:

:
GRIFFITH ) (ADN .
ADN

.
.
( ) ( )
.
( )
( ).

.
. .1
:1 .Escherichia coli

Echerichia-Coli
( ).
E.coli
Antibiotique Streptomycine
.Strep S

E.coli

:
( )Strep S
( + +) = ) (Mm
( .)1
37C
)( = (colonie .(clone
() :

1
Mm

Strep S Mm

Escherichia coli
Strep S Mm

+ Mm
1

3
:

 )1 .
)2
)3 .
:
Strep S ) .(Lactose
) (Lac- ) .(Strep s , Lac-
:
).(Strep s , Lac+) (Strep r , Lac+) (Strep r , Lac-
)4
)5 ADN Le gne .
.
)1 .
)2 ) (Strep S
).(Strep R
Strep S Strep R
)3 Strep S Strep R .ADN
Strep S Strep R .ADN
ADN .
Mutation Strep R Strep S .
:Escherichia Coli

Strep R

Strep S

ADN

ADN

)4 :
: Strep S .Strep R
: Lac- .Lac+
.(Strep S, Lac-) :
.(Strep R, Lac+) :

ADN .
)5 ADN
ADN .Gne .Les allles

/ -.

 : :Beadle et Tatum .2
:2 Beadle .1941 Tatum
Beadle:Tatum
Neurospora .
+ + .
.
+ Lacide amin Tryptophane
.
)1
:

( )

E1

Antranilique

E2

Indole

E3

Tryptophane

)2

)1 .
Try- .Auxotrophe pour la tryptophane
Try+ .Autotrophe pour la tryptophane
.
)2 Try- .E1
.
: L'anmie falciforme .3
:3 .Lanmie falciforme
Lhmoglobine :
.
(
) ) (HbS ) .(HbA .
) (HbS
( . )
:

6 m

G T GCACC T T AC T CCAGAGGAG

CA CG T GGA A T GAGG T C T C C T C

glu glu
7

thr pro
4

val his leu

3

CA CG T GGA A T GAGG T C AC C T C

val glu
7

thr pro
4

val his leu

3

HbA

G T GCACC T T AC T CCAG T GGAG

HbA

HbS
HbS

)3 HbA HbS HbA HbS .

)4
)1 HbA HbS
) Glu ( 6 HbA Val .HbS
HbA HbS
17 A T HbS T A .HbA
)2 .
.
(
) .
.

() ADN .
ADN .
ADN
.Allle
: :E.coli
StrepS .StrepR

I : .
ADN .

.
. .4

 :4 .

ADN
.ARN

: ADN
ARN .
.

ARN
:
:a 15min
.ARN
:b 15min
1h 30min
( ).
ARN.

25 m

ARN ARN.
ARN ARN.
.
.
ADN ARN .

.
ARN .
ARN ARN .ARNm
).(ARN messager
. .5
:5 .

.ADN ARNm .

ARNm
( )

4
3

0
70

50

60

((mn

40

30

20

10

( )

ARNm

ARNm
.

 ARNm
.ARNm
ARNm ARNm
.

.ARN 6 .7

:6 ADN .ARN
HbA ARNm
7 .ARN
.

G T GC A C C T T A C T C C AGAGGAG

GUGC A C C U U A C U C C AG AGG AG

C A CG T GGA A T G AGG T C T C C T C

ARNm ADN
HbA

ADN HbA

= U ) ( Uracile

:7 .ARN
A

H3PO4
Cytosine

G
C

Guanine
Adnine
Uracile

ARN

Ribose

CH2

OH
G

OH

H
OH

OH

ARN Acide ribonuclique

( ) + +
A G C .U

.
:ARN .ARNm 8
:8 .ARN
ARNm ADN . ARNm
ADN
ADN . ( ) .La transcription
.
ARN ).(ARNm

ARN

X38000

ADN
:


ARN
'

3
T
'
C
C
T
C
3
GTGCACC T T AC

ARN
TC

GG

A TGA

GA

TG
G

C
G T G C A C C T T A C T C C A G A G G A GC A

'

ADN

CU
G A GC A C G T G G A A T G
AAU
U
G
AC
G
'
G
A
G
G
5
GC
A

T
G
U
TA
CA
G
CTC
C
'
A
C
5
CA
C
U
G
A

GUGCACCUUACUCCAGAGG
G
UG
C
A
C A C G T G G A A T G A G G T C T C C T CG T G C

'

ARNm

ARNm .ADN
ARNm
. ARNm ADN ARNm :

ARN polymrase ARNm .

ARN polymrase ADN
.
ARN polymrase ARNm
G ( ARNm C U .) A ARNm 5 5 3
ADN.
ARN polymrase
ADN .

ARNm ADN
.
: ARNm .
a : .9
:9 :
:

ARNm .

ARNm .

ARNm .

:
ARNm .
.ARNm

 b Nirenberg Matthaei .10

:10 Nirenberg :) 1962 ( Matthaei

( ARNm ) Nirenberg Matthaei :
E.coli
( GTP ATP )Mg2+ ADN .ARNm
37C 20
20 .
20 + Poly U

+
+
+
Val
Phe
.14C Ala
ARNm

-U-
ARNm Poly U
.ARNm Poly U


.
1
2
20
)1
ARNm Poly C
.Pro
ARNm Poly A
.Lys
ARNm Poly GU
- .Val-Cys

)2 .
)1
UUU .
)2 CCC . AAA .
GUG UGU .
Codon .
20
.11
43 64

Non Sens Stop . :
).(UAA, UAG, UGA

 :11 :Code gntique

ARNm
.

G
U
C
A
G

Cys

UGG Trp

Arg

C
A
G

Ser

Arg

U
C
A

CGU
CGC
CGA

Gly

AGU
AGC
AGA
AGG
GGU
GGC
GGA
GGG

Tyr

STOP

CGG

G
U

His

Gln

Asn

Lys

Asp
Glu

UAU
UAC

Ser

UCU
UCC

UAA

UCA

UAG
CAU
CAC
CAA

UCG
CCU
CCC
CCA

Pro

Phe
Leu

Leu

UUU
UUC

U UUA
UUG
CUU
CUC
CUA

CAG

CCG

CUG

AAU
AAC
AAA
AAG
GAU
GAC
GAA

ACU
ACC
ACA
ACG
GCU
GCC
GCA

AUU
AUC
AUA
AUG
GUU
GUC
GUA

Thr

ala

GAG

Ileu
Met

Val

GCG

UGU
UGC

UGA STOP

U
C

GUG

c :
: .12
:12 :

ARNm
ARNm

ARNm
.
:

:

.ARNm
:
.
: ARNt

ARNm :
( )
.
( ) ARN ( )ARNr .
ARN ( )ARNt ( )
. ARNt :


.Anticodon
.
20 .
.
.
: .13
:13 :La traduction

PHE

ARNt

ARNt

MET
AA A

'5' A U G U U U C U G G C C G C C C A A U A A U A C 3
ARNm

U AC

LEU

PHE

PHE

MET

MET

UACAAA
AUGUUUCUGGCCGCCCAAUAAUAC

AAA
A UGU U U C UGGC CGC C C A A U A A U A C

ALA

UAC

GAC

P
A

ARNt

AAA
LEU

CGG

LEU

PHE

PHE

MET

AAAGAC
A UGU U U C UGGC CGC C C A A U A A U A C

GAC
A UGU U U C UGGC CGC C C A A U A A U A C

GUU

PHE

ALA
ALA

MET

VAL
LEU

ALA

ALA

LEU

PHE

MET

MET

VAL

G U U STOP
A UGU U U C UGGC CGC C C A A U A A U A C

STOP

A UGU U U C UGGC CGC C C A A U A A U A C

10

 : Linitiation
ARNm AUG
ARNt ARNt
.UAC
: Llongation
ARNt . ARNm
) (Met Met ARNt
.
( 3 5 ARNm) ARNt
.
: La terminaison
( UAA UAG )UGA
ARNt . ARNm
. Met .
:
ARNm ARNm
( . .)12

11