Addition &

MATRIX
Subtraction

Multiplication Inverse Matrix

1
 1 , 3 , −𝟕 , 𝟖 Matrix
𝟏 𝒂 −𝒃
𝟏 𝟑 −𝟕 𝟖 𝟏 𝟑 −𝒅 𝒄
𝟑
−𝟕 𝟖
−𝟕
𝟖
% $ @ #
MATRICES

MATRIX: A rectangular array of numbers

arranged in rows and columns

7 8 row
−9 10 Each Row
11 12 Should have equal number of elements
Each Column
Element
column 2
 c1 c2
𝟑 𝟖 r1
A= −𝟗 𝟏𝟎 r2
−𝟏 𝟎 𝐫𝟑
Elements Order Position of an element
(Row, Column)
3×2
3 , 8 , −9 , 10 , Number of Rows × Number (𝟏, 𝟏)𝒕𝒉 element =3
−1 , 0 of Columns
(𝟏, 𝟐)𝒕𝒉 element =8
.
.
(𝟑, 𝟐)𝒕𝒉element =0

𝑶𝒓𝒅𝒆𝒓 =? (𝟏, 𝟑)𝒕𝒉 𝒆𝒍𝒆𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕 =? 𝟐, 𝟏 𝒕𝒉 𝐞𝐥𝐞𝐦𝐞𝐧𝐭 =?

𝟏 𝟕 −𝟐 3
Remember
c1
c1 c2 c3 2 r1
1 2 5
3 1 4 r1 4 𝑥 9
3 r2
2 5 6 r2 7 3 −1 4 𝐫𝟑
1 𝐫𝟒
Order= 2 × 3 Order= 3 × 3
Order= 4 × 1

c1 c2 c3 c4
1 7 3 9 2 1 𝑎 4 𝑏 r1
Order= 1 × 5 2 3 7 6 r2
3 9 10 𝑐 𝐫𝟑
Order= 3 × 4 4
 Types of Matrices
1 4 3 Rectangular Matrix
A=
2 1 −6 2×3
no. of row𝐬 ≠ 𝒏𝒐. 𝒐𝒇columns

Square Matrix
B= 3 5 C= 7 1×1
4 7 2×2
no. of row𝐬 = 𝒏𝒐. 𝒐𝒇columns

D= 1 0 E= 8 0 0 Diagonal Matrix
0 5 2×2
0 −1 0
0 0 5 3×3
Principal/Leading diagonal 5
 I= 1 0 1 0 0 Square matrix
0 1 2×2 , I= 0 1 0 Identity Matrix principal diagonal elements=1
Other elements=0
0 0 1 3×3 or Unit Matrix
1 0 0
0 1 0 0 1
Not Identity Matrix
1 0 1 1 0

2 3
Identity Matrix × 𝑨 = 𝑨 ; Here, A= 1 5
Same order
Corresponding
Equal Matrix elements
1 0 2 3 2 3 are equal
× =
0 1 1 5 1 5
𝑎 𝑏 𝑤 𝑥
I𝑓 = 𝑦 𝑧
𝑐 𝑑 2×2
I × A= A [by the standard convention of 2×2
A × I = A matrix multiplication] 𝒂 = 𝒘, 𝒃 = 𝒙, 𝒄 = 𝒚, 𝒅=𝒛
Remember Addition and Subtraction of Matrices

only Add / subtract corresponding elements

Can be added if Same order
𝟏 𝟒 𝑤 𝑥
𝟏 −𝟕 + Cannot be added 𝑎 𝑏 𝑎+𝑤 𝑏+𝑥
𝟐 −𝟔 + 𝑦
1× 𝟐
2× 𝟐
(different order)
𝑐 𝑑 𝑧 = 𝑐+𝑦 𝑑+𝑧

𝟑 𝟐 𝟓 𝟔
+ Can be added
−𝟏 𝟒2× 𝟐 𝟕 𝟖 2× 𝟐 (same order)

𝑤 𝑥 𝑎 𝑏 𝑤−𝑎 𝑥−𝑏
𝑦 𝑧 − =
𝑐 𝑑 𝑦−𝑐 𝑧−𝑑

3 2 5 6 8 8
+ =
−1 4 7 8 6 12

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 Remember
(i) A+B = Not possible
1.
Given
(ii) A+C = Not possible
1 2 1 2 5
A= , B=
3 4 2×2 7 −3 2 2×3
(iii) A + D = ?

7 8
C= −9 10 13 14
D= 1 2
+
13 14
=
14 16
11 12 3×2
, 15 −16 2×2
3 4 15 −16 18 −12

(iv) C ̶ A= Not possible

(v) D ̶ A = ?

13 14 1 2 12 12
− =
15 −16 3 4 12 −20
8
 Matrix
Multiplication

Scaler/real number × Matrix 1st Matrix × 2nd Matrix

𝑎 𝑏 ka kb 3 9 1 5 0
k = ×
𝑐 𝑑 kc kd
2 1 2× 2 2 3 7 2 ×3
scaler

Example [number of columns=number of rows]

4 3 20 15
(i) 5 =
−2 −6 −10 −30 Resulting
Product
2× 3

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 Multiply Matrix
2 8 −6 −4 Multiplication
(i)
3 10 −9 2
(V) 3 9 1 5 0
A= B=
2 1 2×2 2 3 7 2×3
1 −6
(ii) AB=?
5 −10
3 9 1 5 0 3 + 18 15 + 27 0 + 63
AB= =
2 1 2 3 7 2+2 10 + 3 0+7
4 −3
(iii) 0.5 −3 −2 21 42 63
=
1 5 4 13 7 2×3

−3
(iv) −2
5 (VI) 1 2 3
7
C= D= 8
4 5 6 2×3
9 3×1

CD=?
7
1 2 3 7 + 16 + 27 50
CD= 8 = =
4 5 6 28 + 40 + 54 122 2×1
9
 Determinant of a square Matrix
example.
𝑎 𝑏 1. A= 4 3
X= 2 1
𝑐 𝑑
Determinant of X = 𝑋 = ad ̶ bc 𝐴 =4 ̶ 6= ̶ 2

If, 𝑋 = 0 ( X is a singular matrix) A is a non-singular matrix

𝑋 ≠ 0 (X is a non-singular matrix)
2. B= 4 −5
8 −10
𝐵 = −40 + 40 = 0

B is a singular matrix)

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Inverse of a square Matrix
𝑤 𝑥
If, A= 𝑦 𝑧
1
𝐴−1 = . 𝐴𝑑𝑗𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝐴 ; 𝐴 ≠0
𝐴
Sign change
1 𝑧 −𝑥
= If, 𝐴 = 0,
𝑤𝑧 − 𝑥𝑦 −𝑦 𝑤
1
Interchange this 𝐴−1 = . 𝐴𝑑𝑗𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 (𝐴)
0
2 elements
Does not exist

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Remember Inverse of a square Matrix

Given, 1 3 𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑖 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑒, 𝐵−1 , 𝑜𝑓 𝐵. 𝑖𝑖 𝐵𝐵−1 ,

B=
0 4 𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝐶𝑎𝑛 𝑤𝑒 𝑤𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝐵𝐵−1 = B −1 B ?

1 𝑖𝑖𝑖 B −1 B?
𝑖 𝐵−1 = . 𝐴𝑑𝑗𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝐵 𝑖𝑖 𝐵𝐵−1
𝐵 1 4 −3 1 3
= .
1 4 −3 1 1 3 4 −3 4 0 1 0 4
= . =
4−0 0 1 4 0 4 0 1 1 4−0 12 − 12
1 4 + 0 −3 + 3 =
= 4 0−0 0+4
1 4 −3 4 0+0 0+4
= . 1 4 0
4 0 1 1 0
1 4 0 = =
= 4 0 4 0 1
4 0 4
1 0 𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑌𝑒𝑠, 𝑤𝑒 𝑐𝑎𝑛 𝑤𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝐵𝐵−1 = B −1 B = I
=
0 1 The product of an inverse matrix and
its original matrix is identity matrix
PRACTICE PROBLEMS
2. Express each of the following as a single matrix.
1. (a) B = 12 𝑂𝑟𝑑𝑒𝑟 =?
10
1 (a) (3 −1 2) 5 + (25)
5 −3
(b) C= 𝑂𝑟𝑑𝑒𝑟 =?
−4 −2 5 6 2
2 (b) 5 + − 3
7 2 −2 −7

𝑤 𝑎 𝑥 𝑏 1
𝒄 Order=? 7 −1 3
𝑦 𝑐 𝑧 𝑑 𝒄 0
2 0 4
2
2 −3
(d) If 𝐴 = ; −A=?
−5 7
(e) 4× 4 Identity matrix= ?

(f) 2× 2 Unit matrix= ?

(g) B + (1 2 3 4) = 1 2 3 4 , 𝑊𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝑑𝑜𝑤𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑥 𝐵.

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 2
2 3 3 1
3. E = , 𝐹= , 𝐺 = 1 2 3 , H= 1
−1 0 −4 −3
−1
7
Find- (a) E−F (b) 𝐸 2 (c) GH (d) 𝐸𝐸 −1 (𝒆) Show that 𝐸𝐸 −1 = 𝐸 −1 𝐸 = 𝐼(𝐼𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑥)
8

𝑥 4 − 6𝑥 2𝑥 2 − 8𝑥 4 10
4. A = , B= , 𝐶=
6 + 3𝑦 4𝑦 7 + 4𝑦 −𝑦 3 19

Given that 4A−3𝐵 = 𝐶, find the values of x and y .

1 −1
0 1 −2
5. If A= −1 2 , B=
1 3 1
3 5

Find- (a) AB (b) BA (c) what does this tell you about matrix multiplication ?

1 0 𝑦 0
6. If C= ,𝐷 = and CD = DC, find y.
3 2 1 3

5 5
7. B=
−2 −2

(a) Find k if 𝐵2 = 𝑘𝐵
(b) Find m if 𝐵3 = 𝑚𝐵 15
 20 140 0 5 1
8. (a) A = , B= . Evaluate : 𝐵4 + 2A −𝐵2
−88 −24 1 −2

(b) Find the two values of z that satisfy the matrix equation 3 7 𝑧 2 = (4𝑧)
−1

2 1 3 −1
9. If P = and Q = , show that 𝑄−1 𝑃−1 = (𝑃𝑄)−1
−5 −4 −1 1

𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 𝑏 2 𝑤
10. (a) Given that , a> 0 and b> 0 and that = , calculate the values of a, b and w.
𝑏 𝑏 𝑎 𝑏 𝑤 32

2 −1 𝑎 𝑏
(b) The matrix M satisfies the equation 3M + 4 = 𝑀.Find M expressing it in the form
3 0 𝑐 𝑑

5 −3
(c) Find the inverse of the matrix
−4 2

16
11. Given that Q= 0 1 , show that Q is self-inverse (i.e. 𝑄−1 = Q ). Hence deduce 𝑄24 .
1 0
1
4 2 𝑘 12 4
4
12. B= , C= 1 and D=
0 3 0 −9 𝑚
3

(a) Evaluate 𝐵2
(b) Find the value of k which makes BC the identity matrix.
(c) Find the value of m which makes the determinant of B = the determinant of D.

𝑤 2𝑤 + 5
13. The determinant of the matrix A = is 15
−1 𝑤 + 1

(a) Form an equation in w and solve it.

(b) If A is a singular matrix write an equation involving w.

14. The elements of a 2 × 2) matrix consist of four different numbers.

Find the largest possible value of the determinant of this matrix if the numbers are

(a) 1, 3, 5, 7 (b) -1, 2, 3, 4 17

 3 −2 1 −1 6 ℎ
15. A= , 𝐵= 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐶 =
−4 4 −1 2 −3 𝑘

(a) If det C = det A + 2 (det B) ; find h in terms of k.

(b) Is it possible C− 2(−3A) = 4( B−C) ? Write the reason.

(c) Find D if DA = B .

1
3 2 1
2
16. (a) Express as a single matrix 0.5 − 1 3
𝑥 −1 𝑥 −2
2
3 2
(b) Find the value of x if is a singular matrix.
𝑥 −1

3 −2
17. (a) Calculate the inverse of the matrix
5 −1

(b) By using your answer to part (a), or otherwise ,find the value of p and the value of q

3 −2 𝑝 4
that satisfy 𝑞 =
5 −1 9

18
 1 2 −3
1 2 −3
2 −1 2
18. Given that N 2 −1 2 = , write down the matrix N.
3 2 −1
3 2 −1

2 0 1 0
19. C= ; h and k are numbers so that 𝐶 2 = hC + kI , where I = . Find the values of h and k.
1 2 0 1

20. An international sailing competition between Jamaica, Mexico and Cuba in various categories gave the following

results for Gold(G), Silver(S) and Bronze(B).The points awarded by these medals is shown in the second 3× 1 matrix.
G S B
Jamaica 3 1 4 𝑥
Mexico 2 6 3 × 2 =𝑃
Cuba 3 𝑥 3 1

(a) If the matrix P represents the total points scored per country ,state the order of P.

(b) If Jamaica scored a total of 18 points, find x.

(c) Find the total points scored by all three countries. 19

21. Mark and Nick spend three days training for a cycling event.

Mark cycles at an average speed of 24km/h on the first two days and 26km/h on the third day.

Nick cycles at an average speed of 25km/h on the first day, 24km/h on the second day and 27km/h on the third day.

1
They each cycle for 1 hour on the first day and increase their cycling time by 2 hour each day.

This information is represented by the matrices P and Q below.

𝑙
24 24 26
P= , Q= 𝑚
25 24 27
𝑛

(a) Find m and n.

(b) Find PQ.

(c) Calculate the difference between the numbers in the matrix PQ and explain what this number represents.

20
22. Two families ordered three basic food items from their local shop.

The X family ordered 1 bag of sugar, 4 cartons of milk and 3 loaves of bread.

The Y family ordered no sugar, 3 cartons of milk and 5 loaves of bread.

Their orders can be represented by the matrix A where

1 0
A= 4 3
3 5

The cost of a bag of sugar is 80 cents, the cost of a carton of milk is 50 cents and the cost of a

loaf of a bread is 40 cents. This information can be represented by the matrix B where

B = 80 50 40 .

(a) Work out BA.

(b) What does the matrix BA represent ?

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 Answers −1 2 1 6 7
3.(a) , (b) , (c)(1), (d)
1(a) 1× 1 3 3 −2 −3 8

(b) 4× 1 4. x=−2, y=1

−1 − 2 −3
−7 8
−2 3 5.(a) AB= 2 5 4 ,(b)
(c) 2× 4, (𝑑) 1 10
5 −7 5 18 −1
(c) AB≠BA
1 0 0 0 Matrix multiplication is not commutative.
(e) 0 1 0 0
0 0 1 0 2
0 0 0 1 6. y= 23 7. k=3, m=9

1 0 50 −60 7
(f) 8. (a) , b z = −1& 9. Do it yourself
0 1 −70 80 3

(g) B= 0 0 0 0 10. (a) a=1, b=4, w=8

−1 13 −4 2 1 2 3
2(a) 44 , (b) , (𝑐) (b) , (c) −
51 10 −6 0 2 4 5

22
 Answers
1 −1 2
24 1 0 17.(a) 7 , (b) p=2, q=1
11. 𝑄 = −5 3
0 1
1 0 0
16 14 1
12.(a) , (b) k= − 6 𝑐 𝑚 = −2 18. 0 1 0
0 9
0 0 1
13.(a) 2 or −5 (b) 𝑤 2 + 3𝑤 + 5 = 0
19. h=4, k=−4
14. (a) 42, (b) 14
20.(a) (3× 1), 𝑏 𝑥 = 4, 𝑐 64
15.(a) h = 2-2k
112
21.(a) m=1.5, n=2, (b) PQ=
115
(b) Not possible, because corresponding (c) 3, Difference in training distance of
elements are not equal. Mark and Nick
1
0 −4
(c) D=
1 1 22. (a) BA=(400 350), (b) Total cost of each
family’s order.
1 0 3
16.(a) , (b) x=−
0 1 2

23
 −1
−3 6
=?
−1 2

24