-I

-1

.
,
,
.
.

.
6
-2 * " " .
* " 7 " .
C73 - .
A73 . 73 .* " " .
}{FF ; FP; PF ; PP
-3
-a
.

* } = { F ; P " ".
* } = {1, 2;3; 4;5;6 " ".
-b

.
* } A = { PP; FF " "
*

}{1

" "

* " "
" B "

}B = {2; 4;6

-c
A A .
2 4 6 " B "
.
-d A B A B
A B A B .
A B A B .

" "
" A " 3 " B "
6 A B
6 , 4 ,3 , 2 A B
-e

Moustaouli Mohamed

http://arabmaths.site.voila.fr

 -

.
-
, .
- .
" "
}{ pp
-f

A B AB=

" "
} B = { FPP; PFF ; PPF
}A = { FFF ; PPP

}C = { FPF ; PFF ; FFP

A B AB=
} B C = { PFF B C
-g

A B AB= A B=
A = B B = A

* " " .
} = {1; 2;3; 4;5;6
}A = {1; 2; 4;6

}B = {3;5

" D " 6

" E " " F " 6

A = B
AB= A B=
} D = {6 .

" C "

C = E

A C A C .
= E B E B .
F .
** 2 4 " . 3 "
" B "
" A "
" D "
" C 3 "
3
C6

A C21C42

B C 41C 22
D C 43 + C 21C 42

C
A B
) ( B = D

-II
-1
123 456
.
" B " 3
" A "
" C " 7
-1 A B .
-2 1 } {1
-3 A B C
2

Moustaouli Mohamed

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 2
-a
} = {a1 ; a2 ;........an
ai pi ] [ 0;1 1
p .

} {ai pi . p ({ai } ) = pi

) ( ; p

A A ) p ( A
* ) P (
*

p( ) = 0

][0;1

p () = 1

" A "
1
} = { FF ; FP; PF ; PP
= ) } p ({ FF
4
1 1 1 3
= p ( A ) = p ({ PF } ) + p ({ FP} ) + p ({ PP} ) = + +
}A = { PP; PF ; FP
4 4 4 4

2 , 1 1 34
5 6 . .
-1 .
-2 " A "

1 2 3 12
3 .
-1 .
-2 .
-3 " A "
-4 " B " 4
-3
- a
A B
} A B = {a1 ; a2 ;......; an ; b1 ; b2 ;.......; bm
} B = {b1 ; b2 ;.......; bm
} A = {a1 ; a2 ;......; an
m

i =1

i =1

) p ( A B ) = p ({ai } ) + p ({bi } ) = p ( A ) + p ( B

A B

) p ( A B ) = p ( A) + p ( B

-b

= A A

A A =

) p ( A A ) = p ( A) + p ( A ) p ( ) = p ( A) + p ( A ) 1 = p ( A) + p ( A
)p ( A ) = 1 p ( A

Moustaouli Mohamed

http://arabmaths.site.voila.fr

 -c
A B

}B A = { x B / x A

)A B = A ( B A

= )A ( B A

)p ( A B ) = p ( A) + p ( B A

)B = ( A B ) ( B A

= )( A B ) ( B A

)p ( B ) = p ( A B ) + p ( B A

) p ( B A) = p ( B ) p ( A B

) p ( A B ) = p ( A) + p ( B ) p ( A B

A B

) p ( A B ) = p ( A) + p ( B ) p ( A B

-4
cardE E E

cardA
= )p ( A
A
card
.
A cardA = k
card = n
} = {a1 ; a2 ;.........; an

1

n
) p ( A A k
= ) } p ({ai

1 k cardA
= =
n n card

1 i n

p ( A) = k

4 5 6 .
" A "
" B "
" C "
" D "
-1 A B C D .
-2 .
-3 .

-1 card = C153 = 455

34
20
4
= )p ( B
cardB = C63 + C53 + C43 = 34
= )p ( A
=
cardA = C63 = 20
455
455 99
34
p (C ) = 1 p ( B ) = 1
C B
455
" F "
84
= ) p(F
cardF = C93 = 84
455

Moustaouli Mohamed

http://arabmaths.site.voila.fr

84
455

F D

p ( D) = 1 p ( F ) = 1

1
= )p ( A
3

-1 A B = A B
-2 ) p ( A B

1
= )p ( B
4

1
= )p ( A B
6

)p( A B

1 , 6

.
" A " 2
" B "
" C "
-III
-1
-a 500 :

140
60
200

120
180
300

260
240
500

500
-1
" E "
" F "
" G "
" G E "
" L "
-2

200
300
260
204
= )p(E
= ) p(F
= ) p (G
card = 500 -1
500
500
500
500
180
-2
240
180 240 .
180
) pG ( E ) p ( E / G
240
180
= ) pG ( E
E
240
= )p ( L

) p (G E
) p (G

) card ( G E
=

) card (
) card ( G

) card (

-b
A B

Moustaouli Mohamed

) card ( G E
) card ( G

180
500

= ) p (G E

= ) pG ( E

p ( A) 0

http://arabmaths.site.voila.fr

) p (A B
B A
) p (A

= ) pA ( B ) = p ( B / A

) card ( A B
) card ( A

= ) pA ( B

-c

A B ) p ( A B ) = p ( A ) p A ( B ) = p ( B ) pB ( A

5 2 , 1 , 1 , 1 , 1 . 2 , 1 , 1

" I " 2

" J " 2

card = A
* 2 4 1
A2
p ( I ) = 42
cardI = A42
A8
" B " 2
* " A "
A 42
p ( A B ) p ( I ) A82 A 42
=
= 2 = 2
= ) p ( J ) = pB ( A
cardB = A 62 cardA = A52
) p (B
p ( B ) A6 A6
A82
2
8

card ( A B ) A 42
= 2
cardB
A6

= ) p (J

-2
-a

An ;........... A2 ; A1 :
= Ai Aj

1 i n 1 j n

i j

) ( i; j

A1 A2 .......... An =

-b

An ;........... A2 ; A1 . B

) p ( B ) = p ( A1 ) p A1 ( B ) + p ( A 2 ) p A2 ( B ) + ........... + p ( A n ) p An ( B

) B = B = B (A1 A 2 ......... A n ) = ( B A1 ) ( B A 2 ) ............. ( B A n

A n ;...........A 2 ; A1 ) (A n B );...........(A 2 B );(A1 B

) p ( B ) = p ( B A1 ) + p ( B A 2 ) ............................. + p ( B A n

) p ( B ) = p ( A1 ) p A1 ( B ) + p ( A 2 ) p A 2 ( B ) + ........... + p ( A n ) p A n ( B
. 4
3 .
.

Moustaouli Mohamed

http://arabmaths.site.voila.fr

" B "
" Ci 1 i 3 " i
C1 C2 C3 . C1 C2 C3
1
= ) p ( C1 ) = p ( C2 ) = p ( C3

3
4
= ) pC1 ( B
C1
5
2
= ) pC2 ( B
C2
4
3
= ) pC3 ( B
C3
4
C1 C2 C3

) p ( B ) = p (C 1 ) pC1 ( B ) + p (C 2 ) pC 2 (C 2 ) + p (C 3 ) pC 3 ( B
1 4 1 1 1 3 41
= p (B ) = + +
3 5 3 2 3 4 64

= ) pC1 ( B

1
4

= ) pC 3 ( B

1 1 1 1 1 1 19
= p(N ) = + +

3 4 3 2 3 5 60
A B C

A 20/ 5 /
B 30/ 4 /
C 50/ 1 /

Moustaouli Mohamed

http://arabmaths.site.voila.fr

 .
-1
-a A
-b B
-c C
-2
20
= 20/ A 5 /
)
100
( A
-3 A .

" I "
" A " A
-a -1

20
5
1

=
100 100 10

= ) p ( A I ) = p ( A ) pA ( I

30
4
12

=
" B " B
-b
100 100 1000
50
1
5
= ) p (C I ) = p (C ) p I (C

=
" C " C
-c
100 100 1000
p ( I ) = p ( A ) p A ( I ) + p ( B ) p B ( I ) + p (C ) pC ( I ) = ... -d
= ) p ( B I ) = p ( B ) pI ( B

) p (A I
) p (I

-2

= ) pI ( A

-IV
-1
4 .

" R2 "
" R1 "

) p ( R 2

) p R1 ( R 2

-1
-2
p R1 ( R 2 ) = p ( R 2 ) -1 ) p ( R1 R 2 ) = p ( R1 ) p ( R 2

p ( R 2 ) -2

R1 R2 .

) p R1 ( R 2 R1 R2 .

A B ) p ( A B ) = p ( A ) p ( B

. " A "
" B " C " 7 "
A B A C
-2

" - n " n " "
" - n " n " "
" - n m " n " "
" - n m " n "
"
-
.

Moustaouli Mohamed

http://arabmaths.site.voila.fr

 ) (
1 . " A F "

} A = { FFP; FPF ; PFF

) p ( A ) = p ( FFP ) + p ( FPF ) + p ( PFF
3

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1
1
p ( A ) = + + = 3 = C32
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
2
2

2
. 3
.
" " .
" A "3
1
}A = {3;6
= )p ( A
3
A A
:

A . A
" B 3 "
B A 5 .
B . C53
2
1 1 1 2 2
B
= )p ( A
3
3 3 3 3 3
3
2
3
5 2
1 2
1 2

p ( B ) = C 53 = C 53
3 3
3 3

A p .
k k n
n A
n k

) C nk p k (1 p
Moustaouli Mohamed

http://arabmaths.site.voila.fr

2

3
6
5 12 3
8 .
6 .

, .

10

Moustaouli Mohamed

http://arabmaths.site.voila.fr