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laLdkjfof/%
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vFkkUR;sf"VdeZfo/ o{;ke%
^vUR;sf"V* deZ ml dks dgrs gSa fd tks 'kjhj osQ vUr dk laLdkj
gS] ftl osQ vkxs ml 'kjhj osQ fy, dksbZ Hkh vU; laLdkj ugha gSA
blh dks ujes/] iq#"kes/] uj;kx] iq#"k;kx Hkh dgrs gSa A
HkLekUr 'kjhje~ A
;tq% v A ea AA
fu"ksdkfn'e'kkukUrks eU=kS;LZ ;ksfnrks fof/% AA
euq
vFkZbl 'kjhj dk laLdkj (HkLekUre~) vFkkZr~ HkLe djus i;ZUr
gS AAAA
'kjhj dk vkjEHk rqnku vkSj vUr esa 'e'kku vFkkZr~ e`rd deZ
gS AAAA
(iz'u) x#Miqjk.k vkfn esa n'kxk=k] ,dkn'kkg] }kn'kkg]
lfi.Mh deZ] ekfld] ok"kd] x;kJk vkfn f;k fy[kh gSa] D;k
;s lc vlR; gSa \
(mkj) gk] vo'; feF;k gSa] D;ksafd osnksa esa bu deks dk
fo/ku ugha gS A blfy, vdkZO; gSa vkSj e`rd tho dk lEcU/
iwoZ lEcfU/;ksa osQ lkFk oqQN Hkh ugha jgrk] vkSj u bu thrs gq,
lEcfU/;ksa dk A og tho vius deZ osQ vuqlkj tUe ikrk gS A
(iz'u) ej.k osQ ihNs tho dgk tkrk gS \
(mkj) ;eky; dks A
(iz'u) ;eky; fdl dks dgrs gSa \
(mkj) okoky; dks A
(iz'u) okoky; fdl dks dgrs gSa \
(mkj) vUrfj{k dks] tks fd ;g iksy gS A
(iz'u) D;k x#Miqjk.k vkfn esa ;eyksd fy[kk gS og
>wBk gS \
(mkj) vo'; feF;k gS A
(iz'u) iqu% lalkj D;ksa ekurk gS \
(mkj) osn osQ vKku vkSj mins'k osQ u gksus ls A tks ;e
dh dFkk fy[k jD[kh gS] og lc feF;k gS] D;ksafd ^;e* brus inkFkks
vUR;sf"Vizdj.ke~
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dk uke gS
;ek; tqgr
q k gfo%A ;ea g ;Kks xPNR;fXunwrks vj
a r% AAAA
e A lw A ea AA
fof/
lafLFkrs HkwfeHkkxa [kku;sn~ nf{k.kiwoZL;ka fnf'k nf{k.kk&
ijL;ka ok AAAA
nf{k.kkizo.ka izkXnf{k.kkizo.ka ok izR;Xnf{k.kkizo.k&
feR;soQs AAAA
;kokuqnc
~ kgqd% iq#"kLrkonk;kee~ AAAA
O;keek=ka fr;ZoQ~ AAAA
forLR;okZoQ~ AAAA
osQ'k'eJqykseu[kkuhR;qDra iqjLrkr~ AAAA
f}xqYiaQ cgjkT;a p AAAA
n/U;=k lijku;UR;srr~ fi=;a i`"knkT;e~ AAAA
vFkSrka fn'keXuhu~ u;fUr ;Kik=kkf.k p AAAA
vFkZtc dksbZ ej tkos rc ;fn iq#"k gks rks iq#"k vkSj L=kh gks
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laLdkjfof/%
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rks fL=k;ka ml dks Luku djkosa A pUnukfn lqxU/ysiu vkSj uohu oL=k
/kj.k djkosa A ftruk ml osQ 'kjhj dk Hkkj gks mruk ?k`r ;fn
vf/d lkeF;Z gks rks vf/d ysosa vkSj tks egknfj fHk{kqd gks fd ftl
osQ ikl oqQN Hkh ugha gS] mls dksbZ Jheku~ ok ip cuosQ vk/ eu
ls de ?kh u nsosa] vkSj Jheku~ yksx 'kjhj osQ cjkcj rksyosQ pUnu] lsj
Hkj ?kh esa ,d jkh dLrwjh] ,d eklk osQlj] ,d&,d eu ?kh osQ lkFk
lsj&lsj Hkj vxj&rxj vkSj ?k`r esa pUnu dk pwjk Hkh ;Fkk'kfDr Mky
diwj] iyk'k vkfn osQ iw.kZ dk"B] 'kjhj osQ Hkkj ls nwuh lkexzh 'e'kku
esa igqapkosa A rRi'pkr~ e`rd dks ogka 'e'kku esa ys tk;sa A
;fn izkphu osnh cuh gqbZ u gks rks uohu osnh Hkwfe esa [kksnsA
og 'e'kku dk LFkku cLrh ls nf{k.k rFkk vkXus; vFkok uSRZ ;
dks.k esa gks] ogka Hkwfe dks [kksns A e`rd osQ ix nf{k.k] uSZR; vFkok
vkXus; dks.k esa jgsa A f'kj mkj bZ'kku ok ok;O; dks.k esa jgs AAAA
e`rd osQ ix dh vksj osnh osQ rys esa uhpk vkSj f'kj dh vksj
FkksM+k maQpk jgs AAAA
ml osnh dk ifjek.k iq#"k [kM+k gksdj mQij dks gkFk mBkos
mruh yEch vkSj nksuksa gkFkksa dks yEcs mkj nf{k.k ik'oZ esa djus
ls ftruk ifjek.k gks] vFkkZr~ e`rd osQ lk<+s rhu gkFk vFkok rhu
gkFk mQij ls pkSM+h gksos] vkSj Nkrh osQ cjkcj xgjh gksos AAAA
vkSj uhps vk/ gkFk vFkkZr~ ,d chrk Hkj jgs AAAA
ml osnh esa FkksM+k&FkksM+k ty fNVdkos A ;fn xkse; mifLFkr gks rks
ysiu Hkh djns A ml esa uhps ls vk/h osnh rd ydfM+;k fpus] tSls fd
fHkkh esa bVs fpuh tkrh gS]a vFkkZr~ cjkcj tekdj ydfM+;k /js A ydfM+;ksa
osQ chp esa FkksM+k&FkksM+k diwj FkksM+h&FkksM+h nwj ij jD[ks A ml osQ mQij
e; esa e`rd dks jD[ks] vFkkZr~ pkjksa vksj osnh cjkcj [kkyh jgs A vkSj
i'pkr~ pkjksa vksj vkSj mQij pUnu rFkk iyk'k vkfn osQ dk"B cjkcj
fpus A osnh ls mQij ,d chrk Hkj ydfM+;k fpus A
tc rd ;g f;k gksos] rc rd vyx pwYgk cuk vfXu
tyk ?kh rik vkSj Nkudj ik=kksa esa jD[ks A mlesa dLrwjh vkfn lc
inkFkZ feykos A yEch&yEch ydfM+;ksa esa pkj pelksa dks] pkgs os
ydM+h osQ gksa ok pkanh lksus osQ vFkok yksgs osQ gksa] ftl pelk esa
,d NVkadHkj ls vf/d vkSj vk/h NVkad Hkj ls U;wu ?k`r u vkos]
[kwc n`<+ cU/uksa ls M.Mksa osQ lkFk cka/s A i'pkr~ ?k`r dk nhid djosQ
diwj esa yxkdj f'kj ls vkjEHk dj ikni;ZUr e;&e; esa vfXu&
vUR;sf"Vizdj.ke~
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izos'k djkos A vfXu&izos'k djkosQ
vFk osneU=kk%
lw; p{kqxZPNrq okrekRek |ka p xPN i`fFkoha p /Ek.Z kk A
viks ok xPN ;fn r=k rs fgreks"k/h"kq izfr fr"Bk 'kjhj%S Lokgk AAAA
vtks HkkxLrilk ra riLo ra rs 'kksfpLrirq ra rs vp% A
;kLrs f'kokLrUoks tkrosnLrkfHkogZ uS a lqrkeq yksoQa Lokgk AAAA
volt
` iqujXus fIkrH` ;ks ;Lr vkgqr'pjfr Lo/kfHk% A
vk;qol
Z ku mior
s q 'ks"k% la xPNrka rUok tkrosn% Lokgk AAAA
vXusoZeZ ifj xksfHkO;Z;Lo laikz .s kqZ"o iholk esnlk p A
usok /`".kqgjZ lk t Z"kk.kks n/f` Xo/{;u~ i;
Z ;krs Lokgk AAAA
;a RoeXus lengLreq fuoki
Z ;k iqu% A
fOkQ;kECo=k jksgrq ikdnwokZ O;Yd'kk Lokgk AAAA
e A lw A ea &] ] AA
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laLdkjfof/%
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vUR;sf"Vizdj.ke~
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laLdkjfof/%
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vUR;sf"Vizdj.ke~
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laLdkjfof/%
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bu NCchl vkgqfr;ksa dks djosQ] ;s lc (vkse~ vXu;s
Lokgk) bl eU=k ls ysosQ (e`R;os Lokgk) rd ,d lkS
bDdhl vkgqfr gqb] vFkkZr~ pkj tuksa dh feyosQ pkj lkS
pkSjklh vkSj tks nks tus vkgqfr nsosa rks nks lkS c;kyhl A ;fn
?k`r fo'ks"k gks rks iqu% bUgha ,d lkS bDdhl eU=kksa ls vkgqfr
nsrs tk;sa] ;kor~ 'kjhj HkLe u gks tk; rkor~ nsosa A
tc 'kjhj HkLe gks tkos] iqu% lc tus oL=k iz{kkyu Luku djosQ
ftl osQ ?kj esa e`R;q gqvk gks ml osQ ?kj dh ektZu] ysiu]
iz{kkyukfn ls 'kqf djosQ] i`"B & esa fy[ks izek.ks
LofLrokpu] 'kkfUrdj.k dk ikB vkSj i`"B & esa fy[ks izek.ks
bZ'ojksikluk djosQ] bUgha LofLrokpu vkSj 'kkfUrdj.k osQ eU=kksa
ls] tgka vV] vFkkZr~ eU=k iwjk gks] ogka ^Lokgk* 'kCn dk
mPpkj.k djosQ lqxU;kfn feys gq, ?k`r dh vkgqfr ?kj esa nsosa
fd ftl ls e`rd dk ok;q ?kj ls fudy tk; vkSj 'kq ok;q ?kj
esa izos'k djs vkSj lc dk fpk izlUu jgs A ;fn ml fnu jkf=k
gks tk;s rks FkksM+h lh vkgqfr nsdj] nwljs fnu izkr%dky mlh
izdkj LofLrokpu vkSj 'kkfUrdj.k osQ eU=kksa ls vkgqfr nsosa A
rRi'pkr~ tc rhljk fnu gks rc e`rd dk dksbZ lEcU/h 'e'kku
esa tkdj fprk ls vfLFk mBkosQ ml 'e'kku Hkwfe esa dgha i`Fko~Q
j[k nsos A cl] blosQ vkxs e`rd osQ fy;s oqQN Hkh deZ drZO;
ugha gS] D;ksafd iwoZ (HkLekUr 'kjhje~) ;tqosZn osQ eU=k osQ izek.k
ls Li"V gks pqdk gS fd nkgdeZ vkSj vfLFklp;u ls i`Fko~Q e`rd
osQ fy, nwljk dksbZ Hkh deZ&dkZO; ugha gS A gka] ;fn og lEiUu
gks rks vius thrs th] ok ejs ihNs ml osQ lEcU/h osnfo|k osnksDr
/eZ dk izpkj] vukFkikyu] osnksDr /eksZins'k dh izo`fk osQ fy,
pkgs ftruk /u iznku djsa] cgqr vPNh ckr gS AA
bfr e`rd&laLdkjfof/% lekIr% AA
bfr JheRijegalifjozktdkpk;kZ.kka Jh;qrfojtkuUn&
ljLorhLokfeuka egkfonq"kka f'k";L; osnfofgrkpkj/eZ&
fu:idL; Jhe;kuUnljLorhLokfeu% rkS
laLdkjfof/xzZUFk% iwrexkr~ AAAA
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