARDS

AIM
Familiarization of facilities in Data acquisition cards and to create a VI for Analog i/p,
analog o/p, digital i/p, digital o/p.
REQUIREMENTS
LabVIEW 7 software, NI USB 6212 DAQ, voltage source, LED, switch
THEORY
Data acquisition is the process of sampling signals that measure real world physical
conditions and converting the resulting samples into digital numeric values that can be
manipulated by a computer. Data acquisition systems (abbreviated with the acronym DAS or
DAQ) typically convert analog waveforms into digital values for processing. The components of
data acquisition systems include:
Sensors that convert physical parameters to electrical signals.
Signal conditioning circuitry to convert sensor signals into a form that can be converted
to digital values.
Analog-to-digital converters, which convert conditioned sensor signals to digital values.
Data acquisition applications are controlled by software programs developed using various
general purpose programming languages such as BASIC, C, Fortran, Java, Lisp, Pascal. There
are also Open Source software packages providing all the necessary tools to acquire data from
different hardware equipment. These tools come from the scientific community where complex
experiment requires fast, flexible and adaptable software. Those packages are usually custom fit
but more general DAQ package like the Maximum Integrated Data Acquisition System can be
easily tailored and is used in several physics experiments worldwide. Data acquisition begins
with the physical phenomenon or physical property to be measured. Examples of this include
temperature, light intensity, gas pressure, fluid flow, and force. Regardless of the type of physical
property to be measured, the physical state that is to be measured must first be transformed into a
unified form that can be sampled by a data acquisition system. The task of performing such
transformations falls on devices called sensors. A complete data acquisition system consists of
data acquisition (DAQ) hardware,sensors and actuators, signal conditioning hardware and a
computer running data acquisition (DAQ) software.
Components of Typical DAQ System
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Figure shows a typical DAQ system, which includes the USB-621xdevice, programming
software, and PC (DAQ systems involving theUSB-621x Mass Termination device can also
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Analog output
Block Diagram
Front panel
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include signal conditioningdevices and a cable for accessory connection). The following
sectionscontain more information about the components of a typical DAQ system.
A sensor, which is a type of transducer, is a device that converts a physical property into
a corresponding electrical signal (e.g., Strain gauge, thermistor). An acquisition system to
measure different properties depends on the sensors that are suited to detect those properties.
Signal conditioning may be necessary if the signal from the transducer is not suitable for the
DAQ hardware being used. The signal may need to be filtered or amplified in most cases.
Various other examples of signal conditioning might be bridge completion, providing current or
voltage excitation to the sensor, isolation, and linearization. For transmission purposes, single
endedanalog signals, which are more susceptible to noise can be converted to differential signals.
Once digitized, the signal can be encoded to reduce and correct transmission errors.
DAQ hardware
DAQ hardware digitizes signals, performs D/A conversions to generate analog output
signals, and measures and controls digital I/O signals. DAQ hardware is what usually interfaces
between the signal and a PC.[6] It could be in the form of modules that can be connected to the
computer's ports (parallel, serial, USB, etc.) or cards connected to slots (S-100 bus, AppleBus,
ISA, MCA, PCI, PCI-E, etc.) in the motherboard. Usually the space on the back of a PCI card is
too small for all the connections needed, so an external breakout box is required. The cable
between this box and the PC can be expensive due to the many wires, and the required shielding.
DAQ cards often contain multiple components (multiplexer, ADC, DAC, TTL-IO, high
speed timers, RAM). These are accessible via a bus by a microcontroller, which can run small
programs. A controller is more flexible than a hard wired logic, yet cheaper than a CPU so that it
is permissible to block it with simple polling loops. For example: Waiting for a trigger, starting
the ADC, looking up the time, waiting for the ADC to finish, move value to RAM, switch
multiplexer, get TTL input, let DAC proceed with voltage ramp.
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Digital input
Block diagram
Front panel
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DAQ device drivers

DAQ device drivers are needed in order for the DAQ hardware to work with a PC. The
device driver performs low-level register writes and reads on the hardware, while exposing a
standard API for developing user applications in a variety of programming environments.
Applying Signal Labels to the USB-621x
(USB-621x Screw Terminal Devices) USB-621x kit includes labels forthe combicon
connectors on USB-621x Screw Terminal devices. You canchoose labels with pin numbers or
signal names or blank labels. Chooseone of the labels, align the correct label with the terminals
printed on thetop panel of your device or the 16-position combicon connector, and applythe
label, as shown in Figure
USB-621x Screw Terminal Signal Labels
PROCEDURE
Part A:
i.)
VI for analog input ii.)VI for analog output
i.)
VI For Analog Input
Procedure:
1. Open a new Blank VI.
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Digital output
Block Diagram
Front Panel
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2. Connect a voltage source to the analog input port of the given DAQ, NI USB 6212 so
that the measured voltage can be indicated and given to the PC system.
3. Also the varying voltage ranges are stored in the data logger.
Front Panel
1. Control pallet >> indicator >> numeric indicator.
2. Control pallet >> indicators >> meter
Block Diagram:
1. Select function pallet >> input >> DAQ Assist.
2. Acquire signal >> analog input >> voltage >> select analog input channel (ai0-ai15)
>> finish.
3. Select connection diagram and give whole connections.
4. Select function pallet >>output>>write measurement file
5. Select function pallet>>execution control>>while loop.
6. All the blocks are place inside the while loop.
7. Numeric indicator and write measurement file is connected to the output of DAQ
assist
ii.)
VI For Analog Output
Procedure:
2. Simulate signal is connectedthe DAQ assistant.The generated output signal from the
NI USB 6212 DAQ system is given to an LED.
Front Panel:
1. Control pallet >> graph indicators >> graph
Block Diagram
1. Select function pallet >> output>> DAQ Assist.
2. Generate signal >>analog output >> line output>> select Aout0/Aout1>> finish.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Select function pallet>>input>>simulate signals.

Simulate signals and the graphical indicator is connected to the DAQ assistant.
Select function pallet>>execution control>>while loop.
All the blocks are place inside the while loop.
PART B:
i.)
VI for digital input
i.
ii.)VI for digital output.
VI For Digital Input
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Procedure:
2. Connect a switch to the digital input port of the given DAQ, NI USB 6212
Front Panel:
1.) Control pallet >> indicator >>LED.
Block Diagram:
Acquire signal >>digital input >> select digital input channel >> finish.
4. Select function pallet>>signal manipulation>>from/to DDT
ii.)
VI For Digital Output:
Procedure:
2. Numerical input is connectedto the DAQ assistant.The generated output signal from
the NI USB 6212 DAQ system is given to an LED.
Front Panel:
1. Control pallet >> indicator >> LED.
2. Control pallet >> indicator >>numeric indicator.
Block Diagram:
1. Select function pallet >> output>> DAQ Assist.
Acquire signal >>digital input >> select digital input channel>> finish.
3. Select function pallet>>signal manipulation>>from/to DDT
RESULT
Created a VI for Checking Analog input, Analog output, Digital input, and Digital
outputusing NI USB 6212 DAQ system, and is Verified.
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BLOCK DIAGRAM
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Expt. No: 11
Date:-
LEVEL MEASUREMENT
AIM
To develop a virtual instrument (VI) for level measurement with display, and visual and
sound alarms
REQUIREMENTS
VLPS-011, PC,LabVIEW 7 software, NI USB 6212DAQ, Sound Alarm
THEORY:
Level Transmitter Trainer Using Capacitance type Level Gauge is a unique model
specially designed to demonstrate the method and application of level transmitter. The system
comprises of measuring tank with inlet and over flow port on the top, outlet port to drain water.
The measuring tank is fitted on the source tank. A rod is suspended from the capacitive sensor
inside the measuring tank full length. A source tank is provided below the system. A small
vertical pump with motor is immersed into the tank to circulate the water. The whole system is a
tabletop model and self-explanatory.
As the water is filled inside the tank the specific level of the rod keeps reducing based
on the level of water. The output of the capacitive sensor is connected to the indicator which is
calibrated top indicate the level of water in cms and also gives the current output (4-20mA). The
instrument is calibrated to read. In the front panel of the instrument zero pot is provided by
which the display can be made zero. Initial set and final set pots are also provided to adjust the 4
to 20mA output.
The motor is switched on which pumps the water to the measuring tank. As water
increases in the tank show the exact level inside the water tank. The displays will the same level
of water.
The Level Transmitter current output (4-20mA) converted to voltage(0-5V) using the
I to V Converter.
PROCEDURE
2. Connect level transmitter current output to the I to V converter.
3. Connect I to V converter output to the analog input port of the given DAQ, NI USB 6212
so that the measured level can be indicated and given to the PC system.
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FRONT PANEL
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4. Also connect the sound alarm to the Digital output of the DAQ system.
Front Panel:
2. Acquire signal >> analog input >>Level >> select analog input channel (ai0-ai15) >>
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
finish.
Select connection diagram and give whole connections.
Configuration >> settings range and acquisition mode set to continuous mode.
Function pallet >> arithmetic & comparison >> comparison >> greater than function.
Function pallet >> arithmetic & comparison >> comparison >> less than function.
Function pallet >>arithemetic& comparison >> numeric constant.
Function pallet >> Input >> DAQ assist.
Generate signal >> digital output >> line output >> select port 0 line 0 >> finish.
Block Diagram
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Control pallet >> graph indicators >> graph

Control pallet >> indicator >> numeric indicator.
Control pallet >> indicator >> LED.
Configuration >> generation mode >> N samples >> run.
Connect sound alarm to the digital output line of the DAQ. Comparing signal is given as
input to the DAQ assistant 2.
RESULT
Created a VI, level variation was measured using a level station and is indicated in the
system using VI software with the help of NI USB 6212 DAQ system. Visual alarm and Sound
alarm was implemented for different levels and output was tested.
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BLOCK DIAGRAM
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Expt. No: 12
Date:-
TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT USING LabVIEW

AIM
To create a VI for temperature measurement with display, visual and sound alarms.
REQUIREMENTS
LabVIEW 7 software, NI USB 6212 DAQ, Thermocouple, Sound Alarm
THEORY
Temperature measurements are very common in processing environments. The standard
for temperature measurement is documented in the International Temperature Scale of 1990 (ITS
90). The most common temperature sensor is the Thermocouple, due to its wide range, and
relatively low costs.
A thermocouple is a temperature-measuring device consisting of two dissimilar
conductors that contact each other at one or more spots. It produces a voltage when the
temperature of one of the spots differs from the reference temperature at other parts of the
circuit.Any junction of dissimilar metals will produce an electric potential related to temperature.
Thermocouples for practical measurement of temperature are junctions of specific alloys which
have a predictable and repeatable relationship between temperature and voltage. Different alloys
are used for different temperature ranges. Properties such as resistance to corrosion may also be
important when choosing a type of thermocouple.
Principle Of Operation
In 1821, the GermanEstonian physicist Thomas Johann Seebeck discovered that when
any conductor is subjected to a thermal gradient, it will generate a voltage. This is now known as
the thermoelectric effect or Seebeck effect. Any attempt to measure this voltage necessarily
involves connecting another conductor to the "hot" end. This additional conductor will then also
experience the temperature gradient, and develop a voltage of its own which will oppose the
original. Fortunately, the magnitude of the effect depends on the metal in use. Using a dissimilar
metal to complete the circuit creates a circuit in which the two legs generate different voltages,
leaving a small difference in voltage available for measurement. That difference increases with
temperature, and is between 1 and 70 microvolts per degree Celsius (V/C) for standard metal
combinations. The basic representation of a thermocouple is shown in the figure below.
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FRONT PANEL
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The voltage is not generated at the junction of the two metals of the thermocouple but
rather along that portion of the length of the two dissimilar metals that is subjected to a
temperature gradient. Because both lengths of dissimilar metals experience the same temperature
gradient, the end result is a measurement of the difference in temperature between the
thermocouple junction and the reference junction. As long as the junction is at a uniform
temperature, it does not matter how the junction is made (it may be brazed, spot welded,
crimped, etc.), however it is crucial for accuracy that the leads of the thermocouple maintain a
well-defined composition. If there are variations in the composition of the wires in the thermal
gradient region (due to contamination, oxidation, etc.), outside the junction, this can lead to
changes in the measured voltage (see aging of thermocouples below).
Several types of thermocouples are available, and different types are designated by
capital letters that indicate their composition according to American National Standards Institute
(ANSI) conventions.
Types Of Thermocouples:
Type E
Type E (ChromelConstantan) has a high output (68 V/C) which makes it well suited
to cryogenic use. Additionally, it is non-magnetic. Wide range is 50 C to +740 C and Narrow
range is 110 C to +140 C. Wire color standard is purple (+) and red (-).
Type J
Type J (IronConstantan) has a more restricted range than type K (40 C to +750 C), but
higher sensitivity of about 50 V/C. The Curie point of the iron (770 C) causes a smooth
change in the characteristic, which determines the upper temperature limit. Wire color standard is
white (+) and red (-).
Type K
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Type K (ChromelAlumel) is the most common general purpose thermocouple with a

sensitivity of approximately 41 V/C (Chromel positive relative to Alumel when the junction
VJEC Chemperi
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temperature is higher than the reference temperature). It is inexpensive, and a wide variety of
probes are available in its 200 C to +1350 C / -330 F to +2460 F range. Type K was
specified at a time when metallurgy was less advanced than it is today, and consequently
characteristics may vary considerably between samples. One of the constituent metals, nickel, is
magnetic; a characteristic of thermocouples made with magnetic material is that they undergo a
deviation in output when the material reaches its Curie point; this occurs for type K
thermocouples at around 350 C. Wire color standard is yellow (+) and red (-).
Type M
Type M thermocouples use a nickel alloy for each wire. The positive wire (20 Alloy) contains
18% molybdenum while the negative wire (19 Alloy) contains 0.8% cobalt. These thermocouples
are used in vacuum furnaces for the same reasons as with type C. Upper temperature is limited to
1400 C. It is less commonly used than other types.
Type N
Type N (NicrosilNisil) thermocouples are suitable for use between 270 C and +1300 C
owing to its stability and oxidation resistance. Sensitivity is about 39 V/C at 900 C, slightly
lower compared to type K.
The graph shown below represent the characteristic functions for thermocouples that
reach intermediate temperatures, as covered by nickel alloy thermocouple types E,J,K,M,N,T.
Also shown are the noble metal alloy type P, and the pure noble metal combinations
gold/platinum and platinum/palladium.
To measure the temperature using a thermocouple, you cannot simply connect the
thermocouple to a voltmeter or other measurement system, because the voltage measured is
proportional to the temperature difference between the primary junction and the junction where
the voltage is being measured. Therefore, to know the absolute temperature at the thermocouple
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VJEC Chemperi
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tip, the temperature where the thermocouple is connected to the measurement device must also
be known.
PROCEDURE:
4. Connect Thermocouple to the analog input port of the given DAQ, NI USB 6212 so
that the measured temperature can be indicated and given to the PC system.
5. Also connect the sound alarm to the Digital output of the DAQ system.
Front Panel:
2. Acquire signal >> analog input >> temperature >> thermocouple >> select analog
input channel (ai0-ai15) >> finish.
4. Configuration >> settings range, type of thermocouple and acquisition mode set to
continuous mode.
5. Function pallet >> signal manipulation >>collector, wire up data to signals.
6. Function pallet >> signal manipulation >> statistics >> set arithmetic mean. Wire up
collected signals to signals of arithmetic mean.
7. Function pallet >> arithmetic & comparison >> comparison >> greater than
function.
8. Function pallet >> arithmetic & comparison >> comparison >> less than function.
9. Function pallet >> arithmetic & comparison >> numeric constant.
10. Function pallet >> Input >> DAQ assist.
11. Generate signal >> digital output >> line output >> select port 0 line 0 >> finish.
Block Diagram
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Control pallet >> graph indicators >> graph.

Control pallet >> indicator >> numeric indicator.
Control pallet >> indicator >> LED.
Configuration >> generation mode >> N samples >> run.
Connect sound alarm to the digital output line of the DAQ. Comparing signal is given
as input to the DAQ assistant 2.
RESULT
Created a VI, temperature variation was measured using a K Type thermocouple and is
indicated in the system using VI software with the help of NI USB 6212 DAQ system. Visual
alarm and Sound alarm was implemented for different temperature ranges and output was tested.
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BLOCK DIAGRAM
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Expt. No: 13
Date:-
DATA LOGGER
AIM
To develop a data logger for monitoring datas of temperature measurement.
REQUIREMENTS
LabVIEW 7 software, NI USB 6212 DAQ, Thermocouple,
THEORY
A data logger (also data recorder) is an electronic device that records data over time.Data
loggers can record a wide variety of energy and environmental measurements including
temperature, relative humidity, AC/DC current and voltage, differential pressure, time-of-use
(lights and motors), light intensity, water level, soil moisture, rainfall, wind speed and direction,
pulse signals, and more.
They generally are small, battery powered, portable, and equipped with a microprocessor,
internal memory for data storage, and sensors. Some data loggers interface with a personal
computer and utilize software to activate the data logger and view and analyse the collected data,
while others have a local interface device (keypad, LCD) and can be used as a stand-alone
device.
One of the primary benefits of using data loggers is the ability to automatically collect
data on a 24-hour basis. Upon activation, data loggers are typically deployed and left unattended
to measure and record information for the duration of the monitoring period. This allows for a
comprehensive, accurate picture of the environmental conditions being monitored, such as air
temperature and relative humidity.
Data logger working
First, the data logger is connected to a PC or MAC computer via a USB interface.
Accompanying data logger software is used to select logging parameters (sampling intervals,
start time, etc.) and activate the logger. The logger is then disconnected and deployed in the
desired location, where it records each measurement and stores it in memory along with the time
and date.
After the desired monitoring period, the data logger is then reconnected to the computer
and the software is used again to read out the data and display the measurements in graphs that
show profiles over time. Tabular data can be viewed as well, or exported to a spread sheet for
further manipulation. In the case of web-based data logging systems, data are pushed to the
Internet for access, and with wireless data nodes, data are transmitted to a central receiver.
VJEC Chemperi
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FRONT PANEL
VJEC Chemperi
Page 90
Types of data logger

Data loggers are used in a broad range of indoor, outdoor and underwater environments
essentially anywhere data is needed and the convenience of battery power is preferred.
The three main types of data loggers include stand-alone data loggers, web-based data
logging systems, and wireless data nodes.
Stand-alone data loggers are compact, reusable, and portable, and offer low cost and easy
setup and deployment. Internal-sensor models are used for monitoring at the logger location,
while external-sensor models (with flexible input channels for a range of external sensors) can be
used for monitoring at some distance from the logger. Most stand-alone loggers communicate
with a PC or Mac via a USB interface. For greater convenience, a data shuttle device can be used
to offload data from the logger for transport back to a computer.
Web-based data logging systems enable remote, around-the-clock access to data via GSM
cellular, WI-FI, or Ethernet communications. These systems can be configured with a variety of
external plug-in sensors and transmit collected data to a secure web server for accessing the data.
Wireless data nodes transmit real-time data from dozens of points to a central PC,
eliminating the need to manually retrieve and offload data from individual data loggers.
Applications
Applications of data logging include:
Unattended weather station recording (such as wind speed /direction, temperature,
relative humidity, solar radiation),hydrographic recording (such as water level, water
depth, water flow, water pH, and water conductivity),soil moisture level recording and
gas pressure recording.
Road traffic counting.
Measure vibration and handling shock (drop height) environment of distribution
packaging.
Tank level monitoring, Environmental monitoring,Vehicle Testing (including crash
testing),Motor Racing,Monitoring of relay status in railway signalling etc..
Load profile recording for energy consumption management.
Temperature, Humidity and Power use for Heating and Air conditioning efficiency
studies.
PROCEDURE
2. Connect Thermocouple to the analog input port of the given DAQ, NI USB 6212
so that the measured temperature can be indicated and given to the PC system.
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OUTPUT
VJEC Chemperi
Page 92
Front Panel:
2. Acquire signal >> analog input >> temperature >> thermocouple >> select analog
input channel (ai0-ai15) >> finish.
4. Configuration >> settings range, type of thermocouple and acquisition mode set to
continuous mode.
5. Function pallet >> signal manipulation >>collector, wire up data to signals.
6. Function pallet >> signal manipulation >> statistics >> set arithmetic mean. Wire up
collected signals to signals of arithmetic mean.
7. Function pallet>>output>>write to measurement file. This block indicates the data
logger. Connect the output of arithmetic mean to write to measurement file.
8. A dialogue box will appear when we place this block on front panel.
9. Check whether the file format is text. We can change the data as per our
requirement.
10. Click OK.
11. Open it in spread sheet, take some necessary range of data and plot the graph.
RESULT
Created a VI, temperature variation was measured thermocouple and is indicated in the
system using VI software with the help of NI USB 6212 DAQ system. Also developed a data
logger for storing data.
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VJEC Chemperi
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