Class 12 Maths Chapter 3 Matrices Doubtnut Notes English Medium

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Class 12 - गिणत/MATHS
For CBSE, BIHAR, UP, MP & Haryana Boards
Chapter 3. MATRICES
Introduction
The evolution of concept of matrices is the result of an attempt to obtain compact and simple methods of solving system of
linear equations. Matrices are not only used as a representation of the coefficients in system of linear equations, but utility
of matrices far exceeds that use. Matrix notation and operations are used in electronic spreadsheet programs for personal
computer, which in turn is used in different areas of business and science like budgeting, sales projection, cost estimation,
analysing the results of an experiment etc. Also, many physical operations such as magnification, rotation and reflection
through a plane can be represented mathematically by matrices. Matrices are also used in cryptography. This mathematical
tool is not only used in certain branches of sciences, but also in genetics, economics, sociology, modern psychology and
industrial management. Now we will learn fundamentals of matrix and matrix algebra.
Matrix
Suppose we have to represent case that Ram has 15 blue pens, then we may represent as [15] where [] means number of
pens. Now ram has 15 blue pens and 10 black pens. This can be expressed as [ 15 10 ] , where first number tell about
number of blue pens and second number about number of black pens. Similarly, consider radha has 8 blue pens and 5
black pens and simran has 12 blue pens and 7 black pens. this all three situation can be expressed in matrix as:
15 10
⎡ ⎤
⎢ 8 5 ⎥
⎣ ⎦
12 7
where,
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In this arrangement the entries in the column 1 represent the number of blue pens and column 2 represent the number of
black pens and row 1 represent ram and row 2 represent radha and row 3 represent simran. An arrangement or display of
the above kind is called a matrix.
A matrix is an ordered rectangular array of numbers or functions. The numbers or functions are called the
elements or the entries of the matrix.
We denote matrices by capital letters. e.g.
1
−2 5 2 3 −
⎡ 2 ⎤
⎡ ⎤ 3
1 + x x 3
A = ⎢ 0 √ 5 ⎥, B = ⎢ 3.5 −1 2 ⎥, C = [ ]
⎢ ⎥
cos x sin x + 2 tan x
⎣ ⎦ 5
3 6 ⎣√ ⎦
3 5
7
Order of a matrix
A matrix having m rows and n columns is called a matrix of order m × n or simply m × n matrix (read as an m by n
matrix).
An m × n matrix has the following rectangular array:

a11 a12 a13 ... a1j ... a1n
⎡ ⎤
⎢ a21 a22 a23 ... a2j ... a2n ⎥

⎢ ⎥
⎢ . . . . . ⎥
⎢ . . . . . ⎥
⎢ . . . . . ⎥
⎢ ai1 ai2 ai3 ... aij ... ain ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢ . . . . . ⎥
. . . . .
. . . . .
⎣ ⎦
am1 am2 am3 ... amj ... amn
m×n
or A = [aij ] , 1 ≤ i ≤ n, 1 ≤ j ≤ n
m×n
the i th row consists of the elements ai1 , ai2 , ai3 , .... , ain , while the j th column consists of the elements
a1j , a2j , a3j , ..., amj
aij , is an element lying in the ith row and jth column. This can also called as the (i, j) th element of A . The number of
elements in an m × n matrix will be equal to mn.

x
We can also represent any point (x, y) in a plane by a matrix (column or row) as [ ] or [ x y]
y
For example, consider a quadrilateral ABCD with vertices A(1, 0), B(3, 2), C(1, 3), D(– 1, 2) can be expressed as
1 0
⎡ ⎤
1 3 1 −1 ⎢ 3 2⎥
X = [ ] or Y = ⎢
⎢
⎥
⎥
0 2 3 2 ⎢ 1 3⎥
2×4
⎣ ⎦
−1 2 4×2
Similarly matrices can be used as representation of vertices of any geometrical figures in a plane.
Note: If aij = i + j and order is 2 × 2 then vary i, j from 1 to 2 i.e a11 = 1 + 1 = 2 , a12 = 1 + 2 = 3 ,
a21 = 2 + 1 = 3 a22 = 2 + 2 = 4 ,
2 3
[ ]
3 4
Note: Total number of matrix of size n with m number of elements is mn .
Types of Matrices
(i) Column matrix:
A matrix is said to be a column matrix if it has only one column. Order of column matrix A = [aij ]
m×1
is m × 1 .
1
⎡ ⎤
⎢2⎥
For example, A = ⎢
⎢
⎥
⎥
is column matrix of order 4 × 1 .
⎢3⎥
⎣ ⎦
4
(ii) Row matrix:
A matrix is said to be a row matrix if it has only one row. Order of row matrix A = [aij ]
1×n
is 1 × n .
For example, A = [1 2 3 4] is row matrix of order 1 × 4
(iii) Horizontal matrix:

1 2 3
A matrix in which the number of rows is less than the number of columns i.e. `m For example, [ ]
4 5 6
(iv)Vertical matrix:
A matrix in which the number of rows is greater than the number of columns, i.e. m > n , So it's called a vertical matrix
1 4
⎡ ⎤
For example, ⎢ 2 5⎥
⎣ ⎦
3 6
(v) Square matrix:
A matrix in which the number of rows are equal to the number of columns, is said to be a square matrix. Thus, an m × n
matrix is said to be a square matrix if m = n and is known as a square matrix of order n . Order of square matrix is
A = [aij ]
n×n
is n or n × n .
1 2 3
⎡ ⎤
For example, A = ⎢4 5 6⎥ is square matrix of order 3 or 3 × 3
⎣ ⎦
7 8 9
(vi) Diagonal matrix:
A square matrix A = [aij ]

m×m
is said to be a diagonal matrix if all its non-diagonal elements are zero, that is a matrix
A = [aij ]
m×m
is said to be a diagonal matrix if aij = 0 , when i ≠ j .
1 0 0
⎡ ⎤
2 0
For example, A = [4], B = [ ]C = ⎢ 0 2 0⎥ is diagonal matrices of order 1, 2 and 3.
0 −5
⎣ ⎦
0 0 3
Note: In matrix, we only consider one diagonal from LEFT TOP to RIGHT BOTTOM.
(vii) Scalar matrix:
A diagonal matrix is said to be a scalar matrix if its diagonal elements are equal, that is, a square matrix A = [aij ]
n×n
is
said to be a scalar matrix if

aij = 0 when i ≠ j
aij = k when i = j for some constant k
−1 0 0
⎡ ⎤
3 0
For example, A = [2], B = [ ]C = ⎢ 0 −1 0 ⎥ are scalar matrices of order 1, 2 and 3
0 3
⎣ ⎦
0 0 −1
(viii) Identity matrix:
A square matrix in which elements in the diagonal are all 1 and rest are all zero is called an identity matrix. In other words,
the square matrix A = [aij ] is identity matrix if

n×n
aij = 0 when i ≠ j
{ ]
aij = 1 when i = j
The identity matrix of order n is denoted by In

1 0 0
⎡ ⎤
1 0
For example, [1], [ ], ⎢ 0 1 0⎥ are identity matrices of order 1, 2 and 3
0 1
⎣ ⎦
0 0 1
(ix) Zero matrix
A matrix is said to be zero matrix or null matrix if all its elements are zero. It is denoted by O.
0 0 0
⎡ ⎤
0 0 0
For example, [0], [ 0 0 ], [ ], ⎢ 0 0 0⎥ are some zero matrices.
0 0 0
⎣ ⎦
0 0 0
(x) Upper Triangular Matrices:
A square matrix with all the components below its main diagonal is zero, is called an upper triangular matrix.

m×m
where i > j gives aij = 0 is upper triangular matrix.
1 1 5
⎡ ⎤
For example, A = ⎢0 2 6⎥
⎣ ⎦
0 0 3
(xi) Lower Triangular Matrices
A square matrix with all the components above its main diagonal is zero, is called the lower triangular matrix
2 0 0
⎡ ⎤
m×m
where `i For example, A = ⎢2 5 0 ⎥
⎣ ⎦
1 7 −4
Sub Matrices
When some rows and columns of a given matrix are removed or left out, the remaining matrix is called a sub-matrix of the
1 2 3
⎡ ⎤
1 2
given matrix, such as a [ ] is sub matrix of ⎢ 4 5 6⎥ by removing third row and third column.
3 4
⎣ ⎦
7 8 9
Equality of matrices
Two matrices A = [aij ] and B = [bij ] are said to be equal if
(i) they are of the same order
(ii) each element of A is equal to the corresponding element of B, that is aij = bij for all i and j.
If two matrices A and B are equal, we write A = B .

1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 2 1 3
For example, [ ] and [ ] are equal matrices but [ ] and [ ] are not equal matrices.
4 5 6 4 5 6 4 5 6 4 6 5
a d 1 4
⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤
if⎢ b e ⎥ = ⎢2 5⎥ then a = 1, b = 2, c = 3, d = 4, e = 5 and f = 6
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
c f 3 6
Example 1
Question:
Construct A3 × 2 matrix whose elements are given by Aij = (i + 2j).
Answer:
A3 × 2 matrix has 3 rows and 2 columns.
In general, a3 × 2 matrix is given by
a11 a12
⎡ ⎤
A = ⎢ a21 a22 ⎥
⎣ ⎦
a31 a32
3×2
Thus f aij = (i + 2j) for i = 1, 2, 3 and j = 1, 2
∴ a11 = (1 + 2 × 1) = 3, a12 = (1 + 2 × 2) = 5,
a21 = (2 + 2 × 1) = 4, a22 = (2 + 2 × 2) = 6,
a31 = (3 + 2 × 1) = 5, a32 = (3 + 2 × 2) = 7.
3 5
⎡ ⎤
Hence, A = ⎢4 6⎥
⎣ ⎦
5 7 3×2.
Example 2
Question:
a 1 x
⎡ ⎤
2
In the matrix A = ⎢2
⎢
√3 x − y⎥
⎥
write
−2
⎣0 5 ⎦
5
(i) the order of the matrix A.
(ii) the number of elements.
(iii) elements a23 , a31 and a12 ,
Answer:
a 1 x
⎡ ⎤
2
we have A = ⎢2
⎢
√3 x − y⎥
⎥
−2
⎣0 5 ⎦
5
(i) the order of matrix A=3 × 3
(ii) the number of elements = 3 × 3 = 9
[since the number of elements in an m × n matrix will be equal to m × n = mn ]
(iii) a23 = x
2
− y, a31 = 0, a12 = 1
[since , we know that aij is a representation of element lying in the ith row and jth column]
Example 3
Question:
If a matrix has 12 elements, what are the possible orders it can have?
Answer:
We know that a matrix of order m × n has mn elements.
Hence, all possible orders of a matrix having 12 elements are

(12 × 1), (1 × 12), (6 × 2), (2 × 6), (4 × 3) and (3 × 4).
Example 4
Question:
x − y 2x + z −1 5
Find x, y, z when [ ] = [ ].
2x − y 3z + w 0 13
Answer:
We know that in equal matrices, the corresponding elements are equal.

x − y 2x + z −1 5
∴ [ ] = [ ]
2x − y 3z + w 0 13
⇔ x − y = − 1, 2x − y = 0, 2x + z = 5 and 3z + w = 13.
Solving the first two equations, we get x = 1 and y = 2.
Putting x=1 in 2x + z = 5 , we get z=3.
Putting z=3 in 3z + w = 13 , we get w=4.
∴ x = 1, y = 2, z = 3 and w=4.
Example 5
Question:
Find the values of a and b, if A=B,where

2
a + 4 3b 2a + 2 b + 2
A = [ ]andB = [ ]
2
8 −6 8 b − 5b
Answer:
2
a + 4 3b 2a + 2 b + 2
We h ave A = [ ] andB = [ ]
2
8 −6 2×2 8 b − 5b 2×2
Also, A=B
By equality of matrices we know that each element of A is equal to the corresponding element of B, that is aij = bij for all i
and j.
a11 = b11 ⇒ a + 4 = 2a + 2 ⇒ a = 2
2 2
a12 = b12 ⇒ 3bj = b + 2 ⇒ b = 3b − 2
and a22 = b22 ⇒ − 6 = b

2
− 5b[ ∵ b
2
= 3b − 2]
⇒ − 6 = 3b − 2 − 5b
⇒ 2b = 4 ⇒ b = 2
∴ a = 2 and b=2
NCERT - EXERCISE 3.1
2 5 19 7
⎡ ⎤
5
1. In the matrix A = ⎢
⎢
35 −2
2
12 ⎥
⎥ , write: (i) The order of the matrix, (ii) The number of elements,(iii) Write the
⎣ ⎦
√3 1 −5 17
elements a13 , a21 , a33 , a24 , a23 .
Watch Video Solution
2. If a matrix has 24 elements, what are the possible orders it can have? What, if it has 13 elements?
2
(i + j) i
4. Construct a 2 × 2 matrix, A = [aij ] , whose elements are given by:(i) aij = (ii) aij = (iii)
2 j
2
(i + 2j)
aij =
2
1
5. Construct a 3 × 4 matrix, whose elements are given by:(i) aij = | − 3i + j| (ii) aij = 2i − j
2
4 3 y z x + y 3 6 2
6. Find the values of x, y and z from the following equations:(i) [ ] = [ ] (ii) [ ] = [ ] (iii)
x 5 1 5 5 + z xy 5 8
x + y + z 9
⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤
⎢ x + z ⎥ = ⎢5⎥
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
y + z 7
a − b 2a + c −1 5
7. Find the value of a, b, c and d from the equation:[ ] = [ ]
2a − b 3c + d 0 13
8. A = ([aij ])
m×n
is a square matrix, if (a) m < n (b) m > n (c) m = n (d) None of these
3x + 7 5 0 y − 2
9. Which of the given values of x and y make the following pair of matrices equal[ ], [ ]
y + 1 2 − 3x 8 4
−1 −2 −1 −2
(a) x = , y = 7 (b) Not possible to find(c) y = 7, x = (d) x = , y =
3 3 3 3
10. The number of all possible matrices of order 3 × 3 with each entry 0 or 1 is:(a) 27 (b) 18 (c) 81 (d) 512
Operations on Matrices
We will now learn certain operations on matrices, like addition of matrices, multiplication of a matrix by a scalar, difference
and multiplication of matrices.
Addition of matrices
The sum of two matrices is a matrix obtained by adding the corresponding elements of the given matrices. The two matrices
have to be of the same order.
If A = [aij ] and B = [bij] are two matrices of the same order, say m × n . Then, the sum of the two matrices A and B
is defined as a matrix C = [cij ]

m×n
, where cij = aij + bij , for all possible values of i and j.
1 2 3 3 −4 7 4 −2 10
For example, [ ] + [ ] = [ ]
4 5 6 1 8 5 5 13 11
If A and B are not of the same order, then A + B is not defined.
Multiplication of a matrix by a scalar
Multiplication of a matrix by a scalar is obtained by multiplying ech element by scaler. i.e. if A = [aij ]
m×n
is a matrix and
k is a scalar, then kA is another matrix which is obtained by multiplying each element of A by the scalar k.
1 2 3
For example, [ ] when multiply by 2 we get
4 5 6
1 2 3 2 × 1 2 × 2 2 × 3 2 4 6
2[ ] = [ ] = [ ]
4 5 6 2 × 4 2 × 5 2 × 6 8 10 12
Negative of a matrix:
The negative of a matrix is when we multiply matrix with scaler − 1 and denoted by – A. We define – A = (– 1)A.
1 2 3 1 2 3 −1 −2 −3
For example, if A = [ ] , then − A = ( − 1)A = ( − 1)[ ] = [ ]
4 5 6 4 5 6 −4 −5 −6
Difference of matrices If A ,
= [aij ] B = [bij ] are two matrices of the same order, say m × n , then difference A– B is
defined as a matrix D = [dij ] , where dij = aij – bij , for all value of i and j . In other words, D = A– B = A + (– 1)B ,
that is sum of the matrix A and the matrix – B.

1 2 3 3 −4 7
For example, if A = [ ] , B = [ ]
4 5 6 1 8 5
1 2 3 3 −4 7 1 2 3 −3 4 −7 −2 6 −4
A − B = A + ( − 1)B = [ ] + ( − 1)[ ] = [ ] + [ ] = [ ]
4 5 6 1 8 5 4 5 6 −1 −8 −5 3 −3 1
Properties of matrix addition
(i) Commutative Law If A = [aij ], B = [bij ] are matrices of the same order m × n , then A + B = B + A .
Now A + B = [aij ] + [bij ] = [aij + bij ]
= [bij + aij ]( addition of numbers is commutative)
= ([bij ] + [aij ]) = B + A
(ii) Associative Law For any three matrices A = [aij ], B = [bij ], C = [cij ] of the same order m × n ,
(A + B) + C = A + (B + C)
Now (A + B) + C = ([aij ] + [bij ]) + [cij ]
= [aij + bij ] + [cij ] = [(aij + bij ) + cij ]
= [aij + (bij + cij )]
= [aij ] + [(bij + cij )] = [aij ] + ([bij ] + [cij ]) = A + (B + C)
(iii) Existence of additive identity Let A = [aij ] be an m × n matrix and O be an m × n zero matrix, then
A + O = O + A = A . In other words, O is the additive identity for matrix addition.
(iv) The existence of additive inverse Let A = [aij ]

m×n
be any matrix, then we have another matrix as
− A = [ − aij ]
m×n
such that A + ( − A) = ( − A) + A = O . So − A is the additive inverse of A or negative of A.
Properties of scalar multiplication of a matrix
(i) k(A + B) = kA + kB ,(ii) (k + l)A = kA + lA
Proof
(i) k(A + B) = k([aij ] + [bij ])
= k[aij + bij ] = [k(aij + bij )] = [(kaij ) + (kbij )]
= [kaij ] + [kbij ] = k[aij ] + k[bij ] = kA + kB
(ii) (k + l)A = (k + l)[aij ]
= [(k + l)aij ] + [kaij ] + [laij ] = k[aij ] + l[aij ] = kA + lA
Multiplication of matrices
The product of two matrices A and B is defined if the number of columns of A is equal to the number of rows of B. Let
A = [aj ] be an m × n matrix and B = [bz ] be an n × p matrix. Then the product of the matrices A and B is the matrix
th
C of order m × p . To get the (i, k) element cik of the matrix C , we take the i
th
row of A and k
th
column of B ,
multiply them element wise and take the sum of all these products. In other words, if A = [aij ]
m×m
B = [bjk ]
n×p
, then
b1k
⎡ ⎤
⎢ b2k ⎥
⎢ ⎥
the i
th
row of A is [ai1 a2 ...a ∈ ] and the k
th
column of B is ⎢ ⎥ , then
⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⋮ ⎥
⎣ ⎦
bnk
n
cik = ai1 b1k + an b2k + a3 b3k + ... + a ∈ bnk = ∑ aij bjk
j=1
2 7
⎡ ⎤
1 −1 2
For example, if C = [ ] and D = ⎢ −1 1 ⎥ which is 2 × 3 and 3 × 2 matrix so multiplication will give
0 3 4
⎣ ⎦
5 −4
2 × 2 matrix.
13 −2
Thus, CD = [ ]
17 − 13
Note: If AB is defined, then BA need not necessary be defined. If A , B are, respectively m × n , k × l matrices, then
both AB and BA are defined if and only if n = k and l = m i.e. if both A and B are square matrices of the same order,
then both AB and BA are defined.
Non-commutativity of multiplication of matrices
If AB and BA are both defined, it is not necessary that AB = BA . Multiplication of diagonal matrices of same order will
be only commutative.
Zero matrix as the product of two non zero matrices
For real numbers a, b if ab = 0 , then either a = 0 or b = 0 . This need not be true for matrices. In matrices two non-zero
matices may give us zero matrix.
Properties of multiplication of matrices
1. The associative law For any three matrices A, B and C. We have (AB)C = A(BC), whenever both sides of the
equality are defined.
2. The distributive law For three matrices A, B and C.
(i) A(B + C) = AB + AC
(ii) (A + B)C = AC + BC , whenever both sides of equality are defined.
3. The existence of multiplicative identity For every square matrix A , there exist an identity matrix of same order such that
I A = AI = A.
These properties an be verified by example.
POSITIVE INTEGRAL POWERS OF A SQUARE MATRIX
For any square matrix, we define
(i) A1 = A and, (ii) An + 1 = A

n
⋅ A, where n ∈ N
It is evident from this definition that A2 = ∀, A

3 2
= A A = ( ∀ )A .etc.
It can be easily shown that

n
(iii) Am An = A
m+n
and, (ii) (Am ) = A
mn
for all m, n ∈ N
MATRIX POLYNOMIAL
Let be a polynomial and let be a square matrix of order .

n n−1 n−2
f (x) = a0 x + a1 x + a2 x + ... + an − 1 x + an A n
Then,
n n−1 n−2
f (A) = a0 A + a1 A + a2 A + ... + an − 1 A + an In
is called a matrix polynomial.
For example, if is a polynomial and is a square matrix, then is a matrix

2 2
f (x) = x − 3x + 2 A f (A) = A − 3A + 2I
polynomial.
Some additional concept used in matrix:
ON PRINCIPLE OF MATHEMATICAL INDUCTION
Let P (n) be a statement involving positive integer n such that
(i) P (1) is true ie the statement is true for n = 1 , and
(ii) P (m + 1) is true whenever P (m) is true i.e. the truth of P (m) implies the truth of P (m + 1) .
Then,P (n) is true for all positive integer n.
Example 6
Question:
3 1 −1 2 1 −1
If X = [ ]andY = [ ] then find
5 −2 −3 7 2 4
(i) X + Y ,
(ii) 2X − 3Y .
(iii) a matrix Z such that X + Y + Z is a zero matrix.
Answer:
3 1 −1 2 1 −1
We have , X = [ ] and Y = [ ]
5 −2 −3 7 2 4
2×3 2×3
3 + 2 1 + 1 −1 − 1 5 2 −2
(i) X + Y = [ ] = [ ]
5 + 7 −2 + 2 −3 + 4 12 0 1
3 1 −1
⎡ ⎤
6 2 −2
∵ 2X = 2⎢ 5 −2 −3 ⎥ = [ ]
10 −4 −6
⎣ ⎦
5 −2 −3
2 1 −1 6 3 −3
and 3Y = 3[ ] = [ ]
7 2 4 21 6 12
6 − 6 2 − 3 −2 + 3 0 −1 1
∴ 2X − 3Y = [ ] = [ ]
10 − 21 −4 − 6 − 6 − 12 − 11 − 10 − 18
3 + 2 1 + 1 −1 − 1 5 2 −2
(iii) X + Y = [ ] = [ ]
5 + 7 −2 + 2 −3 + 4 12 0 +1
0 0 0
Also, X + Y + Z = [ ]
0 0 0
We see that Z is the additive inverse of (X + Y) or negative of (X + Y)
−5 −2 2
Z = [ ][ ∵ Z = − (X + Y )]
− 12 0 −1
Example 7
Question:
1 −2 3 1 4 3
⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤
Let A = ⎢5 4 ⎥, B = ⎢ 0 2 ⎥ and C = ⎢ −2 2 ⎥.
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
3 0 −3 5 1 6
Verify that (A + B) + C = A + (B + C).
Answer:
Clearly, each one of the martices A, B, C is a (3 × 2) matrix. So, (A + B) + C and A + (B + C) are both defined and
each one is a 3 × 2 matrix.

1 −2 3 1
⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤
Now, (A + B) = ⎢ 5 4 ⎥ + ⎢0 2⎥
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
3 0 −3 5
1 + 3 −2 + 1 4 −1
⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤
= ⎢5 + 0 4 + 2⎥ + ⎢5 6 ⎥.
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
3 + ( − 3) 0 + 5 0 5
4 −1 4 3
⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤
∴ (A + B) + C = ⎢ 5 6 ⎥ + ⎢ −2 2 ⎥
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
0 5 1 6
4 + 4 −1 + 3 8 2
⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤
= ⎢ 5 + ( − 2) 6 + 2⎥ = ⎢3 8 ⎥.
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
0 + 1 5 + 6 1 11
3 1 4 3
⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤
Also, (B + C) = ⎢ 0 2 ⎥ + ⎢ −2 2⎥
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
−3 5 1 6
3 + 4 1 + 3 7 4
⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤
= ⎢ 0 + ( − 2) 2 + 2 ⎥ = ⎢ −2 4 ⎥
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
−3 + 1 5 + 6 −2 11
1 −2 7 4
⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤
∴ A + (B + C) = ⎢ 5 4 ⎥ + ⎢ −2 4 ⎥
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
3 0 −2 11
1 + 7 −2 + 4 8 2
⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤
= ⎢ 5 + ( − 2) 4 + 4 ⎥ = ⎢3 8 ⎥.
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
3 + ( − 2) 0 + 11 1 11
Hence, (A + B) + C = A + (B + C).
Example 8
Question:
−3 −2
⎡ ⎤
1 2 3
if A = [ ] and B = ⎢ 0 1 ⎥, then find AB and BA ,
4 5 6
⎣ ⎦
−4 −5
Answer:
∵ No. of columns in A=No . Of rows in B.
∴ AB exists .
−3 −2
⎡ ⎤
1 2 3
AB = [ ]⎢ 0 1 ⎥
4 5 6
⎣ ⎦
−4 −5
1( − 3) + 2(0) + 3( − 4) 1( − 2) + 2(1) + 3( − 5)
= [ ]
4( − 3) + 5(0) + 6( − 4) 4( − 2) + 5(1) + 6( − 5)
− 3 + 0 − 10 − 2 + 2 − 15 − 15 − 15
= [ ] = [ ].
− 12 + 0 − 24 − 8 + 5 − 30 − 36 − 33
Now, No. of columns in B=No, of rows in A.
∴ BA exists.
−3 −2
⎡ ⎤
1 2 3
BA = ⎢ 0 1 ⎥[ ]
4 5 6
⎣ ⎦
−4 −5
− 3(1) + ( − 2).4 ( − 3).2 + ( − 2).5( − 3).3 + ( − 2).6

⎡ ⎤
⎢ 0(1) + 1. (4) 0.2 + 1.50.3 + 1.6 ⎥
⎣ ⎦
− 4(1) + ( − 5).4 − 4.2 + ( − 5).5 − 4.3 + ( − 5).6
−3 − 8 − 6 − 10 − 9 − 12
⎡ ⎤
= ⎢0 + 4 0 + 5 0 + 6 ⎥
⎣ ⎦
− 4 − 20 − 8 − 25 − 12 − 30
− 11 − 16 − 21
⎡ ⎤
= ⎢4 5 6 ⎥.
⎣ ⎦
− 24 − 33 − 42
Example 9
Question:
1 −1 2 3 1
⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤
2 1 −3
If A = ⎢ 3 2 0 ⎥, B = ⎢ 0 2⎥ and C = [ ] then verify that (AB)C = A(BC).
3 0 −1
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
−2 0 1 −2 5
Answer:
We have
1 −1 2 3 1
⎡ ⎤⎡ ⎤
AB = ⎢ 3 2 0 ⎥⎢ 0 2⎥
⎣ ⎦⎣ ⎦
−2 0 1 −2 5
3 − 0 − 4 1 − 2 + 10 −1 9
⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤
= ⎢9 + 0 − 0 3 + 4 + 0 ⎥ = ⎢ 9 7⎥
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
−6 + 0 − 2 −2 + 0 + 5 −8 3
−1 9
⎡ ⎤
2 1 −3
⇒ (AB)C = ⎢ 9 7 ⎥[ ]
3 0 −1
⎣ ⎦
−8 3
− 2 + 27 −1 + 0 3 − 9 25 −1 −6
⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤
= ⎢ 18 + 21 9 + 0 − 27 − 7 ⎥ = ⎢ 39 9 − 34 ⎥
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
− 16 + 9 −8 + 0 24 − 3 −7 −8 21
3 1
⎡ ⎤
2 1 −3
Also, BC = ⎢0 2 ⎥[ ]
3 0 −1
⎣ ⎦
−2 5
6 + 3 3 + 0 −9 − 1 9 3 − 10
⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤
= ⎢0 + 6 0 + 0 0 − 2 ⎥ = ⎢6 0 −2 ⎥
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
− 4 + 15 −2 + 0 6 − 5 11 −2 1
1 −1 2 9 3 − 10
⎡ ⎤⎡ ⎤
⇒ A(BC) = ⎢ 3 2 0 ⎥⎢ 6 0 −2 ⎥
⎣ ⎦⎣ ⎦
−2 0 1 11 −2 1
9 − 6 + 22 3 − 0 − 4 − 10 + 2 + 2
⎡ ⎤
= ⎢ 27 + 12 + 0 9 + 0 − 0 − 30 − 4 + 0 ⎥
⎣ ⎦
− 18 + 0 + 11 −6 + 0 − 2 20 − 0 + 1
25 −1 −6
⎡ ⎤
= ⎢ 39 9 − 34 ⎥.
⎣ ⎦
−7 −8 21
Hence, (AB)C = A(BC).
Example 10
Question:
3 −5
If A then find A . Hence, obtain A .
2 3
= [ ] − 5A − 14I
−4 2
Answer:
3 −5
We have A = [ ]
−4 2
3 −5 3 −5
2
∴ A = A. A = [ ][ ]
−4 2 −4 2
9 + 20 − 15 − 10
= [ ]
− 12 − 8 20 + 4
29 − 25
= [ ]
− 20 24
29 − 25 15 − 25 14 0
2
A − 5A − 14I = [ ] − [ ] − [ ]
− 20 24 − 20 10 0 14
0 0
= [ ]
0 0
Now, A
2
− 5A − 14I = 0
2
⇒ A. A − 5A. A − 14AI = 0
3 2
⇒ A − 5A − 14A = 0[ ∵ AI = A]
3 2
⇒ A = 5A + 14A
29 − 25 3 −5
= 5[ ] + 14[ ]
− 20 24 −4 2
145 − 125 42 − 70
= [ ] + [ ]
− 100 120 − 56 28
187 − 195
= [ ]
− 156 148
Example 11
Question:
Find the matrix A satisfying the matrix equation

2 1 −3 2 1 0
[ ]A[ ] = [ ]
3 2 5 −3 0 1
Answer:
2 1 −3 2 1 0
We have, [ ] A. [ ] = [ ]
3 2 5 −3 0 1
2×2 2×2 2×2
a b
Let A = [ ]
c d
2×2
2 1 a b −3 2 1 0
∴ [ ][ ][ ] = [ ]
3 2 c d 5 −3 0 1
2a + c 2b + d −3 2 1 0
⇒ [ ][ ] = [ ]
3a + 2c 3b + 2d 5 −3 0 1
− 6a − 3c + 10b + 5d 4a + 2c − 6b − 3d 1 0
⇒ [ ] = [ ]
− 9a − 6c + 15b + 10d 6a + 4c − 9b − 6d 0 1
⇒ − 6a − 3c + 10b + 5d = 1 ...(i)
⇒ 4a + 2c − 6b − 3d = 0 ...(ii)
⇒ − 9a − 6c + 15b + 10d = 0 ...(iii)
⇒ 6a + 4c − 9b − 6d = 1 ...(iv)
eq (i) -2 × eq (iii)
3a − 5b = − 2 ...(v)
eq (ii) -2 × eq (iv)
− 2a + 3b = 1 ...(vi)
2 × eq (v)+ 3 × eq (vi)
⇒ b = 1 ...(vii)
On putting eq (vii) in (v) we get
⇒ a = 1 ...(viii) Now put a and b in eq (i) and (iii)
− 3c + 5d = − 3 ...(xi)
2c − 3d = 2 ...(x)
2 × eq (xi) + 3 × eq (x)
d = 0 ...(xi)
put eq (xi) in eq (x) to get
c = 1 ...(xii)
Now put values from eq(vii), eq(viii), eq(xi), eq(xii) in A

1 1
∴ A = [ ]
1 0
Example 12
Question:
3 −4 1 + 2n − 4n
If A = [ ] then prove that An = [ ] for all values of n ∈ N.
1 −1 n 1 − 2n
Answer:
We shall prove the result by using the principle of mathematical induction.
When n = 1 , we have
1 + 2.1 − 4.1 1 + 2 −4 3 −4
1
A = [ ] = [ ] = [ ].
1 1 − 2.1 1 1 − 2 1 −1
Thus, the result it true for n=1.

1 + 2k − 4k
Let the result be true for n=k. Then, Ak = [ ].
k 1 − 2k
k+1 k
∴ A = A. A
3 −4 1 + 2k − 4k
= [ ][ ]
1 −1 k 1 − 2k
3 + 6k − 4k − 12k − 4 + 8k 3 + 2k − 4k − 4
= [ ] = [ ]
1 + 2k − k − 4k − 1 + 2k k + 1 1 − 2k
1 + 2(k + 1) − 4(k + 1)
= [ ].
k + 1 1 − 2(k + 1)
Thus, the result is true for n = (k + 1) , whenever it is true for n = k.
So, the result is true for all n ∈ N.
1 + 2n − 4n
Hence, A for all values of n
n
= [ ] ∈ N.
n 1 − 2n
Example 13
Question:
A trust fund has Rs. 30,000 that must be inversted in two different types of bonds. The first bond pays bond pays
5% interest per year , and the second bond pays 7% interest per year using matrix multiplication the two types of
bonds if the trust fund must ovtain an annual total interest of :
(A) Rs. 1800 (B) Rs. 2000
Answer:
Let the sum inverested in first bond =Rs. X
∴ sum inverested in second bond =Rs. (30000-x)

5 %
(a) [x30000-x] − ] = [18000]
7 %
5x 7(30000 − x)
⇒ [ + ] = [1800]
100 100
210000 − 2x
⇒ = [1800]
100
⇒ 210000 − 2x = 180000
⇒ 2x = 30000 ⇒ x = 15000
∴ 30000 − x = 30000 − 15000 = 15000
⇒ the sum inverested in two bonds are Rs. 15000 and Rs. 15000 respectively.
5 %
(B)[x 30000 − x][ ] = [2000]
7 %
5x 7(30000 − x)
⇒ [ + ] = [2000]
100 100
)
⇒ 210000 − 2x = 2000
100
⇒ 210000 − 2x = 200000
⇒ 2x = 10000
⇒ x = 5000
∴ 30000 − x = 30000 − 5000
= 25000
⇒ The sum inversted in two bonds are Rs. 5000 and RS. 25000 respectively.
Example 14
Question:
2
Show that , if A and B are square matrices such that AB=BA, then (A + B) = A
2
+ 2AB + B
2
.
Answer:
Since, A and B are square matrices duch that AB=BA

2
(A + B) = (A + B)(A + B)
2 2
= A + AB + BA + B
2 2
= A + AB + AB + B [ ∵ AB = BA]
2 2
= A + 2AB + B
2 4 1 3 −2 5
1. Let A = [ ], B = [ ], C = [ ] Find each of the following:(i) A + B (ii) A − B (iii) 3A − C (iv)
3 2 −2 5 3 4
AB (v) BA
2 2 2 2
a b a b a + b b + c 2ab 2bc
2. Compute the following:(i) [ ] + [ ] (ii) [ ] + [ ] (iii)
2 2 2 2
−b a b a a + c a + b − 2ac − 2ab
−1 4 −6 12 7 6
⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤ 2 2 2 2
cos x sin x sin x cos x
⎢ 8 5 16 ⎥ + ⎢ 8 0 5⎥ (iv) [ 2
] + [
2
]
2 2
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ sin x cos x cos x sin x
2 8 5 3 2 4
1
⎡ ⎤
a b a −b 1 −2 1 2 3
3. Compute the indicated products.(i) [ ][ ] (ii) ⎢ 2 ⎥[ 2 3 4] (iii) [ ][ ] (iv)
−b a b a 2 3 2 3 1
⎣ ⎦
3
2 3 4 1 −3 5 2 1 2 −3
⎡ ⎤⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤
1 0 1 3 −1 3
⎢3 4 5 ⎥⎢ 0 2 4⎥ (v) ⎢ 3 2 ⎥[ ] (vi) [ ]⎢ 1 0 ⎥
−1 2 1 1 0 2
⎣ ⎦⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
4 5 6 3 0 5 −1 1 3 1
1 2 −3 3 −1 2 4 1 2
⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤
4. If A = ⎢5 0 2 ⎥, B = ⎢ 4 2 5⎥ and C = ⎢0 3 2⎥ , then compute (A + B) and (B − C) . Also,
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
1 −1 1 2 0 3 1 −2 3
verify that A + (B − C) = (A + B) − C .
2 5 2 3
1 1
⎡ 3 3 ⎤ ⎡ 3 5 ⎤
⎢ 1 2 4 ⎥ ⎢ 1 2 4 ⎥
5. If A = ⎢
3 3 3
⎥ and B = ⎢
5 5 5
⎥ , then compute 3A − 5B .
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
7 2 7 6 2
⎣ 2 ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
3 3 3 5 5
cos θ sin θ sin θ − cos θ

6. Simplify cos θ[ ] + sin θ[ ]
sin θ cos θ cos θ sin θ
7 0 3 0 2 3 2 −2
7. Find X and Y, if(i) X + Y = [ ] and X − Y = [ ] (ii) 2X + 3Y = [ ] and 3X + 2Y = [ ]
2 5 0 3 4 0 −1 5
3 2 1 0
8. Find X, if Y = [ ] and 2X + Y = [ ]
1 4 −3 2
1 3 y 0 5 6
9. Find x and y, if 2[ ] + [ ] = [ ]
0 x 1 2 1 8
x z 1 −1 3 5
10. Solve the equation for x, y, z and t, if 2[ ] + 3[ ] = 3[ ]
y t 0 2 4 6
2 −1 10
11. If x[ ] + y[ ] = [ ] , find the values of x and y.
3 1 5
x y x 6 4 x + y
12. Given 3[ ] = [ ] + [ ] , find the values of x, y, z and w.
z w −1 2w z + w 3
cos x − sin x 0
⎡ ⎤
13. If F (x) = ⎢ sin x cos x 0⎥ , show that F (x)F (y) = F (x + y) .
⎣ ⎦
0 0 1
5 −1 2 1 2 1 5 −1
14. Show that(i) [ ][ ] ≠ [ ][ ] (ii)
6 7 3 4 3 4 6 7
1 2 3 −1 1 0 −1 1 0 1 2 3
⎡ ⎤⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤⎡ ⎤
⎢0 1 0 ⎥⎢ 0 −1 1⎥ ≠ ⎢ 0 −1 1 ⎥⎢ 0 1 0⎥
⎣ ⎦⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦⎣ ⎦
1 1 0 2 3 4 2 3 4 1 1 0
2 0 1
⎡ ⎤
15. Find A , if A
2
− 5A + 6I = ⎢2 1 3⎥
⎣ ⎦
1 −1 0
1 0 2
⎡ ⎤
16. If A , prove that A

3 2
= ⎢0 2 1⎥ − 6A + 7A + 2I = 0
⎣ ⎦
2 0 3
3 −2 1 0
17. If A A and I , find k so that A .
2
= [ ] = [ ] = kA − 2I
4 −2 0 1
α
0 − tan( ) cos α − sin α
18. If A =
2
= [ ]then(I − A)[ ]
α
tan( ) 0 sin α cos α
2
19. A trust fund has Rs 30,000 that must be invested in two different types of bonds. The first bond pays 5% interest per
year, and the second bond pays 7% interest per year. Using matrix multiplication, determine how to divide Rs 30,000
among the two types of bonds. If the trust fund must obtain an annual total interest of:(a) Rs 1800 (b) Rs 2000
20. The bookshop of a particular school has 10 dozen chemistry books, 8 dozen physics books, 10 dozen economics
books. Their selling prices are Rs 80, Rs 60 and Rs 40 each respectively. Find the total amount the bookshop will receive
from selling all the books using matrix algebra.
21. Assume X, Y, Z, W and P are matrices of order 2 × n , 3 × k , 2 × p , n × 3 and p × k , respectively. Choose the
correct answer
The restriction on n, k and p so that PY + WY will be defined are:(A) k = 3, p = n (B) k is arbitrary, p = 2 (C) p is
arbitrary, k = 3 (D) k ,
= 2 p = 3
22. If n = p , then the order of the matrix 7X − 5Z is:(A) p × 2 (B) 2 × n (C) n × 3 (D) p × n
Transpose of a Matrix
If A = [aij ] be an m × n matrix, then the matrix obtained by interchanging the rows and columns of A is called the
transpose of A . Transpose of the matrix A is denoted by A' or (A^(T)) . In other words, if A = [aij ]
m×n
, then
A' = [aji ]
n×m
. For example,
1 2
⎡ ⎤
1 3 5
if A = ⎢3 4⎥ , then A' = [ ]
2 4 6
⎣ ⎦ 2×3
5 6
3×2
Properties of transpose of the matrices
If matrices A and B are of suitable orders, we have
(i) (A' )' = A
(ii) (kA)' = kA' (where k is any constant)
(iii) (A + B)' = A' + B'
(iv) (AB)' = B' A'
We can prove this property by using example.
Symmetric and Skew Symmetric Matrices
A square matrix A = [aij ] is said to be symmetric if A' = A, that is, aij ] = [aji ] for all possible values of i and j
1 2 3
⎡ ⎤
For example A = ⎢2 − 1.5 −1 ⎥ is a symmetric matrix as A' = A
⎣ ⎦
3 −1 1
A square matrix A = [aij ] is said to be skew symmetric matrix if A' = − A , that is aji = − aij for all possible values
of i and j . Now, if we put i = j, we have aii = − aii . Therefore, 2aii = 0 or aii = 0 for all i' s.
This means that all the diagonal elements of a skew symmetric matrix are zero.
0 2 −3
⎡ ⎤
For example A = ⎢ −2 0 −1 ⎥ is a skew symmetric matrix as A' = − A
⎣ ⎦
3 1 0
Theorem 1
STATEMENT: For any square matrix A with real number entries, A + A' is a symmetric matrix and A − A' is a
skew symmetric matrix.
Watch Video Proof
Proof:
Let B = A + A' , then

B' = (A + A' )'
= A' + (A' )' (as (A + B)' = A' + B' )
= A' + A (as (A' )' = A )
= A + A' (as A + B = B + A )
= B
Therefore B = A + A' is a symmetric matrix
Now let C = A − A'
C' = (A − A' )' = A' − (A' )' (as (A + B)' = A' + B' )
= A' − A (as (A' )' = A )

= − (A − A' ) = − C
C = A − A' is a skew symmetric matrix.
Theorem 2
STATEMENT: Any square matrix can be expressed as the sum of a symmetric and a skew symmetric matrix.
Watch Video Proof
Proof:
Let A be a square matrix, then we can write

1 1
A = (A + A' ) + (A − A' )
2 2
From the Theorem 1, we know that (A + A' ) is a symmetric matrix and (A − A' ) is a skew symmetric matrix. Since for
1 1
any matrix ,
A (kA)' = kA' , it follows that (A + A' ) is symmetric matrix and (A − A' ) is skew symmetric matrix.
2 2
Thus, any square matrix can be expressed as the sum of a symmetric and a skew symmetric matrix.
Example 15
Question:
1 3 −4
Find the transpose of the matrix A = [ ].
0 2 1
Answer:
1 0
⎡ ⎤
1 3 −4
A = [ ]' = ⎢ 3 2 ⎥.
0 2 1
⎣ ⎦
−4 1
(to find transpose interchnge ith row with ith column.
Example 16
Question:
4 0
⎡ ⎤
0 −1 2
If A = [ ] and B = ⎢1 3⎥ then verify that
4 3 −4
⎣ ⎦
2 6
(i) (A')'=A
(ii) (AB)'=B'A'
(iii) (KA)'=(KA)
Answer:
4 0
⎡ ⎤
0 −1 2
we have, A = [ ] and B = ⎢1 3⎥
4 3 −4
⎣ ⎦
2 6
(i) We have to verify that A'=A

0 −1 2
∴ A' = [ ] = A
4 3 −4
(ii) We have to verify that AB=B A

3 9
∴ AB = [ ]
11 − 15
3 9
⇒ (AB)' = [ ]
9 15
0 4
⎡ ⎤
4 1 2 3 11
and B' A' = [ ]⎢ − 1 3 ⎥ = [ ]
0 3 6 9 − 15
⎣ ⎦
2 −4
=(AB)'
(iii) We have to verify that, (kA)=(kA)

0 −k 2k
Now, (kA) = [ ]
4k 3k − 4k
0 4k
⎡ ⎤
and (kA)' = ⎢ −k 3k ⎥
⎣ ⎦
2k 4k
=(kA)
Example 17
Question:
3 4 2 −3
⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤
Let A = ⎢ −2 0 ⎥ and B = ⎢5 6 ⎥. Verify that (A + B)' = A' + B' .
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
7 −5 −1 8
Answer:
We have
3 4 2 −3
⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤
A + B = ⎢ −2 0 ⎥ + ⎢5 6 ⎥
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
7 −5 −1 8
3 + 2 4 + ( − 3) 5 1
⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤
= ⎢ −2 + 5 0 + 6 ⎥ = ⎢3 6 ⎥.
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
7 + ( − 1) −5 + 8 6 3
5 1
⎡ ⎤
5 3 6
∴ (A + B)' = ⎢ 3 6 ⎥' = [ ].
1 6 3
⎣ ⎦
6 3
3 4
⎡ ⎤
3 −2 7
Also, A' = ⎢ −2 0 ⎥' = [ ].
4 0 −5
⎣ ⎦
7 −5
2 −3
⎡ ⎤
2 5 −1
And, B' = ⎢5 6 ⎥' = [ ].
−3 6 8
⎣ ⎦
−1 8
3 −2 7 2 5 −1
∴ (A' + B' ) = [ ] + [ ]
4 0 −5 −3 6 8
3 + 2 −2 + 5 7 + ( − 1) 5 3 6
= [ ] = [ ].
4 + ( − 3) 0 + 6 −5 + 8 1 6 3
Hence, (A + B)' = A' + B' .
Example 18
Question:
1 −1 5
⎡ ⎤
(i) Show that the matrix A = ⎢ −1 2 1⎥ is a symmetric matrix .
⎣ ⎦
5 1 3
0 1 −1
⎡ ⎤
(ii) show that the matrix A = ⎢ −1 0 1 ⎥
⎣ ⎦
1 −1 0
a skew symmetric matrix.
Answer:
1 −1 5
⎡ ⎤
A = ⎢ −1 2 1⎥
⎣ ⎦
5 1 3
1 −1 5 1 −1 5
⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤
⇒ A' = ⎢ − 1 2 1 ⎥ = ⎢ −1 2 1⎥ = A
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
5 1 3 5 1 3
⇒ A is symmetric matrix. Hence proved .

0 1 −1 0 −1 1
⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤
(ii)A = ⎢ − 1 0 1 ⎥ = ⎢1 0 −1 ⎥
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
1 −1 0 −1 1 0
0 1 −1
⎡ ⎤
= − ⎢ +1 0 1 ⎥ = A
⎣ ⎦
1 −1 0
⇒ A is skew symmetric matrix . hence proved .
Example 19
Question:
0 a 3
⎡ ⎤
If matrix ⎢ 2 b −1 ⎥ is skew-symmetric matrix, then find the values of a,b and c,
⎣ ⎦
c 1 0
Answer:
0 a 3
⎡ ⎤
Let A = ⎢2 b −1 ⎥
⎣ ⎦
c 1 0
Since A skew-symmetric matrix
A'=A
0 2 c 0 a 3
⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤
⇒ ⎢a b 1⎥ = − ⎢2 b −1 ⎥
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
3 −1 0 c 1 0
0 −a −3
⎡ ⎤
0 2 c
⇒ [ ] = ⎢ −2 −b +1 ⎥
3 −1 0
⎣ ⎦
−c −1 0
By equality of matrices, we get
a = − 2, c = − 3 and b=-b ⇒ b = 0
∴ a = − 2, b = 0 and c=-3
Example 20
Question:
If A, B are square matrices of same order and B is skew-symmetric matrix, then show that A'BA is skew -
symmetric.
Answer:
Since, A and B are square matrices of same order and B is a skew-symmetric matrix i.e., B'=-B
Now, we have to prove that A'BA is a skew symmetric matrix
∴ (A' BA)' = (BA)' (A' )' = A' B' A [ ∵ (AB)' = B' A' and (A' )' = A]
= − A' BA[ ∵ B' = − B]
Hence, A'BA is a skew-symmetric matrix
Example 21
Question:
1 5
For the matrix A = [ ], verify that :
6 7
(I) (A+A') is a symmetric matrix.
(ii) (A-A') is a skew symmetric matrix.
Answer:
1 5
A = [ ]
6 7
1 5 1 6
⇒ A' = [ ] = [ ]
6 7 5 7
1 5 1 6 2 11
(i) A + A' = [ ] + [ ] = [ ]
6 7 5 7 11 14
2 11 2 11
⇒ (A + A' )' = [ ] = [ ] = A + A'
11 14 11 14
⇒ A"A' is a symmetric matrix . Hence proved

1 5 1 6 0 −1
(ii)A − A' = [ ] − [ ] = [ ]
6 7 5 7 1 0
0 −1 0 1
⇒ (A − A' )' = [ ] = [ ]
1 0 −1 0
0 −1
= − [ ] = − (A − A' )
0 1
⇒ is a skew symmetric matrix .
Hence proved .
Example 22
Question:
2 0 −4
⎡ ⎤
Expess the matrix A = ⎢ −3 1 5 ⎥ as a sum of symmetic and skew symmetric matrices.
⎣ ⎦
4 −2 3
Answer:
2 0 −4
⎡ ⎤
A = ⎢ −3 1 5 ⎥
⎣ ⎦
4 −2 3
2 0 −4 2 −3 4
⎡ ⎤⎡ ⎤
⇒ A' = ⎢ − 3 1 5 ⎥⎢ 0 1 −2 ⎥
⎣ ⎦⎣ ⎦
4 −2 3 −4 5 3
2 0 −4 2 −3 4
⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤
A + A' = ⎢ − 3 1 5 ⎥ + ⎢0 1 −2 ⎥
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
4 −2 3 −4 5 3
4 −3 0
⎡ ⎤
= ⎢ −3 2 3⎥
⎣ ⎦
0 3 6
2 −3/2 0
⎡ ⎤
1
⇒ (A + A' ) = ⎢ − 3 / 2 1 3/2 ⎥
2
⎣ ⎦
0 3/2 3
2 0 −4 2 −3 4
⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤
and A − A' = ⎢ − 3 1 5 ⎥ − ⎢0 1 −2 ⎥
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
4 −2 3 −4 5 3
0 3 −8
⎡ ⎤
= ⎢ −3 0 7 ⎥
⎣ ⎦
8 −7 0
0 3/2 −4
⎡ ⎤
1
⇒ (A − A' ) = ⎢ − 3 / 2 0 7/2 ⎥
2
⎣ ⎦
4 −7/2 0
1 1
N owA = (A − A' ) + (A − A' )
2 2
2 0 −4
⎡ ⎤
⇒ ⎢ −3 1 5 ⎥
⎣ ⎦
4 −2 3
2 −3/2 0 0 3/2 −4
⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤
= ⎢ −3/2 1 3/2 ⎥ + ⎢ −3/2 0 7 / 2 ⎥.
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
0 3/2 3 4 −7/2 0
5 −1 5 6
⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤
1 −1
1. Find the transpose of each of the following matrices:(i) ⎢
⎢
1
2
⎥
⎥ (ii) [ ] (iii) ⎢ √3 5 6 ⎥
2 3
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
−1 2 3 −1
−1 2 3 −4 1 −5
⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤
′
2. If A = ⎢ 5 7 9⎥ and B = ⎢ 1 2 0 ⎥ , then verify that(i) (A + B) = A
′
+ B
′
(ii)
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
−2 1 1 1 3 1
′ ′ ′
(A − B) = A − B
3 4
⎡ ⎤
−1 2 1 ′
3. If A = ⎢ −1 2⎥ and B = [ ] , then verify that (A + B) = A
′
+ B
′
1 2 3
⎣ ⎦
0 1
−2 3 −1 0 ′
4. If A' = [ ] and B = [ ] , then find (A + 2B) .
1 2 1 2
1 0
⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤
′
5. For the matrices A and B, verify that (AB) = B A
′ ′
, where(i) A = ⎢ −4 ⎥ B = [ −1 , 2 1] (iii) A = ⎢1⎥ ,
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
3 2
B = [1 5 7]
cos α sin α sin α cos α

6. If (i) A = [ ] , then verify that A' A = I .(ii) A = [ ] , then verify that A' A = I .
− sin α cos α − cos α sin α
1 −1 5 0 1 −1
⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤
7. (i) Show that the matrix A = ⎢ −1 2 1⎥ is a symmetric matrix. (ii) Show that the matrix A = ⎢ −1 2 1 ⎥ is
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
5 1 3 1 −1 0
a skew symmetric matrix.
1 5
8. For the matrix A = [ ] , verify that.(i) (A + A )
′
is a symmetric matrix(ii) (A − A )
′
is a skew symmetric matrix
6 7
0 a b
⎡ ⎤
1 1
9. Find (A + A' ) and (A − A' ) , when A = ⎢ −a 0 c ⎥
2 2
⎣ ⎦
−b −c 0
3 5
10. Express the following matrices as the sum of a symmetric and a skew symmetric matrix:(i) [ ] (ii)
1 −1
6 −2 2 3 3 −1
⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤
1 5
⎢ −2 3 −1 ⎥ (iii) ⎢ − 2 −2 1 ⎥ (iv) [ ]
−1 2
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
2 −1 3 4 5 2
11. Choose the correct answer If A, B are symmetric matrices of same order, then AB – BA is a (A) Skew symmetric matrix
(B) Symmetric matrix (C) Zero matrix (D) Identity matrix
cos α − sin α π π 3π
12. If A , then A , if the value of αis (A) (b) (c) π (d)
′
= [ ] + A = I
sin α cos α 6 3 2
Elementary Operation (Transformation) of a Matrix
There are six operations (transformations) on a matrix, three of which are due to rows and three due to columns, which are
known as elementary operations or transformations.
(i) The interchange of any two rows or two columns. Symbolically the interchange of i
th
and j
th
rows is denoted
by Ri ↔ Rj and interchange of i th
and j th
column is denoted by Ci ↔ Cj ,
1 2 1 −1 √3 1
⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤
For example, applying R1 ↔ R2 to A = ⎢ −1 √3 1⎥ , we get ⎢ 1 2 1⎥

⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
5 6 7 5 6 7
(ii) The multiplication of the elements of any row or column by a non zero number. Symbolically, the multiplication of
each element of the i

th
row by k , where k ≠ 0 is denoted by Ri → kRi . Similarly, column operation is denoted by
Ci → kCi
1
1 2 1 1 2
1 7
For example, applying C3 → C3 , to B = [ ] , we get [ ]
1
7 −1 √3 1 −1 √3
7
(iii) The addition to the elements of any row or column, the corresponding elements of any other row or column
multiplied by any non-zero number. Symbolically, the addition to the elements of i

th
row, the corresponding elements of
j
th
row multiplied by k is denoted by Ri → Ri + kRj . Similarly, column operation is denoted by Ci → Ci + kCj .
1 2 1 2
For example, applying R2 → R2 − 2R1 , to C = [ ] , we get [ ]
2 −1 0 −5
here 2 changed to 2 − 2 × 1 and − 1 changed to − 1 − 2 × 2 .
Invertible Matrices
If A is a square matrix of order m , and if there exists another square matrix B of the same order m , such that
AB = BA = I , then B is called the inverse matrix of A and it is denoted by A − 1 . And A is said to be invertible.
2 3 2 −3
For example, let A = [ ] and B = [ ] be two matrices
1 2 −1 2
2 3 2 −3
Now AB = [ ][ ]
1 2 −1 2
4 − 3 −6 + 6 1 0
= [ ] = [ ] = I
2 − 2 −3 + 4 0 1
1 0
Also BA = [ ] = I .
0 1
Thus B is the inverse of A, i.e., B = A

−1
and A is inverse of B, i.e.,A = B
−1
A rectangular matrix does not possess inverse matrix,since for products BA and AB to be defined and to be equal, it is
necessary that matrices A and B should be square matrices of the same order.
If B is the inverse of A, then A is also the inverse of B.
Note: If polynomial of matrix a0 A

n
+ a1 A
n−1
+ a2 A
n−2
+ ... + an − 1 A + an In = 0 then we can find inverse of A by
multiplying both side with A − 1
Theorem 3
STATEMENT: (Uniqueness of inverse) Inverse of a square matrix, if it exists, is unique.
Watch Video Proof
Proof:
Let A = [aij ] be a square matrix of order m. If possible, let B and C be two inverses of A. We shall show that B = C .
since B is the inverse of A
AB = BA = I ...(1)
since C is also the inverse of A
AC = CA = I ...(2)
Thus B = BI = B(AC) = (BA)C = I C = C
Theorem 4
−1
STATEMENT: If A and B are invertible matrices of the same order, then (AB) = B
−1
A
−1
.
Watch Video Proof
Proof:
From the definition of inverse of a matrix, we have

−1
(AB)(AB) = 1
−1
A
−1
(AB)(AB) = A
−1
I (Pre multiplying both sides by A − 1 )
−1
(A
−1
A)B(AB) = A
−1
(since A − 1 I = A
−1
)
−1 −1
I B(AB) = A
−1 −1
B(AB) = A
−1 −1 −1 −1
B B(AB) = B A
−1 −1 −1
I (AB) = B A
−1
Hence (AB) = B
−1
A
−1
Inverse of a matrix by elementary operations
Let X, A and B be matrices of the same order such that X = AB .
(i) To apply a sequence of elementary row operations on the matrix equation X = AB , we will apply these row operations
simultaneously on X and on the first matrix A of the product AB on RHS.
(ii) To apply a sequence of elementary column operations on the matrix equation X = AB , we will apply, these column
operations simultaneously on X and on the second matrix B of the product AB on RHS.
If A is a matrix such that A

−1
exists, then to find A
−1
using elementary row operations, write A = IA and apply a
sequence of row operation on A of LHS and I of RHS of A = IA till we get, I = BA . The matrix B will be the inverse of
A .
Similarly, if we wish to find A − 1 using column operations, then, write A = AI and apply a sequence of column operations
on A of LHS and I of RHS of A = AI till we get, I = AB .
Note: If we obtain all zeros in one or more rows of the matrix A on L.H.S. after applying one or more elementary row
(column) operations on A = IA or A = AI then A − 1 does not exist.
Example 23
Question:
5 −1
Find the inverase of A = [ ] by using elementary row transformation.
1 1
Answer:
we know that A=IA

5 −1 1 0
⇒ [ ] = [ ]A
1 1 0 1
1 1
1 − 0 1
5 5
⇒ [ ] = [ ]A(R1 → R1 )
1 1 0 1 5
1 1
1 − 0
5 5
⇒ [ ] = [ ]A(R2 → R2 − R1 )
6 1
0 − 1
5 5
1
1
1 − 0
5 5
5
⇒ [ ] = [ ]A(R2 → R2 )
1 5
− 6
0 1
6 6
1 1
1 0 6 6 1
[ ] = [ ]A(R1 → R1 + R2 )
1 5
0 1 − 5
6 6
1 1
6 6 1 1 1
⇒ A
−1
= [ ] = [ ] .
1 5
− 6 −1 5
6 6
Example 24
Question:
1 3 −2
⎡ ⎤
Find the inverase of Matrix A = ⎢ −3 0 −5 ⎥ by using elementary row transformation.
⎣ ⎦
2 5 0
Answer:
we know that
A = I. A
1 3 −2 1 0 0
⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤
A = ⎢ −3 0 −5 ⎥ = ⎢ 0 1 0 ⎥A
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
2 5 0 0 0 1
1 3 −2 1 0 0
⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤
⇒ ⎢0 9 − 11 ⎥ = ⎢ 3 1 0 ⎥A
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
0 −1 4 −2 0 1
(R2 → R2 + 3R1 )
(R3 → R3 − 2R1 )
1 3 −2 1 0 0
⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤
⇒ ⎢0 −1 4 ⎥ = ⎢ −2 0 1 ⎥A(R2 ↔ R3 )
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
0 9 − 11 3 1 0
1 3 −2 1 0 0
⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤
⇒ ⎢0 1 −4 ⎥ = ⎢2 0 − 1 ⎥A
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
0 9 − 11 3 1 0
[R2 → R2 . ( − 1)]
1 0 10 −5 0 3
⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤
⇒ ⎢0 1 −4 ⎥ = ⎢ 2 0 − 1 ⎥A
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
0 0 25 − 15 1 9
(R1 → R1 − 3R2 )
(R3 → R3 − 9R2 )
1 0 10 −5 0 3
⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤
⇒ ⎢0 1 −4 ⎥ = ⎢ 2 0 − 1 ⎥A
⎢ ⎥
⎣ ⎦ ⎣− 3 1 9
⎦
0 0 1
5 25 25
1
(R3 → R3 )
25
2 3
1 − −
1 0 0 ⎡ 5 5 ⎤
⎡ ⎤
⎢ 2 4 11 ⎥
⇒ ⎢0 1 0⎥ = ⎢− ⎥A
⎢ 5 25 25 ⎥
⎣ ⎦
0 0 1 3 1 9
⎣ ⎦
−
5 25 25
(R1 = R1 − 10R3 )
(R2 = R2 + 4R3 )
2 3
1 −
⎡ 5 5 ⎤
−1 ⎢ 2 4 11 ⎥
⇒ A = ⎢− ⎥.
⎢ 5 25 25 ⎥
3 1 9
⎣− ⎦
5 25 25
Example 25
Question:
4 7
Find the inverse matrix of A, A = [ ] by using elementary column transformation .
3 5
Answer:
we have that :
4 7 1 0
⇒ [ ] = A[ ]
3 5 0 1
1
1 7 0 1
4
⇒ [ 3
] = A[ ](C1 → C1 )
5 0 1 4
4
1 7
1 0
4 4
⇒ [ ] = A[ ](C2 → C2 − 7C1 )
3 1
−
4 4 0 1
1
1 0 7
4
⇒ [ ] = A[ ](C2 → − 4C2 )
3
1 0 −4
4
1 0 −5 7 3
⇒ ] = A[ ](C1 → C1 − C2 )
0 1 3 −4 4
−5 7
−1
A = [ ].
3 −4
Example 26
Question:
1 −1 1
⎡ ⎤
If A = ⎢2 1 −1 ⎥ , show that A − 1 does not exist.
⎣ ⎦
−1 −2 2
Answer:
We have
1 −1 1 1 0 0
⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤
⎢2 1 −1 ⎥ = ⎢ 0 1 0 ⎥. A
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
−1 −2 2 0 0 1
1 −1 1 1 0 0
⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤
R2 → R2 − 2R1
⇒ ⎢0 3 −3 ⎥ = ⎢ −2 1 0 ⎥. A [ ]
R3 → R3 + R1
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
0 −3 3 1 0 1
1 −1 1 1 0 0
⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤
⇒ ⎢0 3 −3 ⎥ = ⎢ −2 1 0 ⎥. A [R3 → R3 + R2 ].
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
0 0 0 −1 1 1
Thus, we have all zeros in 3rd row of the left-hand side matrix.
Hence, A − 1 does not exist.
Example 27
Question:
5 3
Show that A = [ ] satisfies the equation A2 − 3A − 7I = 0 and hence find the value of A − 1
−1 −2
Answer:
5 3
We have. A = [ ]
−1 −2
5 3 5 3
2
∴ A = A. A = [ ][ ]
−1 −1 −1 −2
25 − 3 15 − 6 22 9
= [ ] = [ ]
−5 + 2 −3 + 4 −3 1
5 3 15 9
3A = 3[ ] = [ ]
−1 −2 −3 −6
22 9 15 9 7 0
and 7I = 7[ ] − [ ] − [ ]
−3 1 −3 −6 0 7
22 − 15 − 7 9 − 9 − 0
= [ ]
−3 + 3 − 0 1 + 6 − 7
0 0
= [ ]
0 0
= 0
Since, A2 − 3A − 7I = 0
−1 2 −1
⇒ A [A(A ) − 3A − 7I ] = A 0
−1 −1 −1
⇒ A , A − 3A − 7A I = 0
−1 −1
⇒ I A − 3I − 7A = 0[ ∵ A A = I]
−1 −1 −1
⇒ A − 3I − 7A = 0[ ∵ A I = A ]
−1
⇒ − 7A = − A + 3I
−5 −3 3 0 −2 −3
= [ ] + [ ] = [ ]
1 2 0 3 1 5
−1 −2 −3
−1
∴ A = [ ]
7 1 5
1 −1
1. Using elementary transformations, find the inverse of the matrix[ ]
2 3
2 1
1 1
1 3
2 7
2 3
5 7
2 1
7 4
2 5
6. Using elementary transformations, find the inverse of the matrices[ ]
1 3
3 1
5 2
4 5
3 4
3 10
9. Using elementary transformations, find the inverse of each of the matrices[ ]
2 7
3 −1
−4 2
2 −6
11. Using elementary transformations, find the inverse of each of the matrices[ ]
1 −2
6 −3
−2 1
2 −3
−1 2
2 1
4 2
2 −3 3
⎡ ⎤
15. Using elementary transformations, find the inverse of the matrix⎢ 2 2 3⎥
⎣ ⎦
3 −2 2
1 3 −2
⎡ ⎤
16. Using elementary transformations, find the inverse of the matrix⎢ − 3 0 −5 ⎥
⎣ ⎦
2 5 0
2 0 −1
⎡ ⎤
17. Using elementary transformations, find the inverse of the matrix⎢ 5 1 0 ⎥
⎣ ⎦
0 1 3
18. Matrices A and B will be inverse of each other only if (A) AB = BA (B) AB = BA = 0 (C) AB = 0, BA = I (D)
AB = BA = I
NCERT - MISCELLANEOUS EXERCISE
0 1 n
1. Let A = [ ] show that (aI + bA)
n
= a I + na
n−1
bA , where I is the identity matrix of order 2 and n ∈ N .
0 0
n−1 n−1 n−1

1 1 1 3 3 3
⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤
2. If A = ⎢1 1 1⎥ , prove that An = ⎢
⎢3
n−1
3
n−1
3
n−1
⎥, n ∈ N .
⎥
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ n−1 n−1 n−1 ⎦
1 1 1 3 3 3
3 −4 1 + 2n − 4n
3. If A = [ ] , then prove that An = [ ] , where n is any positive integer.
1 −1 n 1 − 2n
4. If A and B are symmetric matrices, prove that AB – BA is a skew symmetric matrix.
W t h Vid S l ti
5. Show that the matrix B'AB is symmetric or skew symmetric according as A is symmetric or skew symmetric.
0 2y z
⎡ ⎤
6. Find the values of x, y, z if the matrix A = ⎢x y −z ⎥ satisfy the equation A ′ A = I .

⎣ ⎦
x −y z
1 2 0 0
⎡ ⎤⎡ ⎤
7. For what values of x : [ 1 2 1 ]⎢ 2 0 1 ⎥⎢ 2 ⎥ = O ?
⎣ ⎦⎣ ⎦
1 0 2 x
3 1
8. If A = [ ] , show that A2 − 5A + 7I = 0
−1 2
1 0 2 x
⎡ ⎤⎡ ⎤
9. Find x, if [x − 5 − 1]⎢ 0 2 1 ⎥⎢ 4 ⎥ = O .
⎣ ⎦⎣ ⎦
2 0 3 1
10. A manufacturer produces three products x, y, z which he sells in two markets. Annual sales are indicated below:
Market Products
I 10.000 2.000 18.000
II 6.000 20.000 8.000
(a) If unit sale prices of x, y and z are Rs 2.50, Rs 1.50 and Rs 1.00, respectively, find the total revenue in each market with
the help of matrix algebra.(b) If the unit costs of the above three commodities are Rs 2.00, Rs 1.00 and 50paise
respectively. Find the gross profit.
1 2 3 −7 −8 −9
11. Find the matrix X so that X[ ] =[ ]
4 5 6 2 4 6
12. If A and B are square matrices of the same order such that AB = BA , then proveby induction that AB
n n
= B A .
n
Further, prove that (AB) n
= A B
n
for all n ∈ N .
α β
13. If is such that , then (A) (B) (C) (D)
2 2 2 2
A = [ ] A = I 1 + α + βγ = 0 1 − α + βγ = 0 1 − α − βγ = 0
γ α
2
1 + α − βγ = 0
14. If the matrix A is both symmetric and skew symmetric, then (A) A is a diagonal matrix (B) A is a zero matrix(C) A is a
square matrix (D) None of these
3
15. If A is square matrix such that A2 = A , then (I + A) − 7A is equal to (A) A (B) I − A (C) I (D) 3A
Summary
1. A matrix is an ordered rectangular array of numbers or functions.
2. A matrix having m rows and n columns is called a matrix of order m × n .
3. [aij ]m × 1 is a column matrix.
[aij ]
1×n
is a row matrix.
An m × n matrix is a square matrix if m = n .
A = [aij ]
m×m
is a diagonal matrix if aij = 0 , when i ≠ j
A = [aj ] is a scalar matrix if aij = 0 , when i ,

≠ j aij = k ,(k is some constant), when i = j
n×n
A = [aij ]
n×n
is an identity matrix, it aij = 1 , when i ,
= j aij = 0 , when i ≠ j
A zero matrix has all its elements as zero.
4. A = [aij ] = [bij ] = B if
(i) A and B are of same order
(ii) aij = bij for all possible values of i and j.
5. kA = k[aij ]
m×n
= [k(aij )]
m×n
− A = ( − 1)A
A − B = A + ( − 1)B
6. A + B = B + A
(A + B) + C = A + (B + C) , where A, B and C are of same order.
k(A + B) = kA + kB , where A and B are of same order, k is constant.
(k + l)A = kA + lA , where k and l are constant.

n
7. If A = [aij ]
m×n
and B = [bj , 1 ]
1×p
, then AB = C = [cij ]
m×p
, where cik = ∑ aij bjk
j=1
8. (i) A(BC) = (AB)C ,
(ii) A(B + C) = AB + AC ,
(iii) (A + B)C = AC + BC
9. If A = [aij ]
m×n
, then A' or AT = [aji ]
n×m
10. (i) (A' )' = A , (ii) (kA)' = kA' , (iii) (A + B)' = A' + B' , (iv) (AB)' = B' A'
11. A is a symmetric matrix if A' = A
A is a skew symmetric matrix if A' = − A
12. For any square matrix A with real number entries, A + A' is a symmetric matrix and A − A' is a skew symmetric
matrix.
13. Any square matrix can be represented as the sum of a symmetric and a skew symmetric matrix.
1 1
A = (A + A' ) + (A − A' )
2 2
14. Elementary operations of a matrix are as follows:
(i) Ri ↔ R or Ci ↔ Cj
(ii) Ri → kRi or Ci → kCi
(iii) Ri → Ri + kR or Ci → Ci + kCj
15. If A and B are two square matrices such that AB = BA = I , then B is the inverse matrix of A and is denoted by
A
−1
and A is the inverse of B.
16. Inverse of a square matrix, if it exists, is unique.
Exercise - 1 mark questions
cos θ − sin θ sin θ cos θ

1. cos θ[ ] + sin θ[ ] = ?
sin θ cos θ − cos θ sin θ
0 0
A. [ ]
0 0
1 0
B. [ ]
0 1
0 1
C. [ ]
1 0
D. None of these
Answer: B
3 −2 1 0
2.
2
if A = [ ], I = [ ] and A = k. A − 2l, thenk = ?
4 −2 0 1
A. 1
B. −1
C. 2
D. None of these
Answer: A
View Text Solution
cos θ sin θ
3. if A = [ ], thenAA' = ?
− sin θ cos θ
1 0
A. [ ]
0 1
0 1
B. [ ]
1 0
1 0
C. [ ]
0 −1
D. None of these
Answer: A
4. If A and B are symmetric matrices of the same order, then show that AB is symmetric if and only if A and B commute, that
is AB = BA .
A. Zero matrix
B. identity matrix
C. skew symmetric matric
D. symmetric matrix
Answer: C
a b α β
5. If A = [ ] and A
2
= [ ] then
b a β α
A.
2 2
α = a − b , β = 2ab
B. α = 2ab, β = a
2
+ b
2
C. α
2 2
= a + b , β = 2ab
D. α
2 2
= 2ab, β = a − b
Answer: C
2 1 −3 2 1 0
6. if [ ]A[ ] = [ ], thenA = ?
3 2 5 −3 0 1
0 1
A. [ ]
1 1
1 1
B. [ ]
1 0
1 0
C. [ ]
0 1
D. None of these
Answer: B
7. If A and B are square matrices of same order, then which of the following is skew-symmetric -
A. (AB)' = A' B'
B. (AB)' = B' A'
C. AB = O ⇒ A = O or B = O
D. None of these
Answer: B
8. If A is a skew-symmetric matrix and n is odd positive integer, then An is
A. a skew symmertric matrix
B. a symmetric matrix
C. a zero matrix
D. None of these
Answer: A
9. The number of all possible matrices of order 3 × 3 with each entry 0 or 1 is:
A. 27
B. 28
C. 81
D. 512
Answer: D
10. A matrix which is both symmetric as well as skew-symmetric is
A. A is a diagonal matrix
B. A is a zero matrix
C. A is a square matrix
D. None of the above
Answer: B
3
11. If A is a square matrix such that A is equal to
2
= A, then(I + A) − 7A
A. A
B. I-A
C. I
D. 3A
Answer: A
5 3 y z
13. Find x, y, z when [ ] = [ ].
x 7 1 7
0 0
⎡ ⎤
0 0 0
14. [ ] ≠ ⎢0 0 ⎥. Why ?
0 0 0
⎣ ⎦
0 0
2 −5 0
15. Find the additive inverse of the matrix A = [ ].
4 3 −1
1 3 3 0
1. if A[ ] and B = [ ] , then find 5A - 2B .
−2 4 −1 2
2. if A =diag[2 -3 4], B= diag[3 1 -2 )and C= diag[-1 2 2] then find
2A-B+3C.
2 −3 5 3 2 −2
3. If A = [ ] and B = [ ] , verify that (A + B) = (B + A).
−1 0 3 4 −3 1
3 5 −1 −3 0 2
⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤
4. If A = ⎢ −2 0 ⎥, B = ⎢ 4 2 ⎥ and C = ⎢3 − 4 ⎥,
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
6 −1 −2 3 1 6
Verify that (A + B) + C = A + (B + C).
1
5. Construct A2 × 3 matrix whose elements are given by aij = |5i − 3j|.
2
2 −3 1 1 2 −3
6. If A = [ ] and B = [ ], find (A − B)
0 7 −9 4 8 −4
7. Simplify:
cos θ sin θ sin θ − cos θ
cos θ[ ] + sin θ[ ]
− sin θ cos θ cos θ sin θ
−1 2 3 −2
8. Find a matrix X such that 2A + B + X =0 whereA = [ ] and B = [ ]
3 4 1 5
9. Give an example of two non-zero 2 × 2 matrices A and B such that AB = O .
10. If A is symmetric, show that B' AB is symmetric.
2 −3 −5 2 −2 −4
⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤
1. if A⎢ − 1 4 5 ⎥ and B = ⎢ − 1 3 4 ⎥, then show that (i) AB=A and BA=B.
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
1 −3 −4 1 −2 −3
2. Let be a square matrix. Then prove that is a symmetric matrix,(ii)A is a skew-symmetric matrix
T T
A (i)A + A − A
and(iii)AAT and AT A are symmetric matrices.
5 −2 6 1
⎡ ⎤
3. If A = ⎢
⎢
7 0 8 −3 ⎥
⎥ then write
3
⎣√ ⎦
2 4 3
5
(i) the number of rows in A,
(ii) the number of columns in A,
(iii) the order of the matrix A,
(iv) the number of all entries in A,
(v) the elements a23 , a31 , a14 , a33 , a22 of A.
4. Let A = diag [3, − 5, 7] and B = diag [ − 1, 2, 4]. ltbr. Find (i) (A+B) (ii) (A-B) (iii) -5A (iv) (2A+3B).`
5 2 3 6
5. Find X and Y, if X + Y = [ ] and X − Y = [ ] .
0 9 0 −1
2 3
⎡ ⎤
2 −1 3
6. If A = [ ] and B = ⎢4 −2 ⎥ then find AB and BA.
−4 5 1
⎣ ⎦
1 5
Show that AB ≠ BA.
2 2
π cos θ cos θ sin θ cos ϕ cos ϕ sin ϕ
7. If θ − ϕ = , then show that [ ] ⋅ [
2
] = 0
2
2 cos θ sin θ sin θ cos ϕ sin ϕ sin ϕ
2 −1 −1 −8 − 10
⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤
8. Find the matrix A such that ⎢ 1 0 ⎥. A = ⎢ 1 −2 −5 ⎥.
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
−3 4 9 22 15
9. By using elementary row operations, find the inverse of the matrix

1 −2
A = [ ].
2 6
6 −3
10. If A = [ ] , show that A − 1 does not exist.
−2 1
1 2 4 0 2 0
1. If A = [ ]B = [ ], C = [ ] a=4 and b=-2, then show that (i) (a+b)B=aB+bB (ii) a(C-A)=aC-aA (iii)
−1 3 1 5 1 −2
T T
(bA) = bA
cos x sin x
2. If P (x) = [ ] , then show that P (x). P (y) = P (x + y) = P (y). P (x) .
− sin x cos x
2 1
3. Express the matrix [ ] as the sum of a symmetric and a skew-symmetric matrix.
3 4
3 −1 2 −6
4. find the inverese of the following matrices by using elementary column transformations: (i)[ ](ii)[ ]
−4 2 1 −2
1 2 1 1 −2 6
Answer: (i) [ ](ii) [ ]
2 4 3 2 −1 2
5. A manufacturer produces three products x,y,z which he sells in two markets ,Annual sales are indicated below:
Market products
I 10,000 2,000 18,000
II 6,000 20,000 8,000
(A) if unit sale prices of x,y and z are Rs. 2.50, Rs. 1.50 and Rs. 1.00, respectively , find the total revenue algebra .
(b) if the unit costs of the above three commodities are Rs. 2.00,Rs. 1.00 and 50 paise respectively, find the gross profit.
3 −5
6. If A = [ ] , show that A2 − 5A − 14I = O.
−4 2
cos θ − sin θ cos nθ − sin nθ

7. If A = [ ] then show that An = [ ]
sin θ cos θ sin nθ cos nθ
n−1 n−1 n−1
1 1 1 3 3 3
⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤
8. If A = ⎢1 1 1⎥ , then prove that An = ⎢

⎢3
n−1
3
n−1
3
n−1
⎥
⎥ for every positive integer n.
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ n−1 n−1 n−1 ⎦
1 1 1 3 3 3
0 1 n
9. Let A show that (aI , where I is the identitymatrix of order 2 and n .
n n−1
= [ ] + bA) = a I + na bA ∈ N
0 0
10. By using elementary row operations, find the inverese of the martrix
1 3 −2
⎡ ⎤
A = ⎢ −3 0 − 5 ⎥.
⎣ ⎦
2 5 0
View Text Solution
Exercise - PREVIOUS YEAR
1. Three schools X, Y and Z organised a mela for collecting funds for helping the rehabilitation of flood victims. They sold
hand made fans, mats and plates from recycled material at a cost of Rs. 25, Rs. 100 and Rs. 50 each. The number of
articles sold are given below.

School/Article X Y Z
Hand-fans 40 25 35
Mats 50 40 50
Plates 20 30 40
Find the funds collected by each school separately by sailing the above articles. Also, find the total funds collected for the
purpose.
x − y z −1 4
2. If [ ] = [ ] Then find the value of x + y
2x − y w 0 5
2 −1 −1 −8 − 10
⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤
3. Find the matrix A such that ⎢ 1 0 ⎥A = ⎢ 1 −2 −5 ⎥
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
−3 4 9 22 15
0 2 0 3a
4. If A = [ ] and kA = [ ] , then the values of k,a,b are respectively.
3 −4 2b 24
A. − 6, − 12, − 18
B. − 6, 4, 9
C. − 6, − 4, − 9
D. − 6, 12, 18
Answer: C
0 1 −2
⎡ ⎤
5. For what value of x is the matrix A = ⎢ 1 0 3 ⎥ a skew-symmetric matrix?
⎣ ⎦
x 3 0
1 −1
6. If matrix A and A then write the value of k
2
= [ ] = kA,
−1 1
2 1 3 1 1 0
7. Use elementary column operation C2 → C2 + 2C1 in the following matrix equation : [ ] = [ ][ ]
2 0 2 0 −1 1
8. Write the number of all possible matrices of order 2 × 2 with each entry 1, 2, or 3.
0 a −3
⎡ ⎤
9. If the matrix A = ⎢2 0 −1 ⎥ is skew symmetric, find the value of a and b.
⎣ ⎦
b 1 0
−3 2 1 0
10. If A = [ ] and I = [ ] , find the scalar k so that A2 + I = kA .
1 −1 0 1
2 0 1
⎡ ⎤
11. If A , find A and hence find a matrix X such that A .
2 2
= ⎢2 1 3⎥ − 5A + 4I − 5A + 4I + X = O
⎣ ⎦
1 −1 0
3
12. If A is a square matrix such that A2 = A , then write the value of 7A − (I + A) , where I is the identity matrix.

Class 12 Maths Chapter 3 Matrices Doubtnut Notes English Medium

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the above kind is called a matrix.

elements or the entries of the matrix.

We denote matrices by capital letters. e.g.

An m × n matrix has the following rectangular array:

⎢ a21 a22 a23 ... a2j ... a2n ⎥

a1j , a2j , a3j , ..., amj

elements in an m × n matrix will be equal to mn.

Note: Total number of matrix of size n with m number of elements is mn .

(i) Column matrix:

(ii) Row matrix:

For example, A = [1 2 3 4] is row matrix of order 1 × 4

(iii) Horizontal matrix:

(v) Square matrix:

(vi) Diagonal matrix:

A square matrix A = [aij ]

(vii) Scalar matrix:

said to be a scalar matrix if

aij = k when i = j for some constant k

(viii) Identity matrix:

the square matrix A = [aij ] is identity matrix if

The identity matrix of order n is denoted by In

(ix) Zero matrix

(x) Upper Triangular Matrices:

A square matrix A = [aij ]

(xi) Lower Triangular Matrices

Two matrices A = [aij ] and B = [bij ] are said to be equal if

(i) they are of the same order

If two matrices A and B are equal, we write A = B .

Construct A3 × 2 matrix whose elements are given by Aij = (i + 2j).

A3 × 2 matrix has 3 rows and 2 columns.

In general, a3 × 2 matrix is given by

Thus f aij = (i + 2j) for i = 1, 2, 3 and j = 1, 2

(i) the order of the matrix A.

(ii) the number of elements.

(iii) elements a23 , a31 and a12 ,

(i) the order of matrix A=3 × 3

(ii) the number of elements = 3 × 3 = 9

[since the number of elements in an m × n matrix will be equal to m × n = mn ]

We know that a matrix of order m × n has mn elements.

Hence, all possible orders of a matrix having 12 elements are

We know that in equal matrices, the corresponding elements are equal.

Solving the first two equations, we get x = 1 and y = 2.

Putting x=1 in 2x + z = 5 , we get z=3.

Putting z=3 in 3z + w = 13 , we get w=4.

Find the values of a and b, if A=B,where

and a22 = b22 ⇒ − 6 = b

NCERT - EXERCISE 3.1

elements a13 , a21 , a33 , a24 , a23 .

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and multiplication of matrices.

have to be of the same order.

is defined as a matrix C = [cij ]

If A and B are not of the same order, then A + B is not defined.

Multiplication of a matrix by a scalar