B CNG THNG

TRNG I HC CNG NGHIP THC PHM

THNH PH H CH MINH

PHNG PHP O
CU TRC TPA
GIANG VIN : TRN L THU
SVTH: NHM 7

TP. H Ch Minh 6/2015

DANH SCH NHM

1. ng Th nh Tuyt.................................2006130083

2. Nguyn Hong Phng Thanh.................2006130092

3. Trn Th Bch Huyn................................2006130088
4. o Th Thu Vng...................................2022130059

Page 2

MC LC
MC LC............................................................................................ 3
Li ni u............................................................................................ 4
I. Tm hiu v cu trc thc phm........................................................4
II.

Phng php o cu trc thc phm...............................................5

1. Gii thiu v phng php TPA.......................................................5

2. Tng quan v thit b c l instron....................................................6
2.1. Phn tch m t cu trc thc phm.............................................8
2.1.1. cng............................................................................8
2.1.2. c kt........................................................................... 8
2.1.3. n hi......................................................................... 8
2.1.4. dnh............................................................................. 8
2.1.5. gin............................................................................. 9
2.1.6. dai thc phm rn.........................................................9
2.1.7. dai thc phm bn rn...................................................9
2.2. o cu trc thch rau cu..........................................................9
2.2.1. Nguyn liu........................................................................ 9
2.2.2. Cc yu cu trong phng php TPA.........................................9
2.2.3. Thit b s dng................................................................10
2.2.4. u im, nhc im..........................................................10
2.2.5. Kt qu...........................................................................10
2.2.6. Nhn xt.......................................................................... 13
3. Thit b Brookfield LRFA.............................................................13
3.1. Tng quan v thit b..............................................................13
3.1.1. Cc thng s cn ci t......................................................13
3.1.2. Nguyn l........................................................................14
3.1.3. Kh nng ng dng............................................................14
3.2. o cu trc sa chua..............................................................14
3.2.1. Nguyn liu...................................................................... 14
3.2.2. Thit b s dng................................................................14
3.2.3. u im, nhc im..........................................................15
3.2.4. Kt qu...........................................................................15
3.2.5. Nhn xt.......................................................................... 15
TI LIU THAM KHO........................................................................ 16

Page 3

Li ni u

I.

Hin nay t nc ngy cng pht trin, nhu cu ca con ngi cng ngy c nng
cao. Trong nhu cu v n ung l c con ngi quan tm nht. Ngy xa mi
ngi ch quan tm l lm sao c n no l , nhng by gi khng ch c nh th
m cn phi c n ngon. Chnh v th m ngnh cng nghip thc phm nc ta
ngy mt pht trin.
Trn th trng Vit Nam hin nay xut hin rt nhiu sn phm, a dng t mu m
cho n cht lng. Nhng trong quan trng nht l v mt cht lng. V vy m
vn ny c kim tra nghim ngt ngay sau khi sn phm c sn xut ra. Cc
sn phm ny c kim tra v mt hng v, cu trc v hnh thc bn ngoi ca sn
phm v y l ba yu t chnh quyt nh sn phm c c chp nhn trn th trng
hay khng. Nhng trong quan trng nht vn l mt cu trc v:
Cu trc nh hng n s cm nhn mi v cng nh n hnh thc bn
ngoi ca sn phm
L y l mt thuc tnh quan trng c khch hng quan tm hng u.
Tm hiu v cu trc thc phm
Sn phm thc phm t khi cha mt hp phn, thng l t hp nhiu hp cht khc
nhau. S lng cc hp phn ha hc to nn 1 thc phm thng n nh, gm ch
yu cc hp cht c gi tr dinh dng. S khc nhau l hm lng tng hp phn.
Sn phm thc phm c cu trc tc l c hnh dng, trng thi, kt cu, mu sc v
hng thm.
Kt cu ca sn phm l biu hin cm gic v chc nng ca cu trc, tnh cht c
hc v tnh
cht b mt ca thc phm, c pht hin thng qua cc quan ca thnh gic, th gic
v xc gic.
Cc qu trnh to cu trc bao gm nhiu giai on lin tip ng vi cc trng thi
hnh th khc nhau. Trc tin phi p dng mt s phng php x l nh: x l
nhit v c hc, s dng cc ho chtnhm ph hu mt phn cu trc khng gian
nguyn th ban u (ph hu cc lin kt nng lng yu hay chnh l lm bin tnh
thnh phn cu to nn sn phm thc phm). Sau li tin hnh t chc v nh
hng cc phn t tng phn hay ton b gin mch ti t chc li cc lin
hp. Cui cng l kt gn v lm cng cu trc c t chc thu c nh phn b
li cc lin kt trong v gia cc phn t b ph hu trong giai on lm gin mch.
Cc sn phm thc phm c dng rn, lng, da vo kt cu c th chia thnh 8 dng:
Dng lng: C nht nhiu hoc t
Dng gel: Thng c tnh do, i khi n hi, c c v nng chy khi
nhit ca ming (gel protein, gel gelatin, gel pectin, gel tinh bt)
Dng si: C mt si xenluloza, si tinh bt, si protein
Dng tp hp cc t bo trng nc, cht lng s gii phng ra khi nhai
(qu v rau mng nc, mt s tht)
Dng snh nhn, trn, nhn: M, chocolat, mt s phomat
Dng kh, b c cu trc ht (bch quy) hoc tinh th (ng)
Dng trong: Tan chm trong ming
Dng xp: Rut bnh m, kem bt.
Nguyn liu trong ch bin cc sn phm thc phm thng c cu to t cc cao
phn t.
Cc cao phn t ny c nhng tnh cht chc nng c trng ring. Tnh cht chc
nng l nhng tnh cht tng th tiu biu nht lin kt ng thi nhiu tnh cht ho
Page 4

II.

l khc nhau nhng ph thuc ln nhau. C th ni tnh cht chc nng l tt c mi

tnh cht khng phi dinh dng c nh hng n tnh hu ch ca mt hp phn
trong thc phm. Tnh cht chc nng ph thuc cht ch vo cu trc khng gian ca
cc phn t v vo trng thi kt hp ca chng (gia chng hay vi cc phn t
khc).
Ngi ta chia tnh cht chc nng ca cc cao phn t ra thnh 3 nhm chnh:
Tnh hidrat ho: ph thuc vo s tng tc ca cc cao phn t vi nc
nh: s ht nc v gi nc, s thm t, s phng ln, s dnh kt, s ho
tan v tnh to nht
Tnh cht ph thuc vo tng tc gia cc cao phn t vi nhau. Tnh cht
ny lin quan n hin tng kt ta, to gel v s to thnh cc cu trc
khc (to si, to bt nho).
Cc tnh cht b mt: c lin quan n sc cng b mt, s to nh ho v s
to bt.
Tnh cht chc nng ph thuc vo nhiu yu t nh nh hng ca cc pha phn tn
khc nhau (h n phn tn v a phn tn). V kch thc ca cc ht phn tn khc
nhau s c s di chuyn n b mt ca phn d th l khc nhau. T l phn t
nm b mt cc lin hp s tng ln khi ng knh phn t nh hn 1m. iu
ny chng t tm quan trng ca cc tnh cht lin pha trong h vi d th c c
trng ca kch thc cc ht.
Chnh qu trnh nghin cu tnh cht chc nng ny ch r cho ta thy nh hng
ca tnh cht chc nng n tnh cht kt cu hay kh nng to cu trc ring cho mi
mt loi sn phm thc phm. Mi dng thc phm c trng bi cc trng thi ca
cc ht phn tn trong h phn tn. Nh vy c th thy tnh cht chc nng c vai tr
v cng quan trng cho qu trnh to nn cu trc cho sn phm thc phm hay to ra
nt c trng ring cho cc sn phm thc phm. Mi mt thnh phn trong nguyn
liu ch bin thc phm c rt nhiu tnh cht khc nhau nh kh nng to bt, kh
nng to gel, kh nng to mng kh nng nh hov nhng kh nng ny li c
to nn t tnh cht chc nng ca chng. Tuy nhin, cc tnh cht ny khng phi
hon ton c lp. Chng hn nh s to gel ca protein khng nhng bao gm nhng
tng tc protein protein m cn bao gm cc tng tc protein nc hoc
nht v ho tan ph thuc ln nhau v ph thuc cc tng tc protein protein
v cc tng tc protein nc.
Phng php o cu trc thc phm
xc nh cu trc ca thc phm, ngi ta dng 6 phng php sau:
Phng php m xuyn
Phng php nn TPA (texture profile analylis)
Phng php ct Kramer (nhiu dao)
Phng php ct Warner-Bratzler (mt dao)
Phng php Back Extrusion (p n)
1. Gii thiu v phng php TPA
TPA (texture profile analysis) l mt phng php dng cng c xc nh cu trc
ca thc phm bng lc nn c hc. y l phng php nh gi c nhiu thuc
tnh cu trc ca sn phm trong 1 ln th, thit b k thut s dng ng cong ca
lc, ng cong ca s bin dng phn loi cc c tnh cu trc then cht ca
mu, l cu ni vi cm quan. Phng php ny ch dung lc nn. Mu c tin
hnh nn hai ln lin tip.Vic lp li thao tc nhiu ln gip ta c th tnh ton c
cc c tnh cu trc. Kt qu thu c mt ng cong th hin quan h gia lc v
thi gian.
Page 5

Mt vi thuc tnh cu trc nh cng, c kt, nht, n hi c th c

nh gi t ng cong ny. a chc nng, c nhiu ng dng trong cng nghip.
Kim traTPA bao gm hai chu k, mi chu k nn v gim nn (php th 2 ln cn two
bite test). Mu c th b p n 90%. Quan h lc/thi gian v lc/bin dng s c
ghi li trong nhng chu k nn v gim nn. T ng cong lc/thi gian, nhiu thng
s cu trc nh kh nng gy v, cng, tnh dai, tnh co gin s c rt ra. y l
nhng thng s rt gn vi cc c tnh v cm quan. TPA test c s dng trong l,
o, tht b, b bt tt, b Cheddar, qu h o.

2. Tng quan v thit b c l instron

Thit b instron
Instron, nh cung cp cc loi my o c l vt liu hng u th gii cung cp hng
lot cc gii php cho php phn tch cu trc cho ngnh cng nghip thc phm.
Instron bao gm php phn tch cu trc thc phm, t nm 1968 khi Malcolm
Bourne ln u tin s dng v instron lm php phn tch m phng s b v thc
phm. Instron seri 5500, c th mua c cc b my phn tch cu trc vi loi
kch c v cng sut min l php o chnh xc c th chy mt php kim tra
bloom ca cc loi gel mm hay nn p tri cy. Trong seri 5500 tt c cc b
my u kt hp vi quy trnh cng ngh hiu lnh bng tay mi nht vi phn mm
merlin ca instron. Merlin l b chng trnh phn mm my tnh bt u cuc
kim nghim thc phm, kim sot v tp hp d liu v to ra kt qu, chun b bo
co. Tnh d dng s dng ca phn mm ny mang li s hot ng n gin,
Page 6

chnh xc ng tin cy v tnh linh ng. Thng thng cc phng php th nghim
nh TPA, o gy, bin dng, m xuyn, ct, nn, u d dng chy bng phn
mm merlin. S dng gn lin vi c kim sot v tnh ton th nghim bn s d dng
to ra nhng php kim tra cho ring mnh.
Phn cng (thn my): B phn thn my gm mt ct v gi l ni kt ni vi
my tnh v cc b kt thc hin cc php o.

Phn mm BLUEHILL cung cp mt chng trnh kim tra nguyn liu linh hot v
y sc mnh, d dng s dng i vi c nhng ngi ch mi bt u hc hay cc
chuyn gia. Phn mm BLUEHILL chia thnh cc bng m mu gip thao tc d dng.
Mn hnh p ng nhu cu i vi cc k thut ng dng cho tng phng php kim
tra. Cc thng s nh l c nh c cu, thut ng kim tra, la chn n v v tnh
ton c nh hnh t ng,
cho php phng th nghim hot ng nhanh chng v chnh xc.

Nhng thit k v kh nng ca BLUEHILL phn nh nn tng ng dng mnh m

ca Instron, tp on pht trin 60 nm qua nh l ngi dn u trong vic kim tra
vt liu. BLUEHILL tng thch trc tip vi nhiu h thng ca Instron nh 3300,
4200, 5500, 5800
Phn mm BLUEHILL giao din c thit k dng bng nn s dng kh n gin.
N bao gm vic kim tra, phng php kim tra, bo co kt qu v h thng qun l.
Page 7

Bm vo bng m bn thy, ri chn mc bn mun kim tra. Rt n gin. iu khin

cc mc theo bng dng ct cho ra kt qu theo s trnh by nh trn mn hnh
xc nh cng xut d liu v th mc lu tr.
2.1. Phn tch m t cu trc thc phm
Thng s cn o:
cng ( Hardness, N )
gin ( Fracturability, N )
c kt (Cohesivement)
dnh b mt (Adhesivement, J )
do ( Gumminess, N )
dai ( Chewiness, J )
phc hi ( Resilience, J )

2.1.1.
cng
Theo c tnh vt l: cng l lc cn thit lm mu bin dng n mt
mc xc nh cho trc.
Theo c tnh cm quan: cng l lc cn thit cn t mu hon ton
khi mu c t gia cc rng hm.
2.1.2.
c kt
Theo c tnh vt l: c kt l mc vt liu bin dng trc khi xy ra
nt v
Theo c tnh cm quan: c kt l mc bin dng ca mu trc khi
v ra, khi xuyn qua mu hon ton bng rng hm.
2.1.3.
n hi
Theo c tnh vt l: n hi l mc vt liu phc hi li trng thi ban
u sau khi b lm bin dng v lc c ct i.
Theo c tnh cm quan: n hi l mc mu c th hi phc tr li
hnh dng, kch thc ban u sau khi c nn mt phn gia li v vm
ming.
2.1.4.
dnh
Theo c tnh vt l: dnh l cng cn thit ct t cc lin kt gia b
mt mu thc phm v b mt tip xc vi mu .
Theo c tnh cm quan: dnh l lc cn thit g thc phm dnh vo
ming (thng l vm ming) khi n.
2.1.5.
gin
Theo c tnh vt l: gin l lc cn thit lm nt vt liu, bng tch
cng c kt (thng l khi cng ln, c kt thp).
Page 8

 Theo c tnh cm quan: gin l lc cn thit lm thc phm nt hoc

v vn ra.
2.1.6.
dai thc phm rn
Theo c tnh vt l: dai (thc phm rn) l tng nng lng cn thit
nhai thc phm rn n kch thc nh nut c, bng tch cng
c kt n hi.
Theo c tnh cm quan: dai (thc phm rn) l thi gian (giy) cn thit
nghin mu,khi c mt lc khng i tc dng, n khi thc phm nh
c th nut
2.1.7.
dai thc phm bn rn
Theo c tnh vt l: dai (thc phm bn rn) l nng lng cn thit
nghin vn thc phm bn rn n kch tht nh nut c, bng
cng c kt. Trong thc phm phi c cng thp, c kt cao.
Theo c tnh cm quan: dai (thc phm bn rn) l mc cc tiu phn
dnh li vi nhau trong sut qu trnh nhai, nng lng cn thit nghin
vn thc phm bn rn nh c th nut.
2.2. o cu trc thch rau cu
2.2.1.
Nguyn liu
Thch rau cu Long Hi: chiu cao 2cm
Thch rau cu Bidrico: chiu cao 2.5cm
Thch rau cu New Choice: chiu cao 2.5cm
D d (D: ng knh mu, d: ng knh u d TPA

Tnh cht ca cc sn phm thch rau cu: vi thnh phn nh trn, cc sn phm
thch c dai, do, n hi..., thch hp cho vic s dng phng php TPA xc
nh cu trc ca thc phm.
2.2.2.
Cc yu cu trong phng php TPA
Kch thc mu thc phm: 1cm3, hnh lp phng.
Tin hnh vi 2 ln nn p
u d TPA
2.2.3.
Thit b s dng

Page 9

Thit b o c l Instron
Thng s k thut:
Tc : 2-30 in/pht hoc 0 - 75 cm/pht.
Hnh trnh chuyn ng: 3.5 in / 8.9 cm.
Lc ti ti a: 1.363 kg (3000 pound) (nu dng FTA-3000 force transducer).
Ngun: 220 VAC, 50/60 Hz. - Kch thc my chnh (W x D x H) : 48 x 51
x 86 cm.
Trng lng my chnh: 56 kg
2.2.4.
u im, nhc im
u im
Thao tc d thc hin v dng hu ht cc ni
Tn t thi gian v cho kt qu nhanh chng
Hot ng lin tc (khng hn ch s lng mu kim tra)
Cho kt qu chnh xc c tin cy cao
Biu din c nhiu c tnh cu trc mu trong mt ln o
Kt hp c vi cc thit b khc nh my vi tnh thu c cc biu
thun li cho vic phn tch kt qu.
Nhc im
Kh ng nht kt qu thu c vi thc t nh gi khi thc hin trn hi ng
v y cng chnh l c im chung ca phng php phn tch cng c.
2.2.5.
Kt qu
Thch Long Hi

Page 10

Thch Bidrico

Page 11

Thch new choice

Page 12

2.2.6.
Nhn xt
T trn ta c th nhn thy: cc thng s v lc nn ln nht ln1, lc nn
ln nht ln 2, dnh b mt, Gum, co gin, Chewiness m ta o
ca thch rau cu Bidrico u ln hn thch rau cu Long Hi v New
Choice.
Trong 3 sn phm th thch rau cu New Choice c cc thng s l thp nht,
da vo th ta thy sn phm c gin nhng tng i nh do tnh cht
b mt th hin qua im t gy u tin.
3 sn phm u c kt cu tng ng nhau, sn phm ca New Choice
th mm hn do Gum ca n nh nht trong 3sp.
Carrageenan l thnh phn chnh trong c 3 sn phm, tuy nhin hm lng
l khc nhau cng vi mt vi ph gia c s dng to nn do dai
ca thch. Carageenan tham gia nh mt cht to ng, c th thay i kt
cu ca sn phm vi tnh cht ha l, c hc mong mun,to ra cc sn
phm ng c c bn dai. Nhn vo bng kt qu so snh c 3 sn phm
th thch rau cau bidrico c dai v s vng chc tt hn. iu ny l do
mt phn s phi trn nguyn liu, hng v ca tng ni sn xut.Sn phm
thch ca Long Hi v Bidico c c, dai v do,cn thch ca New
Choice cng do nhng mm hn.
3. Thit b Brookfield LRFA

3.1. Tng quan v thit b

3.1.1.
Cc thng s cn ci t
Distance: l tng khong cch m u o i xung ngay sau khi t c
lc trigger.
Speed: l vn tc m u o s di chuyn n khong cch nh trc.
Time: l s giy m u o s gi yn ti mt khong cch xc nh trong
ch hold time.
Count: l s vng s tc dng ln mu trong sut ch cycle count.
Trigger: l lc (g) o bi thit b cho bit u o tip xc vi mu th.
Khi t c gi tr trigger th php th s bt u vi tc nh trc.

Page 13

Brookfield khuyn co l gi tr trigger nn chim khong 0,5% phm vi ti

trng.
3.1.2.
Nguyn l
Thit b phn tch cu trc LRFA m u th xung mt khong cch t trc v ti
tc di chuyn xc nh vo mu th c t trn bn chn . Thit b cn cung
cp rt nhiu loi u o, dng c v cc thng s kim tra cung cp cho ngi s
dng nhiu la chn thch hp vi cu trc ca vt liu ca mu th.
3.1.3.
Kh nng ng dng
Phn tch cu trc:
Bnh ko
Rau qu
Magarine, b
Gel
Kem trang tr
Yaourt
3.2. o cu trc sa chua
Php th nn p, nghin cu nh hng ca cc thnh phn n cu trc yaourt (
c, cng, dnh)
3.2.1.
Nguyn liu
Cu trc l mt trong nhng yu t quan trng quyt nh cht lng ca sn phm.
Sa chua th kh ph bin v c gi tr dinh dng cao. Do nhng yu cu v cht
lng ca sn phm ngy cng c nng cao. V mt trong nhng yu t quan trng
l c ca sa chua.

Sa chua c cc thnh phn casein, bt whey, ngoi ra cn c cc cht n nh trnh

hin tng tch nc, to snh, ng u nh: gelatin,pectin, carageena,
Trong , hm lng casein v protein huyt thanh sa cng tng th sn phm cng
c v pectin, carageena tham gia vi vai tr to b khung cho sa chua, lm sa
chua ng c hn.
3.2.2.
Thit b s dng
Thit b Brookfield LRFA
Thng s ci t:
Speed: 1mm/s
Distance: 10mm
Trigger: 4g
Page 14

 Probe: TA4
3.2.3.
u im, nhc im
u im
D dng tin hnh kho st, nhanh chng
Lc cn p lc u khng ph thuc vo khi lng ca mu.
V sinh dng c sau mi ln s dng cng n gin.
Nhc im
Ngn cha mu mc lc ln c th vt qua kh nng chu lc ca my
phn tch thng thng.
Xylanh i xung phi v tr chnh gia b phn cha mu p b rng khe
h quanh chu vi c nh.
3.2.4.
Kt qu

3.2.5.
Nhn xt
Sn phm c t cht bo th mm hn sn phm c nhiu cht bo v mu c
t cht bo s chy qua pittong nhiu hn. Mu t bo th lc, cng v dc
ng biu din thp hn.
Theo kt qu ta thy sa chua Love in farm c c cao nht, tip theo l
Vinamilk v thp nht l Wel, qua ta thy c ca sn phm quyt nh
bi hm lng cht bo c trong sn phm (sa chua Love in farm c 3
0,3g cht bo, Vitamin c 3g cht bo, Wel c 2,2g cht bo).
Sn phm c c cao th kh nng dnh kt cao v tnh dnh kt th hin
qua gi tr Adhesvieness, tnh dnh kt gim khi c gim, c th trong
bi ny Love in farm c tnh dnh kt cao nht v thp nht l Wel.

Page 15

TI LIU THAM KHAO

1. TS. Trn Bch Lam, Phm Th Ngc Hnh Nguyn cu khai thc s dng my
phn tch cu trc HBK TPHCM Nm 2009.
2. Food Textureand Viscosity Conceptand Measurement (A Volumein the Food
Science and Technology International Series) (FoodScienceandTechnology)

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