INTRODUCTION TO

MICROPROCESSOR

Dr. Debashish
Dash
Dept. of Micro
& Nano
Electronics
SENSE
 INTRODUCTION TO MICROPROCESSOR

 The Central Processing Unit (CPU) is the “brain” of the

computer.
 The CPU can be thought in terms of two basic components:
 The Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) which modifies data by executing
arithmetic and/or logical operations on it.
 The control unit which takes the instructions from memory, decodes
it, and
 Then moves the data to the appropriate places and ensures that the
ALU performs the desired operation.
 CONT.

 Eventually the entire processor was placed on a single chip

(SoC).
 When this became standard computers were said to enter the
fourth generation.
 The generation started from integration of transistors. They
are such as:
 SSI 7400 Series: 10 – 100 transistors
 MSI 74000 series: 100 – 1000 transistors
 LSI: 1,000 – 10,000 transistors
 VLSI: >10,000 transistors
 ULSI:> 10,00,000 transistors
 GLSI:>1 billion transistors
CONT.
50 YEARS OF MOORE’S LAW

In Every two
years, the no. of
transistors in a IC
doubles.
Modified:
In Every 1.5
years (18
months), the no.
of transistors in a
IC doubles.
 MILESTONES OF ELECTRONIC IC
INDUSTRY
 1947: Bardeen, Brattain & Shockly invented the transistor,
foundation of the IC industry.
 1952: SONY introduced the first transistor –based radio.
 1958: Kilby invented integrated circuits (ICs).
 1965: Moore’s law came into effect.
 1968: Noyce and Moore founded INTEL.
 1970: INTEL introduced 1K DRAM.
 CONT.

 1971: INTEL announced 4-bit 4004 microprocessor (2250

transistors).
 1976/81:Apple II/IBM PC
 1984: Xilinx invented FPGAs
 1985: INTEL began focussing on microprocessor products.
 1987: TSMC was founded (fabless IC design).
 1991: AR< introduced its first embeddedable RISC IP core.
 CONT.

 1996: SAMSUNG introduced IG DRAM.

 1998: IBM announces 1GHz experimental microprocessor.
 1999: System-on-chip (SoC) applications
 2002: System-in-Package (SIP) technology
 2002/later: An INTEL Pentium-4 contains 42 million
transistors (1 billion by 2005).
 Today, we use Blue Tooth technology which uses billions of
transistors. (2022, APPLE used 114 billion transistors in M1-
ultra.)
 WHAT IS MICROPROCESSOR?

 Microprocessor, any of a type of miniature electronic device

that contains the arithmetic, logic, and control circuitry
necessary to perform the functions of a digital computer’s
central processing unit.
 8-BIT/16-BIT MICROPROCESSORS

 When the term n-bit microprocessor is used, this refers to the

size of the internal data registers (e.g. accumulators) and
data bus.
 How to decide size of microprocessor?
 Its internal registers which manipulates various data (at least 80%
registers)
 Its data bus
 INTEL I SERIES PROCESSORS

4004 Core 2 i7

8008 Pentium D i5

Pentium
8088,8086 i3
xion
 CONT.

 When looking at a processor, there are two main figures we

look for.
 Clock speed
 No of cores
 CLOCK SPEED

 This measured in gigahertz (GHz, one billion hertz), and tells

you how many operations a processor can do each second.
 The higher the number, the faster the computer.
 NUMBER OF CORES

 Processor cores are individual processing units within the

computer's central processing unit (CPU).
 The more cores, the better, because it allows your computer
to run multiple tasks at the same time without slowing down. 
 You’ll appreciate more cores if you often have lots of
programs running or open lots of web browser tabs. 
 Single core

 Dual core

 Quad core
CONT.
 I3

 Core i3 processors offer a great mix of price and performance.

 They aren't the best for heavy multi-tasking or more
challenging tasks such as editing videos, but they offer a
noticeable step up from Pentium processors without you
having to spend too much more
 I5

 Core i5 processors are a great choice if you want a computer

that can perform lots of tasks at once, and perhaps even
delve into photo and video editing work.
 They don't cost as much as i7 processors but they offer
performance that isn't too far off. 
 I7

 Core i7 is a step up from i5, with a bit of extra performance to

make those tough tasks that bit quicker. 
COMPARISON