Intro to HCA 1106C Computer Architecture

Agenda:
What does computer organization mean?
Two directions of growth
Growth in computer system performance
Example: Evolution of Central Processing Unit

Course Objectives

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History of computers

Pascaline(Blaise
Pascal)

Difference engine(Charles
babbage)

Punched cards (Hollerith)

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History of computers

Zuse (Konrad Zuse)

Harvard Mark 1(Howard

Aiken)

Eniac(John W. Mauchly and

J. Presper Eckert)

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History of computers

Edvac (Von neuman)

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Altair(1971)

Transistors & EC
(1947/1958)

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Growth in computer system performance

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Key Terms

Organisation : the way in which the elements/components of a whole are arranged

A computer : an electronic device which is capable of receiving information (data) in a particular
form and of performing a sequence of operations in accordance with a predetermined but variable
set of procedural instructions (program) to produce a result in the form of information or signals.
System : an organised set of related components working together to achieve a common goal or
set of goals.
Architecture: the complex or carefully designed structure of something
Computer architecture: the conceptual structure and logical organization of a computer or
computer-based system.
Computer performance = collection components

Effective performance = slowest component

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What are we going to learn:

How is a computer system organized?

How does each component works?

The evolution of computers

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Two directions of growth:

Hardware Growth

Larger Components

Moores Law
(Doubled in 18 months)
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More Components

Number of components

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Moore's law describes a long-term trend in the history of computing
hardware. The number of transistors that can be placed
inexpensively on an integrated circuit has doubled approximately
every two years
The capabilities of many digital electronic devices are strongly
linked to Moore's law: processing speed, memory capacity, sensors
and even the number and size of pixels in digital cameras
Moore's Law, a

40-year-old
prediction of
technology
integration that
Intel has made
real, fuels the
world economy
and improves the
lives of billions
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Consequence & limitations
Transistor count versus computing performance:The exponential processor
transistor growth does not always translate into exponentially greater
practical CPU performance. For example, the higher transistor density in
multi-core CPUs doesn't greatly increase speed on many consumer applications
that are not parallelized.
Importance of non-CPU bottlenecks: As CPU speeds and memory capacities
have increased, other aspects of performance like memory and disk access
speeds have failed to keep up. As a result, those access latencies are more
and more often a bottleneck in system performance.
Parallelism and Moore's law: Parallel computation has recently become
necessary to take full advantage of the gains allowed by Moore's law. For
years, processor makers consistently delivered increases in clock rates and
instruction-level parallelism, so that single-threaded code executed faster on
newer processors with no modification.

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Processors
Thanks to Moore's Law, computer processors
keep getting faster and more powerful all the
time, making last year's system all but obsolete
for playing next.

The processor tells your computer what to do

and when to do it, it decides which tasks are
more important and prioritizes them to your
computers needs
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Dual core processors

A dual core processor is a CPU with two separate

cores on the same die, each with its own cache. It's
the equivalent of getting two microprocessors in one.
A dual core processor is different from a multiprocessor system. In multiprocessor there are two
separate CPUs with their own resources. In the
former, resources are shared and the cores reside on
the same chip. A multi-processor system is faster than
a system with a dual core processor,
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Intel i4004 Processor

Introduced in 1971 with 2,300 transistors

Performance: 0.06 Million Instructions/sec (MIPS)
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Pentium III Processor

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Introduced in 1999 with 28 million transistors

Claimed performance: over 1,000 MIPS

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Pentium III Processor Die w/ major components

Each component larger than
those in i4004
(Moores Law)
More components than i4004
(New Concepts)

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Pentium IV Processor

Processor Core

Larger component
than Pentium III
(Moores Law)

More components
than Pentium III
(New Concepts)

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Introduced in 2000 with 42 million transistors

Claimed Performance: 3,000 MIPS

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Pentium-D Processer (Intels dual-core Penitum processor)
Processor
Core

Pentium-D Processor
Execution
Core

Execution
Core

1MB
cache

1MB
cache

Bus I/F

Bus I/F
Front Side Bus

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Pentium-D Processer (Intels dual-core Penitum processor)
Real dual core processor
Internal
Execution Core

Cache
Memory

Pentium-D
Processor

Internal
Execution Core

Bus I/F

Cache
Memory

More components in another dimension

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Bus I/F

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AMD Opteron

(Moores Law)

Huge cache
memory

AMDs High-End
Dual-core
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Yet another type of computers: Super-Computers

Whats the super-computer?
A computer which is 12,000 times faster than Pentium-4.

Whats the difference from PC?

Special purpose computing
(such as weather forecasting, seismic wave analysis)

How large is it?

Its at least a room, sometimes a building

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Yet another type of computers: Super-Computers

Whats the super-computer?
A computer which is 12,000 times faster than Pentium-4.

Whats the difference from PC?

Special purpose computing
(such as weather forecasting, seismic wave analysis)

How large is it?

Its at least
a room,
NECs Earth
Simulator
I sometimes a building

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Summary of this presentation

Two direction in growth:

This is the question

in HCA 1105C

More Components
Parallelism increases for faster operations

Larger Components
Each component hold more information

Question:
How all these contribute to better performance?
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Course Objectives (to answer the previous question):
Major goals:
Identify major components in computer systems
- Understand how each component works

Understand how they contribute to performance

Analyze performance (theoretical and experimental)
We will find answers for the questions during this course!!
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Reading materials
Brief history of chips
http://www.devhardware.com/c/a/Computer
-Processors/A-Brief-History-of-Chips/

CPU
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_proces
sing_unit