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he
DETERMINANTS
4.1 Introduction
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a1 x + b1 y = c 1
a2 x + b2 y = c 2
bl
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a b x c
can be represented as 1 1 = 1 . Now, this
a2 b2 y c2
system of equations has a unique solution or not, is
determined by the number a1 b2 a2 b1. (Recall that if
a1 b1
or, a1 b2 a2 b1 0, then the system of linear
a2 b2
equations has a unique solution). The number a1 b2 a2 b1
P.S. Laplace
(1749-1827)
a b
which determines uniqueness of solution is associated with the matrix A = 1 1
a2 b2
and is called the determinant of A or det A. Determinants have wide applications in
Engineering, Science, Economics, Social Science, etc.
In this chapter, we shall study determinants up to order three only with real entries.
Also, we will study various properties of determinants, minors, cofactors and applications
of determinants in finding the area of a triangle, adjoint and inverse of a square matrix,
consistency and inconsistency of system of linear equations and solution of linear
equations in two or three variables using inverse of a matrix.
4.2 Determinant
104
MATHEMATICS
This may be thought of as a function which associates each square matrix with a
unique number (real or complex). If M is the set of square matrices, K is the set of
numbers (real or complex) and f : M K is defined by f (A) = k, where A M and
k K, then f (A) is called the determinant of A. It is also denoted by | A | or det A or .
is
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a b
a b
, then determinant of A is written as |A | =
= det (A)
If A =
c d
c d
Remarks
(i) For matrix A, | A | is read as determinant of A and not modulus of A.
(ii) Only square matrices have determinants.
bl
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Let
Example 1 Evaluate
Solution We have
2 4
1 2
4
1 2
Example 2 Evaluate
= a11a22 a21a12
= 2 (2) 4(1) = 4 + 4 = 8.
x +1
x 1
Solution We have
x
x +1
= x (x) (x + 1) (x 1) = x2 (x2 1) = x2 x2 + 1 = 1
x 1
x
DETERMINANTS
105
i.e.,
a11
a12
a13
| A | = a21
a31
a22
a32
a23
a33
he
3 corresponding to each of three rows (R1, R2 and R3) and three columns (C1, C2 and
C3) giving the same value as shown below.
Consider the determinant of square matrix A = [aij]3 3
i.e.,
(1)1 + 1 a11
a22
a32
bl
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Step 1 Multiply first element a11 of R1 by (1)(1 + 1) [(1)sum of suffixes in a11] and with the
second order determinant obtained by deleting the elements of first row (R1) and first
column (C1) of | A | as a11 lies in R1 and C1,
a23
a33
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Step 2 Multiply 2nd element a12 of R1 by (1)1 + 2 [(1)sum of suffixes in a12] and the second
order determinant obtained by deleting elements of first row (R1) and 2nd column (C2)
of | A | as a12 lies in R1 and C2,
i.e.,
(1)1 + 2 a12
a21 a23
a31 a33
Step 3 Multiply third element a13 of R1 by (1)1 + 3 [(1)sum of suffixes in a ] and the second
order determinant obtained by deleting elements of first row (R1) and third column (C3)
of | A | as a13 lies in R1 and C3,
13
i.e.,
a21 a22
(1)1 + 3 a13 a
a32
31
Step 4 Now the expansion of determinant of A, that is, | A | written as sum of all three
terms obtained in steps 1, 2 and 3 above is given by
a22
det A = |A| = (1)1 + 1 a11 a
32
1+ 3
+ (1) a13
or
a23
a
a
+ (1)1 + 2 a12 21 23
a33
a31 a33
a21 a22
a31 a32
|A| = a11 (a22 a33 a32 a23) a12 (a21 a33 a31 a23)
+ a13 (a21 a32 a31 a22)
106
MATHEMATICS
= a11 a22 a33 a11 a32 a23 a12 a21 a33 + a12 a31 a23 + a13 a21 a32
a13 a31 a22
... (1)
a 13
| A | = a 21
a 31
a 22
a 32
a 23
a 33
is
a 11
a12
a32
a13
a
a
+ (1)2 + 2 a22 11 13
a33
a31 a33
a11
a31
a12
a32
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+ (1) 2 + 3 a23
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2 +1
| A | = (1) a21
he
= a21 (a12 a33 a32 a13) + a22 (a11 a33 a31 a13)
a23 (a11 a32 a31 a12)
| A | = a21 a12 a33 + a21 a32 a13 + a22 a11 a33 a22 a31 a13 a23 a11 a32
+ a23 a31 a12
= a11 a22 a33 a11 a23 a32 a12 a21 a33 + a12 a23 a31 + a13 a21 a32
a13 a31 a22
... (2)
Expansion along first Column (C1)
a11
| A | = a21
a31
a12
a22
a32
a13
a23
a33
3 + 1 a 12
+ a31 (1)
a22
a23
a
+ a21 (1) 2 + 1 12
a33
a32
a13
a33
a13
a23
= a11 (a22 a33 a23 a32) a21 (a12 a33 a13 a32) + a31 (a12 a23 a13 a22)
DETERMINANTS
107
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| A | = a11 a22 a33 a11 a23 a32 a21 a12 a33 + a21 a13 a32 + a31 a12 a23
a31 a13 a22
= a11 a22 a33 a11 a23 a32 a12 a21 a33 + a12 a23 a31 + a13 a21 a32
a13 a31 a22
... (3)
Clearly, values of | A | in (1), (2) and (3) are equal. It is left as an exercise to the
reader to verify that the values of |A| by expanding along R3, C2 and C3 are equal to the
value of | A | obtained in (1), (2) or (3).
Hence, expanding a determinant along any row or column gives same value.
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Remarks
(i) For easier calculations, we shall expand the determinant along that row or column
which contains maximum number of zeros.
(ii) While expanding, instead of multiplying by (1)i + j, we can multiply by +1 or 1
according as (i + j) is even or odd.
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1 1
2 2
(iii) Let A =
and B =
. Then, it is easy to verify that A = 2B. Also
2 0
4 0
| A | = 0 8 = 8 and | B | = 0 2 = 2.
Solution Note that in the third column, two entries are zero. So expanding along third
column (C3), we get
= 4
1 3
1 2
1 2
0
+0
4 1
4 1
1 3
= 4 (1 12) 0 + 0 = 52
0
sin cos
0
sin .
Example 4 Evaluate = sin
cos sin
0
108
MATHEMATICS
sin
sin
sin
sin sin
cos
cos
sin
cos
sin
x 1
3 2
is
Solution We have
3 x
3 2
=
.
x 1
4 1
4 1
bl
3 x2 = 3 8
x2 = 8
i.e.
i.e.
x= 2 2
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Hence
EXERCISE 4.1
2
5
4
1
cos sin
2. (i)
sin
cos
(ii)
x2 x + 1 x 1
x +1
x +1
1 2
3. If A =
, then show that | 2A | = 4 | A |
4 2
1 0 1
(i)
3 1 2
0 0 1
3 5 0
(ii)
he
= 0
3 4 5
1
1 2
2
3 1
DETERMINANTS
(iii)
2 1 2
0
2 1
3 5 0
1 0 3
2 3 0
(iv)
2 3
(ii)
4 5
, then x is equal to
18 6
(B) 6
(C) 6
2x 5
(D) 0
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18 x
(A) 6
2x 4
is
5 1
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8. If
2 4
he
1 1 2
6. If A = 2 1 3 , find | A |
5 4 9
7. Find values of x, if
(i)
109
In the previous section, we have learnt how to expand the determinants. In this section,
we will study some properties of determinants which simplifies its evaluation by obtaining
maximum number of zeros in a row or a column. These properties are true for
determinants of any order. However, we shall restrict ourselves upto determinants of
order 3 only.
Property 1 The value of the determinant remains unchanged if its rows and columns
are interchanged.
a1
a2
a3
Verification Let = b1
c1
b2
c2
b3
c3
b2
c2
b3
b b
b b
a2 1 3 + a3 1 2
c3
c1 c3
c1 c2
b1
b2
b3
c1
c2
c3
110
MATHEMATICS
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2 3 5
4
Example 6 Verify Property 1 for = 6 0
1 5 7
Solution Expanding the determinant along first row, we have
is
0 4
6 4
6 0
(3)
+5
5 7
1 7
1 5
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= 2
= 2 (0 20) + 3 ( 42 4) + 5 (30 0)
= 40 138 + 150 = 28
By interchanging rows and columns, we get
2 6 1
1 = 3 0 5
5 4 7
= 2
0 5
6
1
6 1
(3)
+5
4 7
4 7
0 5
= 2 (0 20) + 3 ( 42 4) + 5 (30 0)
= 40 138 + 150 = 28
Clearly
= 1
Hence, Property 1 is verified.
Property 2 If any two rows (or columns) of a determinant are interchanged, then sign
of determinant changes.
a1
Verification Let = b1
c1
a2
b2
c2
a3
b3
c3
DETERMINANTS
111
c1
c2
c3
1 = b1
a1
b2
a2
b3
a3
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2 3 5
Example 7 Verify Property 2 for = 6 0 4 .
1 5 7
2 3 5
Solution = 6 0 4 = 28 (See Example 6)
1 5 7
5 7
0
(3)
1 7
6
+5
1 5
6 0
112
MATHEMATICS
Clearly
1 =
Hence, Property 2 is verified.
Property 3 If any two rows (or columns) of a determinant are identical (all corresponding
elements are same), then value of determinant is zero.
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Proof If we interchange the identical rows (or columns) of the determinant , then
does not change. However, by Property 2, it follows that has changed its sign
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3 2 3
Example 8 Evaluate = 2 2 3
3 2 3
is
Therefore
=
or
=0
Let us verify the above property by an example.
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b1
b2
b3
c1
c2
c3
and 1 be the determinant obtained by multiplying the elements of the first row by k.
Then
k a1
1 = a2
a3
k b1
b2
b3
k c1
c2
c3
=k
DETERMINANTS
Hence
k a1
k b1
k c1
a2
a3
b2
b3
c2
c3
a1
b1
c1
= k a2
a3
b2
b3
c2
c3
113
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Remarks
(i) By this property, we can take out any common factor from any one row or any
one column of a given determinant.
a3
b3 = 0 (rows R and R are proportional)
1
2
k a3
bl
a2
b2
k a2
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a1
= b1
k a1
is
(ii) If corresponding elements of any two rows (or columns) of a determinant are
proportional (in the same ratio), then its value is zero. For example
102 18 36
3 4
Example 9 Evaluate 1
17 3 6
For example,
a1 + 1
b1
c1
a2 + 2
b2
c2
a1 + 1
b1
Verification L.H.S. =
c1
a1
a3 + 3
b3
= b1
c1
c3
a2 + 2
b2
c2
a3 + 3
b3
c3
a2
b2
c2
a3
1 2
b3 + b1 b2
c3
c1 c2
3
b3
c3
114
MATHEMATICS
a2
b2
c2
a3
1 2
b3 + b1 b2
c3
c1 c2
3
b3 = R.H.S.
c3
is
a1
= b1
c1
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a
b
c
Example 10 Show that a + 2 x b + 2 y c + 2 z = 0
x
y
z
a
b
c
Solution We have a + 2 x b + 2 y c + 2 z
x
y
z
a b c
a b
c
= a b c + 2x 2 y 2z
x y z
x
y
z
=0+0=0
(by Property 5)
(Using Property 3 and Property 4)
Property 6 If, to each element of any row or column of a determinant, the equimultiples
of corresponding elements of other row (or column) are added, then value of determinant
remains the same, i.e., the value of determinant remain same if we apply the operation
Ri Ri + kRj or Ci Ci + k Cj .
Verification
Let
a1
= b1
c1
a2
b2
c2
a3
a1 + k c1
b3 and =
b1
1
c3
c1
a2 + k c2
b2
c2
a3 + k c3
b3
,
c3
DETERMINANTS
115
Now, again
a1
1 = b1
c1
a2
b2
a3
k c1
b3 + b1
c2
c3
c1
k c2
b2
c2
=+0
he
Hence
k c3
b3 (Using Property 5)
c3
= 1
is
Remarks
(i) If 1 is the determinant obtained by applying Ri kRi or Ci kCi to the
determinant , then 1 = k.
bl
(ii) If more than one operation like Ri Ri + kRj is done in one step, care should be
taken to see that a row that is affected in one operation should not be used in
another operation. A similar remark applies to column operations.
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a
a+b
a+b+c
Example 11 Prove that 2a 3a + 2b 4a + 3b + 2c = a 3 .
3a 6a + 3b 10a + 6b + 3c
a a+b a+b+c
a
2a + b
= 0
0
0
a
a 2a + b
0
+0+0
= a (a2 0) = a (a2) = a3
116
MATHEMATICS
y+z
x
1
z+x
y =0
1
x+ y+z
x
1
x+ y+z
y
1
bl
Example 13 Evaluate
is
x+ y+z
z
=
1
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1 a bc
= 1 b ca
1 c ab
bc
c
b
b+c
a
a
b
c+a
b = 4 abc
Example 14 Prove that
c
c
a+b
b+c
a
a
b
c+a
b
Solution Let =
c
c
a+b
DETERMINANTS
117
R1 R1 R2 R3 to , we get
Applying
c+a
a+b
(2 c )
c a+b
+ (2b)
he
0 2c
2b
b
= b c+a
c
c
a+b
b c+a
c
is
= 2 c (a b + b2 bc) 2 b (b c c2 ac)
= 2 a b c + 2 cb2 2 bc2 2 b2c + 2 bc2 + 2 abc
= 4 abc
bl
x2 1 + x3
y 2 1 + y 3 = 0 , then
z2 1 + z3
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x
Example 15 If x, y, z are different and = y
z
= y
x2
1 + x3
y 2 1 + y3
1 + z3
z2
x2 1
= y
x2
x3
y2 1 + y
y2
y 3 (Using Property 5)
z2 1
z2
z3
1 x
2
= (1) 1 y
1 z
1 x
= 1 y
1 z
x2
1 x
x2
y 2 + xyz 1 y
y2
z2
z2
x2
y 2 (1+ xyz )
z2
1 z
118
MATHEMATICS
x2
yx
y 2 x2
0 zx
z 2 x2
1
= (1 + xyz ) 0
x2
y+x
z+x
is
1 x
= (1+xyz ) (y x) (z x) 0 1
0 1
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1+ a
1
1
1 1 1
1 1+ b
1 = abc 1 + + + = abc + bc + ca + ab
a b c
1
1 1+ c
Solution Taking out factors a,b,c common from R1, R2 and R3, we get
1
1
1
+1
a
a
a
1
1
1
+1
L.H.S. = abc
b
b
b
1
1
1
+1
c
c
c
= abc
1 1 1
1 1 1
1 1 1
1+ + +
1+ + +
+ +
a b c
a b c
a b c
1
1
1
+1
b
b
b
1
1
1
+1
c
c
c
DETERMINANTS
1
b
1
c
is
1 0
0 1
bl
1 1 1
= abc 1+ + +
a b c
he
1
1 1 1 1 1
+1
= abc 1+ + +
b
a b c b b
1
1
1
+1
c
c
c
Now applying C2 C2 C1, C3 C3 C1, we get
1
119
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1 1 1
= abc 1 + + + 1(1 0 )
a b c
1 1 1
= abc 1+ + + = abc + bc + ca + ab = R.H.S.
a b c
EXERCISE 4.2
x+a
y +b = 0
z+c
1.
x a
y b
z c
3.
2 7 65
3 8 75 = 0
5 9 86
5.
b+c q+r
c+a r+ p
a+b p+q
y+z
a
z+x = 2 b
x+ y
c
p
q
r
x
y
z
ca
2.
bc ca ab = 0
ca ab bc
4.
1 bc a ( b + c )
1 ca b ( c + a ) = 0
1 ab c ( a + b )
120
MATHEMATICS
a b
6.
a 0 c = 0
b c 0
7.
a 2
ab
ac
ba
b 2
bc = 4 a 2 b 2 c 2
ca
cb
c 2
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1 a a2
2
8. (i) 1 b b = ( a b )( b c )( c a )
1
c = ( a b )( b c )( c a )( a + b + c )
a3
b3
c3
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1
b
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(ii)
1
a
is
c2
1 c
9.
x2
yz
y2
zx = (x y) (y z) (z x) (xy + yz + zx)
xy
x + 4 2x
2x
2
10. (i) 2 x x + 4 2x = ( 5 x + 4 )( 4 x )
2x
2x x + 4
y+k
y
(ii)
y
y
y+k
y
y
y = k 2 (3 y + k )
y+k
abc
2a
2a
3
2b
bca
2b = ( a + b + c )
11. (i)
2c
2c
cab
x + y + 2z
z
(ii)
z
x
y + z + 2x
x
y
3
y
= 2( x + y + z)
z + x + 2y
DETERMINANTS
x = 1 x3
x2
1 + a 2 b2
2ab
2ab
1 a + b
2b
2a
a2 + 1
ab
ac
ab
b2 + 1
bc
ca
cb
c2 + 1
2b
2
2a
= 1 + a2 + b2
he
x2
1 a2 b2
=1 + a 2 + b 2 + c 2
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14.
x2
is
13.
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12.
121
In earlier classes, we have studied that the area of a triangle whose vertices are
1
[x (y y ) + x2 (y3y1) +
2 1 2 3
x3 (y1y2)]. Now this expression can be written in the form of a determinant as
(x1, y1), (x2, y2) and (x3, y3), is given by the expression
x1
1
x2
=
2
x3
y1 1
y2 1
y3 1
... (1)
Remarks
(i) Since area is a positive quantity, we always take the absolute value of the
determinant in (1).
122
MATHEMATICS
(ii) If area is given, use both positive and negative values of the determinant for
calculation.
(iii) The area of the triangle formed by three collinear points is zero.
Example 17 Find the area of the triangle whose vertices are (3, 8), ( 4, 2) and (5, 1).
Solution The area of triangle is given by
1
61
( 3 + 72 14 ) =
2
2
is
1
3 ( 2 1) 8 ( 4 5 ) + 1( 4 10 )
2
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3 8 1
1
4 2 1
=
2
5 1 1
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Example 18 Find the equation of the line joining A(1, 3) and B (0, 0) using determinants
and find k if D(k, 0) is a point such that area of triangle ABD is 3sq units.
Solution Let P (x, y) be any point on AB. Then, area of triangle ABP is zero (Why?). So
0 0 1
1
1 3 1 =0
2
x y 1
1
( y 3 x ) = 0 or y = 3x,
2
which is the equation of required line AB.
Also, since the area of the triangle ABD is 3 sq. units, we have
This gives
1 3 1
1
0 0 1 =3
2
k 0 1
This gives,
3k
= 3 , i.e., k = m 2.
2
EXERCISE 4.3
1. Find area of the triangle with vertices at the point given in each of the following :
(i) (1, 0), (6, 0), (4, 3)
(ii) (2, 7), (1, 1), (10, 8)
(iii) (2, 3), (3, 2), (1, 8)
DETERMINANTS
123
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In this section, we will learn to write the expansion of a determinant in compact form
using minors and cofactors.
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1 2
= 8 14 = 6 (obtained by deleting R2 and C3 in ).
7 8
124
MATHEMATICS
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a12
a22
a32
a13
a23
a33
bl
a11
= a21
a31
is
Example 21 Find minors and cofactors of the elements a11, a21 in the determinant
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a22
a32
a23
= a22 a33 a23 a32
a33
a12
a32
a13
= a12 a33 a13 a32
a33
Cofactor of a21 = A21 = (1)2+1 M21 = (1) (a12 a33 a13 a32) = a12 a33 + a13 a32
33
31
33
= a11 A11 + a12 A12 + a13 A13, where Aij is cofactor of aij
= sum of product of elements of R1 with their corresponding cofactors
Similarly, can be calculated by other five ways of expansion that is along R2, R3,
C1, C2 and C3.
Hence = sum of the product of elements of any row (or column) with their
corresponding cofactors.
Note If elements of a row (or column) are multiplied with cofactors of any
$
other row (or column), then their sum is zero. For example,
DETERMINANTS
125
a12
a32
a13
a11
+ a12 (1)1+2
a33
a31
a13
a
a
+ a13 (1)1+3 11 12
a33
a31 a32
a11
a12
a13
= a11
a31
a12
a32
is
he
= a11 (1)1+1
no N
C
tt E
o R
be T
re
pu
bl
2 3 5
6 0 4 and verify that a11 A31 + a12 A32 + a13 A33= 0
1 5 7
0 4
= 0 20 = 20; A11 = (1)1+1 (20) = 20
5 7
M12 =
6 4
= 42 4 = 46;
1 7
M13 =
6
1
M21 =
3 5
= 21 25 = 4;
5 7
A21 = (1)2+1 ( 4) = 4
M22 =
2 5
= 14 5 = 19;
1 7
M23 =
2
1
3
= 10 + 3 = 13;
5
M31 =
3 5
= 12 0 = 12;
0 4
0
= 30 0 = 30;
5
MATHEMATICS
M32 =
2
6
5
= 8 30 = 22;
4
and
M33 =
2
6
Now
So
3
= 0 + 18 = 18;
0
EXERCISE 4.4
is
he
126
2 4
0
3
(ii)
a c
b d
no N
C
tt E
o R
be T
re
pu
1. (i)
bl
1 0 0
2. (i) 0 1 0
0 0 1
(ii)
1 0 4
3 5 1
0 1 2
5 3 8
3. Using Cofactors of elements of second row, evaluate = 2 0 1 .
1 2 3
1 x
4. Using Cofactors of elements of third column, evaluate = 1 y
1 z
a11
5. If = a21
a31
a12
a22
a32
yz
zx .
xy
a13
a23 and Aij is Cofactors of aij , then value of is given by
a33
In the previous chapter, we have studied inverse of a matrix. In this section, we shall
discuss the condition for existence of inverse of a matrix.
To find inverse of a matrix A, i.e., A1 we shall first define adjoint of a matrix.
DETERMINANTS
127
Then
a22
a32
a13
a23
a33
A11
adj A = Transpose of A 21
A 31
A12
A 22
A 32
A13 A11
A 23 = A12
A 33 A13
A 21
A 22
A 23
A 31
A32
A 33
is
Let
a12
bl
a11
A = a21
a31
he
no N
C
tt E
o R
be T
re
pu
2 3
Example 23 Find adj A for A =
1 4
Solution We have A11 = 4, A12 = 1, A21 = 3, A22 = 2
A11 A 21 4 3
adj A =
=
A12 A 22 1 2
Remark For a square matrix of order 2, given by
Hence
a11 a12
A=
a21 a22
The adj A can also be obtained by interchanging a11 and a22 and by changing signs
of a12 and a21, i.e.,
128
MATHEMATICS
Verification
0
A
0
0
1 0 0
0 = A 0 1 0 = A I
0 0 1
A
is
A (adj A) = 0
0
A 31
A 22 A 32
A 23 A33
column) with corresponding
A 21
he
Let
A = 21 a22 a23 , then adj A = A12
a31 a32 a33
A13
Since sum of product of elements of a row (or a
cofactors is equal to | A | and otherwise zero, we have
bl
no N
C
tt E
o R
be T
re
pu
1 2
is zero
4 8
3 4
3 4
Hence A is a nonsingular matrix
We state the following theorems without proof.
Let
Theorem 2 If A and B are nonsingular matrices of the same order, then AB and BA
are also nonsingular matrices of the same order.
Theorem 3 The determinant of the product of matrices is equal to product of their
A
0
0
0
A
0
0
0
A
DETERMINANTS
129
0
0
A
1 0 0
|(adj A)| |A| = A 0 1 0
0 0 1
3
(Why?)
is
i.e.
0
A
0
he
A
( adj A) A = 0
0
bl
i.e.
|(adj A)| |A| = | A |3 (1)
i.e.
|(adj A)| = | A | 2
In general, if A is a square matrix of order n, then | adj (A) | = | A |n 1.
no N
C
tt E
o R
be T
re
pu
This gives
AB = I. So AB = I
or
A B =1
(since I =1, AB = A B )
A 0. Hence A is nonsingular.
A (adj A) = (adj A) A = A I
or
1
1
adj A =
adj A A = I
A
|
A
|
|
A
|
or
AB = BA = I, where B =
Thus
A is invertible and A1 =
(Theorem 1)
1
adj A
|A|
1
adj A
|A|
1 3 3
Example 24 If A = 1 4 3 , then verify that A adj A = | A | I. Also find A1.
1 3 4
Solution We have A = 1 (16 9) 3 (4 3) + 3 (3 4) = 1 0
130
MATHEMATICS
1 3 3 7 3 3
A (adj A) = 1 4 3 1 1 0
1 3 4 1 0 1
is
Now
he
7 3 3
adj A = 1 1 0
1 0 1
bl
7 3 3 3 + 3 + 0 3 + 0 + 3
= 7 4 3 3 + 4 + 0 3 + 0 + 3
7 3 4 3 + 3 + 0 3 + 0 + 4
1 0 0
0 1 0
= A .I
0 0 1
no N
C
tt E
o R
be T
re
pu
1 0 0
= 0 1 0 = (1)
0 0 1
Also
A1
7 3 3
7 3 3
1
a d j A = 1 1 0 = 1 1 0
1
A
1 0 1
1 0 1
2 3
1 2
1
1 1
and B =
Example 25 If A =
3
2
Solution We have AB =
1 4
Since,
1 2 1 5
1 3 = 5 14
(AB)1 =
1
1 14 5 = 1 14 5
adj (AB) =
AB
11 5 1 11 5 1
1
11
4
1
3
,B 1
2
3 2
1 1
DETERMINANTS
B 1A 1
Therefore
1 3 2
11 1 1
4
1
3
2
1
11
14
5
5
1
131
1 14 5
11 5 1
Hence (AB)1 = B1 A1
2 3
satisfies the equation A2 4A + I = O,
1 2
where I is 2 2 identity matrix and O is 2 2 zero matrix. Using this equation, find A1.
is
2 3 2 3 7 12
Solution We have A 2 = A.A =
1 2 1 2 4 7
he
7 12 8 12 1 0 0 0
A 2 4A + I =
+
=
=O
4 7 4 8 0 1 0 0
Now
Therefore
or
or
or
A2 4A + I = O
A A 4A = I
A A (A1) 4 A A1 = I A1 (Post multiplying by A1 because |A| 0)
A (A A1) 4I = A1
AI 4I = A1
or
4 0 2 3
2 3
=
A1 = 4I A =
0 4 1 2
1 2
Hence
2 3
A 1 =
1 2
no N
C
tt E
o R
be T
re
pu
bl
Hence
EXERCISE 4.5
1 2
3 4
2.
1
2
2
1 2
3 5
0 1
3.
2
4
3
6
4.
1
3
1
1
0
0
2
2
3
132
MATHEMATICS
Find the inverse of each of the matrices (if it exists) given in Exercises 5 to 11.
2
3
8.
1 0
3 3
5 2
0
0
1
6.
1 5
3 2
9.
2
4
7
1 3
1 0
2 1
7.
10.
1 2 3
0 2 4
0 0 5
1
0
3
1
2
2
2
3
4
he
5.
2
4
no N
C
tt E
o R
be T
re
pu
bl
is
0
0
1
0 cos
sin
11.
0 sin cos
3 7
6 8
12. Let A =
and B =
. Verify that (AB)1 = B1 A1.
2 5
7 9
13. If A =
3 1
, show that A2 5A + 7I = O. Hence find A1.
1 2
3 2
, find the numbers a and b such that A2 + aA + bI = O.
1 1
1
15. For the matrix A = 1
2
1
2
1
1
3
3
16. If A =
2
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
2
DETERMINANTS
133
he
In this section, we shall discuss application of determinants and matrices for solving the
system of linear equations in two or three variables and for checking the consistency of
the system of linear equations.
Consistent system A system of equations is said to be consistent if its solution (one
or more) exists.
Inconsistent system A system of equations is said to be inconsistent if its solution
does not exist.
is
no N
C
tt E
o R
be T
re
pu
bl
a1 b1 c1
x
d1
a b c , X = y and B = d
Let
A = 2 2 2
2
a3 b3 c3
d3
z
Then, the system of equations can be written as, AX = B, i.e.,
a1
a
2
a3
b1
b2
b3
c1
c2
c3
x
d1
y
= d2
d3
z
AX = B
(premultiplying by A1)
or
A (AX) = A1 B
(by associative property)
or
(A1A) X = A1 B
1
or
IX=A B
or
X = A1 B
This matrix equation provides unique solution for the given system of equations as
inverse of a matrix is unique. This method of solving system of equations is known as
Matrix Method.
1
134
MATHEMATICS
he
is
2x + 5y = 1
3x + 2y = 7
bl
2 5
x
1
, X = and B =
A=
3 2
y
7
no N
C
tt E
o R
be T
re
pu
Note that
1 2
11 3
X = A1B =
Therefore
5
2
1 2
11 3
x
1 33
y =
11 11
x = 3, y = 1
i.e.
Hence
5 1
2 7
3
1
A = 2 1 1 , X = y and B =
4 3 2
z
8
1
4
We see that
A = 3 (2 3) + 2(4 + 4) + 3 ( 6 4) = 17 0
DETERMINANTS
A13 = 10
A23 = 1
A33 = 7
he
1 5 1
1
A = 8 6 9
17
10 1 7
1
Therefore
135
is
1 5 1 8
1
X = A B = 8 6 9 1
17
10 1 7 4
1
bl
So
x
17 1
1
y
= 17 34 = 2
z
51 3
no N
C
tt E
o R
be T
re
pu
i.e.
Hence
x = 1, y = 2 and z = 3.
Example 29 The sum of three numbers is 6. If we multiply third number by 3 and add
second number to it, we get 11. By adding first and third numbers, we get double of the
second number. Represent it algebraically and find the numbers using matrix method.
Solution Let first, second and third numbers be denoted by x, y and z, respectively.
Then, according to given conditions, we have
x+y+z=6
y + 3z = 11
x + z = 2y or x 2y + z = 0
This system can be written as A X = B, where
1 1 1
x
6
0 1 3 , X = y and B = 11
z
1 2 1
0
A=
Here A
1 1 6 (0 3)
A11 = 1 (1 + 6) = 7,
A21 = (1 + 2) = 3,
A31 = (3 1) = 2,
0 1
A12 = (0 3) = 3,
A22 = 0,
A32 = (3 0) = 3,
A13 = 1
A23 = ( 2 1) = 3
A33 = (1 0) = 1
Thus
Since
7 3 2
adj A = 3 0 3
1 3
1
7 3 2
1
1
A 1 =
adj (A) = 3 0 3
A
9
1 3 1
X = A1 B
bl
7 3 2 6
1
X = 3 0 3 11
9
1 3 1 0
he
Hence
MATHEMATICS
is
136
9
1
18 = 2
27
3
no N
C
tt E
o R
be T
re
pu
x
42 33 + 0
18 + 0 + 0 1
1
y =
=
9 6 + 33 + 0 9
z
x = 1, y = 2, z = 3
or
Thus
EXERCISE 4.6
DETERMINANTS
137
5
2 3
3 2 4
1
1
15. If A =
, find A . Using A solve the system of equations
1 1 2
bl
Miscellaneous Examples
is
he
2x 3y + 5z = 11
3x + 2y 4z = 5
x + y 2z = 3
16. The cost of 4 kg onion, 3 kg wheat and 2 kg rice is Rs 60. The cost of 2 kg onion,
4 kg wheat and 6 kg rice is Rs 90. The cost of 6 kg onion 2 kg wheat and 3 kg
rice is Rs 70. Find cost of each item per kg by matrix method.
Example 30 If a, b, c are positive and unequal, show that value of the determinant
no N
C
tt E
o R
be T
re
pu
a b c
= b c a is negative.
c a b
a+b+c b c
1 b c
= a + b + c c a = (a + b + c) 1 c a
1 a b
a+b+c a b
b
c
1
= (a + b + c) 0 c b a c (Applying R2 R2R1,and R3 R3 R1)
0 ab b c
= (a + b + c) [(c b) (b c) (a c) (a b)] (Expanding along C1)
= (a + b + c)( a2 b2 c2 + ab + bc + ca)
1
(a + b + c) (2a2 + 2b2 + 2c2 2ab 2bc 2ca)
2
1
(a + b + c) [(a b)2 + (b c)2 + (c a)2]
2
138
MATHEMATICS
2y + 4 5y + 7 8y + a
3y + 5 6 y + 8 9 y + b
he
4 y + 6 7 y + 9 10 y + c
Solution Applying R1 R1 + R3 2R2 to the given determinant, we obtain
(Since 2b = a + c)
is
0
0
0
3y + 5 6 y + 8 9 y + b = 0
4 y + 6 7 y + 9 10 y + c
( y+ z )
xy
zx
( x+ z )
xy
yz
= 2xyz (x + y + z)3
no N
C
tt E
o R
be T
re
pu
bl
xz
( x+ y )
yz
x y z
1
xyz
xy 2
x2 y
y x z
xz 2
yz 2
x2 z
y2 z
z x y
( y + z)
xyz
xyz
x2
y2
( x + z)
z2
z2
x2
y2
( x + y)
( y + z )2
x2 ( y + z )
y2
( x + z )2 y 2
z2
( x + y )2 z 2
x2 ( y + z )
DETERMINANTS
139
(y + z)
= (x + y + z)
x ( y + z)
( x + z) y
z2
x ( y + z)
0
( x + y) z
1
C ) and C3
y 1
2y
0
x+ y z
is
2z
x y+z
0
1
C1 , we get
z
C3
no N
C
tt E
o R
be T
re
pu
Applying C2 (C2 +
2 yz
y2
z2
bl
= (x + y + z)
he
= (x + y + z)2
2 yz
y2
x z
z2
z2
y
0
y2
z
x y
1 1 2
Example 33 Use product 0 2 3
3 2 4
2 0 1
9 2 3 to solve the system of equations
6 1 2
x y + 2z = 1
2y 3z = 1
3x 2y + 4z = 2
2
2
2
3
4
2
9
0
2
1
1
3
2
140
MATHEMATICS
1 0 0
2 9 + 12 0 2 + 2 1 + 3 4
0 + 18 18 0 + 4 3 0 6 + 6
=
= 0 1 0
6 18 + 24 0 4 + 4 3 + 6 8
0 0 1
1
he
1 1 2
2 0 1
Hence
0 2 3
9 2 3
3 2 4
6 1 2
Now, given system of equations can be written, in matrix form, as follows
bl
is
1 1 2 x 1
0 2 3 y
= 1
3 2 4 z 2
x
2 0 1
1 1 2 1
y = 0
2 3 1 = 9 2 3
3 2 4 2
z
6 1 2
no N
C
tt E
o R
be T
re
pu
or
2 + 0 + 2 0
= 9 + 2 6 = 5
6 + 1 4 3
x = 0, y = 5 and z = 3
Hence
a + bx c + dx p + qx
a c p
2
= ax + b cx + d px + q = (1 x ) b d q
u
v
w
u v w
a (1 x 2 ) c (1 x 2 )
ax + b
cx + d
u
a
c
= (1 x ) ax + b cx + d
u
v
2
p (1 x 2 )
px + q
w
p
px + q
w
1
1
2
DETERMINANTS
141
a c p
= (1 x ) b d q
u v w
he
sin cos
1 is independent of .
1. Prove that the determinant sin x
cos
1
x
bc
ca
ab
1 a2
1 b2
1 c2
a3
b3 .
c3
no N
C
tt E
o R
be T
re
pu
bl
a a2
2. Without expanding the determinant, prove that b b 2
c c2
is
b+ c c+ a a+ b
= c + a a + b b + c = 0,
a+ b b+ c c+ a
Show that either a + b + c = 0 or a = b = c.
x+a
5. Solve the equation x
x
x
x+a
x
x
x = 0, a 0
x+a
a2
bc
ac c 2
2
b2
ac = 4a2b2c2
6. Prove that a ab
2
ab
b bc
c2
1 1
3
1 2 2
1
7. If A1 = 15 6 5 and B = 1 3 0 , find ( AB )
5 2 2
0 2 1
142
MATHEMATICS
1 2 1
8. Let A = 2 3 1 . Verify that
1 1 5
(i) [adj A]1 = adj (A1)
is
1
x
10. Evaluate 1 x + y
1
x
he
x+ y
x
y
y
x+ y
x
y
y
x+ y
bl
x
9. Evaluate y
x+ y
(ii) (A1)1 = A
no N
C
tt E
o R
be T
re
pu
11.
2
2
2
+
+ = ( ) ( ) ( ) ( + + )
+
12.
x
y
z
13.
3a
a+ b a+ c
b+ a
3b
b + c = 3(a + b + c) (ab + bc + ca)
c + a c+ b
3c
14.
1 1+ p
1+ p + q
2 3 + 2 p 4 + 3 p+ 2q = 1
3 6 + 3 p 10 + 6 p + 3 q
x 2 1 px 3
y 2 1 py 3 = (1 + pxyz) (x y) (y z) (z x), where p is any scalar.
z 2 1 pz 3
3
y
10
z
15.
DETERMINANTS
6
x
5
z
9 20
y
z
he
4 6
x y
143
(B) 1
(C) x
bl
(A) 0
is
x + 2 x + 3 x + 2a
x + 3 x + 4 x + 2b is
x + 4 x + 5 x + 2c
(D) 2x
no N
C
tt E
o R
be T
re
pu
x 0 0
18. If x, y, z are nonzero real numbers, then the inverse of matrix A = 0 y 0 is
0 0 z
x 1
(A) 0
y 1
0
z 1
x 0 0
1
0 y 0
(C)
xyz
0 0 z
x 1
(B) xyz 0
y 1
0
z 1
1 0 0
1
0 1 0
(D)
xyz
0 0 1
sin 1
1
sin
1 sin , where 0 2. Then
19. Let A =
1 sin 1
(A) Det (A) = 0
144
MATHEMATICS
Summary
Determinant of a matrix A
Determinant of a matrix A
b1
b2
b3
he
a12
= a11 a22 a12 a21
a22
a1
a2
a3
c1
b
c2 = a1 2
b3
c3
b1
b2
b3
c2
c1
c2 is given by (expanding along R1)
c3
a2
c2
a2
b2
a3
b3
no N
C
tt E
o R
be T
re
pu
a1
A = a2
a3
is given by
is
a11
a21
a12
a22
bl
A =
a11
a21
c3
b1
a3
c3
+ c1
If any two rows or any two columns are identical or proportional, then value
of determinant is zero.
DETERMINANTS
Area of a triangle with vertices (x1, y1), (x2, y2) and (x3, y3) is given by
x1
1
=
x2
2
x3
y2 1
y3 1
he
y1 1
If elements of one row (or column) are multiplied with cofactors of elements
of any other row (or column), then their sum is zero. For example, a11 A21 + a12
A22 + a13 A23 = 0
bl
is
145
A 1 =
If
no N
C
tt E
o R
be T
re
pu
1
(adj A)
A
a 1 x + b1 y + c 1 z = d1
a2 x + b2 y + c 2 z = d2
a3 x + b3 y + c3 z = d3,
then these equations can be written as A X = B, where
a1
A = a2
a3
b1
b2
b3
c1
x
d1
c2 , X = y and B= d 2
d3
c3
z
Historical Note
he
MATHEMATICS
is
146
no N
C
tt E
o R
be T
re
pu
bl