LABORATORY MANUAL

MEC 211

STRENGTH OF MATERIAL AND MEASUREMENT

LABORATORY

LMMEC211

Table of
content SR.

TOPICS

Page no.

NO.
1

To conduct a tensile test on mild steel/Cast

iron/Aluminum Specimens and determine the following:The yield stress, Ultimate stress, breaking stress, Young
modulus of elasticity, Percentage elongation, Percentage
reduction in Area
To determine the impact strength of a specimen of
M.S/Cast Iron by Charpy / Izod test.

To conduct torsion test on Mild steel/Cast iron specimen

to find out modulus of rigidity.

To determine the Stiffness of the spring and modulus of

rigidity of the spring wire.

Comparison of measurements of test specimens using

micrometer , vernier caliper and height gauge

11

Measurement of surface roughness

13

Measurement of gear profile.

14

Measurement of various parameters of External Threads.

15

Measurement of eccentricity angle run out of a shaft

10

To prepare a thermocouple and its calibration

16

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Experiment: 1
1.Experiment:
To conduct tensile test on Mild steel and cast iron specimens
Equipment to be used:
Universal Testing Machine, Specimen of MS & CI, Scale, Vernier caliper
2.Learning Objective:
To provides information related to the strength and ductility of metals under direct tension stress.
3.Procedure:
Measure the original length and diameter of the specimen. The length may either be length of gauge
section which is marked on the specimen with a preset punch or the local length of the specimen.
Insert the specimen into test machine. Begin the load application and record load Vs elongation data.
Measure elongation values with the help of dividers and a ruler. Continue the test till fracture occurs.
Measure the final length and diameter of specimen.
Parameters:
A) Original dimensions:
Length= ---------------------Diameter= ---------------------Area= ---------------------B) Final Dimensions:
Length= ----------------------Diameter= ----------------------Area= -----------------------4.Plots:
Draw a graph:
Stress Vs Strain and identify yeild point, ultimate tensile strength and E and % elongation and %
reduction in area. .
Average breaking Stress =

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1. Ultimate Stress =
2.Average Percentage Elongation =
5.Cautions:
If the strain measuring device is an extensometer it should be removed before necking begins.
Measuring deflection on scale carefully and accurately.
6.Learning outcomes: to be written by the students in 50-70 words.

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Experiment: 2
1.Experiment:
To conduct impact test on mild steel and cast iron specimens.
Equipment to be used:
impact testing machine, Specimen of MS & CI, Steel.
2.Learning Objective:
An impact test signifies toughness of material that is ability of material to absorb energy during plastic
deformation. Static tension tests of un-notched specimens do not always reveal the susceptibility of a
metal to brittle fracture. This important factor is determined by impact test. Toughness takes into
account both the strength and ductility of the material. Several engineering materials have to withstand
impact or suddenly applied loads while in service.
3.Procedure:
A) Izod Test:
When the striking hammer (pendulum) in safe test position. Put the steel specimen on impact testing
machines anvil in such a way that the notch face the hammer and is 75% inside and 25% above the
top surface of the slot .Bring the striking hammer to its top most striking position unless it is already
there and lock it at that position. Bring indicator of the machine to zero. Release the hammer, It will fall
due to gravity and break the specimen through its momentum, the total energy is not absorbed by
the specimen, the indicator stops moving, while the pendulum falls back. Again bring the hammer to
its idle position and back.
B) Charpy Test:With the striking hammer (pendulum) in safe test positions, put the Steel specimen on impact testing
machine anvil in such a way that the notch faces opposite the hammer Bring the striking hammer to its
top most striking position. Bring indicator of the machine to zero. Release the hammer. It will fall due to
gravity and break the specimen through its momentum, the total energy is not absorbed by the
specimen. Then it continues to swing. At its topmost height after breaking the specimen, the indicator
stops moving, While the pendulum falls back. Note the indicator at that topmost final position.
4.Results Required
a. For Izod Test:
Note the indicator at the topmost final position. Calculate energy.
b. For Charpy Test:
Note the indicator at the topmost final position. Calculate energy.

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5.Caution:
Measure the dimensions of the specimen carefully.
Hold the specimen firmly.
Take the readings carefully.
6.Learning outcomes: to be written by the students in 50-70 words.

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Experiment: 3
1.Experiment:
To conduct Torsion test on mild steel and cast iron specimen.
Equipment to be Used:
A Torsion testing Machine, Twist meter for measuring angle of twist, A steel rule and Vernier caliper or
micrometer
2.Learning Objective:
A torsion test is quite instrumental in determining the value of rigidity (ratio of shear stress to shear
strain) of a metallic specimen. The value of modulus of rigidity can be found out through observations
made during the experiment by using the torsion equation:
Where,
T = Torque applied
Ip = Polar moment of Inertia
C = Modulus of rigidity
I = Gauge length
l = gauge length

In the torque equipment one end of the specimen is held by a fixed support and the other end to a
pulley. The pulley provides the necessary torque to twist the rod by addition of weights (w). The twist
meter attached to the rod gives the angle of twist.
4.Procedure:
1.Prepare the testing machine by fixing the two twist meters at some constant lengths from fixed
support.
2.Measure the diameter of the pulley and the diameter of the rod and take the 3.Set the maximum load
pointer to zero.
4.Set the protector to zero for convenience and clamp it by means of knurled screw.
5.Carry out straining by rotating the hand-wheel in either direction.
6.Add weights in the hanger stepwise to get a notable angle of twist for T1 and T2.
7.Then load out to failure as to cause equal increments of strain reading.

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5. Plot torque- twist (T- ) graph

Read off co-ordinates of a convenient point from the straight line portion of the torque twist (T- )
graph and calculate the value of C by using above relation.
Scope of Result and Discussion :
Gauge length of the specimen, l =
Diameter of the specimen,

d =

Polar moment of inertia, Ip = .

Modulus of rigidity of the given specimen is _________ N/mm
The graph between angle of twist and torque for the given specimen is plotted.

6.Cautions:
Measure the dimensions of the specimen carefully.
Measure the Angle of twist accurately for the corresponding value of Torque.
7. Learning outcomes: to be written by the students in 50-70 words.

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Experiment no 4
1.Experiment:
To determine the stiffness of the spring.
Equipment to be Used:
Spring testing machine, Spring specimen, Vernier Caliper, Micrometer.
3.Learning Objective:
To determine the stiffness of the spring.
4.Procedure:
1.Measure the diameter of the wire of the spring by using the micrometer.
2.Measure the diameter of spring coils by using the venire caliper. Count the number of turns,
3.Insert the spring in the spring testing machine and load the spring by a suitable weight and note the
corresponding axial deflection in tension or compression.
4.Increase the load and take the corresponding axial deflection.
5. Plot
A curve between load and deflection. The shape of the curve gives the stiffness of the spring.
Scope of Results and Discussion :
Least Count of Micrometer =

___________________

Diameter of Spring wire, d =

___________________

Least count of Vernier caliper =

___________________

Diameter of the spring coil, D =

___________________

Mean coil diameter, Dm = D d = _______________

Number of turns, n =

___________________

The value of spring constant of Closed coiled helical spring is ___________ N/mm.
Modulus of rigidity is ___________________________

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6.Cautions:
1.Measure the dimensions of spring accurately.
2.Note the deflections accurately.
7.Learning outcomes: to be written by the students in 50-70 words.

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Experiment 5

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Experiment No 6
1.Experiment :
Measurement of gear profile
Equipment & Tool Required:
Vernier caliper : 0 150 mm
1. Micrometer : 0 25 mm, 25 50 mm
2. Sample gears(Spur ,bevel,Helical and Worm gears )
3. Profile projector
3.Learning Objectives:
To study the elements of gear
4.Procedure:
Take the gear and clean It for removal of any dust or dirt.Take the vernier and measure its outer dia
,Thickness ,inner dia of hole .Place the gear on profile projector and measure all its dimensions like
addendum, dedendum ,pitch circle diameter.Compare the measurements with the standard
calculated data theoratically
5.Results Required:
1.Measurement using vernier caliper
2.Measurement using profile projector
6.Caution :
1. There should not be any play between sliding jaw & the main scale.
2. Check the instruments for zero error.
3. Parallax or reading error must be avoided.
4. Do not apply undue pressure.
5. Handle instruments carefully as those are very senstive esp. Taking care of not let them fall
anywhere.
7.Learning outcomes: to be written by the students in 50-70 words.

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Experiment No 7
1.Experiment :
Measurement of critical parameters of external threads.
Equipment & Tool Required:
Thread micrometer, Anvil set
2.Learning Objectives:
To study the elements of gear
3.Procedure:
Take the gear and clean It for removal of any dust or dirt. Take the vernier and measure its outer
diameter, Thickness, inner diameter of hole .Place the gear on profile projector and measure all its
dimensions like addendum, addendum, pitch circle diameter. Compare the measurements with the
standard calculated data theoretically
4.Results Required:Measurement using vernier caliper
Measurement using profile projector
Scope of the Result to be reported:
Understand the principle and working of profile projector.
Understand the difference in measurements taken by profile projector and vernier calipers
5.Cautions:
1. There should not be any play between sliding jaw & the main scale.
2. Check the instruments for zero error.
3. Parallax or reading error must be avoided.
4. Do not apply undue pressure.
5. Handle instruments carefully as those are very sensitive esp. Taking care of not let them fall
anywhere.
6.Learning outcomes: to be written by the students in 50-70 words.

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Experiment No 8
1.Experiment :
Measurement of surface roughness .
Equipment & Tool Required:
Portal Surface roughness tester, test specimen etc.
2.Learning Objectives:
To study degree of roughness of various machining process.
3.Procedure:
Take the measurement at various places and also in multiple directions. Some operations can
produce direction dependent roughness .Make a drawing in first angle projection and mention all
the dimensions and surface criterion.
4.Results Required:
1. Understand the difference in all types of surface roughness factor.
2. Understand and differentiate work pieces produced by different machining process.
3. Understand the principle and working of surface roughness tester.
5.Cautions:
1. Always wear shoes while performing the practical
2. Always wear lab coat.
3. Do not try to touch any machine without the permission of workshop in charge.
4. Remove any oil and grease etc. from the surface.
5. Place the probe gently on the measuring surface.
6.Learning outcomes: to be written by the students in 50-70 words.

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Experiment No 9
1.Experiment:
Measurement of egocentricity angle run out of a shaft
Equipment & Tool Required:
DTI (Dial Test Indicator) with stand, surface plate, V- blocks, Bench center, Height Gauge Specimen
work pieces
2.Learning objectives:To learn how to measure the eccentricity
3.Procedure:
For measuring Straightness Measure the Diameter of given shaft with the help of a micrometer.
Hold the parallel shaft in the centers of bench center .Set the height gauge at the center height with
the centers of bench center .Mark a straight line on the piece .Rotate the piece by 360 degree. Mark
another line on work piece .Both the lines should be parallel to each other. For measuring
eccentricity :Hold the piece in between centers of a Bench center .Mount a dial gauge on the magnetic stand.
Set the dial to zero degree with its plunger loaded on the job. Rotate the piece with hand and check
and note any deflection in DTI. If No deflection, it means there is no eccentricity in the piece. Same
operation can also be done carried out by holding the job on a V block and holding it with a clamp.
4.Results Required:
Tabulate the difference in readings and find out deviation from basic size by plotting a graph.
5.Cautions:
Always wear shoes while performing the practical.
Do not wear bangles, bracelets, rings, chains, and even neck tie.
Always wear Lab coat (white).
Always wear safety goggles.
Do not lean on to the machines.
Follow the operative instructions given strictly
6.Learning outcomes: to be written by the students in 50-70 words.

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Experiment No 10
1.Experiment -:
To prepare a thermocouple and its calibration
Equipment & Tool Required:Mille voltmeter,PT-100 meter, J thermocouple meter,
Connecting Wires Thermocouple wire,PT-100 Thermocouple, J type thermocouple,
Thermometer, Heater, pan etc
2.Learning Objectives:Preparation of thermocouple and its use for different range of temperature
3.Procedure:Take thermocouple wires and twist them with each other to for m a thermocouple Connect the
other ends to the measuring meter .Connect all the parts as per circuit diagram .Start insert the
heater and let the water to be heated up to 80-90 degree and then switch off the heater. the
thermocouple and thermometer in the heated water; make sure that both thermometer and
thermocouple are not touching the base of the container .Take 10 readings after every minute
Compare the readings of thermometer and thermocouple .Plot the graph between time and
Temperature for both the readings of thermometer and thermocouple. Take standard
thermocouple instead of thermometer and repeat steps .Compare the two graphs
4. Result Required:
1 To know the working of a thermocouple
2 Compare readings of j type and PT -100 type thermocouple
5.Cautions
1 There should not be any play between sliding jaw & the main scale
2

Check the instruments for zero error

6.Learning outcomes: to be written by the students in 50-70 words.

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