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Government of Tamilnadu
First Edition 2011
Chairperson
Convener
Er. S. Govindarajan
P.L. Sankar
Principal
Dr. Dharmambal Government
Polytechnic College
Tharamani, Chennai 113
Reviewer
Dr. S. Paul Raj
Associate Professor, Dept of Mathematics
Anna University, MIT Campus, Chennai - 42.
Authors
R. Ramadoss
Lecturer, (Selection Grade)
TPEVR Govt. Polytechnic College
Vellore-632002
B.R. Narasimhan
Lecturer (Selection Grade)
Arulmigu Palaniandavar Polytechnic
College
Palani-624601
M. Devarajan
Lecturer (Selection Grade)
Dr. Dharmambal Government
Polytechnic College for Women
Taramani, Chennai-600113
Dr. L. Ramuppillai
Lecturer (Selection Grade)
Thiagarajar Polytechnic College
Selam-636005
K. Shanmugam
Lecturer (Selection Grade)
Government Polytechnic College
Purasawalkam, Chennai-600 012
Dr.A. Shanmugasundaram
Lecturer (Selection Grade)
Valivalam Desikar Polytechnic College
Nagappattinam-611 001
M. Ramalingam
Lecturer (Selection Grade)
Government Polytechnic College
Tuticorin-628008
R. Subramanian
Lecturer (Selection Grade)
Arasan Ganesan Polytechnic College
Sivakasi-626130
Y. Antony Leo
Lecturer
Mothilal Nehru Government
Polytechnic College
Pondicherry-605008
C. Saravanan
Lecturer (Senior Scale)
Annamalai Polytechnic College
Chettinad-630102
FOREWORD
We take great pleasure in presenting this book of mathematics to
the students of Polytechnic Colleges. This book is prepared in
accordance with the new syllabus framed by the Directorate of
Technical Education, Chennai.
This book has been prepared keeping in mind, the aptitude and
attitude of the students and modern methods of education. The lucid
manner in which the concepts are explained, make the teaching
learning process more easy and effective. Each chapter in this book is
prepared with strenuous efforts to present the principles of the subject
in the most easy-to-understand and the most easy-to-workout
manner.
Each chapter is presented with an introduction, definition,
theorems, explanation, worked examples and exercises given are for
better understanding of concepts and in the exercises, problems have
been given in view of enough practice for mastering the concept.
We hope that this book serves the purpose i.e., the curriculum
which is revised by DTE, keeping in mind the changing needs of the
society, to make it lively and vibrating. The language used is very clear
and simple which is up to the level of comprehension of students.
List of reference books provided will be of much helpful for further
reference and enrichment of the various topics.
We extend our deep sense of gratitude to Thiru.S.Govindarajan,
Co-ordinator and Principal, Dr. Dharmambal Government polytechnic
College for women, Chennai and Thiru. P.L. Sankar, convener,
Rajagopal polytechnic College, Gudiyatham who took sincere efforts
in preparing and reviewing this book.
Valuable suggestions and constructive criticisms for
improvement of this book will be thankfully acknowledged.
Wishing you all success.
Authors
iii
SYLLABUS
FIRST SEMESTER MATHEMATICS - I
UNIT - I
DETERMINANTS
1.1 Definition and expansion of determinants of order 2 and 3 .Properties
of determinants .Cramer's rule to solve simultaneous equations in 2
and 3 unknowns-simple problems.
1.2 Problems involving properties of determinants
1.3 Matrices :Definition of matrix .Types of matrices .Algebra of matrices
such as equality, addition, subtraction, scalar multiplication and
multiplication of matrices. Transpose of a matrix, adjoint matrix and
inverse matrix-simple problems.
UNIT - II
BINOMIAL THEOREM
2.1 Definition of factorial notation, definition of Permutation and
Combinations with formula. Binomial theorem for positive integral
index (statement only), finding of general and middle terms. Simple
problems.
2.2 Problems finding co-efficient of xn, independent terms. Simple
problems. Binomial Theorem for rational index, expansions, only
upto 3 for negative integers. Simple Expansions
2.3 Partial Fractions :Definition of Polynomial fraction, proper and
improper fractions and definition of partial fractions.
To resolve proper fraction into partial fraction with denominator
containing non repeated linear factors, repeated linear factors and
irreducible non repeated quadratic factors. Simple problems.
iv
UNIT - III
STRAIGHT LINES
3.1 Length of perpendicular distance from a point to the line and
perpendicular distance between parallel lines. Simple problems.
Angle between two straight lines and condition for parallel and
perpendicular lines. Simple problems
3.2 Pair of straight lines Through origin :Pair of lines passing through the
origin ax2+2hxy+by2=0 expressed in the form (y-m1x)(y-m2x) =0.
Derivation of angle between pair of straight lines. Condition for
parallel and perpendicular lines. Simple problems
3.3 Pair of straight lines not through origin: Condition for general
equation of the second degree ax2+2hxy+by2+2gx+2fy+c=0 to
represent pair of lines.(Statement only) Angle between them,
condition for parallel and perpendicular lines. Simple problems..
UNIT - IV
TRIGONOMETRY
4.1 Trigonometrical ratio of allied angles-Expansion of Sin(A+B) and
cos(A+B)- problems using above expansion
4.2 Expansion of tan(A+B) and Problems using this expansion
4.3 Trigonometrical ratios of multiple angles (2A only) and sub-multiple
angles. Simple problems.
UNIT - V
TRIGONOMETRY
5.1 Trigonometrical ratios of multiple angels (3A only) Simple
problems.
5.2 Sum and Product formulae-Simple Problems.
5.3 Definition of inverse trigonometric ratios, relation between inverse
trigonometric ratios-Simple Problems
UNIT-II
FAMILY OF CIRCLES:
2.1 Concentric circles contact of circles (internal and external circles)
orthogonal circles condition for orthogonal circles.(Result only).
Simple Problems
2.2 Limits:Definition of limits x n - an
= na n-1
x a x-a
Lt
sin q
= 1,
q0 q
Lt
Lt
q0
tan q
=1
q
(q in radian)
UNIT- IV
APPLICATION OF DIFFERENTIATIONI
4.1 Derivative as a rate measure-simple Problems.
4.2 Velocity and Acceleration-simple Problems
4.3 Tangents and Normals-simple Problems
UNIT-V
APPLICATION OF DIFFERENTIATION II
5.1 Definition of Increasing function, Decreasing function and turning
points. Maxima and Minima (for single variable only) Simple
Problems.
5.2 Partial Differentiation: Partial differentiation of two variable up to
second order only. Simple problems.
5.3 Definition of Homogeneous functions-Eulers theorem-Simple
Problems.
vii
FIRST SEMESTER
MATHEMATICS - I
Contents
Page No
Unit 1
DETERMINANTS .......................................................1
BINOMIAL THEOREM............................................... 44
viii
MATHEMATICS II
Contents
Page No
Unit 1
ix
SEMESTER I
MATHEMATICS I
UNIT I
DETERMINANTS
1.1
1.2
1.3
Matrices
Definition of matrix. Types of matrices. Algebra of matrices such
as equality, addition, subtraction, scalar multiplication and
multiplication of matrices. Transpose of a matrix, adjoint matrix
and inverse matrix-simple problems.
1.1. DETERMINANT
The credit for the discovery of the subject of determinant goes to
the German mathematician, Gauss. After the introduction of
determinants, solving a system of simultaneous linear equations
becomes much simpler.
Definition:
Determinant is a square arrangement of numbers (real or
complex) within two vertical lines.
Example :
a1
a2
b1
is a determinant
b2
The symbol
a b
c d
Examples:
1.
2.
2 3
5 1
4
3 5
a1
The expression a 2
a3
b1
b2
b3
c1
c 2 consisting of
c3
b2
b3
c2
a
- b1 2
c3
a3
c2
a
+ c1 2
c3
a3
b2
b3
= a1 (b 2 c 3 - b 3 c 2 ) - b1 (a 2 c 3 - a 3 c 2 ) + c 1 (a 2b 3 - a 3 b 2 )
Note: The determinant can be expanded along any row or column.
Examples:
= 1(1 8) 2 (2 20 ) + 3 ( 4 5)
1 2 3
= 1( 7) 2 ( 18 ) + 3 ( 1)
2 1 4
(1)
= 7 + 36 3
5 2 1
= 10 + 36 = 26
= 3(6 + 4) + 1( 2 + 3)
3 0
1
= 3(10 ) + 1(1)
2 3 4
(2)
= 30 + 1
1 1 2
= 31
Minor of an element
Definition :
Example:
1 1 3
0 4
2
11 5 3
Minor of 3 =
0 4
= 0-44 = -44
11 5
Minor of 0 =
1 3
= 3-15 = -12
5 3
Cofactor of an element
Definition :
th
th
Co-factor of an element in i row,j column is the signed minor of
th
th
I row J Column element and is denoted by Aij.
i+j
(i.e) Aij = (-1) mij
3 2 4
2 1 0
7 11 6
Co-factor of -2 = (-1)
Co-factor of 7= (-1)
1+2
3+1
2 0
7 6
2 4
4
= (-1) (0-4)= -4
1 0
Properties of Determinants:
Property 1:
The value of a determinant is unaltered when the rows and
columns are interchanged.
a1 a 2
(i.e) If = b1 b 2
c1 c 2
a3
a1 b1
T
b 3 and = a 2 b 2
c3
a3 b3
then =
T
c1
c2 ,
c3
Property 2:
a3
b1 b 2
b 3 and 1 = a1 a 2
c3
c1 c 2
b3
a3 ,
c3
then 1 = -
Note: R1 and R2 are interchanged.
Property 3:
a3
a 3 is zero
c3
Since R1 R2
Property 4:
c1
c2
c3
Ka1 Kb1 Kc 1
c2 ,
and 1 = a 2 b 2
a3
b3
c3
then 1 = K
Property 5:
(i.e) If =
a1 + d1 b1 + d2
a2
b2
a3
b3
a1 b1
then = a 2 b 2
a3 b3
c 1 + d3
c2 ,
c3
c1
d1 d2
c 2 + a 2 b 2
a 3 b 3
c3
d3
c2
c 3
Property 6:
c1
c2
c3
a1 + ma 2 + na 3
1 =
a2
a3
a1 b1
= a2 b2
a3 b3
a2
= + m a2
a3
b1 + mb 2 + nb 3
b2
b3
c1
ma 2
c2 + a2
c3
a3
b2
b2
b3
mb 2
b2
b3
c2
a3
c 2 +n a 2
c3
a3
c1 + mc 2 + nc 3
c2
c3
mc 2
na 3
c 2 + a2
c3
a3
b3
b2
b3
nb 3
b2
b3
nc 3
c2
c3
c3
c2
c3
1 = + m (0) + n (0) =
Property 7:
Let =
1
a
a3
1
b
b3
1
For a=b, = b
b3
1
c
c3
1
b
b3
1
c
c3
=0
(a-b) is a factor of
Notation :
Usually the three rows of the determinant first row, second row
and third row are denoted by R1, R2 and R3 respectively and the
columns by C1, C2 and C3
a1 b1
a2 b2
x =
c 1 b1
c 2 b2
y =
a1
a2
c1
c2
y
x
and y =
, provided 0
Then x =
provided 0
where
a1
= a2
a3
a1
y = a2
a3
b1
b2
b3
d1
d2
d3
c1
c2
c3
d1
x = d2
d3
b1
b2
b3
c1
c2
c3
c1
a1 b1
c 2 and z = a 2 b 2
c3
a3 b3
d1
d2
d3
1. Solve
x 2
=0
x 3x
Solution:
x 2
=0
x 3x
3 x 2 2x = 0
x(3 x 2) = 0
x = 0 or x =
2. Solve
2
3
x 8
=0
2 x
Solution:
x 8
=0
2 x
x 2 16 = 0
x 2 = 16
x = 4
m 2 1
3. Find the value of m when 3 4 2 = 0
7 3 0
Solution:
m 2 1
Given 3 4 2 = 0
7 3 0
Expanding the determinant along, R1 we have
m(0-6)-2 (0+14) +1 (9+28) = 0
m(-6) -2 (14) +1 (37) = 0
8
9
3
=
2
6
1
2 0
6 7
Solution:
Cofactor of 3 = A 22 = (-1)
2+2
1 0
5 7
= (-1) (7-0) =7
PART B
= 2 1 2
1 2 1
= 1 (1-4) -1 (-2+2) +1 (-4+1)
= 1 (-3) -1 (0) +1 (-3)
= -3 -3 = -6 0
2
x = 1 1 2
1 2 1
z = 2 1 1
1 2 1
= 1(-1-2) -1 (2+1) +2 (-4+1)
= -3-3-6 = -12
By Cramers rule,
x=
x
6
=
=1
z=
z 12
=
=2
y=
6
= -1
6
2 2 3
= 1 1 1
4 1 2
10
2 1 3
y = 1 5 1
4 4 2
= -2 (10+4) +1 (2-4) +3 (-4-20)
= -2(14) +1 (-2) +3 (-24)
= -28-2-72
= -102
2 2 1
1 5
4 1
4
= 1
y 102
x 2
69
= ,y =
=
, and z = z =
7
7
Solution:
2x-3y = 5
x-4y = 8
2 3
1 4
= -8 +3= -5
x =
5 3
8 4
= -20 + 24= 4
y =
2 5
= 16 5= 11
1 8
By Cramers rule
x
4
4
=
=
5
5
y
11
11
y=
=
=
5
5
x=
1) Evaluate
20
11
11 7
19
31
4
11 30
Solution:
20 11 31
= 11 7 4
19 11 30
31 11
= 4
30
=0
31
7 4
11 30
C1 C1 + C2
since C1 C3
12
3
1 2
3 6 9
1
Solution:
1 2
Let = 1
1 2
3 6 9
3
2
= 1
2
1
3(1) 3( 2) 3(3)
1
1 2 3
= 3 1 1 2
1 2 3
= 3 (0) = 0, since R 1 R 3
3) Evaluate
1 a b+c
1 b c+a
1 c a+b
Solution:
1 a b+c
Let = 1 b c + a
1 c a+b
1 a+b+c b+c
= 1 a+b+c c +a
C2 C 2 + C3
1 a+b+c a+b
1 1 b+c
= (a+b+c) 1 1 c + a
1 1 a+b
= (a+b+c) (0) = 0, since C1 C2
13
xy
yz zx
4) Prove that y z z x
zx
xy
xy =0
yz
Solution:
xy
yz zx
L.H.S = y z z x
zx
xy
xy
yz
xy+yz+zx
yz zx
yz+zx+xy zx
xy
zx+xy+yz xy
yz
C1 C1 + C2 + C3
0 yz zx
= 0 zx
0 xy
x y = 0 = R.H.S
yz
PART B
1 x x2
1) Prove that 1 y y 2 = (x-y) (y-z) (z-x)
1 z z2
Solution:
1 x x2
L.H.S = 1 y y 2
1 z z2
0 x y x2 y
0 y z y2 z2
1
z
z2
R1 R1 R2, R2 R2 R3
14
0 1 x+y
= (x-y) (y-z) 0 1 y + z
1 z z2
1 x+y
(expanded along the first column)
1 y+z
= (x-y) (y-z)
1
b
b3
1
c = (a + b + c) (a-b) (b-c) (c-a)
c3
Solution:
1
L.H.S = a
a3
1
b
b3
1
c
c3
o
o
1
= ab bc c
a3 b3 b3 c 3 c 3
C1 C 1 C 2 , C 2 C 2 C 3
0
0
1
=
ab
bc
c
2
2
2
2
(a b)(a + ab + b ) (b c )(b + bc + c ) c 3
= (a-b) (b-c)
= (a-b) (b-c)
0
1
2
a + ab + b 2
1
a + ab + b 2
2
0
1
2
b + bc + c 2
1
c
c3
1
b + bc + c 2
2
= (a - b) (b - c) b2 + bc + c 2 a2 + ab + b 2
)]
= (a - b) (b - c) [b + bc + c - a - ab - b ]
2
= (a - b) (b - c) [bc + c 2 - a2 - ab]
= (a - b) (b - c) [c 2 - a2 + b(c - a)]
= (a - b) (b - c) [(c + a) (c - a) + b (c - a)]
= (a - b) (b - c) (c - a) [c + a + b]
= R.H.S
1+ a
1
1
1 = a (3+a)
3) Prove that 1 1 + a
1
1 1+ a
Solution:
1+ a
1
1
1
L.H.S = 1 1 + a
1
1 1+ a
3+a 3+a 3+a
1
1+ a
1
1
1
1+ a
R1 R1 + R 2 + R 3
1 1
1
1
= 3 + a1 1 + a
1 1 1+ a
0
0
1
1 C1 C1 - C 2 , C 2 C 2 - C 3
= (3+a) a a
0 a 1+ a
= (3+a)
a a
=(3+a) (a-0)
0 a
= a (3+a)
= R.H.S
16
4) Prove that
abc
2a
2a
3
2b
bc a
2b
= (a+b+c)
2c
2c
c ab
Solution:
abc
L.H.S =
2b
2c
2a
2a
bc a
2b
2c
c ab
R1 R1 + R 2 + R 3
1
1
1
2b
= (a+b+c) 2b b c a
2c
2c
c ab
0
0
1
C1 C1 - C2,
2b
= (a+b+c) a + b + c (a + b + c )
C C2 - C3
0
a+b+c
c ab 2
a + b + c (a + b = c )
0
(a + b + c )
2
= (a+b+c) [(a+b+c) 0]
3
= (a+b+c)
=R.H.S
= (a+b+c)
5)
Prove that
1+ a
1
1
1 1+ b
1 = abc
1
1 1+ c
1 1 1
1 + a + b + c
Solution:
1
1
1
a( + 1)
a( )
a( )
a
a
a
1+ a
1
1
1
1
1
b( + 1)
b( )
1 = b( )
Let = 1 1 + b
b
b
b
1
1 1+ c
1
1
1
c( )
c( )
c( + 1)
c
c
c
17
1
1
1
+1
a
a
a
1
1
1
= abc
+1
b
b
b
1
1
1
+1
c
c
c
1+
=abc
1 1 1
1 1 1
1 1 1
+ +
1+ + +
1+ + +
a b c
a b c
a b c
1
1
1
R1 R1 + R 2 + R 3
+1
b
b
b
1
1
1
+1
c
c
c
= abc (1 +
1 1 1
+ + )
a b c
1
1
b
1
c
0
1 1 1
= abc (1 + + + ) 1
a b c
0
1
1
1
1
+1
b
b
1
1
+1
c
c
0
1
1
1
b
1
+1
c
= abc (1 +
1 1 1 1 1
+ + )
a b c
0 1
= abc (1 +
1 1 1
+ + ) [1-0]
a b c
= abc (1 +
1 1 1
+ + )
a b c
18
C1 C1 - C2 , C2 C2 - C3
1.3
MATRICES
Introduction:
2 1 0
2. B = 5 6 7
1 0 8
1 2
1. A =
3 4
a3
b3
19
Column matrix
Matrix having only one column and any number of rows is called
a column matrix.
2
Eg: B = 3
4
Square matrix
1 0 2
Eg: A = 2 1 4
3 2 6
3 9
B=
4 1
If all the elements of a matrix are zero, then the matrix is called a
null or zero matrix or void matrix it is denoted by 0.
0 0
Eg: 0 =
0 0
0 0 0
( 2) 0 =
0 0 0
Diagonal matrix:
A square matrix with all the elements equal to zero except those
in the leading diagonal is called a diagonal matrix
5 0 0
Eg: 0 2 0
0 0 4
Unit matrix:
It is denoted by I.
1 0 0
Eg: I 3 = 0 1 0
0 0 1
Here I3 is a unit matrix of order 3.
1 0
I2 =
0 1
3 1 4
x y z
then A = B means
Addition of matrices:
If A and B are any two matrices of the same order, then their sum
A+B is of the same order and is obtained by adding the corresponding
elements of A and B.
1 2
Eg: If A =
,
3 0
4 6
B=
7 9
then
1 + 4 2 + 6 5 8
A+B =
=
3 + 7 0 + 9 10 9
Note : If the matrices are different order, addition is not possible.
21
Subtraction of matrices:
If A and B are any two matrices of the same order, then their
difference A-B is of the same order and is obtained by subtracting the
elements of B from the corresponding elements of A.
1 3
Eg: If A=
2 0
4 1
B=
then
2 1
1 3 4 1 1 4 3 1 3 2
A-B =
=
=
2 0 2 1 2 2 0 + 1 0 1
Scalar multiplication of a matrix
1 2 1
KA = 3 2 0 5 = 6 0 15
3 1 6 9 3 18
Multiplication of two matrices:
a b1 c1
Let A = 1
a2 b2 c 2 2x3
x1
and B = x 2
x 3
y1
y2
y3
z1
z2
z 3
3x3
x
c1 1
x2
c2
x3
a b1
(ie) AB = 1
a2 b2
y1
y2
y3
z1
z2
z 3
1 2
1 2 3
If A =
4 then
and
B
=
3
3
0
2
4 3
1 + 6 + 12 2 + 8 9 17 1
AB =
=
3 + 0 + 8 6 + 0 6 5 0
Transpose of a matrix
1 2 3
Example: If A = 4 5 6
7 0 1
then
1 4 7
A = 2 5 0
3 6 1
T
23
(ii) (A ) = A
Co-factor matrix:
1 4
The co-factor matrix of the matrix.
is as follows
8 3
Minors
co-factors
m11 = 3
m12 = 8
m21 =-4
m22 = 1
c 12 3 8
c
co-factor matrix is 11
=
c 21 c 22 4 1
Adjoint matrix (or) adjugate matrix:
3 2
Let A =
3 4
Cofactor of 3 = (-1)
1+1
Cofactor of 2 = (-1)
1+2
(4) = 4
(-3) = 3
Cofactor of -3 = (-1)
Cofactor of 4 = (-1)
2+1
(2) = -2
2+2
(3) = 3
24
4 3
Cofactor matrix =
2 3
4 2
Adj A =
3 3
Singular and Non-singular matrices:
7
2 5
6
Let A = 7 1
5 4 1
2
A= 7
5 4 1
= 2 (-1+24)-5(-7-30)+7(-28-5)
= 46+185-231
=0
A =0
25
Note:
-1
2. A A = AA =I,
-1
-1
-1
3. (AB) = B A
T -1
-1 T
4. (A ) =(A )
-1
4) A =
Adj A
A
provided
A 0
Note: For a second order matrix, the adjoint can easily be got by
interchanging the principal diagonal elements and changing the signs
of the secondary diagonal elements.
Example
a b
A =
c d
a b
= ad - bc 0
A =
c d
d b
1 d b
A 1 =
Adjoint A =
ad bc c a
c a
26
WORKED EXAMPLES:
PART A
2 1 1
what is the order of the matrix and find A T
1. If A =
5
2
3
Solution :
2 1 1
A =
5 2 3
The order of the matrix is 2x3
2 5
A = 1 2
1 3
2 3 0
,
2. If A =
5 2 1
3 1 4
find 3A 2B
B =
2 6 7
Solution:
2 3 0
3 1 4
2
3A-2B = 3
5
2
1
2 6 7
6 9 0 6 2 8
=
15 6 3 4 12 14
0 8 0 11 8
66 9+2
=
=
15 4 6 12 3 14 11 6 17
2 1
find f(A)
3. If f(x) = 4x+2 and A =
0 3
Solution:
2 1
and f (x ) = 4 x + 2
A =
0 3
f(A) = 4A+2I2,
27
2 1
1 0
+ 2
= 4
0
3
0 1
8 4 2 0
+
=
0 12 0 2
10 4
f(A) =
0 14
6 4
and X-Y =
4. If X+Y =
2 1
2 4
find X and Y
8 3
solution:
6 4
.(1)
Given X+Y =
2 1
2 4
.(2)
and X-Y =
8 3
8 8
Adding 2X =
10 4
1 8 8 4 4
=
X=
2 10 4 5 2
4 4
6 4
+ Y =
5 2
2 1
6 4 4 4
Y =
2 1 5 2
0
2
Y =
3 1
5. Find the value of a so that the
1 2 0
matrix 2 a 4 is singular
2 1 1
28
solution:
1 2 0
Let A = 2 a 4
2 1 1
4 =0
1 0
and B =
6. If A =
2 1
0 3
find AB
2 4
Solution:
AB = 1 0 0 3
2 1 2 4
= 0 + 0 3 + 0 = 0 3
0 + 2 6 + 4 2 10
2 1
2
7. Find A , if A =
1 0
Solution:
2 1 2 1
A 2 = A.A =
1 0 1 0
4 + 1 2 + 0 5 2
=
=
2 + 0 1 + 0 2 1
29
3 2
a12
3 2
a
= 11
Let A =
a
a
3
4
22
21
A 11 = (-1)1+1(4) = (-1)2 4 = 4
A 12 = (-1)1+ 2 (-3) = (-1)3 (-3) = 3
A 21 = (-1)2 +1(2) = (-1)3 (2) = - 2
A 22 = (-1)2 + 2 (3) = (-1) 4 (3) = 3
4 3
Cofactor matrix A =
2 3
Adj A =
4 2
3 3
4 2
Adj A =
3 3
2 3
2 3
Step 1: let A =
4 5
Now A =
2 3
4 5
= 10-12
= -20
A exists.
-1
30
5 3
adj A =
2
4
A -1 =
1 5 3
1
AdjA =
2
A
2 4
PART-B
2 1 0
1) If A = 0 2 1 and B =
1 0 1
2 1 1
2 2
1
2 1 4
Show that AB = BA
Solution:
2 1 0 2 1 1
2 2
Now AB = 0 2 1 1
1 0 1 2 1 4
4 1 + 0 2 2 + 0 2 + 2 + 0
= 0 2 + 2 0 4 1 0 + 4 4
2 + 0 + 2 1 + 0 1 1 + 0 4
0
5 0
AB = 0 5 0
0
0 5
2 1 1 2 1 0
BA = 1
2 2 0 2 1
2 1 4 1 0 1
0 + 1 1
4 + 0 1 2 2 + 0
= 2 + 0 2 1 4 + 0 0 + 2 2
4 + 0 4 2 + 2 + 0 0 1 4
31
0
5 0
= 0 5 0
0
0 5
AB = BA
1 2
and B =
2) Show that AB BA if A =
1 4
Solution:
1 2 3 2
Now AB =
1 4 1 1
22
3+2
=
3 + 4 2 4
5 0
=
1 6
Similarly
3 2 1 2
BA =
1 1 1 4
3 2 6 + 8
=
1+ 1 2 4
1 14
=
2 2
AB BA
1 2
Find A 2 + 2A T + I
3) If A =
3
Solution:
1 2
A =
3 4
32
3 2
1 1
Now A + 2A +I
1 2
=
3 4
1 2
+2
3 4
1 3 1 0
2 4 0 1
2 8 2 6 1 0
1+ 6
+
+
=
3 12 6 + 16 4 8 0 1
7 6 2 6 1 0
+
+
=
9 22 4 8 0 1
10 0
=
5 15
2 1 1
Solution:
2 1 1
A = 1 2 1
1 1 2
2 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1
A-I= 1 2 1 0 1 0 = 1 1 1
1 1 2 0 0 1 1 1 1
2 1 1 4
A - 4I = 1 2 1 0
1 1 2 0
1 1 1 2
(A - I)(A - 4I) = 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1
0 0 2 1
1
4 0 = 1 2 1
0 4 1
1 2
1
1
2 1
1 2
0 0 0
= 0 0 0
0 0 0
=O
33
1 2 2
2
3
5) If A = 2 1 2 show that A -4A = 5I and hence find A
2 2 1
Solution:
1 2 2
Let A = 2 1 2
2 2 1
1 2 2 1 2 2
A = 2 1 2 2 1 2
2 2 1 2 2 1
1 + 4 + 4 2 + 2 + 4 2 + 4 + 2
= 2 + 2 + 4 4 + 1 + 4 4 + 2 + 2
2 + 4 + 2 4 + 2 + 2 4 + 4 + 1
9 8 8
= 8 9 8
8 8 9
9 8 8
1 2 2
A -4A = 8 9 8 -4 2 1 2
8 8 9
2 2 1
9 8 8 4 8 8
= 8 9 8 - 8 4 8
8 8 9 8 8 4
5 0 0
1 0 0
= 0 5 0 = 5 0 1 0 =5I = RHS
0 0 5
0 0 1
To find A
A = 4A+5I
Multiplying both sides by A, we get
3
A = 4A +5AI = 4A +5A
9 8 8
1 2 2
= 4 8 9 8 +5 2 1 2
8 8 9
2 2 1
36 32 32 5 10 10
= 32 36 32 + 10 5 10
32 32 36 10 10 5
41 42 42
= 42 41 42
42 42 41
2 3
,
6) If A =
1 0
1 2
Show that (AB)-1 = B-1A-1
B =
0
1
Solution:
2 3 1 2
AB =
1 0 0 1
2 + 0 4 + 3
=
1 + 0 2 + 0
2 7
=
1 2
AB =
2 7
= 4-7 = -3 0
1 2
-1
(AB) exists
2 7
Adj (AB) =
1 2
35
Adj( AB )
1 2 7
=
AB
3 1 2
-1
(AB) =
(1)
1 2
B =
0 1
1 2
B =
= -1-0 = -1 0
-1
B exist
1 2
Adj (B) =
0 1
1 2
AdjB
1 1 2
=
=
B
1 0 1
0 1
-1
B =
2 3
A =
1 0
2
A =
= 0+3 = 3 0
1 0
-1
A exist
0 3
Adj A =
1 2
-1
A =
AdjA 1 0 3
=
A
3 1 2
1 2 1
-1 -1
B A =
0 1 3
=
1
3
0 3
1 2
1 2 0 3
1
= 3
0 1 1 2
-1
-1
(AB) = B A
36
2 7
1 2
(2)
1 1 1
Solution :
1 1 1
Let A = 2 1 0
1 2 3
1 1
1
A = 2
1 2
A 12 = -
A 13 = +
A 21 = -
A 22 = +
A 23 = -
1 0
= 3-0 =3
2 3
2
1 3
2
= - (6-0) = -6
= (4+1) = 5
1 2
1 1
2
= - (3+2) = -5
-1
A exists
1 2
= (3-1) = 2
= - (2+1) = -3
37
A 31 = +
A 32 = -
A 33 = +
1 1
1
= (0+1) = 1
1 1
2
1 1
2 1
= - (0+2) = -2
= (1-2) = -1
3 6 5
Co-factor matrix A = 5 2 3
1 2 1
3 5 1
Adj A = 6 2 2
5 3 1
3 5 1
AdjA 1
A =
=
6 2 2
A
8
5 3 1
-1
EXERCISE
PART-A
x+y
1.
2.
3.
y + 4z y
3 2
2 4
4.
1 1 2
5.
x=0
4
18 40 58
6.
7.
y+z
Show that 1 y z + x = 0
1 z x+y
ab bc c a
8.
Prove that b c c a a b = 0
c a ab bc
1 ab bc + ca
9.
Show that 1 bc ca + ab =0
1 ca ab + bc
1
2a 2b 2c
4 1 2
11. Show that 2
8 =0
1 2
1 2
and B =
find 2A B
12. If A =
6 1
1 0
13. Find 2x2 matrix A if aij = i+j
2 3
find f(A)
14. If f(x) = x+3 and A =
1 1
1 1
find f(A)
15. If f (x) = 2x-5 and A =
0 2
39
1 2 3
1 0 1
2 1
1 2
and B =
find AB
18. If A =
1
0
2 1
1 1
2 0
and Y =
find XY.
19. If X =
1
0
1 5
2 1
find A2
20. If A =
1
4
2 1
1 a a2
x+y
y+z
z+x
= 4xyz
a a2
a3
b3
c ab abc
c c2
c3
x+a
x+b
x+c
a bc abc
5. Prove that
= x 2 (x + a + b + c )
1 1
2 2
and B =
show that AB = BA
6. If A =
1
1
2 2
3 6
5 0
and B =
verify that (AB)-1 = B-1A-1
7. If A =
1
2
2
3
1 0 1
5
i) 3 4
0 6 7
1
1
1
ii) 2 1 2
1 2 1
1 2 1
iii) 3 8 2
4 9 1
1 1 1
iv) 2 3 3
6 2 1
41
ANSWERS
PART - A
2
y -4xz
-1
M = -2
x = 10
10
12
2
1
13 2
13
2 3
3 4
14
5 3
1 4
15
3 2
0 1
18
5
3
1 2
19
1 5
2 0
20
5 6
6 17
21
3 1
1 2
42
1 1
22.
6 2
23.
1 4 3
11 1 2
24.
1 2 1
6 0 3
PART - B
1.
a) 1,3,4
b) 1,1,-1
c) 1,1,1
d) 1,1,1
e) 2,1,-1
f) 1,-1,2
8.
6
4
2
1
i)
21 7 8
20
4
18 6
3 1 1
1
ii)
0 2 4
6
3 3 3
26 7 12
iii) 11
3 5
5 1 2
9 3 0
1
iv)
16 7 5
15
22 4 5
43
UNIT II
BINOMIAL THEOREM
2.1
2.2
2.3
Partial Fractions
= [1.2.3.4..(n-1)]n
= (n-1)!n
Thus, n! = n[(n-1)!]
For Example,
9!= 9(8!)
44
Binomial Theorem
Introduction:
Arrangement 2
Chair 1
Chair 2
Chair 1
A
Chair 2
Thus we see that for one selection, there are two different
arrangements and so for the total of 10 selection, the total number of
arrangements is 20.
That is if the number of ways of arrangement of 2 persons out of
5 persons, is denoted by 5P2, we have 5P2 = 20.
The above arrangement and selection are usually called
permutation and combination. They mean the arrangement by the
work permutation and the selection, by the work combination.
So the number of ways of arrangement and the number of ways
of selection in the above example are respectively denoted by 5P2 and
5C2.
45
1) 7P3 =
7.6.5
7.6.5
and7C3 = 1.2.3
= 7x30 = 210
= 35
2) 11p4
And 11C4
11.10.9.8
= 1.2.3.4 = 1130 = 330
17C11 =
=
17.16.15.14.13.12(11.10.9.8.7)
1.2.3.4.5.6.(7.8.9.10.11)
17.16.15.14.13.12
= 17C6
1.2.3.4.5.6
Note:
nc 1 =
1
etc.,
x
In binomial theorem, we deal with the powers of binomial
expressions. From school studies, we know that
x + y, 2x - y, a + 2b, 3 - (a + b), x 3 -
(x+a)
= x + 2xa + a
= x +3x .a + 3xa + a
and (x+a)
2
3
4.
2 2
n-1
n-2
n-3 3
n-r
th
n-r
th
th
n + 1
n+3
terms, which are at
and
places.
2
2
7) To find the term independent of x in the binomial expansion, put
the power of x in the general term as zero
8) In finding the term independent of x, if the value of r comes to be a
fraction, then it means that other is no term independent of x.
Binomial Theorem for rational index: If x is numerically less than
one and n, any rational number, then,
(1 + x)n = 1 + nx +
Note :
n-1
n-2
n-r
1
1
1
1
x + = x 5 + 5c1.x 4 . + 5c 2.x3 . + 5c 3 .x 2 + 5c 4 .x.
x
x
x
x
x
1
+
x
= x 5 + 5 x 3 + 10 x +
10 5
1
+
+
x x3 x5
1
1
1
= x 5 + 5 + 5 x 3 + 3 + 10 x +
x
x
x
49
10
nc r .x n r .a r
r
1
= 10cr.( x )10 r . ,since here n=10,
x
x = x and a =
1
x
th
4. Find the 5 term in the expansion of x +
x
n-r
tr+1 = ncr.x .a
Here r+1 = 5
th
r = 4 we get 5 term t5
Also n=8, x=x and a =
1
t5 = 8c 4 .x 8 4 .
x
= 8c 4 .x 4 .
1
x
1
x
= 8c 4 =
8.7.6.5
= 70
1.2.3.4
PART B
Solution: Here n is even number and so there is only one middle term
th
th
50
1
t 5 = t 4 +1 = 8c 4 .( x )8 4
x
8.7.6.5 4 1
x . 4
1.2.3.4
x
= 14 x 5 = 70
11
Solution:
Since here n is odd number, the total no. of terms in the
th
n + 1
expansion is even and so there are two middle terms
and
2
th
th
n+3
11 + 1
th
11 + 3
th
th
1
t 6 = t 5 +1 = 11c 5 .(2x 2 )11 5 .
= 11c 5 26.( x 2 )6 . 1 5
x
= 11c 5 .26.( x12 ). 1 5
x
6 12 5
= 11c 5 2 .x
= 11c 5 26.x 7
1
t 7 = t 6 +1 = 11c 6 (2x 2 )11- 6
x
( )
5 1
= 11c 6 2x 2
x
1
= 11c 6 .25 x10 . 6
x
= 11c 6 25 x 4 .
51
th
6
6.5
6.5.4
= 10 6 + .10 5 +
.10 4 +
.10 3 + 6c 2 10 2 + 6c 110 + 16
1
1. 2
1.2.3
= 10 6 + 6.10 5 + 15.10 4 + 20.10 3 + 15.10 2 + 6.10 + 1
10,00,000
6,00,000
1,50,000
= 20,000 = 1,771,561
1,500
60
Solution :
(1.01)5 = (1 + 0.1)5
= 15 + 5c1.14 (0.01) + 5c 2 .13.(0.01)2 + 5c 3 .12.(0.01)3
+ 5c 4 .11.(0.01)4 + (0.01)5
5
5.4
= 1+ (0.01) +
(0.01)2 + 5c 2 (0.01)3 + .......... ..
1
1.2
= 1 + 0.05 + 10.(0.0001) + .......... ....
= 1 + 0.05 + 0.001 + .......... .... = 1.051,
Correct to 3 decimal places.
52
correct to 3
-2
Solution:
We know that (1 + x )n = 1 +
(1 + x ) 2 = 1 + ( 2)x +
=1 2X +
= 1 2x + 3 x 2 4 x 3 + ..........
2. Find the expansion of (1 - x )
Solution:
(1 x ) 3 = 1 + ( 3)( x ) +
( x )3 + ........
= 1 + 3 x + 6 x 2 + 10 x 3 + .......... .....
PART B
15
32
in the expansion of x 4 3
x
Solution:
t r +1 = nc r .x n r .a r
1
t r +1 = 15c r .( x 4 )15 r . 3
x
53
= 15c r. x 60 4r ( 1)r x 3r
= 15c r .( 1)r .x 60 7r (1)
32
28
=4
7
10
Solution:
t r +1 = nc r .x n r .a r
1
t r +1 = 10c r .( x )10 r .
x
= 10c r .( x )10 r .( 1) .x r
r
(1)
10.9.8.7.6
= 63 x 4
1.2.3.4.5
= 252
54
-3
(3-4x) = 3 3 1 4 .x
3
-3
2
3
( 3 )(4)( 5) 4
1
4 ( 3)(4) 4
+
+
+
x
x
x
1
(
3
)
+ .....
3
1.2.3
1.2 3
3
3
3
1
(16 x 2 )
64 3
=
+ 10
x + .......... .
1 + 4 x + 6
27
9
27
32 2 640 3
1
x + .......... .
x +
1 + 4x +
27
3
27
p( x )
where p(x) and q(x) o are
q( x )
polynomials in x is called a polynomial fraction.
An expression of the form
The expressions
5x 2
x2 + 3x + 2
rational or polynomial fraction.
3x 2 + 2x 1
x 2 + x 22
expressions
3x + 1
x + 4x + 3
2
7x 2 + 9
x + x2 5
3
are
examples
for
proper fraction.
Improper fraction:
55
The expressions
x3 + 5x2 + 4
x 2 + 2x + 3
x2 x + 1
x2 + x + 3
fractions.
Partial Fraction
5
3
and
x+2
x +1
We simplify it as follows:
5
3
5( x + 1) + 3( x + 2) 5 x + 5 + 3 x + 6
+
=
=
x + 2 x +1
( x + 2)( x + 1)
( x + 2)( x + 1)
=
8 x + 11
( x + 2)( x + 1)
p( x )
. Factorise q(x) into prime factors.
q( x )
Type 1
To resolve proper fraction into partial fraction with denominator
containing non-repeated linear factors.
given fraction are all linear factors none of which is repeated, we write
the partial fraction as follows.
x+2
A
B
=
+
where A and B are constants to be
( x + 2)(2x 1) x + 2 2x 1
determined.
Type 2: Repeated linear factors
3x
( x 1) ( x 2 + 1)
A
Bx + C
+ 2
x 1 x +1
57
1.Split up
x+2
into partial fraction without finding the constant
x( x + 3 )
Solution:
x+2
A
B
= +
x( x + 3 ) x x + 3
( x 4)( x + 1)
2
x+4
( x 4)( x + 1)
2
x+4
A
B
C
=
+
+
where A, B
( x + 2) ( x 2)( x + 1) x + 2 x 2 x + 1
x +1
x 5x + 6
2
Solution:
x +1
x 5x + 6
2
x +1
A
B
=
+
where A and B are
( x 3)( x 2) x 3 x 2
constants
4.Without finding the constants split
5
( x + 1)( x 2)2
Solution:
5
( x + 1)( x 2)
5.Split
A
B
C
+
+
x + 1 x 2 ( x 2)2
4x
( x 1)( x + 1)
x +1
58
PART B
1. Resolve
x+3
into a partial fraction
( x + 5 )(2x + 1)
Solution:
Let
x+3
A
B
=
+
( x + 5 )(2x + 1) x + 5 2x + 1
x+3
A(2x + 1) + B( x + 5)
=
( x + 5)(2x + 1)
( x + 5)(2 x + 1)
x + 3 = A (2 x + 1) + B( x + 5)
(1)
(2)
(3)
2
5
x+3
= 9 + 9
( x + 5)(2x + 1) x + 5 2x + 1
Note: The constants A and B can also be found by successively
giving suitable values of x.
2.Resolve
x2
( x + 2)( x 1)2
Solution:
Let
x2
( x + 2)( x 1)
A
B
C
+
+
x + 2 x 1 ( x 1)2
59
x2
( x + 2)( x 1)2
A ( x 1)2 + B( x + 2)( x 1) + C( x + 2)
( x + 2)( x 1)2
x 2 = A( x 1) 2 + B( x + 2)( x 1) + C( x + 2)
(1)
2 2 = A ( 2 1)2 + B( 2 + 2)( 2 1) + C( 2 + 2)
4 = A ( 3 ) 2 + 0 + 0
4 = 9A
4
A=
9
2
4
4
1
9
3
9
=
+
2
x
2
x
+
2
( x + 2)( x 1)
( x + 1)2
x2
3.Resolve :
2x + 1
( x + 1)( x 2 + 1)
Solution:
Let
2x + 1
( x + 1)( x + 1)
2
A
Bx + C
+ 2
x +1 x +1
60
(2 x + 1)
( x + 1)( x 2 + 1)
A( x 2 + 1) + (Bx + C)( x + 1)
( x + 1)( x 2 + 1)
2x + 1= A( x 2 + 1) + (Bx + C)( x + 1)
(1)
2 +1 3
=
2
2
=
+
= 2
x +1 x +1
( x + 1)( x 2 + 1) x + 1 x 2 + 1
2x + 1
61
EXERCISE
PART A
10
12
11
-3
-3
1
3 upto
-3
3 terms
2 -2
-2
x 1
into partial fraction without finding the constants.
x( x 1)
62
18. Split
x+2
x( x 2 1)
2x 1
19. Split
( x + 1)( x + 2)2
constants.
x2 3
into
( x + 2)( x 2 + 1)
constants.
20. Split
partial
fraction
without
finding
PART B
12
10
th
3.Find the 16 term in the expansion of x
x
30
11
th
27
15
11
-5
63
the
15
-17
in the expansion of 2x 4 3
x
17
11
in the expansion of x + 2
x
12
10
10
7x 1
6 5x + x 2
17. Resolve
x2 + x + 1
into a partial fraction
( x 1)( x 2)( x 3)
18. Resolve
1
into a partial fraction
( x + 1)( x + 2)
19. Resolve
20. Resolve
21. Resolve
1
( x 1)( x + 2)2
x2
( x + 2)( x 3)2
x +1
( x 2)2 ( x + 3)
64
22. Resolve
23. Resolve
24. Resolve
x2 6x + 2
into a partial fraction.
x 2 ( x + 2)
x+2
( x + 1)( x 2 + 1)
1
( x + 1)( x + 2)2
ANSWERS
PART A
1.Refer statement
2. (2 x )3 + 3c1.( 2x )2 .(3 y ) + 3c 2 .(2 x )1.(3 y )2 + 3c 3 (2x )0 (3 y )3
3.
( 3 )(3 1)
( 2x )2 + .......... ....
1x2
( 3)( 3 1) 2
x + .......... ....
1.2
65
13 (1 2x ) 3 = 1 +
1 1 2
1 x
1
3
3
+ .......... ........
14 1 + ( x ) +
1.2
3
15 1 +
( 2)( x 2 ) ( 2)( 2 1)
+
( x 2 )2 + .......... .....
1!
1.2
16 1
2( 4 x ) ( 2)(2 1)
+
( 4 x )2 + .......... .......... ...
1!
1.2
17
A
B
+
x x 1
18
A
B
C
+
+
x x 1 x +1
19
A
B
C
+
+
x + 1 x + 2 ( x + 2)2
20
A
Bx + C
+ 2
x + 2 x +1
PART B
1. 26.12c 6
10
2. 10c 5
3x
3. 30c15
4. 11c 4 .27.3 4.x10
5. 27c13 .x;
27c14
x
66
1
x
567
125
15c 4 .2 4.311
10. 544
11. 16.12c8
12. 10c 5
13.
4
.10c 2
9
14. 24.8c 4
15. 9, 70, 299
16.
20
13
x2 x3
3
13
(
7
)
17. 2 +
+ 2
x 1 x 2 x 3
18.
1
1
x +1 x + 2
1
1
1
9
9
3
19.
x 1 x + 2 ( x + 2)2
7
1
1
5
20. 25 50 +
x + 2 x 3 ( x 3)2
67
2
2
3
5
21. 25 + 25 +
x + 3 x 2 ( x 2)2
7
9
+ 1
22. 2 +
2
x+2
x
3
1
1
2x +
2
23. 2 +
2
x +1
x +1
24.
1
1
1
x + 1 x + 2 ( x + 2)2
68
UNIT III
STRAIGHT LINES
3.1
3.2
2 h 2 ab
a+b
degree
a h g
h b f = 0 (Statement only)
g f c
Angle between them, condition for parallel and perpendicular
lines simple problems.
STRAIGHT LINES
Introduction
69
Axes of co-ordinates:
Take two straight lines XOX and YOY at right angles to each
other. The horizontal line XOX is called the X axis and the vertical
line YOY is called the Y-axis. These two axes intersect at O, called
the origin.
Cartesian Rectangular Co-ordinates:
Diagram
M
(+-)
70
Let the line AB cut the X-axis at A and y-axis at B. The angle
made by the line AB with the positive direction of the x-axis is called
71
the angle of inclination of the line AB with the x-axis and it is denoted
by . Hence XAB = .The angle can take any values from 0 to 180.
Slope or gradient of a straight line:
(i)
72
x y
+ =1
a b
coefficient of x
a
=
coefficient of y
b
x -intercept =
y -intercept =
(i)
(ii)
ax1 + by1 + c
a 2 + b2
c
a + b2
2
c1 c 2
a2 + b2
73
Proof:
tan 1 tan 2
1 + tan 1 tan 2
m1 m2
1 + m1m 2
m m2
= tan 1 1
1 + m1m 2
74
(i)
If the two lines are parallel then the angle between the two lines
is zero
tan = tan 0 = 0
m1 m2
=0
1 + m1m2
(i.e)
m1 m2 = 0
m1 = m2
For parallel lines, slopes are equal.
(ii)
If the two lines are perpendicular then the angle between them
= 90
tan = tan 90 = =
1
0
m1 m 2 1
=
1 + m1m 2 0
1 + m1m 2 = 0
m1m 2 = - 1
For perpendicular lines, product of the slopes will be -1
Note :
m1 m2
1 + m1m2
75
1)
Solution:
The length of the perpendicular from the point (x1,y1) to the line
ax+by+c = is
ax1 + by1 + c
a2 + b 2
Give straight line is 2x+y+3 =0
Given point (x1,y1) = (2,3)
(i.e)
2(2) + (3) + 3
(2)2 + (1)2
10
c
a + b2
2
Here a = 4, b=6, c =7
(i.e.)
7
( 4) + ( 6)
2
7
16 + 36
76
7
52
Now
c1 c 2
a2 + b 2
Here c1 = 4 and c2 = -1
4 +1
( 2 ) 2 + ( 3 )2
5
13
4) Find the angle between the lines y = 3 x and x-y = 0
Solution:
y=
(i.e.)
3x
3x y = 0
Slope of (1) =
=
tan 1 =
coefficient of x
coefficient of y
3
= 3
1
3 1 = 60
slope of (2) =
tan 2 =
coefficient of x
coefficient of y
1
=1
1
2 = 45
1 -2
= 60 - 45 = 15
77
(2)
5)
Solution:
6x+y-11 = 0
(1)
12x+2y+14 = 0
(2)
a
6
= = 6
b
1
a
12
=
= 6
b
2
m1 = m2
The lines are parallel.
7x-4y+13=0
(1)
px-4y-6 = 0
(2)
a 7 7
=
=
b 4 4
a p p
=
=
b 4 4
28
=7
4
p=7
78
7)
lines
2x+3y-7
=0
and
3x-2y+4=0
are
Solution:
2x+3y-7 = 0
3x-2y+4 = 0
(1)
(2)
2
3
3 3
Slope of the line (2) = m2 =
=
2 2
2 3
Now m1m2 =
= 1
3 2
m1m 2 = - 1
The lines (1) and (2) are perpendicular
8) Find the value of m if the lines 2x+my=4 and x+5y-6=0 are
perpendicular
Solution:
2x+my-4=0
x+5y-6 = 0
(1)
(2)
2
m
1
Slope of the line (2) = m2 = 5
Since the liner are perpendicular
m1 m 2 = - 1
2 1
= 1
m 5
2
=1
5m
-5m = 2
2
m=
5
79
PART B
1)
Solution:
3x+6y-8 = 0
(1)
a 3 1
=
=
b
6
2
2x+y-5 = 0
(2)
a 2
Slope of the line (2) = m2 =
=
=2
b
1
Let be the angle between two lines
tan =
m1 m 2
1 + m1m2
1
+2
2
=
1
1 + ( 2 )
2
3
= 2
2
3
= 0.75
4
= tan (0.75)
-1
= 36 52
2) Find the equation of the straight line passing through (-1, 4) and
parallel to x+2y =3.
Solution:
(1)
(2)
3) Find the equation to the line through the point (3,-3) and
perpendicular to 4x-3y-10 =0
Solution:
(1)
-3x 4y + k = 0
(2)
3x + 4y + 3 = 0
3.2 PAIR OF STRAIGHT LINES THROUGH ORIGIN
(1)
(2)
(3)
ax + 2hxy +by = 0
(4)
81
(5)
y m2x = 0
(6)
(y -m1x) (y -m2x) = 0
2
y (m1+m2) xy + m1m2x = 0
2
(7)
Equation (4) and (7) represent the same part of straight lines.
Hence the ratios of the corresponding co-efficient of like terms are
proportional.
m1 m2 (m1 + m2 ) 1
=
=
a
2h
b
The relation (8) gives
m1+m2 =
(8)
2h
b
(9)
2h
b
a
b
a
b
BOOK WORK :
82
Proof:
m1 m 2
1 + m1m2
tan =
(m1 + m 2 )2 4m1m 2
1 + m1m2
2
a
2h
b 4 b
=
a
1+
b
4h2
a
4
2
b
b
a+b
b
4h2 4ab
b2
a+b
b
4(h2 ab)
b
b
a+b
83
tan = 2
h2 ab
a+b
h2 ab
(i.e.) = tan 1 2
a+b
h 2 ab
1
==
a+b
0
a+b=0
2
h 2 ab
=0
a+b
(i.e.) h - ab = 0
2
(i.e.) h = ab
84
1) Write down the combined equation of the pair of lines x-2y =0 and
3x+2y = 0
Solution:
(i.e.) 3x 4xy 4y = 0
2)
Solution:
2
4x + 4xy +y = 0
(1)
2
85
4x + pxy + 9y = 0
2
p
,b=9
2
p
(4 )(9 ) = 0
2
p2
36 = 0
4
2
p = 144
p = 12
2
= 0 are
Solution:
2
7x 48xy 7y = 0
2
px +48xy+7y = 0
Solution:
2
px +48xy+7y = 0
2
Here a=p, b =7
If the lines are perpendicular
a + b=0
(i.e.) p+7 = 0
p = -7
PART B
2
2x 2 7 xy + 3 y 2 = 0
This is of the form ax 2 + 2hxy + by 2 = 0
(a=2, 2h = -7, h=-7/2, b=3)
2x 2 6 xy xy + 3 y 2 = 0
2 x( x 3 y ) y ( x 3 y ) = 0
( x 3 y ) ( 2x y ) = 0
tan =
2 h2 ab
a+b
2 ( 7 2) (2)(3)
2+3
2
= 2
49
6
4
5
87
49 24
4
= 2
5
25
= 2 4
5
=
2x
5
2
tan = 1
tan = tan 45, = 45
2)
Solution:
ax 2 + 2hxy + by 2 = 0
(1)
2h
b
(2)
a
b
(3)
2h
b
2h
4m 2 =
b
2h h
m2 =
=
4b 2b
3m 2 + m 2 =
88
a
b
a
=
b
(3m2 )2
2
a
h
3
=
b
2b
h2 a
3 2 =
4b b
3h2
a
b
4b
3h 2b = 4ab 2
2
(ie)3h2 = 4ab
(1)
If ( x1, y1 ) lies on lx + my + n = 0
(2)
(3)
Taking a = II'
2h = lm' + l' m ,
b = mm'
2g = ln' + l' n
2f = mn' + m' n
c = nn'
(or)
a h g
h b f =0
2a 2h 2g
2h 2b 2f = 0
or
g f c
1)
2g 2f 2c
h2 ab
a+b
2)
3)
90
2)
Solution:
PART B
Given equation
6 x 2 + 13 xy + 6 y 2 + 8 x + 7 y + 2 = 0
(i.e.) This is of the form
ax 2 + 2hxy + by 2 + 2gx + 2fy + l = 0
Hence a = 6
2h=13,
b=6
c=2
2g = 8,
2f = 7
91
(1)
13 12 7
8
7 4
that
the
equation
3 x 2 + 7 xy + 2y 2 + 5 x + 5 y + 2 = 0
Given 3 x 2 + 7 xy + 2y 2 + 5 x + 5 y + 2 = 0
This is of the form ax 2 + 2hxy + by 2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0
a=3
b=2
c=2
2h=7
2g=5
2f=5
7 4 5
5 5 4
= -54 21 + 75
= 0 = RHS
The given equation represents a pair of straight lines.
Next we find separate lines.
Factorise the second degree terms
Let 3 x 2 + 7 xy + 2y 2 = 3 x 2 + 6 xy + xy + 2 y 2
= 3 x( x + 2 y ) + y( x + 2 y )
= ( x + 2 y ) (3 x + y )
3 x 2 + 7 xy + 2y 2 + 5 x + 5 y + 2 = (3 x + y + l) ( x + 2 y + m) (say)
Equating the coefficient of x, l+3m=5
(2)
(3)
2x 2 7 xy + 3 y 2 + 5 x 5 y + k = 0
This is of the form ax 2 + 2hxy + by 2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0
Hence a=2
2h=-7
b=3
c=k
2g=5
2f=-5
93
4
7
5
5 = 0
2k
tan = 2
( 2) ( 3 )
2
= 2
2+3
= 2
49
6
4
5
25
= 2 4
5
5
2
= 2
5
tan = 1
tan = tan 45
=
4
94
Given: 4 x 2 + 4 xy + y 2 6 x 3 y 4 = 0
(1)
2h = 4
h=2
b=1
2g=-6
g=-3
2f=-3
f=-3/2
c=-4
c1 c 2
a2 + b 2
4 1
(2)
+ (1)
5
5
EXERCISE
PART A
1) Find the perpendicular distance from the point (3,-3) to the line
2x+4y+2=0
2) Find the perpendicular distance from the point (2,6) to the line
x-4y+6=0
3) Find the length of the perpendicular to the line x-6y+5 = 0 from the
origin.
4) Find the distance between the line 3x+3y+4=0 and 3x+3y-2 =0
5) Find the distance between the line x+2y-19=0 and x+2y-31 =0
6) Show that the lines 3x+2y-5=0 and 6x+4y-8 = 0 are parallel.
7) Show that the lines 2x-6y+6 = 0 and 4x-12y+7 = 0 are parallel.
8) Find the value of k if the lines 7x-2y+13 = 0 and kx=3y+8 are
parallel.
9) Find the value of p if the lines 5x+3y = 6 and 3x+py = 7 are
parallel.
10) Show that the lines 4x-3y=0 and 3x+4y+8 = 0 are perpendicular.
11) Show that the lines 4x-2y+6 = 0 and 2x+4y-4=0 are
perpendicular
12) Find the value of p if the lines 3x-py-4=0 and 2x+3y=7 are
perpendicular.
13) Find the value of p if the lines 2x-py+6=0 and 3x-2y+8 = 0 are
perpendicular.
96
14) Find the slope of the line parallel to the line joining the points
(3,4) and (-4,6)
15) Find the slope of the line perpendicular to the line joining the
points (3,1) and (-4,3)
16) Show that the line joining the points (3,-5) and (-5,-4) is parallel
to the line joining (7,10) and (15,9)
17) Show that the line joining the points (2,-2) and (3,0) is
perpendicular to the line joining (2,2) and (4,1).
18) Find the equation of the line passing through (2,4) and parallel to
the line x+3y+7=0
19) Find the equation of the line passing through (-2,5) and
perpendicular to 5x-3y+8 = 0
20) Write down the combined equation of the lines whose separate
equation are
(i) 4x + 2y = 0 and 2x-y =0
(ii) 3x + 2y = 0 and 2x y = 0
(iii) x + 2y = 0 and 3x + 2y = 0
(iv) x + 2y = 0 and 2x y = 0
21) Find the separate equation of each of the straight liens
represents by
2
(i) 9x 16y = 0
2
(ii) 2x 5xy+2y = 0
2
(iii) 6x +xy-y =0
2
PART B
1)
3)
4)
5)
Find the angle between the pair of lines given by 3x -8xy+5y =0.
Find also the separate equation.
6)
given
by
2
98
7)
8)
9)
ANSWERS
PART A
1.
5.
4
20
12
5
2.
16
17
8. k =
13. P = -3
14.
19. 3x+5y-19
=0
21
2
2
7
3.
5
37
9. p =
15.
20. (i) 8 x 2 2y 2 = 0
(ii) 6 x 2 + xy 2y 2 = 0
(iii) 3 x 2 + 8 xy + 4 y 2 = 0
(iv) 2x 2 + 3 xy 2y 2 = 0
99
7
2
9
5
4.
2
18
5. P = 2
18. X+3y-14=0
21. (i) (3 x + 4 y ) = 0 , 3 x 4 y = 0
(ii) x 2y = 0, 2 x y = 0
(iii) 2x + y = 0, 3 x y = 0
24. P = 20
(iv) x + y = 0, 15 x + 2y = 0
26.
P=1
27. (i) 2x 2 + 3 xy 2y 2 + x + 2y = 0
(ii) 2x 2 + 3 xy 2y 2 23 x + 4 y + 30 = 0 (iii) 3 x 2 + 8 xy + 4 y 2 + 4 y 3 = 0
PART B
(2)
(3)
tan =
(4)
(5)
tan =
(6)
(8)
a=2, c=-3
(9)
2x-y+2=0, 6x-2y+1=0
7
, = 32, 28, 3x-5y=0, 2x-y =0
11
1
, 3x-5y=0, x-y=0
4
1
2
(10) 4x+5y-5=0
3x-2y+7 = 0
(11) 3x+2y-8=0
x-3y+1=0
tan =
11
3
(12) 3x+4y+1=0
3x+4y+6=0
dist = 1
(13)
10
5
100
UNIT IV
TRIGONOMETRY
4.1:
4.2:
4.3:
Trigonometrical ratios of multiple angles (2A only) and submultiple angles. Simple problems.
Introduction
Trigonometry is one of the oldest branches of mathematics. The
word trigonometry is derived from Greek words Trigonon and
metron means measurement of angles. In olden days Trigonometry
was mainly used as a tool for studying astronomy. In earlier stages
Trigonometry was mainly concerned with angles of a triangle. But now
it has its applications in various branches of science such as
surveying, engineering, navigations etc.,For the study of higher
mathematics, knowledge of trigonometry is essential.
Trigonometrical Ratios:
Opposite side
Hypotenuse
i)
ii)
Adjacent side
Hypotenuse
Opposite side
Adjacent side
101
Adjacent side
Opposite side
Hypotenuse
Adjacent side
Hypotenuse
Opposite side
Note:
1. Cosec =
1
sin
2. Sec
1
cos
3. Cot
1
tan
4. Tan
sin
cos
cos
sin
Fundamental trigonometrical identities
5. Cot
1) Sin + cos = 1
2
2
2) 1 + tan = sec
2
2
3) 1 + cot = cosec
Trigonometricall reties of known Angels
2
30
45
60
90
180
270
360
Sin
1
2
3
2
-1
Cos
3
2
1
2
1
2
-1
Tan
1
3
102
Important results:
ii)
i)
ii)
iii) In the third quadrant, tan and its reciprocal cot are positive.
Other trigonometrical ratios are negative.
iv) In the fourth quadrant, cos and its reciprocal sec are positive.
Other trigonometrical ratios are negative.
v) The signs of trigonometrical ratios are usually remembered by
code word All Silver Tea Cups where the four words beginning
with A,S,T,C correspond to All ratios being positive in the I
103
II
III
IV
Cosine
Tangent
Cotangent
Secant
cosecant
ii)
104
90+
180-
180+
270-
270+
360-
360+
sin
cos
cos
sin
-sin
-cos
-cos
-sin
sin
cos
sin
-sin
-cos
-cos
-sin
sin
cos
cos
Ratio
tan
cot
-cot
-tan
tan
cot
-cot
-tan
tan
cot
tan
-tan
-cot
cot
tan
-tan
-cot
cot
sec
cosec
-cosec
-sec
-sec
-cosec
cosec
sec
sec
cosec
sec
sec
cosec
-cosec
-sec
-sec
-cosec
cosec
Note :
(e.g.)
0
i) sin 840
3
2
= cos 120
= cos (180 60 ) =
0
1
2
=- 3
105
WORKED EXAMPLES
PART A
i)
Solution:
i)
3
2
ii)
3
4
Solution
1
,
2
106
= 3
opposite side
Hypotenuse
PS
OP
PR + RS PR + QT
=
=
OP
OP
PR QT
=
+
OP OP
PR PQ QT OQ
=
+
PQ OP OQ OP
=
cos( A + B) =
Adjacent side
Hypotenuse
OS
OP
OT ST OT RQ
=
=
OP
OP
OT RQ
=
OP OP
OT OQ RQ PQ
=
OQ OP PQ OP
=
=sin A-sin B
Sin (A + B) sin (A B) = sin A sin B
2
Solution
= sin 90
0
=1
0
= sin30
0
1
2
= cos 90
0
=0
0
Solution:
0
= cos 60
1
2
3
1 1
.
2
2 2
3 1
2 2
1
2
3
1 1
.
2
2 2
3 1
2 2
0
7.) Prove that cos(60 -A) cos(30 +A) sin (60 A)sin (30 +A) = 0
Solution:
sin( A + B) + sin ( A B )
= tan A
cos( A + B) + cos( A B)
110
Solution:
LHS =
sin( A + B) + sin ( A B )
cos( A + B) + cos( A B )
2 sin A cos B
sin A
=
= tan A = R.H.S
2 cos A cos B cos A
1)
1
10
sin B =
prove that A + B =
5
Solution:
Given : sin A =
and sin B =
10
1
5
cos A = 1 sin2 A
= 1
=
1
10
9
10
111
and
cos A =
3
10
cos B = 1 sin2 B
= 1
=
cos B =
1
5
4
5
2
5
10
2
=
=
Sin (A + B) =
50
5
50
1
+
=
3
10
1
5
3
50
5
5 2
sin (A + B) = sin 45
A + B = 45
A +B =
4
2) If A and B are acute and if cos A=
Pr ove that A B = 60 or
Sin A
1 cos2 A
= 1
1
49
112
7
13
and cosB=
,
4
14
Sin B
48
49
4 3
7
= 1 cos2 B
= 1
169
196
27
196
3 3
14
1 13 4 3 3 3
+
7 14
7
14
13 36
+
98 98
49 1
=
98 2
Cos (A B) = cos 60
A B = 60
4.2 COMPOUND ANGLES (CONTINUED)
Formula:
1) tan (A+B)
tan A + tan B
1 tan A tan B
2) tan (A-B)
tan A tan B
1 + tan A tan B
113
1)
tan 20 + tan 25
1 tan 20 tan 25
Solution:
tan 20 + tan 25
= tan 45 = 1
1 tan 20 tan 25
1
1
and tan B = , find the value of tan (A+B)
2
3
2) If tan A =
Solution :
Given tan A =
tan (A+B) =
1
1
and tan B = ,
2
3
tan A + tan B
1 tan A tan B
3+2
1 1
+
= 2 3 = 6
11
6 1
1
23
6
=
5/6
=1
5/6
tan 60 + tan 45
1 tan 60 tan 45
3 +1
1 3
1+ 3
1 3
114
PART B
1
value of tan 22
2
Solution:
Given : A+B= 45
Taking tan on both sides
Tan (A+B)= tan 45
tan A + tan B
=1
1 tan A tan B
tan A+ tan B =1-tan A tan B
tan A+ tan B+ tan A tan B = 1
(1)
(2)
Deduction :
Put B = A in A+B=45
B = 22
1
2
A+A = 45
(A=B)
From (2)
(1+tan 22
1
1
) (1+tan 22 )
2
2
=2
(1+tan 22
1 2
) = 2
2
1+tan 22
tan 22
1
=
2
1
=
2
2 1
115
2A = 45
A = 22
1
2
A
B
B
C
tan + tan tan
+
2
2
2
2
C
A
tan =1
2
2
Solution :
A B C
+ +
2 2 2
=90
A B
+
2 2
=90-
C
2
tan + = tan 90
2
2 2
A
B
+ tan
2
2 = cot C
A
B
2
1 tan tan
2
2
tan
A
B
+ tan
1
2
2 =
A
B
C
1 tan tan
tan
2
2
2
tan
A
A
B
tan
tan + tan = 1- tan
2
2
2
tan
C
2
tan
C
A
B
C
A
B
tan
+ tan
tan
= 1- tan
tan
2
2
2
2
2
2
tan
A
B
B
C
C
A
tan + tan
tan
+tan
tan
2
2
2
2
2
2
A
B
C
A
B
C
+ cot
+ cot =cot
cot cot
2
2
2
2
2
2
116
B
2
1.
Solution:
A
B
B
C
C
A
tan + tan
tan
+tan
tan
=1
2
2
2
2
2
2
A
B
C
tan
tan
2
2
2
C
2
cot
A
B
C
A
B
C
+ cot+ cot
= cot
cot cot
2
2
2
2
2
2
tan
B
2
tan
tan
A
2
tan
C
A
B
tan tan
2
2
2
Solution:
Given: tan A=
tan (A+B) =
n
1
, tan B=
,
n +1
2n + 1
tan A + tan B
1 tan A tan B
n
1
+
n
+
1
2
n
+1
=
n 1
1
n + 1 2n + 1
n(2n + 1) + 1(n + 1)
(n + 1)(2n + 1)
=
(n + 1)(2n + 1) n
(n + 1)(2n + 1)
=
=
2n2 + n + n + 1
2n 2 + n + 2n + 1 n
2n2 + 2n + 1
2n2 + 2n + 1
117
n
1
and tan B =
,
n +1
2n + 1
tan (A+B) = 1
tan (A+B) = tan 45
A+B = 45
A+B =
1 1
+
p q
Solution:
(1)
cot B cot A = q
R.H.S =
1 1
+
p q
1
1
+
using
tan A tan B cot B cot A
1
+
tan A tan B
1
tan A tan B
+
tan A tan B tan A tan B
1 + tan A tan B
tan A tan B
1
tan( A B)
1
1
1
tan B tan A
= cot (A-B)
= L.H.S
118
(1)
= 1- sin A -sin A
2
(b) cos A =
2
(c) tan A =
1 cos 2A
2
1+ cos 2A
2
1 cos 2A
1 + cos 2A
tan A + tan B
1 tan A tan B
Put B = A, we get
tan (A+A) =
tan 2A
tan A + tan A
1 tan A tan A
2 tan A
1 tan 2 A
119
2 sin A
cos2 A (multiple& dividedly cosA )
CosA
= 2tanA
sin2A =
1
sec 2 A
2 tan A
1 + tan 2 A
2
2
Also, cos 2A
= cos A sin A
sin2 A
2
= cos A 1
cos2 A
= cos A (1-tan A)
=
Cos2A =
1
2
sec A
(1-tan A)
1 tan 2 A
1 + tan 2 A
SUB-MULTIPLE ANGLES:
If A is any angle, then A/2 is called sub multiple angle.
i) Sin A = sin (2xA/2)
Sin A = 2sin A/2 cos A/2
ii) Cos A = cos [2xA/2]
2
Cos A = cos A/2 sin A/2
2
= 1-2sin A/2
(or)
2
= 2cos A/2-1
Note :
1 cos A
2
sin A/2 =
2
1+ cos A
2
cos A/2 =
2
1 cos A
2
tan A/2 =
1 + cos A
120
2 tan A / 2
1 tan2 A / 2
Similarly, sin A =
Cos A =
2 tan A / 2
1 + tan 2 A / 2
1 tan 2 A / 2
1 + tan 2 A / 2
4.3 WORKED EXAMPLES
PART A
2 tan 15
1 + tan 2 15
Solution:
We have, sin2A =
2 tan A
1 + tan 2 A
(1)
Put A = 15 in (1)
2 tan 15
= sin 2(15)
1 + tan 2 15
1
2
1 tan 2 15
= sin 30 =
2) Find the value of
1 + tan 2 15
Solution:
We have Cos 2A =
1 tan 2 A
1 + tan 2 A
(1)
Put A = 15 in (1)
1 tan 2 15
= cos 2(15)
1 + tan 2 15
= cos 30
3
2
121
3) Prove that
sin 2A
= tan A
1 + cos 2A
Solution:
sin 2A
L.H.S = 1 + cos 2A
2 sin A cos A
1 + cos 2 A
cos2 A =
=
2
2
2 cos A
= tanA
= R.H.S
4
4
4) Prove that cos A sin A = cos2A
Solution:
4
= (cos A) - (sin A)
2
sin A
= cot A/2
1 cos A
Solution:
LHS =
2 sin A / 2 cos A / 2
sin A
=
1 cos A
2 sin2 A / 2
=
cos A / 2
sin A / 2
PART B
1) Prove that
sin A + sin 2A
=tan A
1 + cos A + cos 2A
Solution:
LHS =
sin A
= tan A
cos A
= R.H.S
4
= 2cos 2A-1
2
= 2(cos 2A) -1
2
= 2[2cos A-1] -1
4
1
and tan = show that 2+=
7
4
3
Solution:
Given: tan =
tan 2 =
1
,
3
2 tan
1 tan2
tan =
1
2
3
1
1
3
1
7
2
3
1
123
1
9
3
2/3 2 9
= . =
4
8/9 3 8
3
tan 2 =
4
tan 2 + tan
tan (2+) =
1 tan 2 tan
=
21 + 4
3 1
+
4 7
= 28
=
3
3 1
1
1
28
4 7
25 / 28
=1
25 / 28
Tan (2+) = 1
= tan 45
2+ = 45
2+ =
4
1 cos B
, prove that tan 2A =tan B (A and B are acute
4) If tan A =
sin B
angles)
=
Solution:
Given tan A =
1 cos B
sin B
2 sin2 B / 2
sin B / 2
=
2 sin B / 2 cos B / 2
cos B / 2
124
EXERCISE
PART A
0
3
4
1
4
0
0
3. Find the value of the following: Sin (-330 ) cos 300
0
0\
(sin A + cos A)
2
1
(cos A sin A)
0
18.
19. If tan A =
1
5
, find the value of tan (A + B)
and tan B =
11
6
125
22. 1 2 sin 15
2
23. 2 cos 30 1
2
10
2
25.
10
1 tan2 22
2
2 tan 22
sin 2A
= cot A
1 cos 24
1 tan 2 ( 45 A )
1 + tan ( 45 A )
2
= sin2 A
sin A
= cot A 2
1 cos A
PART B
1. If sin A =
3
12
, Cos B =
, (A or B be acute) find
5
13
1
1
, sin B =
(A&B are acute) find sin (A+B)
4
3
8
5
, (A&B are acute) prove that
, sin B=
17
13
sin (A+B) =
171
221
126
18
4
cos B =
(A&B be acute ) find cos (A-B)
17
5
4. If sin A =
8. Prove that
sin( A B)
sin(B C)
sin(C A )
+
+
=0
cos A cos B cos B cos C cos C cos A
13. If A+B +C =180,prove that tanA+ tanB+ tanC =tanA tanB tanC
14. prove that tan 5A- tan 3A- tan 2A= tan 5A tan 3Atan 2A
15. If tan =
1
1
and tan show that tan (2+)=3
2
3
1 cos 2A + sin 2A
= tan A
1 + cos 2A + sin 2A
sin 2A
= cot A and hence deduce the value of
1 cos 2A
a
find the value of a sin 2 + b cos 2
b
4
3
2
sin 2A
4
A
1 cos A + sin A
= tan
1 + cos A + sin A
2
1
1
and tan = , show that 2+=45
7
3
ANSWERS
PART A
3)
1
4
4)
3
2
8)
3 +1
11)
2 2
18) 1
22)
3
4
9)
3 +1
12)
23)
21)
1
2
1
2
24)
Part B
1) i)
2)
10)
56
65
15 + 2 2
12
2 +1
10) 0
17) 1
2 2
19) 1
3
2
1
2
ii)
33
65
3)
77
85
20) b
128
3
2
25) 1
UNIT V
TRIGONOMETRY
5.1
5.2
5.3
i)
Cos3A = Cos(A+2A)
= CosACos2A-SinA Sin2A
2
129
2tanA
1 - tan2 A
tan3A =
2tanA
1 - tan A
2
1 - tan A
tan A +
=
=
tan 3A =
Solution:
3
3
2
3
2) Find the value of 4 cos 10 - 3 cos 10
=
Solution:
3
= cos 30
=
3
2
130
3) If sin =
3
, find the value of sin 3
5
Solution:
Given: sin =
3
5
3
3 3
= 3 4
5
5
=
Sin 3 =
4) If cos A =
9 108
225 108
=
5 125
125
117
125
1
, find the value of cos3A
3
Solution:
Given : cos A =
1
3
3
1 3
1
=4 3
3
3
4 27
1
=4
-1 =
27
27
Cos 3A = -
23
27
131
PART B
1)
Prove that
sin 3 A cos 3 A
=2
sin A
cos A
Solution:
LHS =
sin 3 A cos 3 A
sin A
cos A
sin A
cos A
sin A
cos A
2
2
= 3-4 sin A 4cos A + 3
2
2
= 6 -4 (sin A + cos A)
=64
=2
= R.H.S
=
2) Prove that
Solution:
LHS =
132
3) Prove that
sin 3A
= sin A and hence find the value of sin 15.
1 + 2 cos 2A
Solution:
LHS =
sin 3A
1 + 2 cos 2A
3 sin A 4 sin3 A
1 + 2(1 2 sin2 A )
sin A(3 4 sin 2A )
1 + 2 4 sin2 A )
= sin A = RHS
We have proved that sin A =
sin 3 A
1 + 2 cos 2A
put A = 15
sin15 =
sin 3(15 )
sin 45
=
1 + 2 cos 2(15 ) 1 + 2 cos 30
1
2
3
1 + 2(
)
2
2
1+ 3
1
2(1 + 3 )
= 4sin A [(
= 4sin A [
3 2
2
) sin A]
2
3
2
-sin A]
4
3 4 sin2 A
= 4sin A
= 3sin A -4sin A
= sin3 A = RHS
5) Prove that cos 20 cos40cos 80 =
1
8
Solution:
1 2
= cos20 1 cos2 20
= cos20 1 + cos2 20
4
4 cos2 20 3
= cos20
1
3
[4cos 20-3cos20]
4
1
cos3 (20)
4
1
1 1 1
cos60 = = =RHS
4
4 2 8
134
We know that
sin (A+B) = sin A cos B + cos A sin B
(1)
(2)
(I)
(II)
We know that
cos (A+B) = cos A cos B sin A sin B
(3)
(4)
(III)
Let C = A + B and D = A B
Then C + D = 2A and C D = 2B
A=
C+D
CD
B=
2
2
135
(IV)
C+D
CD
cos
2
2
C+D
CD
sin
2
2
C+D
CD
cos
2
2
C+D
CD
sin
2
2
(or)
cos D cos C = 2sin
C+D
CD
sin
2
2
i)
2sin2cos
ii)
iii) 2cos3Acos2A
2cos3Asin5A
iv) 2sin3AsinA
Solution:
i)
ii)
136
1. sin 4A + sin 2A
2. sin 5A sin 3A
3. cos 3A + cos 7A
4. cos 2A cos 4A
Solution:
i)
C+D
C D
cos
2
2
4 A + 2A
4 A 2A
cos
2
2
= 2sin 3A cos A
We have sinC sinD = 2cos
ii)
C+D
C D
sin
2
2
5A + 3 A
5A 3A
sin
2
2
= 2cos 4A sin A
We have cosC + cosD = 2cos
iii) cos 3A + cos 7A = 2cos
C+D
C D
cos
2
2
3A + 7 A
3A 7A
cos
2
2
137
( cos( ) = cos )
iv) We Have
C+D
C D
sin
2
2
2A + 4A
2A 4A
sin
2
2
50 + 70
sin 50 70
= sin 10 + 2cos
2
2
1
) (-sin 10)
2
= sin 10 sin 10
= 0 = RHS
4) Prove that cos 20 + cos 100 + cos 140 = 0
Solution:
100 + 140
2
2
= cos 20 cos 20
= 0 = RHS.
138
2
2
= cos A cos A
= 0 = RHS.
6) Prove that
sin 2A sin 2B
= tan (A+B)
cos 2 A + cos 2B
Solution:
LHS =
sin 2A sin 2B
cos 2 A + cos 2B
(2A + 2B)
2 A 2B)
sin(
2
2
=
2 A + 2B
2 A 2B
2 cos(
) cos(
)
2
2
2 cos
sin( A B)
cos( A B)
Solution:
+
+
= 2cos
cos
cos
+ 2sin
2
2
2
2
139
2 +
2
2 +
2
= 4cos
cos
+4sin
cos
2
2
2
+
+
2
= 4cos
cos2
+ sin2
2
2
2
2
= 4cos
(1)
2
2
= 4cos
= RHS.
2) If sin x + sin y = a and cos x + cos y =b,
4 a2 b2
2 x y
Prove that tan
=
2
a2 + b2
Solution:
Given: sin x + sin y = a and cos x + cos y =b
2
x y
x+y
x y
x+y
= 2 sin
+ 2 cos
cos
cos
2
2
2
2
= 4 sin
x+y
2 xy
2 x+y
2 xy
cos
+ 4 cos
cos
2
2
2
2
2 xy
= 4 cos
2 x + y
x + y
+ cos2
sin
2
2
2 x y
2
2
= 4 cos
(1) since [sin + cos =1]
2
2 xy
= 4 cos
R.H.S=
4 a2 b2
a2 + b2
4 (a 2 + b 2 )
a2 + b 2
140
xy
)
2
=
xy
4 cos2 (
)
2
xy
4(1 cos2 (
)
2
=
xy
4 cos2 (
)
2
xy
sin2 (
)
2 xy
2
= tan (
=
) = L.H.S
x
y
2
cos2 (
)
2
4 4 cos2 (
2ab
a + b2
2
Solution:
x+y
xy
x+y
xy
cos
) (2 cos
cos
)
2
2
2
2
= 4.(2) sin
= 4 cos
= 4 cos
x+y
x+y
2 xy
cos
cos
2
2
2
xy
x+y
x+y
, 2sin
cos
2
2
2
xy
x+y
, sin2
2
2
xy
[sin(x+y)]
2
Again a +b = 4 cos
xy
2
(refer example 2)
141
R.H.S
2ab
a2 + b2
2 xy
4 cos
sin( x + y )
2
=
xy
4 cos2
2
= sin (x+y)=L.H.S
4) Prove that
LHS =
3A + A
3A A
cos
2
2
=
3A + A
3A A
cos 2 A + 2 cos
cos
2
2
sin 2 A + 2 sin
sin 2A
cos 2A
= tan 2A
= RHS.
1
-1 1
Sin = 30
2
2
Note:
i)
-1
-1
sin x. i.e.(sin x) =
ii)
-1
-1
Principal value:
Among all the values, the numerically least value of the inverse
trigonometric function is called principal value.
Examples:
1
1
, sin 150 =
2
2
1
1
Sin 390 = , - sin (-330) = ..
2
2
1) We know sin 30 =
-1 1
Sin = 30, 150, 390, -330
2
143
2) We know cos 60 =
Cos 300 =
Cos
1
1
, cos (-60) =
2
2
1
1
, cos 420 =
2
2
-1
1
= 60, - 60, 300, 420.
2
-1 1
The principal value of cos is 60
2
-
2
2
0
2
-
2
2
0< <
0 < < ,
2
- < < , 0
2
2
Domain
-1 x 1
-1
-1 x 1
-1
(-,)
-1
(-,)
Cos x
Tan x
Cot x
-1
Sec x
(-1,1) except o
-1
Cosec x
(-1,1) except o
Properties
Property (1)
-1
(a)
sin (sin x) = x
(b)
cos (cos x)
-1
=x
144
-1
(c)
tan (tan x) = x
(d)
cot (cot x) = x
(e)
sec (sec x)
(f)
-1
-1
-1
=x
Proof:
(1)
-1
-1
(2)
-1
=x
(a) sin
1
x
(b) cosec
-1
-1
= cosec x
1
-1
= sin x
x
-1 1
(c) cos
x
= sec x
-1 1
(d) sec
x
= cos x
-1
(e) tan
-1
(f) cot
1
x
-1
-1
-1
= cot x
1 tan 2
-1
= tan x
2
1 + tan
Proof:
-1 1
(a) Let sin = y
x
-------------- 1
145
Sin y
1
x
1
= cosec y
sin y
x =
y = cosec x
-1
------------------- 2
-1 1
-1
(1) and (2) sin =cosec x
x
-1
(a)
sin (-x)
=-sin x
(b)
cos (-x)
(c)
tan (-x)
(d)
(e)
sec (-x)
(f)
-1
= -cos x
-1
=-tan x
cot (-x)
-1
=-cot x
-1
=-sec x
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
Proof:
-1
(1)
= -x
i.e. x = -sin y
x
= sin (-y)
-1
i.e. sin x= -y
-1
= -sin x
(2)
-1
-1
(1)
Cos y = -x
i.e. x = -cos y
146
x = cos (180-y)
cos x = 180-y
-1
y = 180-cos x
-1
y = -cos x
-1
(2)
-1
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
-1
-1
tan x+cot x
=
2
-1
-1
sec x+cosec x =
2
-1
-1
sin x+cos x
Proof:
-1
-1
sin x + cos x = 90 =
2
Similarly other results can be proved
-1
Property (5)
-1
-1
-1 x + y
tan A + tan B
1 tan A tan B
147
tan (A+B)
x+y
1 xy
A+B
= tan
-1
= tan
-1
x+y
1 xy
-1
x+y
1 xy
-1
Property (6)
-1
-1
-1
[x
1 y 2 +y 1 x 2
Proof:
= sin A
= x 1 y 2 +
1 sin2 A sin B
1 x 2 y
-1
A+B= sin [x 1 y 2 +y 1 x 2 ]
-1
-1
-1
= sin [x 1 y 2 +y 1 x 2 ]
(ii) sin
(i) cos
2
1
-1
(iii) tan
3
1
-1
(iv) cos
2
-1
Solution:
i) Let x = cos
3
2
-1
3
2
cos x = cos 30
x = 30
cos x =
3
= 30
2
1
-1
ii) Let x = sin
2
cos
-1
sin x =
1
2
sin x= sin 45
x= 45
-1 1
= 45
sin
2
-1
1
3
tan x =-tan 30
tan x = -
-1
1
2
1
2
cos x = -cos 60
149
-1
1
-1 2
-1
+ tan = tan
3
5
11
13
Solution:
-1
-1
-1
tan (
-1
1
-1 2
) + tan ( )
3
5
-1
= tan
-1
= tan
x+y
1 xy
1 2
3+5
1 ( 1 )( 2 )
3 5
5+6
15
15 2
15
-1 11
= tan
13
= RHS
-1
-1 1
3) Show that tan x+tan =
x
2
Solution:
LHS
1
)
x
-1
-1
= tan x + cot x using properity (2)
-1
= tan x + tan (
150
PART-B
-1
1 x 2
2
1 + x
-1
Solution:
LHS = cos
-1
= cos
-1
1 x 2
2
1 + x
1 tan 2
2
1 + tan
-1
= cos [cos2]
= 2
-1
= 2tan x
= LHS
-1
3x x3
-1
= 3tan x
2
1 3 x
Solution:
Let = tan
= tan x
-1
3
-1 3 x x
LHS = tan
2
1 3 x
-1
= tan
3 tan tan3
2
1 3 tan
-1
= tan [tan 3]
=3
-1
= 3 tan x = R.H.S
151
-1
2
-1
= tan
3
12
15
Solution:
LHS
-1
= 2tan
2
3
-1 2
-1 2
= tan )+ tan
3
3
-1
= tan
2 2
3+3
1 ( 2 )( 2 )
3 3
= tan 3
94
9
-1
-1
= tan
4 9
3 5
-1 12
= tan = R.H.S
15
8
4) Evaluate tan cos 1
17
Solution:
-1 8
Let cos =
17
Cos =
tan =
(1)
8
17
opp AB
=
adj BC
152
15
8
= tan
-1
15
8
(2)
AB = 17 2 8 2
-1
8
-1 15
= tan
17
8
= 289 64
= 225
= 15
15
8
-1 15
]=
tan cos 1 = tan [tan
8
8
17
EXERCISE
PART-A
Find the value of the following:
3
1. 3sin 10 - 4sin 10
3
2. 4sin 20 - 3cos 20
3 tan 20 tan3 20
3.
1 3 tan2 20
4. If sin A =
4
(A being acute) find sin3A
5
5. If cos =
3
(being acute) find cos3
5
2sin 4 cos 2
II.
2cos 8cos 6
153
III.
2cos 6A sin 3A
IV.
2sin 6 sin 2
V.
cos
3A
A
sin
2
2
VI.
sin
7A
5A
cos
2
2
VII.
sin 13 A + sin 5A
II.
sin 13 A - sin 5A
III.
cos 13 A + cos 5A
IV.
cos 13 A - cos 5A
V.
sin 52 sin 32
VI.
sin 50 + cos 80
VII.
sin 20 + cos 50
VIII.
cos 35 + sin 72
o
o
3 cos 40
sin 3 A sin A
= cot 2A
cos 3 A cos A
21.
sin 7 A sin 5 A
= tan A
cos 7 A + cos 5 A
22.
sin 3 A + sin A
= tan 2 A
cos 3 A + sin A
23.
cos B cos A
A +B
= tan
sin A sin B
2
Sin1
2
ii) Sin1 3
2
iii) Sin1( 1)
iv) Sin1 1
2
1
v) Cos (0 )
1
vi) Cos1
( )
vii) tan 1 3
viii)
sec 1
3
ix) cos ec 1 2
155
26. tan
-1
27. Sin
28. Sec
-1
-1
1
=
x 2
3
-1 1
-1
+ tan = tan (1)
4
7
1 x 2 = cos-1 x
1 + x 2 = tan-1 x
PART B
Prove the following:
1)
sin 3 cos 3
+
= 4 cos 2
sin
cos
2)
cos 3 A sin 3A
= 1-2 sin 2A
cos A + sin A
sin 3A + sin3 A
3)
4) Prove that
1 cos 3 A
2
= (1+2 cos A)
1 cos A
5) Prove that
cos 3A
= cos A and hence
2 cos 2A 1
0
156
3
8
1
8
1
16
3
16
3
16
1
16
+
2
+
2
3
2
-1
2x
2
1+ x
-1
-1 2x
29) 2 tan x = tan
2
1 x
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
x 1 y 2 y 1 x 2
-1
xy
1 + xy
-1
-1
xy 1 x 2 1 y 2
xy + 1 x 2 1 y 2
1 cos x x
-1
=
34) tan
1 + cos x 2
-1 1
-1 3
35) 2 tan = tan
3
4
158
3
2
5
36) Evaluate cos sin1
13
4
12
37) Evaluate cos sin1 + sin1
5
13
ANSWERS
PART-A
1)
1
2
6)
9
13
7)
2)
1
2
3)
1
[sin2A sinA]
2
(vi)
1
[sin 6 A + sin A]
2
(vii)
1 3
sin 2
2 2
(vi)2sin30 cos20
159
4)
44
125
5)
117
125
(vii)2sin30 cos20
(viii) 2 cos
24) (i)
vi)
53
17
cos
2
2
ii)
3
4
vii)
iii)
iv)
viii)
ix)
v)
PART B
35)
1
6 2
36)
12
13
160
37)
33
65
MATHEMATICS I
I.
1.
x
Solve 3
2.
2x = 0
2x
1
a
1
b
1
c
=0
b+c c +a a+b
3.
1 4
4 5
, B =
FindAB
If A =
1 0
7 2
5.
6.
3 4
7.
-3
Expand (1 + x) upto three terms when x < 1
8.
Split
9.
4.
x +1
into partial fraction without finding the constant
x( x + 1)
perpendicular
10. Find the combined the equation of the lines 2x + 5y = 0 and x +
3y = 0
2
12. Write down the condition for the equation ax + 2hxy + by + 2gx
+ 2 fy + c = 0 to represent a pair of straight lines.
161
3
4
14. Find the value of cos50 cos40 - sin50 sin40
13. Show that sin (-330) x sin 420 =
1
1
tan B = Find tan ( A + B)
2
3
16. Find the value of 2 sin 75 cos75
15. If tan A =
sin 2A sin 2B
= -cot (A+B)
cos 2A cos 2B
2x
-1
1 x 2
= 2 tan 1 x
PART B
(Answer Any TWO subdivisions in each question)
All Questions carry Equal Marks
5x12=60
21a.
c.
1+ x
1+ x
1+ x
and
3x+2y-2z=3
= x 2 ( x + 3)
3 2 1
1 1
Find the inverse of 4
2
0
1
11
22.a
b
c.
3 2
Find the middle terms in the expansion of x + 3
x
2
12
Find the term independent of x in the expansion of (2x +1/x)
x3
Resolve
in to partial fraction
x( x + 5) ( x 6)
162
23.a.
b.
24.a.If sin A =
and sin B
prove that A + B =
10
5
If A+B = 45 Prove that (1 + tanA) (1 + tanB) = 2 and hence
1
deduce the value of tan 22
2
sin 2A + sin A
= tan A
c.Prove that
1 + cos 2A + cos A
b.
3
16
2
2
2
b.Prove that (coscos) (sin sin) = 4 sin
c.
-1 x y
1
1
Show that tan
= tan x + tan y
1 + xy
163
Time : 3 Hrs
(Marks: 15 x 1 = 15)
I.
1.
Find x if
2.
Prove that 4 x 5x 6x = 0
7x 8x 9x
x2
0
=0
0
x2
x
3.
4.
2x 3 x
4
3
Find A 2
If A =
2 1
1 1
6.
7.
th
Find the 11 term of 3x 2 + 20
x
9
How many middle terms are in the expansion of (5x-y)
-2
Write the first three terms in the expansion of (1-x)
8.
5.
x3 x
(x + 2) (x 2 + 1)
in to partial
fraction
9. Find the perpendicular distances from the point (2,1) to the
straight line 3x+2y+1=0
10. Write down the condition for the pair of lines given by
2
2
ax +2hxy+by = 0 to be parallel
2
2
11. Find a if the lines represented by3x +4xy+ay = 0 are
perpendicular
12. State the expression for angle between pair of line given by
2
2
ax +2hxy+by +2gx +2fy+c=0
164
tan 22 + tan 23
1 tan 22 tan 23
sin 2A
= tan A
1+ cos 2 A
3
3
find the value of cos3A.
5
19. Show that Cos20 + Cos100 + Cos140 = 0
18. If Cos A =
2x
-1
1 + x2
= 2 tan 1 x
PART- B
(Answer any two subdivision in each Question)
All Questions carry Equal Marks
5x12=60
21 a)
b)
c)
22.a)
b)
x+b
x+c
Prove that
= x 2 (x + a + b + c)
3 5
show that A2 5A 14I = 0
If A =
4 2
13
Find the middle terms in the expansion of (2x+1/x)
Find the term independent of x in the expansion of
2 1
2x
x
c)
x+a
Resolve
12
7x 4
in to a partial function
( x + 2) ( x 1)
165
23.a)
b)
c)
24.a)
3
12
, cos B = , find the values of sin (A-B) and cos
5
13
(A-B)
b)
c)
Show that
1 + sin cos
= tan / 2
1+ sin + cos
25.a)
Prove that
b)
tan
c)
A B 4 (a 2 + b 2 )
=
2
a2 + b2
-1
3x x 3
1 3x
= 3 tan 1 x
166
MATHEMATICS II
UNIT I
CIRCLES
1.1
1.2
1.3
Definition:
The locus or path of a point P(x,y) which is at a constant distance
r from a fixed point C(h,k) is called a circle.
The fixed point C(h,k) is called centre and the constant distance
is called the radius of the circle.
1.1.1
Let the given centre and radius are C(h,k) and r units. Let P(x,y)
be any point on the circle. From Fig (1.1.) CP= r
ie
( x h) 2 + ( y k ) 2 = r 2
(1)
Note: When centre is at the origin (0,0) the equation (1) becomes
2
2 2
x +y =r . i.e. the equation of the circle with centre at the origin and
2
2 2
radius r units is x +y =r .
1.1.2
(2)
[x ( g)] 2 + [y (f )] 2 =
g2 + f 2 c
(3)
g2 + f 2 c .
Note:
2
1
1
(iii) Radius =
g2 + f 2 c
168
WORKED EXAMPLES
PART - A
1) Find the equation of the circle whose centre is (2,-1) and radius 3
units.
Solution:
(h,k) =(2,-1)
( x 2)2 + ( y + 1)2 = 3 2
x 2 + y 2 4 x + 2y 4 = 0
r=3
Here 2g = -6 and 2f = 4
g = -3
f=2
Centre is (-g,-f)
Centre (3,-2)
r=
( 3)2 + 22 2
r=
11 units
PART B
(1)
4x+7y+15 = 0
(2)
169
Let the centre and a point on the circle be C(5,-7) and A (3,-3)
Radius = CA = (5 3)2 + ( 7 + 3)2
r = 4 + 16
r = 20
170
Equation of circle is ( x h) 2 + ( y k ) 2 = r 2
(h,k) = (5,-7)
r = 20
r = 20
( x 5)2 + ( y + 7 )2 = 20
x 2 10 x + 25 + y 2 + 14 y + 49 20 = 0
i.e. x 2 + y 2 10 x + 14 y + 54 = 0
1.2 CONCYCLIC POINTS
If four or more points lie on the same circle the points are called
concylic points.
1.2.1 Equation of circle with end points of a diameter
y y1 y y 2
x x x x =1
1
2
171
WORKED EXAMPLES
PART A
1) Find the equation of the circle joining the points (1,-1) and (-2,3)
as diameter
Solution:
( x 2 , y 2 ) = ( 2,3 )
( x 1) ( x + 2) + ( y + 1) ( y 3) = 0
x 2 + y 2 + x 2y 5 = 0
2) Find the equation of the circle joining the points (a,0) and (0,b) as
diameter
Solution:
172
PART B
1) Find the equation of the circle passing through the points (1,1),
(1,0) and (0,1)
Solution:
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
2g+2f+c = -2
2g+0+c=-1
(2) (3)
0 + 2f+0=-1
2f=-1
Substitute f=
f=
1
2
1
in (4)
2
1
2 + c = 1
2
1 + c = 1 c= 0
173
Substitute c= 0 in (3)
2g + 0 = 1
g=
1
2
ie. x 2 + y 2 x y = 0
2) Find the equation of the circle passing through the points (0,1) ,
(4,3) and having its centre on the line 4x-5y-5=0
Solution:
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
4 g + 5 f = 5
2f + c = 1
8g + 6f + c = 25
174
(2) (3)
8g 4f + 0 = 24
4g + 2f = 12
(5)
4 g + 5 f = 5
4g + 2f = 12
0 + 7f = 7
7f = 7
f = -1
4g = -10
g=
10
i.e.,
4
g=
5
2
5
, f=-1 in (3)
2
5
8
+ 6( 1) + c = 25
2
20 6 + c = 25
c = 25 + 26
c=1
(1)
(2)
175
(3)
(4)
(5)
(3)-(4) 8g 4f = -8
(6)
(7)
24 -24 = 0
We
know
that
the
centre
is
C(-g,-f)
and
radius
BC = r = g + f c
2
177
1.3.2
Slope of AC =
y1 + f
x1 + g
Since AC is perpendicular to AT
( x + g)
Slope of AT = m = 1
( y1 + f )
Equation of the tangent AT at A(x1,y1) is
y y1 = m( x x1 )
x + g
( x x1 ) on simplification, we get
y y1 = 1
y1 + f
xx1 + yy1 + g( x + x1 ) + f ( y + y1 ) + c = 0
Note: The equation of tangent to the circle x 2 + y 2 = r 2 at (x1,y1) is
2
obtained by substituting g=0, f=0 and c=-r in the above equation to
tangent
178
ie xx1 + yy1 = r 2
1.3.2
RESULTS
Note:
2
= 22 + 32 2(2) + 4(3) + 1
= 4 + 9 4 + 12 + 1
= 22 units
179
x(-4) + y(3) = 25
-4x+3y =25
4x-3y+25 = 0
PART B
2y-2 = 0
y-1 = 0
180
2g=4
2f = -2
g=2
f=-1
c= 0
x y + 2x 2 y + 1= 0
x-2y-1 = 0
EXERCISE
PART A
1. Find the equation of the circle whose centre and radius are given
as
(i) (3,2); 4 units
x 2 + y 2 12 x 8 y + 2 = 0
(ii) x 2 + y 2 + 7 x + 5 y 1= 0
(iii) 2x 2 + 2y 2 6 x + 12y 4 = 0
(iv) x 2 + y 2 = 100
3. Write down the equation of circle whose centre is (h,k) and radius
r units.
4. Write
down
the
centre
and
radius
of
the
circle
x + y + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0
2
(ii)
(iv)
7. Write down the equation of the circle whose end points of the
diameter are (x1,y1) and (x2,y2)
8. Write down the expression to find the length of the tangent to the
circle x 2 + y 2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 from the point (x1,y1)
9. Write down the equation of the tangent to the circle
x 2 + y 2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 at the point (x1,y1).
10. Find the length of the tangent from the point (2,1) to the circle
x 2 + y 2 + 2x + 4 y + 3 = 0
11. Show that the point (-3,-4) lies inside the circle
x 2 + y 2 + 2x + y 25 = 0
12. Show that the point (-1,-7) lies on the circle
x 2 + y 2 + 15 x + 2y 21 = 0
182
PART B
1)
2)
Find the equation of the circle two of its diameters are 3x+4y=2
and x-y =3 and passing through (5,-1)
3)
Find the equation of the circle passing through the points (5,2),
(2,1), (1,4).
4)
Find the equation of the circle passing through the points (6,0)
and (-1,-1) and having its centre on x+2y+5=0
5)
Prove that the points (3,4), (0,5),(-3,-4) and (-5,0) are concylic
6)
7)
8)
ANSWER
PART A
(1)
(i)
x 2 + y 2 6 x 4y 3 = 0
(ii)
x 2 + y 2 + 10 x 14 y + 65 = 0
(iii)
x 2 + y 2 + 10x + 8 y + 16 = 0
(iv)
x 2 + y 2 12x + 4 y 60 = 0
183
(2)
(i) (6,4),
7 5
,
(ii)
;
2 2
50
3
(iii) ,3 ;
2
53
2
78
2
(5)
(2,-3), 4
(6)
(10)
4 units
(11)
10
PART B
1)
x 2 + y 2 2x 24 = 0
6)
3 x + 2y 14 = 0
2)
x 2 + y 2 4 x + 2y 4 = 0
7)
7 x + 11y + 170 = 0
3)
x 2 + y 2 6 x 6 y + 13 = 0
8)
5 x + 2y + 3 = 0
4)
x 2 + y 2 6x + 8 y = 0
184
UNIT- II
FAMILY OF CIRCLES
2.1 Concentric circles contact of circles (internal and external
circles) orthogonal circles condition for orthogonal circles.
(Result only). Simple Problems
x n an
= na n 1
x a xa
Lt
Lt
sin
tan
( in radian)
= 1,
=1
0
0
Two or more circles having the same centre are called concentric
circles.
x +y +2gx+2fy+c = 0 is x +y +2gx+2fy+k = 0
(Equation differ only by the constant term)
185
i.e. c1c2 = r1 + r2
Case (ii) Two circles touch internally if the distance between their
centers is equal to difference of their radii.
Orthogonal Circles
186
X + y + 2g1x + 2f1y + c1 = 0
X + y + 2g2x + 2f2y + c2 = 0
BP = r2 = g2 + f2 c 2
AB = AP + PB
2
187
1.
x + y 4x + 6y + 8 = 0 and x + y 10x - 6y + 14 = 0
Solution:
2
x + y 4x + 6y + 8 = 0
and x + y 10x - 6y + 14 = 0
centre:
c2 (5,3)
c1 (2, -3)
x + y 25 = 0 is
x +y +k=0
2
3 +0 +k=0
i.e.
k = -9
x +y 9=0
3.
188
PART - B
1.
(x h) + (y - k) = r
2
(x 2) + (y + 4) = 3
2
x 4x + 4 + y + 8y + 16 = 9
2
x + y 4x + 8y +11 = 0
2.
Given circles
2
x + y 4x 6y + 9 = 0 and x + y + 2x + 2y - 7 = 0
centre: c1 (2,3)
c2(-1,-1)
radius:
r1 = 2 2 + 3 2 9
= 4
r 2 = ( +1)2 + 12 + 7
r2 = 9
r1 = 2
Distance:
r2 = 3
c 1c 2
= (2 + 1)2 + (3 + 1)2
= 32 + 42
= 25
c1c2 = 5
c1c2 = r1 + r2
The circles touch each other externally.
189
3.
Find the equation of the circle which passes through (1,1) and
cuts orthogonally each of the circles
2
x + y - 8x - 2y + 16 = 0 and x + y - 4x - 4y - 1 = 0.
Solution:
2
2g1=2g
2f1=2f
g1=g
f1=f
2g2=-8
2f2=-2
g2=-4
f2=-1
c1=c
c2=16
by orthogonal condition
2g1g2 + 2f1f2 = c1 + c2
i.e. 2g(-4) + 2f(-1) = c + 16
-8g -2f c = 16
8g + 2f + c = -16
Equation (1) orthogonal with the circle
2
2
x + y 4x -4y -1 = 0
i.e. 2g(-2) + 2f (-2) = c 1
-4g 4f c = -1
4g + 4f + c = 1
(3) - (2)
8g + 2f + c = - 16
2g + 2f + c = - 2
6g
= -14
g=
14
6
g=
7
3
190
(4) - (2)
4g + 4 f + c = 1
2g + 2f + c = 2
2g + 2f = 3
7
i.e. put g =
in
(5 )
3
7
2
+ 2f = 3
3
2f = 3 +
f=
14
3
23
6
7
23
and f =
in (1)
3
6
7
23
2
+ 2
+ c = 2
3
6
Substitute g =
15
3
Required equation of circle is
15
7
23
x 2 + y 2 + 2
=0
x + 2
y
3
3
6
Simplifying we get c =
x2 + y 2
14
23
15
x+
y
=0
3
3
3
or
3 x 2 + 3 y 2 14 x + 23 y 15 = 0
2.2 LIMITS
Introduction
The concept of function is one of the most important tool in
calculus. Before, we need the following definitions to study calculus.
Constant:
A quantity which retains the same value throughout a
mathematical process is called a constant, generally denoted by
a,b,c,
191
Variable:
A quantity which can have different values in a particular
mathematical process is called a variable, generally denoted by
x,y,z,u,v,w.
Function:
A function is a special type of relation between the elements of
one set A to those of another set B Symbolically f: A B
To denote the function we use the letters f,g,h. Thus for a
function each element of A is associated with exactly one element in
B. The set A is called the domain of the function f and B is called codomain of the function f.
2.2.1. Limit of a function.
0.95
0.99
1.001
1.05
1.1
1.2
F(x)
1.95
1.99
2.001
2.05
2.1
2.2
192
Lt
3)
4)
5)
f (x )
f (x ) x a
=
Lt
x a g(x )
g(x )
xa
Lt
Lt
Kf (x ) = K
f (x )
xa
xa
If f (x ) g(x )
then
Lt
Lt
Lt
f (x )
g(x )
xa
xa
Some Standard Limits.
Lt x n a n
1)
= na n 1 (for all values of n)
x a xa
Lt sin
When is in radian 2)
=1
0
Lt tan
Lt sin n
(2)
Note: (1)
=1
=n
0
0
Lt tan n
(3)
=n
0
1.
Evaluate:
Lt 3 x 2 + 2x + 1
x 0 5 x 2 + 6x + 7
Solution:
Lt
3 x 2 + 2x + 1
x 0 5x + 6x + 7
Evaluate:
Lt x 2 + 4 x 5
x 1 x2 + x 2
2
2.
3(0 ) + 2(0 ) + 1
2
5(0 ) + 6(0 ) + 7
2
193
1
7
Solution:
Lt x 2 + 4 x 5
Lt (x + 5 )(x 1)
=
x 1 x2 + x 2
x 1 (x + 2)(x 1)
Lt (x + 5 )
Lt x + 5 6
=
= =2
x 1 (x + 2 ) x 1 x + 2 3
3. Evaluate:
Lt x n 2n
x 2 x2
Solution:
=
Lt x n 2n
= n2n 1
x 2 x2
4.
Lt
xn an
= na n 1
x a x a
x a
x a xa
Lt
Solution:
1
Lt
Lt x 2 a 2
x a
=
x a xa
x a x a
1
1 2 1 1 2
a
= a
2
2
5.
Evaluate:
Lt sin 5 x
x 0 3x
Solution:
Lt sin 5 x 1 Lt 5 sin 5 x 5 Lt sin 5 x 5
=
=
=
x 0 3x
3 x 0 5x
3 x 0 5x
3
194
Lt sin
=1
0
PART - B
1.
Evaluate:
Lt x 3 64
x 4 x 2 16
Solution:
x 3 43
x 4
x 64
x4
=
=
x 4 x 2 16 x 4 x 2 4 2 x 4 x 2 4 2
x4
Lt
Lt
Lt
Lt x 3 43
2
3(4 )
x 4 x4
=
=
2(4 )
Lt x 2 4 2
x 4 x4
= 48 = 6
8
2.
Evaluate:
Lt sin a
0 sin b
Solution:
sin a
Lt sin a
Lt
=
0 sin b 0 sin b
Lt sin a
a
0
=
=
Lt sin b b
0
3.
Evaluate:
Lt 1 cos ax
x 0 1 cos bx
195
Lt sin n
=n
0
Solution:
x
2
Lt 2 sin a 2
1 cos ax
=
x
x 0 1 cos bx x 0
2 sin2 b
2
Lt
1 cos 2 = 2 sin2
sin x
2
x 0
=
2
Lt
b
sin x
2
x 0
Lt
sin x
2
Lt
2
a
x 0 a 2
2
2
2
sin x
2
Lt
2
b
x 0 b 2
2
2
a2
a2
= 42 = 2
b
b
4
2.3. DIFFERENTIATION
d
(cons tan t ) = 0
dx
d n
x = nx n 1
2.
dx
d
(x) = 1
3.
dx
1
d
( x) =
4.
dx
2 x
1.
( )
5.
n
d 1
n = n +1
dx x
x
d
(tan x ) = sec 2 x
dx
d
(cot x ) = cos ec 2 x
9.
dx
d
(sec x ) = sec x tan x
10.
dx
d
(cos ecx ) = cos ecx cot x
11.
dx
d x
e = ex
12.
dx
d
(log x ) = 1
13.
x
dx
8.
( )
d
(sin x ) = cos x
dx
d
(cos x ) = sin x
7.
dx
The following are the methods of differentiation when functions
are in addition, multiplication and division.
If u,v and w are functions of x
d
(u + v ) = d (u) + d (v )
(i) Addition Rule :
dx
dx
dx
d
d
d
d
(u + v + w ) = (u) + (v ) + (w )
dx
dx
dx
dx
d
(u v ) = d (u) d (v )
dx
dx
dx
d
(uv ) = u d (v ) + v d (u)
(ii) Multiplica tion Rule :
dx
dx
dx
6.
d
(uvw ) = uv d (w ) + uw d (v ) + vw d (u)
dx
dx
dx
dx
(iii) Quotient Rule : (division )
d u
=
dx v
d
(u) u d (v )
dx
dx
v2
197
1.
Find
dy
3 2 1
if y = 2 + +
dx
x 4
x
Solution:
y = 3x - 2 + 2x -1 +
dy
dx
= 6 x 3 2 x 2 + 0
=
2.
Find
1
4
6
x3
2
x2
dy
if y = e x sin x
dx
Solution: y = e x sin x
dy
dx
= ex
( )
d
(sin x ) + sin x d e x
dx
dx
= e x cos x + sin x e x
3.
FInd
dy
x 1
if y =
dx
x+3
Solution:
y=
x 1
x+3
dy
dx
(x + 3 )
d
(x 1) (x 1) d (x + 3)
dx
dx
=
(x + 3)2
(x + 3 )1 (x 1)(1) = 4
=
(x + 3)2
(x + 3 )2
198
4.
Find
dy
if
dx
y = (x 1)(x 5 )(x 3 )
Solution:
y = (x 1)(x 5 )(x 3 )
d
d
dy
= (x 1)(x 5 ) (x 3 ) + (x 1)(x 3 ) (x 5 )
dx
dx
dx
d
+(x 5 )(x 3 ) (x 1)
dx
dy
= (x 1)(x 5 )(1) + (x 1)(x 3 )(1) + (x 5 )(x 3 )(1)
dx
= (x 1)(x 5 ) + (x 1)(x 3 ) + (x 5 )(x 3 )
5.
Find
dy
1
1
if y = x 4 +
dx
sin x 3
Solution:
y = x4 +
1.
1
1
1
= x 4 + cos ecx
sin x 3
3
dy
= 4 x 3 cos ecx cot x
dx
FInd
dy
if y = x 2 + 3 cos x log x
dx
Solution:
PART - B
y = x 2 + 3 cos x log x
dy
d
d
= x 2 + 3 cos x
(log x ) + x 2 + 3 log x
(cos x )
dx
dx
dx
d 2
+ cos x log x
x +3
dx
(
(x
=
)
( )
+ 3 )cos x
(x + 3 )log x sin x + 2x cos x log x
x
1
= x 2 + 3 cos x + x 2 + 3 log x[ sin x ] + cos x log x[2 x ]
x
2
199
2.
Find
dy
x 3 tan x
if y = x
dx
e +1
Solution:
y=
x 3 tan x
ex + 1
u = x 3 tan x
v = ex + 1
du
dv
= x 3 sec 2 x + tan x 3 x 2
= ex
dx
dx
du
dv
v
u
dy
= dx 2 dx
dx
v
x
dy
e + 1 x 3 sec 2 x + 3 x 2 tan x x 3 tan x e x
=
2
dx
ex + 1
[ ]
)[
] (
dy
1+ x + x
if y =
dx
1 x + x2
2
3.
Find
Solution:
y=
1+ x + x2
1 x + x 2
u = 1+ x + x2
v = 1 x + x 2
du
= 0 + 1 + 2x
dx
dv
= 0 1 + 2x
dx
]
)
dy
2 1 x
=
dx 1 x + x 2
4.
dx 1 x + x 2 [1 + 2x ] 1 + x + x 2 [ 1 + 2 x ]
=
2
dy
1 x + x2
Find
dy
if y = (1 + sin x )(3 cos x )
dx
Solution:
y = (1 + sin x )(3 cos x )
200
)[ ]
= (1 + sin x )
d
(3 cos x ) + (3 cos x ) d (1 + sin x )
dx
dx
= (1 + sin x )[sin x ] + (3 cos x )[cos x ]
dy
dx
EXERCISE
PART - A
1.
Write down the equation of the concentric circle with the circle
x 2 + y 2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0
2.
State the condition for two circles to touch each other externally.
3.
State the condition for two circles to touch each other internally.
4.
State the condition for two circles to cut each other orthogonally.
5.
6.
Find
the
constants
g,
and
of
the
circles
x + y 2x + 3 y 7 = 0 and x + y + 4 x 6 y + 2 = 0
2
the
circles
x 2 + y 2 8 x + 6 y 23 = 0 and
7.
Show
8.
x 2 + y 2 2x 5 y + 16 = 0 are orthogonal
Evaluate the following:
(i)
that
Lt x 2 + 3 x
x 0 x 2 + 2x
7
Lt x 3 1
(ii)
x 1 x 1
Lt sin 3
(iii)
0
Lt x 4 2 4
x 0 x2
Differentiate the following with respect to x:
2 1 3
(i) y = x 3 + 2 +
x 2
x
(ii) y = (x + 1)(x 2 )
(iv)
9.
201
(iii) y = sin x e x
(iv) y = (x + 3 ) tan x
(v) y = x log x
(vi) y = e
sin x
(vii) y = sin x cos x
(viii) y =
x7
x+3
PART - B
1.
2.
3.
4.
Find the equation of the circle which passes through the points
(4,-1)
and
(6,5)
and
orthogonal
with
the
circle
x 2 + y 2 + 8 x 4 y 23 = 0
5.
6.
Find the equation of the circle through the point (1,1) and cuts
orthogonally each of the circles x 2 + y 2 8 x 2y + 16 = 0 and
x 2 + y 2 4x 4 y 1 = 0
Evaluate the following:
(i)
(iii)
Lt x 5 3 5
x 3 x 2 32
Lt x 2 3 x + 2
x 1 x 2 + 5x 6
(ii)
(iv)
202
Lt 5 sin 6
0 3Sin2
Lt 1 Cosx
x 0 xSinx
7.
(i) y = (3 x 2 + 2x + 1) e x tan x
(ii) y = (2x + 1) (3 x 7) ( 4 x + 5)
(iii) y = x 3 cot x log x
(iv) y = e x x cos ec x
(v) y = (3 x + 1) cos ec x sec x
1 cos x
1 + sin x
(vi) y =
(vii) y =
(viii) y =
x 2 sin x
2x + 1
2e x + tan x
ex + 1
( x + 2) ( x + 1)
(ix) y =
( x 2) ( x 1)
(x) y =
1
sec x tan x
ANSWER
PART - A
5.)
6.)
K=-4
g 1 = 1
g2 = 2
3
2
c1 = 7
f2 = 3
f1 =
c2 = 2
3
2
8.)
(i)
9.)
(i) 3 x 2
(ii)
4
x
7
3
(iii) 3
1
x2
(ii) 2x-1
(iii) sin x e x + cos x e x
203
(iv) 32
(v)
log x
2 x
sin xe x e x cos x
(vi)
sin 2 x
10
(x + 3)2
PART - B
2.
4.
21
=0
2
(i) Internally
(ii) Externally
2
2
x + y 6 x 8 y + 15 = 0
5.
3 x 2 + 3 y 2 14 x + 23 y 15 = 0
6.
(i)
7.
1.
4 x 2 + 4 y 2 + 12 x 28 y
405
6
(iii) Externally
(iii)
(ii) 5
1
7
(iv)
1
2
1
(iii) x 3 Cotx( ) + x 3 log x( coec 2 x ) + Cotx log x(3 x 2 )
x
1
204
(viii)
(ix)
] (
(e x + 1) 2e x + sec 2 x 2e x + tan x (e x )
(x
(e x + 1)2
3 x + 2 [2x + 3] x 2 + 3 x + 2 (2x 3 )
( x 3 x + 2)
2
205
UNIT- III
DIFFERENTIATION METHODS
3.1 Differentiation of function of functions and Implicit functions.
Simple Problems.
3.2 Differentiation of inverse trigonometric functions and parametric
functions Simple problems.
3.3 Successive differentiation up to second order (parametric form
not included) Definition of differential equation, formation of
differential equation. Simple Problems.
DIFFERENTIATION METHODS
3.1 DIFFERENTIATION OF FUNCTION OF FUNCTIONS
Function of Functions Rule:
If y is a function of u and u is a function x then
dy dy du
=
.
It is called Function of function Rule. This rule
dx du dx
can be extended.
Chain Rule:
If y is a function of u and u is a function of v and v is a
function of x then
dy dy du dv
=
.
.
dx du dv dx
Find
dy
if
dx
1) y = Sin (3 x + 4 )
3) y = tan (4 x + 3 )
2
5) y = tan x + 7 x + 3
2) y = Cos (2 x + 3 )
4) y = log(sec x + tan x )
11
206
Solution:
1.) y = Sin (3 x + 4 )
Put u= 3x+4
y = sin u u = 3 x + 4
dy
du
= Cos u
=3
du
dx
dy dy du
=
.
= Cosu(3 ) = 3Cos(3 x + 4 )
dx du dx
2.) y = Cos (2 x + 3 )
Put u = 2 x + 3
y = Cos u u = 2 x + 3
dy
du
= Sin u
=2
du
dx
dy dy du
=
.
= ( sin u)2
dx du dx
= 2Sin( 2 x + 3 )
3.) y = tan (4 x + 3 )
Put u = 4 x + 3
y = tan u u = 4 x + 3
dy
du
= Sec 2u
=4
du
dx
dy
= 4 sec 2 u = 4 sec 2 ( 4 x + 3 )
dx
5.) y = x 2 + 7 x + 3
11
2
Put u = x + 7 x + 3
y = u11
u = x 2 + 7x + 3
dy
du
= 11 u10
= 2x + 7
du
dx
10
dy
= 11 u10 (2 x + 7 ) = 11 x 2 + 7 x + 3 (2 x + 7 )
dx
PART - B
1.) Sin x 2 + 1
2.) e Sinx
3.) Sin 3 x
4.) logsinx
5.) e
Sin 2 x
6.) log(sin5x)
tan 1 2 x
7.) e
9.) log sec 2 x
Solution:
8.) sin 4 3 x
10.) cos e5 x
)
(
( )
y = sin u u = x 2 + 1
dy
du
= cos u
= 2x
du
dx
dy dy du
=
= cos u( 2 x )
.
dx du dx
= 2xCos( x 2 + 1)
2.) y = e Sinx
Put u = sin x
y = eu
u = sin x
dy
du
= eu
= cos x
du
dx
dy dy du
=
= eu . cos x = e sin x . cos x
dx du dx
208
3.) y = sin3 x
Put u = Sinx
y = u3
u = sin x
dy
du
2
= 3u
= cos x
du
dx
dy
= 3u2 .Cosx = 3 Sin 2 x.Cosx
dx
4.) y = log(sin x )
Put u = Sinx
y = log u u = sin x
dy 1
du
=
= cos x
du u
dx
dy 1
Cosx
= Cosx =
= Cotx
dx u
sin x
5.) y = e sin
2
Put u = Sin x
u
y=e
dy
du
d
= eu .
= eu .
sin 2 x
dx
dx
dx
1
d
(sin 5 x )
sin 5 x dx
1
(5 cos 5 x ) = 5 cot 5 x
=
sin 5 x
1
y = e tan (2 x )
dy
dx
7.)
1
dy
d
tan 1 2 x
= e tan 2 x
dx
dx
1
1
(2)
= e tan 2 x .
2
1 + (2 x )
1
2e tan 2 x
1+ 4x 2
209
dy
3 d
(sin 3 x )
= 4(sin 3 x )
dx
dx
= 4 sin3 3 x(3 Cos3 x )
= 12 sin3 3 x Cos3 x
dy
1
d
=
(sec 2 x )
2
dx sec x dx
1
=
(2 sec x )(sec x tan x ) = 2 tan x
sec 2 x
( )
d
dy
= sin(e ) (e )
dx
dx
= sin(e ).5e
= 5e sin(e )
10.) y = Cos e5 x
5x
5x
5x
3.1.2.
5x
5x
5x
d dy
d
((y )) = d . dy
.
i.e
dx
dy dx
dy dx
For Example
( )
d
(sin y ) = Cosy dy and d y 2 = 2y dy
dx
dx
dx
dx
210
WORKED EXAMPLES
PART A
Find
dy
for the following functions
dx
2
1) xy = c
2) y = cos (x + y)
2
2
2
2
3) y = 4ax
4) x + y = a
2
5) xy = k
Solution:
1)
2)
xy = c
Differentiate both sides w.r.t x
dy
+y=0
x
dx
dy
= y
x
dx
dy
y
=
dx
x
y = cos (x + y)
Differentiate both sides w.r.t x
dy
dy
= sin(x + y )1 +
dx
dx
= sin(x + y ) sin(x + y )
3)
dy
dy
+ sin(x + y )
= sin(x + y )
dx
dx
[1 + sin(x + y )] dy = sin(x + y )
dx
dy
sin(x + y )
=
dx
1 + sin(x + y )
2
y = 4ax
Differentiate both sides w.r.t x
dy
2y
= 4a
dx
dy 4a 2a
=
=
dx 2y
y
211
dy
dx
4)
5)
x +y =a
dy
=0
2x + 2y
dx
dy
= 2 x
2y
dx
dy
x
=
dx
y
2
xy = k
dy
x 2y
+ y2 = 0
dx
dy
2xy
= y 2
dx
y2
2xy
y
=
2x
dy
dx
PART - B
Find
dy
of the following
dx
1)
x2
a2
y2
b2
=1
3) x 3 + y 3 = 3axy
5) y = x
Solution:
1)
x2
4) ax 2 + 2hxy + by 2 = 0
y2
=1
a
b2
Differentiate both sides w.r.t x
2
sin(a + y )
2) x 2 + y 2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0
2x
2 y dy
+
=0
a 2 b2 dx
2 y dy
2x
= 2
b2 dx
a
212
dy
dx
=
=
2)
2x b 2
.
a 2 2y
b2 x
a2 y
x 2 + y 2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0
Differentiate both sides w.r.t x
dy
dy
+ 2g + 2f
=0
dx
dx
(2y + 2f ) dy = 2x 2g
dx
dy
2(x + g)
=
dx
2(y + f )
2x + 2y
x + g
=
y+f
3)
x 3 + y 3 = 3axy
Differentiate both sides w.r.t x
3x 2 + 3y 2
dy
= 3a x
+ y
dx
dy
= 3ax
+ 3ay
dx
dy
dx
dy
dy
3ax
= 3ay 3 x 2
dx
dx
dy
2
3 y 3ax
= 3ay 3 x 2
dx
3y 2
dy
dx
=
=
(
3(y
)
ax )
3 ay x 2
2
ay x 2
y 2 ax
213
4)
ax 2 + 2hxy + by 2 = 0
Differentiate both sides w.r.t x
dy
dy
2ax + 2h x
+ y + 2by
=0
dx
dx
dy
dy
+ 2hy + 2by
=0
dx
dx
(2hx + 2by ) dy = 2ax 2hy
dx
dy 2ax 2hy
=
dx
2hx + 2by
(
ax + hy )
=
hx + by
y = x sin(a + y )
5)
Differentiate both sides w.r.t x
dy
dy
= x cos(a + y )
+ sin(a + y )
dx
dx
dy
dy
x cos(a + y )
= sin(a + y )
dx
dx
[1 x cos(a + y )] dy = sin(a + y )
dx
dy
sin(a + y )
=
dx 1 x cos(a + y )
3.2.1. Differentiation of Inverse Trigonometric Functions
2ax + 2hx
If x = siny then
-1
y = sin x
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
If y = sin-1x, find
dy
dx
y = sin 1 x
sin y = x
214
dy
=1
dx
dy
1
=
=
dx cos y
1
cos2 y
1
1 sin2 y
1
1 x2
Example: (2)
-1
Find the differentiation of cos x
-1
Let y = cos x
cosy = x
Differentiate both sides w.r.t x
dy
- siny
=1
dx
dy
1
1
1
1
=
=
=
=
2
2
dx
sin y
sin y
1 cos y
1 x2
Example: (3)
-1
Find the differentiation of tan x.
-1
Let y = tan x
tany = x
Differentiate both sides w.r.t x
sec 2 y
dy
=1
dx
dy
1
1
1
=
=
=
2
2
dx sec y 1 + tan y 1 + x 2
Example: (4)
-1
dy
=1
dx
dy
1
1
1
=
=
=
2
2
dx
cos e y
1 + cot y
1 + x2
215
Example: (5)
-1
(Differentiation of sec x)
-1
Let y = sec x
secy = x
Differentiate both sides w.r.t x
secy tany
dy
=1
dx
dy
1
1
1
=
=
=
dx sec y tan y sec y sec 2 y 1 x x 2 1
Example: (6)
-1
Differentiation of cosec x
-1
Let y = cosec x
cosecy = x
Differentiate both sides w.r.t x
- cosec y cot y
dy
=1
dx
dy
1
1
1
=
=
=
2
dx
cos ecy cot y
cos ecy cos ec y 1
x x2 1
FORMULA
(
(
)
)
d
1
sin 1 x =
dx
1 x2
d
1
cos 1 x =
2)
dx
1 x2
1)
d
1
tan 1 x =
dx
1 + x2
d
1
cot 1 x =
4)
dx
1 + x2
d
1
sec 1 x =
5)
dx
x x2 1
d
1
cos ec 1x =
6)
dx
x x2 1
3)
216
WORKED EXAMPLES
PART - A
( )
(4) (sin x )
( )
(1) sin 1 x
(2) cos 1 x
(5) x 2 sin1 x
(6) 1 x 2 sin 1 x
Solution:
1)
( )
=
2)
d
dx
( x)
1 x 2 x
( )
1
1
( x)
1
2 x 1 x
d
dx
( x)=
2 x(1 x )
1
1 x 2 x
1
y = cot 1
x
d 1
1
=
1
dx
x
1
1+ 2
1+
x
x
2
x 1 = 1
x 2 + 1 x 2 x 2 + 1
4)
(8) tan 1 x
( x)
y = cos 1 x
dy
=
dx
3)
( )
(7) e x tan 1 x
y = sin1 x
dy
=
dx
1
(3) cot 1
x
dy
=
dx
y = sin1 x
dy
d
= 2 sin1 x
sin 1 x
dx
dx
1 2 sin 1 x
= 2 sin 1 x
=
2
1 x2
1 x
217
1
2
x
2 x(1 x )
5)
y = x 2 sin1 x
dy
1
= x2
2
dx
1 x
=
6)
x2
1 x
+ 2x sin 1 x
+ 2x sin1 x
y = 1 x 2 sin1 x
dy
1
= 1 x2
2
dx
1 x
7)
1
x sin1 x
+ sin1 x
(
2x ) = 1
2 1 x2
1 x2
y = e x tan 1 x
( )
dy
1
= ex
+ tan 1 x e x
2
dx
1+ x
1
= ex
+ tan 1 x
2
1 + x
8)
( )
y = tan 1 x
dy
1
=
dx 1 + x
( )
d
dx
( x ) = 1 +1 x 2 1x = 2
x (1 + x )
PART - B
2
1+ x
2x
2) tan 1
2
1 x
1 x2
3) cos1
1 + x2
Solution:
1.)
2x
Let y = sin 1
2
1+ x
Put x = tan
= tan-1x
2 tan
y = sin-1
2
1 + tan
2 sin A
sin 2A =
1
sin2 A
+
218
= sin-1(sin 2 )
= 2
y = 2 tan 1 x
dy
2
=
dx 1 + x 2
2.)
2x
Let y = tan 1
2
1 x
Put x = tan
= tan -1x
2 tan
y = tan -1
2
1 tan
= tan -1(tan 2)
= 2
2tan A
tan2A =
1 tan 2 A
y = 2 tan 1 x
dy
2
=
dx 1 + x 2
3.)
Let
1 x2
y = Cos 1
1 + x2
Put x = tan
= tan -1x
1 tan 2
y = Cos -1
1 + tan 2
= Cos-1(Cos2)
= 2
1 - tan 2 A
=
Cos2A
1 + tan2 A
y = 2 tan 1 x
dy
2
=
dx 1 + x 2
219
2.)
Find
dy
if x = at 2 and y = 2at
dx
Solution:
dx
= 2at
dt
dy
= 2a
dt
dy dy dt 2a 1
=
=
=
dx dx dt 2at t
220
3.)
Find
dy
if x = a sec and y = b tan
dx
Solution:
dx
= a sec tan
d
dy
= b sec 2
d
dy dy d
b sec 2
b sec
=
=
=
dx dx d a sec tan a tan
1
b
b
b
Cos
=
= Co sec
=
sin a sin a
a
Cos
4.)
Find
dy
c
if x= ct and y =
dx
t
Solution:
dx
=c
dt
dy
c
= 2
dt
t
dy
1
c t2
=
= 2
dx
c
t
PART - B
1.)
Find
dy
if x= cost + tsint and y=sint- tcost
dx
Solution:
dx
= sin t + t cos t + sin t = t cos t
dt
dy
= cos t + t sin t cos t = t sin t
dt
dy t sin t
=
= tan t
dx t cos t
221
2.)
dy
if x = sin 2t and y = cos 2t
dx
1
cos 2t
cos 2t(2) =
=
sin 2t
2 sin 2t
1
( sin 2t )2 = sin 2t
=
2 cos 2t
cos 2t
Find
dx
dt
dy
dt
sin 2t
dy cos 2t
sin 2t sin 2t
=
=
dx cos 2t
cos 2t cos 2t
sin
2
t
3
(
sin 2t ) 2
=
(cos 2t )3 2
3.)
Find
= (tan 2t )
dy
if x = a( + sin )andy = a(1 cos )
dx
Solution:
dx
= a(1 + cos )
d
dy
= a(0 + sin ) = a(sin )
d
dy
a sin
sin
=
=
dx a(1 + cos ) 1 + cos
=
4.)
Find
2 sin 2 cos 2
2 cos 2
2
= tan
dy
if y = log(sec + tan ) and x = sec
dx
Solution:
dy
1
sec tan + sec 2
=
d sec + tan
sec (tan + sec )
=
= sec
sec + tan
222
dx
= sec tan
d
dy
sec
1
=
=
= cot .
dx sec tan tan
3.3.1 Successive differentiation:
dy
, the derivative of y w.r. to x is a function of x
If y = f ( x ), then
dx
dy
and can be differentiated once again. To fix the idea, we shall call
dx
as the first order derivative of y with respect to x and the derivative of
dy
w.r. to x as a second order derivative of y w.r. to x and will be
dx
denoted by
d2 y
dx 2
dy
= y1 = y ' = f ' ( x ) = D( y )
dx
d2 y
dx 2
dn y
dx n
223
d2 y
dx 2
d3 y
dx 3
WORKED EXAMPLES
PART - A
1.)
If y = tan x, find
d2 y
dx 2
y = tan x,
dy
= sec 2 x
dx
d2 y
dx 2
2.)
If y = log(sin x ) , find y2
y1 =
1
cos x = cot x
sin x
y 2 = cos ec 2 x.
3.)
4.)
If y = Ae3 x + Be 5 x , find D2 ( y )
D( y ) = 3 A e3 x 5 B e 5 x
D2 ( y ) = 9 A e3 x + 25 B e 5 x
5.)
1
, find y 2
x
1
y1 = 2
x
2
y2 = 3
x
If y =
224
PART - B
1.)
2
2
If y = x sin x, prove that x y 2 4 xy1 + x + 6 y = 0
2
Solution:
y = x 2 sin x
y 1 = x 2 (cos x ) + 2 x sin x = x 2 cos x + 2x sin x
y 2 = x 2 ( sin x ) + 2x cos x + 2x cos x + 2 sin x
2
x 2 y 2 + xy1 + y = 0
225
3.)
If y = e sin
y = e sin
y1 = e sin
1
1 x2
1 x 2 y1 = e sin
Multiply by
(1 x )y xy = y
If y = (tan x ) , prove that (1 + x ) y
2
4.)
Solution:
y = tan 1 x
2 2
1
y1 = 2 tan 1 x
2
1+ x
(1 + x )y
2
= 2 tan 1 x
(1 + x )y
2
+ y1(2x ) = 2
1
1+ x2
(1 + x ) y
2 2
+ 2 x 1 + x 2 y1 = 2
226
+ 2 x 1 + x 2 y1 = 2
dy
= 2xy
dx
dy
+ 2xy = x 2
2.)
dx
1.)
d2 y
3.)
dx
dy
+ 6y = x 2
dx
3
d3 y
dy
4.) 3 + 1 + dx = 0
dx
Order of the differential equation:
dx 2
+3
dy
+ 2y = e x (order is 2)
dx
2
d3 y
dy
+ 6 4 y = 0 (order is 3)
3
dx
dx
1.) 5
d2 y
dx 2
+7
dy
+ 5y = ex
dx
(degree 1)
5
d2 y
dy
7
5
+ 7 y = sin x
+
2.) 2
dx
dx
227
(degree 2)
1.)
WORKED EXAMPLES
PART - A
2
If xy = c , form the differential equation by eliminating the
Constant c
xy = c 2
x
1.)
dy
+y=0
dx
PART - B
If y= A Cos 2x+ Bsin2x, form the differential equation by
eliminating the constants A and B.
y=A Cos 2x + B sin 2x
dy
= 2 A sin 2x + 2 BCos2x
dx
d2 y
dx 2
d2 y
dx 2
2)
= 4 A Cos2x 4 B sin 2x
= 4[ ACos2x + B sin 2 x ]
= 4 y
Solution:
Given xy = ae x + be x
Differentiate both sides w.r.to x
x y1 + y = ae x be x
Differentiate again w.r. to x,
x y 2 + y1 + y1 = ae x + be x
x y 2 + 2y1 = xy
x y 2 + 2y1 xy = 0
is the required differential equation.
228
I.
EXERCISE
PART - A
Differentiate the following w.r. to x
1.) (3 x + 5 )
(2.) sin2 (5 x + 3 )
10
4.) tan 1 3 x
II.
III.
Find
(5.) e sin
(3.) e cos
(6.) log(tan 2 x )
2x
dy
if
dx
1.) x 2 + y 2 = 0
(2.) x sin y = 0
3.) xy = k
(4.) xy2 = x + y
1.) sin 1 5 x
(2.) sin1(cos x )
3.) sin 1 3 x
(4.) tan 1 4 x
PART - B
I)
3.) e sin
Find
2x
tan 5 x
6.) xCos ( x )
1
7.) 1 + x tan x
II)
5.) x tan x
4.) e tan
cos 6 x
2.) x 2 + 1 Cos5 x
5x
1.) e cos 2x sin 3 x
8.)
dy
of the following
dx
1.) 2x 2 + 6 xy + y 2 = 1
2.) x 2 sin y = C
3.) y = a + xey
4.) x 2 + 3 xy + 2y 2 = 4
5.) xm yn = am+ n
229
x sin1 x
III)
3x x3
1.) y = tan 1
1 3x2
x
2.) y = sin 1
2
2
x +a
3.) y = sin1 3 x 4 x 3
4.) y = cos 1 4 x 3 3 x
5.) y =
1 x2 4
x
6.) y = sin1 2x 1 x 2
1
7.) y = sec 1 2
2x 1
IV) Find
1
8.) y = sin1
2
1 2x
dy
if
dx
and y = sin3
(1 x )y 4x y + (x + 6)y = 0
x ) , Show that (1 x )y x y 2 = 0
, Pr ove that (1 x )y + (2x 1)y = 0
3.) If y = e tan
2.) If y = sin1
5.) If y = ea cos
(1 x )y
(1 + x )y
2
, Pr ove that
1.) 30(3 X + 5 )
5.)
+ xy1 = 2
x y1 a 2 y = 0
ANSWER
PART - A
6 tan 1 3 x
1 + 9x 2
(2x )
1 4x 2
230
II.
1.)
III.
1.)
4.)
x
y
tan y
x
2.)
5
1 25 x
2.) -1
12 tan 1 4 x
1 + 16 x 2
3.)
3.)
y
x
4.)
1 y2
2 xy 1
1
x 9x2 1
PART - B
I
cos 6 x
3.) esin 1x 6 sin 6 x +
1 x2
4.) e tan
5.)
2x
x2
1+ x
2 tan 5 x
2
5 sec 5 x +
1 + 4x 2
+ 2x tan 1 x
6.)
7.) 1 + 2x tan 1 x
II.
III.
1.)
2x + 3 y
3x + y
2.)
2
tan y
x
4.)
2x + 3 y
3x + 4y
5.)
my
nx
1.)
5.)
IV.
8.)
3
1+ x
2.)
2 1+ x
3
1.) tan t
6.)
a
a +x
2
2
1 x2
2.) cot
3.)
7.)
x
1 x
x
1 x2
sin1 x
2 x
3.)
3
1 x
2
1 x2
3.) tan
231
+ cos 1 x
4.)
8.)
ey
1 xey
3
1 x2
2
1 x2
UNIT- IV
APPLICATION OF DIFFERENTIATIONI
4.1 Derivative as a rate measure-simple Problems.
4.2 Velocity and Acceleration-simple Problems
4.3 Tangents and Normals-simple Problems
4.1. DERIVATIVE AS A RATE MEASURE:
Let y=f(x) is a differentiable function of x in any interval of x. Let
x be a small increment in x and the corresponding increment in y
y
represents the average change in the interval x and
x
y
x+ x . When x tends to zero, the average rate of change
will
x
become nearer and nearer to the actual rate of change of y at x. Thus
Lt y dy
represents the actual rate of change of y at x.
=
x 0 x dx
is y . Then
and
dr dv
,
dt dt
ds
are their rate of change with respect to time t.
dt
To find
dA
when r=10.cm.
dt
232
dA
dr
= 2r
dt
dt
dr
Put r = 10 and
= 0.05.
dt
dA
= 2(10)(0.05)
= sq.cm. / sec
dt
The Area is increasing at the rate of sq.cm / sec
2.
Solution:
dt
dt
dx
4 = 2(8)
dt
dx
4
1
=
= cm / sec.
dt 16 4
1
cm / sec.
4
The radius of a sphere is increasing at the rate of 2cm. per
second How fast its volume is increasing when the radius is
20cm?
The side is increasing at the rate of
3.
Solution:
dr
= 2 cm /sec
dt
233
To find :
dv
when r = 20 cm.
dt
4 3
r
3
dr
dV 4
= 3r 2
dt
dt
3
dr
= 4r 2
dt
V=
= 4(20 )2 2
= 8r
dr
dt
= 8(10 ) 3
Solution:
Let r be the radius and V be the volume.
dV
Given :
= 10 cm3 /sec
dt
dr
To find : when r = 15cm
dt
234
4 3
r
3
dV 4
dr
= 3 r 2
dt
3
dt
dr
10 = 4(15 ) 2
dt
dr
10
1
=
=
dt 900 90
V=
= 4r 2
dr
dt
1
cm / sec
90
A stone thrown in to still water causes a series of concentric
ripples. If the radius of the outer ripple is increasing at the rate of
2 meter / sec, how fast is the area is increasing when the outer
ripple has a radius of 10 meters.
The radius is increasing at the rate of
6.
Solution:
Let r be the radius
dr
Given :
= 2 meter /sec
dt
dA
To find :
when r = 10
dt
A = r 2
7.
dr
dA
= 2 r
= 2(10) 2
= 40 m2 / sec
dt
dt
The outer area of the ripple is increasing at the rate of
40 m2 / sec
The side of an equilateral triangle is increasing at the rate of
5cm/sec. Find the rate of change of its area when the side is
8cm.
Solution:
Let x be the side of the equilateral triangle
dx
Given :
= 5 cm /sec
dt
dA
To find :
when x = 8cm
dt
235
Area = A =
3 2
x
4
dA
3
dx
3
=
2x
=
2(8)5
dt
4
dt
4
= 20 3 cm2 / sec
3 cm /sec.
A rod 10 m long moves with its ends A and B always on the axes
of x and y respectively. If A is 8 m from the origin and is moving
away at the rate of 2 m per sec. Find at what rate the end B is
moving.
Solution:
236
y 2 = 100 x 2
y = 100 x 2
dy
1
dx
=
( 2x )
dt 2 100 x 2
dt
x
dy
dx
=
2
dt
dt
100 x
=
( 2)
100 64
16
8
=
=
m sec
6
3
8
m sec
3
Solution:
Let
AB = Lamp post
CD= man,
237
dx
=2
dt
dy
To find:
when x=10 feet
dt
Here ABE similar to CDE
AE AB
=
CE CD
x + y 15
=
y
6
6 x + 6 y = 15 y, 9 y = 6 x,
3 y = 2x
Given:
dy
dx
=2
dt
dt
dy 2 dx
=
dt 3 dt
dy 2
= ( 2)
dt 3
4
3
4
feet / sec
3
ds
dt
dv d ds d2 s
= =
.
dt dt dt dt 2
Note:
238
1.)
Solution:
s = 5t 3 3t 2 + 10 t
ds
= 15 t 2 6t + 10
dt
dv
acceleration = a =
= 30t 6
dt
Velocity = v =
2.)
Solution:
s = 4t 3 5t + 6
ds
v=
= 12t 2 5
dt
When t = 10,
v = 12(10 )2 5
= 1200 5 = 1195 m / sec
3.)
Solution:
s = 7 t 3 5t 2 + 12t 13
ds
= 21t 2 10 t + 12
v=
dt
dv
= 42t 10
accelerati on = a =
dt
2
239
4.)
Solution:
s = 5t 2 20 t + 12
ds
= 10 t 20
v=
dt
Velocity vanishes, v=0
10 t 20 = 0, 10t = 20
t = 2 sec s
5.)
Find the initial velocity of the body whose distance time relation
is s = 8 cos 2t + 4 sin t
Solution:
s = 8 cos 2t + 4 sin t
ds
= 16 sin 2t + 4 cos t
dt
Initial velocity = 16 sin 0 + 4 cos 0
v=
6.)
=0+4=4
The distance time formula of a moving particle is given by
s = ae t + be t . Show that the acceleration is always equal to the
distance travelled.
Solution:
s = ae t + be t
Velocity = v =
ds
= ae t be t
dt
Acceleration = a =
dv
= ae t + be t
dt
= s.
Acceleration = distance travelled.
240
PART - B
1.)
Solution:
s = t 3 9t 2 + 24 t 18
v=
a=
(i)
d2 s
= 6t 18
dt 2
Find velocity when acceleration is zero
i.e.,
(ii)
ds
= 3t 2 18 t + 24
dt
d2 s
dt 2
=0
6t 18 = 0, 6t = 18 t = 3 sec
2
Velocity = 3 (3) 18(3) + 24
= 27 54 + 24
= 51-54 = -3 m/sec
Find the acceleration when the velocity is zero.
v=0
2
3t 18t + 24 = 0
2
t 6t + 8 = 0
(t 2) (t -4) = 0
t = 2 or t = 4.
At t = 2 sec,
Acceleration = 6(2) 18
= 12 18
2
= -6 m/sec
At t = 4 secs,
Acceleration = 6(4) 18
= 24 18
2
= 6 m/ sec
241
Let the graph of the function y=f(x) be represented by the curve AB,
Let P(x,y) be any point on the curve let Q( x + x, y + y ) be
neighbouring point to P on the curve. Let the chord PQ makes an
angle with x axis. Let the tangent at P makes an angle with X
axis.
Slope of the Chord PQ =
y + y y y
=
x + x x x
Now let the point Q moves along the curve towards the point P and
coincide with P, so that x and y and in the limiting
position PQ become the tangent at P.
Slope of the tangent at P=slope of the chord when Q P
tan =
Lt
Q P
tan =
Lt y dy
=
x 0 x dx
dy
is the Slope of the tangent at
dx
a point (x,y) on it and it is denoted by m
The geometrical meaning of
Note:
242
m
3. Slope of the line parallel to x axis is zero
4. Slope of the line parallel to y axis is
1.)
x 2 + 2y 2 = 3
Differentiate both sides w.r.t x
dy
2x + 4 y
=0
dx
dy
4y
= 2x
dx
dy 2x
x
=
=
dx
4y
2y
At x = 1,
dy
1
=
dx
2
1
2
Find the slope of the tangent at the point x=2 to the curve
y = 5 2x 3 x 2
slope of the tangent at (1,1) is
2.)
Solution:
y = 5 2x 3 x 2
dy
= 2 6 x
dx
dy
At x = 2,
= 2 12 = 14
dx
Slope of the tangent at x=2 is -14
243
3.)
Solution:
y = 3 x 2 4x
dy
= 6x 4
dx
dy
At (1,1)
= 64 = 2
dx
Slope of the tangent = 2
1
Slope of the normal =
2
4.)
Solution:
y 2 = 4x
2y
dy
=4
dx
dy
4
2
=
=
dx 2 y y
dy 2
= =1
dx 2
Gradient of the curve = 1
At (1,2)
5.)
y = 2x x 2
dy
= 2 2x
dx
Since the tangent is parallel to x axis
2-2x=0
2x=2
When x=1, y=2-1=1
The point is (1,1)
x=1
244
dy
=0
dx
6.)
(at ,2at )
2
on the
parabola y 2 = 4ax
Solution:
y2
dy
2y
dx
dy
dx
dy
At at 2 ,2at
dx
= 4ax
= 4a
4a 2a
=
2y
y
2a 1
=
=
2at t
=
1
t
PART - B
1.)
1
3
Equation of the normal is y y 1 = m(x x1 )
slope of the normal =
245
1
(x 2)
3
3 y 12 = x 2
y4=
x 3 y + 10 = 0
2.) Find the equation of the tangent and normal to the curve
x+3
y= 2
at (2,1)
x +1
Solution:
y=
dy
=
dx
x+3
x2 + 1
x 2 + 1 (1) (x + 3 )2x
)
(x
+1
x 2 + 1 2x 2 6x
(x
+1
1 6x x 2
(x
+1
dy 1 12 4 15 3
=
=
=
At (2,1)
dx
25
25
5
Equation of the tangent is y y 1 = m(x x1 )
2
3
(x 2)
5
5( y 1) = 3( x 2)
5 y 5 = 3 x + 6
3 x + 5 y 11 = 0
5
Slope of the normal =
3
Equation of the normal is y y 1 = m(x x1 )
y 1 =
5
(x 2)
3
3 y 3 = 5 x 10
5x 3y 7 = 0
y 1=
246
3.)
Solution:
The curve cuts y-axis x=0
y = 3 x 2 + 2x + 5
y =0+0+5 =5
The point is (0,5)
y = 3 x 2 + 2x + 5
dy
= 6x + 2
dx
dy
At (0,5)
=0+2=2
dx
Slope of the tangent =2
Equation of the tangent is y y 1 = m(x x1 )
y 5 = 2(x 0 )
y 5 = 2x
2x y + 5 = 0
4)
Solution:
247
y = x + 3
x+ y3 =0
dy
= 87 =1
dx
Slope of the tangent at (4,0) is 1.
Equation of the tangent at (4,0) is
y 0 = 1(x 4 )
At ( 4,0)
y = x4
xy4=0
5.)
y 2 = 4ax at at 2 ,2at
Solution:
y 2 = 4ax
2y
dy
= 4a
dx
dy 4a 2a
=
=
dx 2 y
y
dy 2a 1
=
=
dx 2at t
1
Is slope of the tangent =
t
Equation of the tangent is y y 1 = m(x x1 )
At (at 2 ,2at )
y 2at =
1
x at 2
t
yt 2at 2 = x at 2
x yt + 2at 2 at 2 = 0
x yt + at 2 = 0
Slope of the normal =-t
Equation of the normal is
248
y y 1 = m(x x1 )
y 2at = t x at 2
y 2at = xt + at
xt + y 2at at 3 = 0
6.)
dy
= 4a
dx
dy 4a 2a
=
=
slope of the tan gent =
dx 2y
y
2y
=1
y
Put y=2a in (1)
4a2 = 4ax
x=a
The point is (a,2a)
Slope =1
Equation of the tangent is y y1 = m(x-x1)
y 2a = 1(x a )
y 2a = x a
xy+a=0
7.)
..(1)
dy
= 6x 6
dx
249
a
6
=
=6
b
1
x=2
dx
dA
= 0.6 cm Find
dt
dt
dr
dA
=0.2 c m and A= r
if r=3 c.m
2.) Find
dt
dt
ds
dr
=4 c.m Find
3.) If S=4 r , r=1 cm ,
dt
dt
4
dr
dV
=0.1 c.m Find
4.) If V= r 3 , r=4c.m
3
dt
dt
1.) If A=x, x=2 cm.,
PART - B
1.)
2.)
3.)
4.)
5.)
6.)
Find the slope of the tangent to the curve xy=16 at the point
(2,8).
7.)
8.)
9.)
251
at x = 1
b.) y = 6 x + x
at (2,8)
c.) y = 6 + x x
at (2,4)
d.) y =
e.) y =
6x
x 1
x+3
2
x2 + 1
x2 y2
f.) 2 + 2 = 1
a
b
x2
at ( 2,4)
at (2,1)
at (a Cos, b sin )
y2
=1
at (a sec , b tan )
a
b2
19.) Find the equation of the tangents at the points where the curve
y = x 2 x 2 meets the x-axis.
g.)
252
to
the
curve
ANSWERS
PART - A
1.) 2.4cm
2.) 1.2cm2
1
cm
2
3.)
4.) 6.4cm3
PART - B
1.) 0.25
4.) 16m/s,-32m/sec
6.) -4 7.)
11.)
1.5
cm/sec
4
14.) 42,-72
12.)
1
2
4
m/sec
9
3.)
8.)160
13.) 0
18.) a.) 5 x y 2 = 0 , x + 5 y 16 = 0
b.) 3 x y + 2 = 0 , x + 3 y 26 = 0
c.) 10 x + 3 y + 32 = 0 , 3 x 10 y 34 = 0
d.) 3 x + 5 y 11 = 0 , 5 x 3 y 7 = 0
e.)
x
y
ax
by
cos + sin = 1,
= a 2 + b2
a
b
sec tan
f.)
x
y
ax
by
+
= a2 + b2
sec tan = 1,
a
b
sec sec
19.) 3 x y 6 = 0 , 3 x + y + 3 = 0
20.) 5 x y + 7 = 0
253
UNIT- V
APPLICATION OF DIFFERENTIATION II
5.1 Definition of Increasing function, Decreasing function and turning
points. Maxima and Minima (for single variable only) Simple
Problems.
5.2 Partial Differentiation
Partial differentiation of two variable up to second orders only.
Simple problems.
5.3 Definition of Homogeneous functions Eulers theorem Simple
Problems.
5.1 APPLICATION OF DIFFERENTIATION-II
Increasing function:
A function y = f(x) is said to be increasing function if value of y
increases as x increases or value of y decreases as x decreases
Lt y +
dy
=
= = + ve
dx x 0 x +
254
dy
is positive
dx
Decreasing function:
A function y=f(x) is said to be decreasing function if the value of y
decreases as x increases or value of y increases as x decreases
value of
dy
is negative
dx
Turning points:
255
Turing point is the point at which the function changes either from
decreasing to increasing or from increasing to decreasing.
In the above figure P and Q are turning points.
Since at the point P, the function changes from increasing to
dy
changesfrom positive to negative. Hence at the
decreasing, valueof
dx
dy
point P,
=0
dx
dy
=0
Similarly at the point Q,
dx
Maximum of a function:
The maximum value of a function y =f(x) is the ordinate (y
coordinate) of the turning point at which the function changes from
increasing to decreasing function.
At maximum,
dy
=0
dx
256
Minimum of a function:
dy
=0
dx
At maximum,
dy
d2 y
=0and
is negative
dx
dx 2
At minimum,
1.)
dy
d2 y
=0and
is positive
dx
dx 2
Solution: At x = a,
(i)
(ii)
2.)
dy
=0
dx
d2 y
dx 2
<0
Solution:At x = a,
(i)
dy
=0
dx
(ii)
d2 y
>0
dx 2
257
3.)
Solution:
y = x 2 4 x
dy
= 2x 4
dx
dy
= 0 2x 4 = 0
dx
2x = 4 x = 2
At x =2, the function will have maximum or minimum value.
4.)
Solution: Let y = x 2 10 x
dy
= 2x 10
dx
dy
= 0 => 2x 10 = 0
dx
2x = 10 x = 5
At x = 5, the function will have maximum or minimum value.
5.)
Solution:
y = sin x,
dy
= cos x
dx
dy
= 0 cos x = cos 90
dx
x = 90 or / 2
At x = 2 the function will have maximum or minimum value.
,
258
y = x 2 4 x
dy
= 2x 4
dx
dy
Put
=0
dx
2x 4 = 0
2x = 4
x=2
d2 y
=2>0
dx 2
at x = 2 the function is min imum
Put x = 2 in y
When x=2,
y = x 2 4 x = (2)2 4(2) = 4 8 = 4
7.)
Solution:
y = x x2
dy
= 1 2x
dx
dy
Put
=0
dx
1 2x = 0
2x = 1
x = 1/ 2
When x =
1 d2 y
,
= 2
2 dx 2
when x =
1
the function is maximum
2
259
1
in y,
2
y = x x2
Put x =
1 1
1 1 1
= =
2 2
2 4 4
1
is the maximum value.
4
Find the maximum or minimum value of y = 4 x 2x 2
y =
8.)
Solution:
y = 4 x 2x 2
dy
= 4 4x
dx
d2 y
= 4
dx 2
dy
=0
Put
dx
4 4x = 0
4x = 4
x =1
d2 y
when x = 1, 2 = 4
dx
At x = 1, the function is maximum.
When x = 1, y = 4 x 2x 2
= 4(1) 2(1)2 = 2 is the max imum value
9.)
Solution:
y = 2x 3 x 2
dy
= 2 6x
dx
d2 y
dx 2
= 6
260
dy
=0
dx
2 6x = 0
Put
2 = 6x
1
x=
3
1 d2 y
= 6
,
3 dx 2
When x = 1/ 3, the function is max imum.
1
Put x = in y,
3
x=
y = 4 x 2x 2
=4
=
1
1
2
3
3
4
1 12 2 10
2 =
=
is the max imum value.
3
9
9
9
PART - B
1.)
2x 3 3 x 2 36 x + 10
Solution:
y = 2x 3 3 x 2 36 x + 10
dy
= 6 x 2 6 x 36
dx
d2 y
= 12 x 6
dx 2
dy
Put
=0
dx
6 x 2 6 x 36 = 0
i.e., x 2 x 6 = 0
(x 3)(x + 2) = 0
261
x3=0 x+2=0
x=3
x = 2
When x = 3,
d2 y
= 12x 6 = 12 3 6 = 36 6 = 30
dx 2
When x=3, the function is minimum
Put x = 3 in y,
y = 2(3 ) 3(3 ) 36 3 + 10
= 54 27 108 + 10 = 71
y = 71 is the min imum value
3
When x = 2,
d2 y
= 12( 2) 6 = 30
dx 2
When x = 2, the function is max imum
Put x = 2 in y,
y = 2x 3 3 x 2 36x + 10
2( 2) 3( 2) 36( 2) + 10
3
= 16 12 + 82 = 54
y = 54 is the min imum value
2.)
Solution:
Let y = (x 1) (x 2)
2
dy
2
= (x 1) (1) + (x 2)2(x 1)(1)
dx
= (x 1) + 2(x 1)(x 2)
2
d2 y
= (x 1)(3 ) + (3 x 5 )(1)
dx
= 3x 3 + 3x 5
= 6x 8
262
Put
dy
=0
dx
(x 1)(3x 5 ) = 0
x 1 = 0 3x 5 = 0
5
x =1
x=
3
(i) When x = 1,
d2 y
dx 2
= 6(1) 8 = 2
is
maximum
Put x = 1 in y,
y = (1 1) (1 2) = 0
2
5 d2 y
5
,
= 6 8 = 10 8 = 2
3
3 dx 2
5
the
3
when
x=
Put x =
5
in y,
3
function
is
minimum
5 5
y = 1 2
3 3
( )
2
= . 1
3
3
4 1
=
9 3
4
=
27
4
y=
is the min imum value
27
263
3.)
log x
for positivevalue of x.
x
Solution:
Let y =
log x
x
1
x log x.(1)
dy
1 log x
x
=
= 2
dx
x
x2
1
x 2 ( ) (1 log x )(2x )
d2 y
x
=
dx 2
x4
x 2x + 2x. log x 2 log x 3
=
=
x4
x3
dy
Put
=0
dx
1 log x
=0
x2
1 log x = 0
log x = 1
log e x = 1
x = e1 = e
x = e
d2 y 2 log e 3
=
dx 2
e3
2 3 1
=
=
3
3
When x = e the function is max imum
When x = e,
Put x = e in y,
log x log e 1
y=
=
=
x
e
e
y=
1
e
264
4.)
Solution:
Let y = x log x
dy
1
= x + log x.(1) = 1 + log x
dx
x
d2 y
dx 2
Put
1
x
dy
=0
dx
1 + log x = 0
log x = 1; loge x = 1
x = e 1
=x=
When x =
At x =
1
e
1 d2 y 1 1
,
= = =e
e dx 2 x 1
e
1
, the function
e
is
min imum
1
in y,
e
1 1
y = x. log x = log
e
e
Put x =
1
[log1 log e]
e
1
1
1
= [0 log e] = [ 1] =
e
e
e
y=
y=
1
is the min imum value
e
265
5.)
Show
that
at x =
the
function
maximum
dy
= sin x( sin x ) + (1 + cos x ) cos x
dx
= sin2 x + cos x + cos 2 x
= cos2 x sin2 x + cos x
= cos 2x + cos x
d2 y
= 2 sin 2x sin x
dx 2
Put
dy
=0
dx
cos 2x + cos x = 0
3x
x
2 cos . cos = 0
2
2
cos
3x
= cos
2
2
3x
=
2
2
x=
3
When x =
x
= cos
2
2
x
=
2
2
cos
x=
d2 y
3 1
3
= 4
2
2 2
= 3
3
3
= 3
2
2
266
C+D
C D
cos
)
2
2
6.)
Solution:
=3 x 2 + 16 16 x + x 2
=4 x 2 16x + 16
dy
= 8 x 16
dx
d2 y
dx 2
Put
=8
dy
=0
dx
8 x 16 = 0 =>
when x = 2,
8 x = 16 => x = 2
d2 y
dx 2
=8
267
Solution:
Let the side of the square be x
Length of the box =30-2x
Breadth of the box=14-2x
Height of the box=x
Volume of the box = V=(30-2x)(14-2x)(x)
[ volume = l b h]
V = 420 60 x 28 x + 4 x 2 x
= x 4 x 88 x + 420
2
V = 4 x 88 x + 420 x
3
dV
= 12 x 2 176 x + 420
dx
d2 V
= 24 x 176
dx 2
dV
Put
=0
dx
12 x 2 176 x + 420 = 0
i.e.,
3 x 2 44 x + 105 = 0
3 x 2 9 x 35 x + 105 = 0
3 x(x 3 ) 35(x 3 ) = 0
x 3 = 0 3 x 35 = 0
35
x=3
x=
3
2
d V
when x = 3, 2 = 24(3) 176
dx
= 72 176 = 104
At x = 3the volume is maximum
Hence the volume is maximum when the side of the square cut
from each of the corner is 3 cm.
268
8.)
9.)
dp
d2p
= 10 2x, 2 = 2
dx
dx
dp
Put
= 0,10 2x = 0, x = 5
dx
d2p
At x = 5, 2 = 2
dx
Solution:
Bending moment M =
1
1
wL x wx 2
2
2
dM 1
= wL wx
dx 2
d2M
= w
dx 2
Put
dM
=0
dx
1
wL wx = 0
2
1
wx = wL
2
269
L
2
L d2M
When x = ,
= w
2 dx 2
L
at x = , M is max imum.
2
The maximum bending moment is at the centre of the beam.
10.) A body moves so that its distance from a given point at timet
3
2
seconds, is given by S = 4t + t 2 t 3 Find when the body
2
3
attains its maximum velocity.
x=
Solution:
3 2 2 3
t t
3
2
2
3
ds
Velocity v =
= 4 + .2t .3t 2
3
2
dt
ds
velocity v =
= 4 + 3 t 2t 2
dt
dv
= 3 4t
dt
S = 4t +
= 4
dt 2
dv
=0
dt
3 4t = 0
3
t=
4
put
When t =
At t =
d2 v
3 d2 v
,
= 4
4 dt 2
3
seconds v is maximum
4
270
3
sec.
4
and is denoted by
u
x
Lim f ( x + x, y ) f ( x, y )
u
=
x
0
x
x
f (x, y ) f
u
or
= is also written as
x
x
x
Similarly when x remains constant and y varies, the derivative of
u with respect to y is called the partial derivative of u with respect to y
u
.
and is denoted by
y
Lim f ( x, y + y ) f ( x, y )
u
=
y y 0
y
u
f (x, y ) f
or
is also written as
y
y
y
Second order Partial derivatives
u
u
are also function of x and y. They can be
and
y
x
further differentiated partially w.r.t.x and y as follows.
In General,
Hence (i)
u 2u
2f
= 2 (or ) 2 (or )fxx
x x x
x
271
(ii)
u 2u
2f
=
(or )
(or )fxy
x y xy
x y
(iii)
u 2u
2f
(or )
(or )fyx
=
y x yx
y x
u 2u
2f
= 2 (or ) 2 (or )fyy
y y y
y
Generally, for all ordinary functions,
2f
2f
=
xy y x
(iv)
1.) If u = x 4 + y 3 + 3 x 2 .y 2 + 3 x 2 y, Find
u u 2u 2u 2u
, ,
,
,
,and
x y x 2 y 2 xy
2u
yx
u
= 4 x 3 + 6 xy 2 + 6 xy
x
u
b.)
= 3y 3 + 6x 2 y + 3x 2
y
a.)
c.)
d.)
2u
u
=
4x 3 + 6xy 2 + 6xy = 12x 2 + 6y 2 + 6y
=
2
x x x
x
2u
y
u
=
3y 2 + 6x 2 y + 3x 2 = 6y + 6x 2
y y y
e.)
2u
u
=
=
3 y 2 + 6 x 2 y + 3x 2 = 12xy + 6 x
xy x y x
f.)
2u
u
=
4x 3 + 6xy 2 + 6xy = 12xy + 6x
=
yx y x y
272
2.)
u
(x )
(sin x )
= sin y.
+ y.
a.) x
x
x
= sin y.1 + y Cosx
u
(sin y )
(y )
= x.
+ sin x.
y
y
b.) y
= x. cos y + sin x .1
2u
u
=
(x. cos y + sin x )
=
c.) xy x y x
= cos y + cos x
u
2u
(sin y + y cos x )
=
=
d.) yx y x y
= cos y + cos x
2u
u
(sin y + y cos x )
=
=
e.) x 2 x x x
= y. sin x
2u
f.) y
u
=
(x cos y + sin x )
y y y
= x. sin y
3.)
2u
(v)
u
u
2u
( ii.) .
( iii.) . 2
x
y
x
2u
2u
(vi)
y.x
xy
y
Solution:
u = x 3 + y 3 + 3 xy,
2
273
u
= 3x 2 + 3y
x
u
= 3y 2 + 3x
y
(i)
(ii)
2u
(iii)
x 2
(iv)
2u
y 2
= 6x
= 6y
2u
2u
= 3 (vi)
=3
xy
yx
u
When u = log x 2 + y 2
Find
x
(v)
4.)
u = log x 2 + y 2
u
1
2x
=
.2 x = 2
x x 2 + y 2
x + y2
5.). Find
u
=
x
6.)
x
u
When u = sin1
x
y
1
x
1
y
1
. .1 =
y
1
=
y2 x2 y
1
y2 x2
u
u
and
y
x
If u =sin 3xcos 4 y
u
= cos 4 y cos 3x 3
x
u
= sin 3 x ( sin 4y.4) = -4sin3xsin4y
y
274
7.)
If u= e x
+ y2
Find
u
u
and
y
x
u= e x + y
2
2
2
2
u
u
= e x + y 2y
= e x + y 2x ,
x
y
2
u
y
if u= tan1
y
x
y
Solution:u= tan1
x
8.)
Find
u
=
y
=
9.)
1
.
y x
1+
x
1
x2
1
x
. =
x2 + y2 x x2 + y2
If u= x 3 + y 3 + 3 x 2 y + 3 xy 2 , find
u
= 3 x 2 + 3 y.2x + 3y 2
x
= 3 x 2 + 6 xy + 3 y 2
2u
= 6x + 6y
x 2
u
= 3y 2 + 3 x 2 + 3x.2y
y
2u
y 2
Here
= 6y + 6x
2u
x 2
2u
y 2
275
2u
y 2
and
2u
x 2
PART - B
1.)
If x 2 + 4 xy + y 2 , Show that
2u
2u
=
xy yx
Solution: u = x 2 + 4 xy + y 2
(
(
)
)
u
2
=
x + 4xy + y 2 = 2x + 4 y
x x
u
2
=
x + 4xy + y 2 = 4 x + 2y
y y
2.)
2u
u
=
=
(4x + 2y ) = 4
xy x y x
...1
2u
u
(2x + 4y ) = 4
=
=
yx y x y
...2
If u= x 3 + y 3 + 3 xy 2 , Show that x
u
u
+y
= 3u
x
y
3
3
2
Solution: u = x + y + 3 xy
(
(
)
)
u 3
x + y 3 + 3 xy 2 = 3 x 2 + 3 y 2
=
x x
u 3
=
x + y 3 + 3 xy 2 = 3 y 2 + 6 xy
y y
u
u
x
+y
= x 3 x 2 + 3 y 2 + y 3 y 2 + 6 xy
x
y
) (
= 3 x 3 + 3 xy2 + 3 y 3 + 6 xy2
= 3 x 3 + 3 y 3 + 9 xy2
= 3 x 3 + y 3 + 3 xy 2 = 3u
276
5.3
HOMOGENEOUS FUNCTIONS:
Thus f(x,y) is
.
homogeneous function of degree n if f(t x, t y)= t f(x, y).
n
Example:
If u =
x + y2
2
Solution:Put x= t x, andy= t y
1
1
1
u=
=
=
2
2
2 2
2 2
2
t x +t y
t x + y2
(tx ) + (ty )
t 1
x2 + y2
u
u
+ y.
= n.u
x
y
y
u = f (x, y ) = xn .
x
u
y
y y
= nxn 1 + xn' 2
x
x
x x
u
y
y
= nxn 1 xn 2 y'
x
x
x
277
u
y1
= x n'
y
xx
y
= xn 1'
x
x.
u
u
y
y
y
+y
= nxn x n 1y' + xn 1y
x
y
x
x
x
x
u
u
+y
= nu
x
y
by
1.)
Solution:
u=
x3 y 3
xy
Put x=tx,y=ty
u=
=
t 3 x3 t 3 y3 t 3 x3 y3
=
tx ty
t (x y )
t 2 x3 y3
xy
278
x3 y3
xy
(1)
u = (tx ) + 9(tx )(
. ty ) + (ty )
3
= t 3 x 3 + 9 xt 3 y 2 + t 3 y 3
= t 3 x 3 + 9 xy 2 + y 2
degree of the function is 3
PART-B
= t 3 x 3 2t 2 x 2 ty + 3 txt 2 y 2 + t 3 y 3
= t 3 x 3 2x 2 y + 3 xy 2 + y 3
Therefore u(x,y) is homogeneous function of degree 3.
By Eulers theorem
u
u
x
+y
= nu
x
x
To prove that
u
u
x
+y
= 3u
x
x
u
= 3 x 2 4 xy + 3 y 2 + 0 = 3 x 2 4 xy + 3 y 2
x
u
= 0 2x 2 + 3 x2y + 3 y 2 = 6 xy 2x 2 + 3 y 2
y
x
u
u
+y
= 3 x 3 4 x 2 y + 3 xy 2 + 6 xy 2 2x 2 y + 3 y 3
x
y
= 3 x 3 2xy 2 y + 3 xy 2 + y 3 = 3 u
Hence Eulers theorem is verified.
279
2.)
x + y2
2
u( x, y ) =
x + y2
2
u( tx, ty ) =
( tx )2 + (ty )
= t 1
t2x2 + t2y2
1
t x2 + y2
1
x + y2
2
Verification: u =
= x2 + y2
x2 + y2
1
2
3
u 1
=
( x 2 + y 2 ) 2 2x
2
x
= x( x 2 + y 2 )
3
u 1 2
=
( x + y 2 ) 2 2y
y
2
= y( x 2 + y 2 )
x.
3
3
u
u
= x. x( x 2 + y 2 ) 2 + y y( x 2 + y 2 ) 2
+ y.
y
x
= x 2 ( x 2 + y 2 )
y2(x2 + y2 )
= ( x 2 + y 2 ).( x 2 + y 2 )
1
= ( x 2 + y 2 )
3
2
= ( x 2 + y 2 )
1
2
1
x + y2
2
= u
280
( 2)
x2 + y2
u
u
= tan u.
+ y.
prove that x
y
x
Solution:
3.)
x2 + y2
x+y
(tx )2 + (ty )2
tx + ty
t x2 + y2
t (x + y )
2
x2 + y2
= t
x + y
= t f ( x, y )
sinu is a homogeneous function of degree 1.
By Eulers theorem
(sin u)
(sin u)
+y
= 1 sin u
x
y
x cos u.
u
u
+ y cos u
= 1 sin u
x
y
u
u
+ y = sin u
cos u x
y
x
x.
u
u
= tan u
+ y.
y
x
281
x3 + y3
Using Eulers theoremif u = tan 1
,
x y
u
u
+ y.
= sin 2u.
prove that x.
x
y
Solution:
u is not a homogeneous function. But tanu is a homogeneous
function.
x3 + y3
tan u =
xy
4.
tan u =
(tx )3 + (ty )3
tx ty
t3 x3 + t3 y3
tx ty
t3 x3 + y3
x3 + y3
= t2
t (x y )
xy
tanu is a homogeneous function of degree 2.
=
By Eulers theorem,
(tan u)
x. (tan u) + y.
= 2 tan u
x
y
u
u
x. sec 2 u
+ y sec 2 u
= 2 tan u
x
y
u
u
sec 2 u x
+ y = 2 tan u
y
x
u
u 2 tan u
x
sec 2 u,
+y
=
x
y sec 2 u
5.)
u
u 2 sin u cos2 u
+y
=
= 2 sin u cos u = sin 2u
x
y
cos u
u
u
x
+y
= sin 2u
x
y
282
u
u 1
+y
= tan u
x
y 2
Solution:
xy
sin u =
x+ y
Put x = xt, y = yt
f ( tx, ty ) =
=
xt yt
xt + yt
t (x y )
x+ y
=t
1
2
(x y )
x+ y
1
2
(sin u)
(sin u )
+ y.
=
x
x
u
u
x(cos u)
+ yCosu)
=
x
y
x.
cos u,
6.)
1
sin u
2
1 sin u
2
u
u 1
+y
= tan u.
x
y 2
x
Using Eulers theorem if u = xy 2 sin show that
y
x.
u
u
+ y.
= 3u
x
y
Solution:
x
u = xy2 sin
y
Put x =tx, y =ty
283
tx
2
u = tx (ty ) sin
ty
x
u = t 3 xy 2 sin
y
u homogeneousfunction of order 3.
Using Eulers theorem, we have
u
u
x.
+ y.
= 3u
x
y
7.)
If z = e x
+y3
Prove that x.
z
z
+ y.
= 3z log z
x
y
Solution:
z = ex
+y3
log z = log e x
+y3
= x 3 + y 3 log e
log z = x + y = f ( x, y )
3
f (tx, ty ) = t 3 .x 3 + t 3 .y 3 = t 3 x 3 + Y 3
= t 3 (x, y ) = t 3 [f (x, y )]
(log z )
(log z )
+ y.
= 3 log z
x
y
1 z
1 z
x. . + y. .
= 3 log z
z x
z y
z
z
x. + y.
= 3z. log z
x
y
284
x5 y5
show that x. u + y. u = 3
If u = log 2
x + y2
x
y
Solution:
8.)
x5 y5
u = log 2
x + y2
x 5 y 5
=z
eu = 2
x + y2
z( x, y ) =
z( tx, ty ) =
(say )
x5 y5
x2 + y2
(tx )5 (ty )5
(tx )2 + (ty )2
t2 (x5 y5 )
t2(x2 + y2 )
x5 y5 3
= t z(x, y )
= t3 2
x + y2
( )
( )
Dividing by eu
u
u
x.
+ y.
=3
x
y
285
EXERCISE
PART-A
1.)
2.)
3.)
4.)
d2 y
d2 x
minimumpoint
5.)
dy 2
dx 2
8.)
minimum point
If x=-1 is the minimum point of y = x 2 + 2 x + 3 what is the
minimum value?
1
is the minimum point of y = x x 2 what is the minimum
If x =
2
value?
Find the maximum value of y = 2 x x 2
9.)
6.)
7.)
u
u
and
for the following .
y
x
a.) u = 5 x 3 2 x + 6 y 2 18
b.) u = 5 sin x + 4 tan y
c.) u = 4e x + 7. sin y + 8
d.) u = x 2 . sin y
e.) u = y 2 . sec x
f.) u = sin 4 x.Cos2y
286
g.) u = tan 1 y
x
h.) u = log eu + e y
i.) u = xy + sin xy
x
j.) u = x 2 .Cos
y
14.) Find the order of the following homogeneous equation
a.) u = x + y + z (b) u =
3
c.) u =
e.) u =
x2 x2 y2
(x
x
x
1
2
+y
1
2
1
4
+y
1
4
(d) u = 3 x 2 + 6 xy + y 2
2 3
1
x + xy + y 2
2
PART-B
1.)
(i) y = x +
(j) y =
4
x+2
1 x + x2
1+ x + x2
287
2.)
3.)
4.)
5.)
6.)
log x
for positive value of x.
x
8.) Find the minimum area of a rectangle inscribed is a semicircle.
9.) Show that the maximum rectangle inscribed in a circle is a
square.
10.) Find the fraction, the difference between which and its square is
a maximum
11.) Find 2 numbers whose product is four and the sum of their
square is a minimum.
7.)
2u
2u
for the following functions
=
xy yx
x
y
2 ( b.)
2
y
x
y
u = tan 1
x
(c.) u =
1
x + xy + y 2
2
xy
(b.) u = sin
x+y
(d.) u = x 3 2 x 2 y
288
1
2
x3 + y 3
(e.) u = 2
x + y2
(g.) u =
(i) u =
x +y
y
(h.) u = x 3 . sin
x
1
2
1
3
+y 3
(f.) u = 2
x + xy + y 2
x
x2 + y2
y+x
u
u
+ y.
=u
x
y
u
u
y
+ y.
=0
15.) If u = sin1 and x 0 Prove that x.
x
y
x
x y
, Prove that x. u + y. u = 0
16.) If u = sin1
x+ y
x
y
x3 + y3
u
u
, Prove that x.
+ y.
=2
17.) If u = log
x+y
x
y
x
u
u
y
+ y.
=0
18.) If u = sin 1 + tan 1 , Prove that x.
x
y
x
y
x2 + y2
, Prove that x. u + y. u = tan u
19.) If u = sin 1
x+y
x
y
20.) If u =
x2 + y2
x+y
, Prove that x.
x+ y
21.) If u = sin1
x+y
u
u 3
+ y.
= u
x
y 2
x
y
2
x2 + y2
u
u 1
, Prove that x.
+ y.
= sin 2u
22.) If u = tan 1
xy
x
y 2
23.) If u =
u
u
x3 y3
+ y.
= 3u
, Show that x.
3
3
x
y
x +y
289
x3 y3
u
u
, Show that x.
+ y.
= 2 tan u
24.) If u = sin 1
x+y
x
y
25.) If
x4 + y4
x +y
2
, Show that x.
u
u
+ y.
= 2u
x
y
u
u
y
+ y.
= 4u
26.) If u = x 2 + y 2Sin , Show that x.
x
y
x
u
u
y
+ y.
=0
27.) If u = tan 1 , Show that x.
x
y
x
ANSWERS
PART-A
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
1
(6)
2
(7)
1
4
(8)
1
4
(13)
(a)
u
u
= 15 x 2 2,
= +12 y
x
y
(b)
u
u
= 5 cos x,
= 4 sec 2 y
x
y
(c)
u
u
= 4.e x ,
= 7 cos y
x
y
(d)
u
u
= sin y.2x,
= x 2 . cos y
x
y
(e)
u
u
= y 2 sec . tan x,
= sec x.2y
x
y
(f)
u
u
= cos 2 y. cos 4 x.4,
= sin 4 x sin 2 y.2
x
y
290
(g)
u
=
x
1
1+
y2
.y.
1
x2
x2
(h)
u
1
=
.e x
x e x + e y
(i)
u
= y + cos xy.y
x
(j)
x 1
x
u
= x 2 sin . + cos 2x
y
y
x
y
(14) (a) 3
(d)2
(b)
1
4
(c) 2
(e) -2
PART-B
1)
a) 82,- 43
b)46,45
(c)12, - 15
(d) 82, 81
(e)5,1
(f)3,
(g)-25,7
(h)
500 7
,
27 3
(i) -6, 2
(j)3,
1
3
2)
5,5
3)
2,2
4)
4,5
5)
25
6)
4
3
7)
1
e
8)
a2
9)
Nil
10)
1
2
11)
2,2
291
MATHEMATICS II
Max Marks : 75
PART A
(Marks: 15 x 1 = 15)
1.
1)
2)
Find the equation of the circle with centre (-2, -4) and radius 5
Units.
3)
4)
5)
6)
Evaluate
7)
Find
(5,
-12)
lies
outside
the
Lt sin 2x
x 0 3x
d 1
+ 7 cos x
dx x 3
( )]
d 4
x tan x
dx
d
[cos (log x)]
9) Find
dx
d
sin1 x
10) Find
dx
8)
Find
11) Find
d2 y
if y = tan x
dx 2
12) Find the differential equation by eliminating constant r, from
2
2
2
x +y =r
292
circle
dA
d
= 2 find
when x = 5
dx
dt
2
14) If the distance s given by s = 3t +5t+7, find the velocity when
t=3 seconds.
2
15) Find the slope the tangent to the curve y=x -5x+2 at the point
(1 ,-2).
2
13) If A = x and
u u
,
x y
u
x
20) State Eulers Theorem.
2
PART B
(Answer Any TWO subdivisions in each question)
All Questions carry Equal Marks
5x12=60
21 a)
Find the equation of the circle passing through the point (-9,1)
and having centre at (2,5)
b)
c)
22.a)
Lt x 5 243
x 3 x 3 27
b)
Evaluate
c)
293
x 2 + sin x
x Cos x
23.a)
Find
dy
if (i) y = log (secx+tanx)
dx
b)
Find
2
dy
-1 1 x
if (i) y = cos
(ii) x=a (t+cost), y=a (1+sint)
dx
1 x 2
c)
(ii) ax +2hxy+by = 0
24.a)
b)
c)
25.a)
2x - 15x + 36x + 18
3
b)
If u = x 2x y + 3xy + y , Find
c)
If u =
2u
x 2
and
u
u
x3 y3
Prove that x
+
= 2u
x
y
x+y
294
2u
y 2
MATHEMATICS - II
max. Marks: 75
PART - A
I.
1.
Find the equation of the circle with centre (2,0) and radius 10
units
2.
3.
Find the equation of the circle with the points (1, -1) and (2, 2)
joining as diameter.
4.
Find the length of tangent from the point (5,7) to the circle
2
2
x +y -6x+10y-11=0.
5.
6.
Evaluate
7.
Find
d
1
2
3
if y = 2 +
+
dx
x
2
x
8.
Find
d
If y = e x log x
dx
Lt
x3
x3 33
x3
d
If y = cos 4 x
dx
dy
-1 2
10. Find
if y = tan (x )
dx
9.
Find
d2 y
if y = sin (2x)
dx 2
12.. Find the differential equation by eliminating the constants from y
2
= ax +b
11. Find
da
dy
=1, find
when a = 5
dt
dt
295
-t
15
If the distance time formula is given bye s=2t -5t +7t-4, find the
initial velocity.
2
x2 + y2
xy
u
y
is homogeneous. State the order of the
function.
PART - B
Answer any TWO sub division from each question:
21.a)
b)
c)
22 a)
Find the equation of the circle which passes through the origin
2
2
and cuts Orthogonally with circles x + y 8y + 12 = 0 and
x2 + y2 4x 6y 3 = 0
b)
Evaluate
c)
Find
Lt
x0
dy
if
dx
sin10x
sin 7 x
(i)
(ii)
296
c
x
x
x
2
Y = (X -5) Cos x log x
y=
23 a)
b)
c)
Find
dy
if
dx
(i)
y = sin (e log x)
(ii)
x +y
= 2axy
dy
-1 2 x
Find
if
(i)
y = tan
dx
1 x 2
2
(ii)
x = at , y = 2at
2
if y = a cos (logx) + b sin (logx) prove that x y2+xy1+y=0
24 a)
The base radius and height of a conical funnel are 4cm and
20cm respectively. Water is running out of the funnel at
2cc/sec. Find the rate at which the level of water is decreasing
when the level is 10cm.
b)
c)
25 a)
b)
If u = log (x +y ) find x
c)
If u = tan
-1
u
u
+y
x
y
x3 + y3
u
u
show that x
+y
= sin 2u
xy
x
y
297