Phng trnh tuyn tnh cp 2 h s hng

nh ngha:
PT vp tuyn tnh cp n h s hng l ptvp c dng

an y
an y

(n)

(n)

( n 1)

... a1 y a0 y 0 (1)

( n 1)

... a1 y a0 y f ( x ) (2)

an1 y
an 1 y

Trong a1,a2 , , an l cc hng s thc

PT (1) gi l pt thun nht
PT (2) gi l pt khng thun nht

Phng trnh tuyn tnh cp 2 h s hng

H hm c lp tuyn tnh trn (a,b)
H {y1(x), y2(x), , yn(x)} c gi l c lp tuyn
tnh trong (a,b) nu t ng thc
1y1(x)+2y2(x)++nyn(x)=0
Ta suy ra 1= 2 = = n=0
nh thc Wronski ca cc hm y1(x), y2(x), , yn(x)
c o hm n cp (n-1) trong (a,b) l

W ( y1 , y2 ,..., yn )

y1
y1
:

y2
y2
:

y1( n 1)

y2( n1)

...
yn
...
yn
:
:
... yn ( n 1)

Phng trnh tuyn tnh cp 2 h s hng

nh l: Cho cc hm y1(x), y2(x), , yn(x) c o
hm n cp (n-1) trong (a,b).
Nu W ( y1 , y2 ,..., yn ) 0 th h trn ltt trong (a,b)
V d: 2 hm y1(x) = ex , y2(x) = xex ltt vi mi x
Ta i tnh nh thc Wronski ca 2 hm cho
x

e
W ( y1 , y2 ) x
e
e

2x

xe
2x
2x
e (1 x) xe
x
e (1 x)
x

Phng trnh tt cp 2 h s hng thun nht

y a1 y a0 y 0 (1.1)
Cu trc nghim: Nu y1(x), y2(x) l 2 nghim ring
ltt ca th NTQ ca pt (1.1) l
ytn=C1y1(x)+C2y2(x)
kx
Ta i tm nghim ca (1) dng y e

Thay vo (1) : k e a1ke a2e

2 kx

kx

kx

k 2 a1k a2 0 (3)
Vy hm y e kx l nghim ca pt (1) khi v ch khi
k l nghim ca pt (3)
Ta gi pt (3) l pt c trng ca pt (1)

Phng trnh tt cp 2 h s hng thun nht

Pt thun nht : y a1 y a2 y 0
2
Pt c trng : k a1k a2 0 (3)
TH 1: (3) c 2 nghim thc

k1 k 2 : y1 e k1x , y2 e k2 xltt
TH 2: (3) c 1 nghim thc

k k1 k2 : y1 e kx ,y2 xe kx ltt
TH 3: (3) c cp nghim phc lin hp

k i : y1 e x cos x, y1 e x sin xltt

NTQ ca pt thun nht l

y C1 y1 C2 y2

Phng trnh tt cp 2 h s hng thun nht

V d: Tm NTQ ca cc pt 1. y 5 y 6 y 0
2. y 4 y 4 y 0
3. y y 0

k1 2
2x
3x
y C1e C2e
1.k 5k 6 0
k2 3
2

2.k 4k 4 0 k1 k2 2
2

y C1e
3.k 1 0
2

2 x

C2 xe

2 x

k1,2 0 i
y C1 cos x C2 sin x

Phng trnh tt cp cao h s hng thun nht

Tng t cho cc pt tuyn tnh cp cao h s hng
thun nht. Ta s lm vi v d sau
V d: Tm NTQ ca cc pt
1. y 5 y 4 y 0 y C1e0 x C2e x C3e 4 x
2. y 3 y 3 y y 0

( y C1e

3. y 8 y 0

C2 xe
x

2 x

C3 x e )
x

( y C1e C2e cos 3 x C3e sin 3x )

2x

4. y (4) y 0
(y e

2
x
2
2
2
2
2
x C2 sin
x e
x C4 sin
x )
C1 cos
C3 cos

2
2
2
2

2
x
2

Phng trnh tt cp 2 h s hng khng thun nht

y a1 y a0 y f ( x ) (2.1)
Cu trc nghim ca pt khng thun nht
Ta gi ytn l nghim tng qut ca pt thun nht (1.1)
v yr l 1 nghim ring ca pt khng thun nht (1.2)
Th NTQ ca pt khng thun nht (2.1) l
ytq=ytn+yr
NTQ ca pt thun nht (1.1) l ytn ta tm trn
Ta ch cn tm 1 nghim ring ca pt khng thun
nht l yr

Phng trnh tt cp 2 h s hng khng thun nht

Trng hp c bit : f(x) c th vit di dng
x

f ( x) e

Pn ( x)cos x Qm ( x)sin x

Ta s vit yr di dng sau

h x

yr x e

Ts ( x)cos x Rs ( x)sin x

Trong : s max{m, n},

i l nghim bi h ca pt c trng
Sau , ta s tnh cc h cp 1, cp 2 ca hm y r
ri thay vo pt ban u tm cc a thc Ts(x)
v Rs(x)

Phng trnh tt cp 2 h s hng khng thun nht

2x

V d: Gpt y 5 y 6 y xe
2

PT c trng: k 5k 6 0 k 2,3
NTQ ca pt thun nht: y tn C1e
Hm v phi c dng c bit :

f ( x) xe

2x

2x

2x

C2 e

3x

e ( x . cos 0 x x .sin 0 x )

So vi dng chnh tc:

x

f ( x) e

Pn ( x)cos x Qm ( x)sin x

Ta c: 2, 0, n 1, m 0
i 2 L nghim n (bi 1) ca ptt, h=1

s max(m, n) 1

Phng trnh tt cp 2 h s hng khng thun nht

1. y 5 y 6 y xe 2 x y tn C1e 2 x C2e3 x
y r x he x Ts ( x )cos x Rs ( x)sin x
1 2x

xe

2x

(2ax 1b)cos 0 x (cx d )sin 0x

1

e (ax bx )

Ta tnh h cp 1, cp 2 ca yr v thay vo pt cho

2x
2
1

yr e (2ax 2bx 2ax b)

2x
2

yr e (4ax (4b 4a) x 4ax 2a 2b)

Ta c: ( 2a 4b) x ( 2a 3b) e (1.x 0)e

ng nht h s 2 v: a=3/2, b=1
2x
3x
2x 3 2
Vy NTQ: ytq ytn yr C1e C2e e ( x x )
2
2x

2x

Phng trnh tt cp 2 h s hng khng thun nht

V d: Tm dng nghim ring ca cc pt
1. y 5 y 6 y xe 2 x
2. y 2 y y 2e x
3. y 5 y 4 y sin x cos x

PT k1,k2 i h n, m
1
2
3

2, 3 2
1, 1 1
1, 4 i

Yr

1 1, 0 1 yr x1e 2 x (ax b) cos 0 x

2 0, 0 0 yr x 2e1x (a) cos 0 x
0 0, 0 0 yr x 0e0 x (a) cos1x (b)sin 1x

Phng trnh tt cp 2 h s hng khng thun nht

Nu f(x) c th tch c thnh tng 2 hm f 1(x) v
f2(x) c dng c bit
Ta s dng nguyn l chng nghim nh sau:
Nu y1, y2 l nghim ring ca pt sau

y a1 y a2 y f1 ( x ), y a1 y a2 f 2 ( x )

Th y1+y2 l nghim ring ca pt

y a1 y a2 y f1 ( x ) f 2 ( x )

Phng trnh tt cp 2 h s hng khng thun nht

V d: Gpt y 3 y 2 y 3 x 5sin 2 x

ytn C1e x C2e 2 x

f ( x) 3 x 5sin 2 x f1 ( x) f 2 ( x)
yr1 ax b, yr 2 c cos 2 x d sin 2 x
yr 1 a, yr1 0
yr 2 2c sin 2 x 2d cos 2 x, yr2 4c cos 2 x 4d sin 2 x
Thay yr1, yr2 vo 2 pt tng ng, ta c:

a 3 , b 0, c 3 , d 1
2
4
4
3
1
x
2x 3
Vy NTQ l ytq C1e C2e x cos 2 x sin 2 x
2
4
4

Phng trnh tt cp 2 h s hng khng thun nht

Trng hp hm f(x) khng th vit nh trn
Ta s dng phng php bin thin hng s bng cch
khi NTQ ca pt thun nht (1.1) l

ytn C1 y1( x) C2 y2 ( x)
tm NTQ ca pt khng thun nht (2) dng
ytq C1( x) y1( x) C2 ( x) y2 ( x) (*)
T (*) :
C1 ( x) y1( x) C1( x) y1 ( x) C2 ( x) y2 ( x) C2 ( x) y2 ( x)
ytq
vic tnh ton n gin hn, ta thm iu kin

C1 ( x) y1( x) C2 ( x) y2 ( x) 0

(a)

Phng trnh tt cp 2 h s hng khng thun nht

Khi :

C1( x) y1 ( x) C2 ( x) y2 ( x)
ytq

Ta tnh tip h cp 2, ri thay y, y vo pt khng t.nht

C1 ( x) y1 ( x) C1( x) y1( x) C2 ( x) y2 ( x) C2 ( x) y2 ( x)
ytq
Lu rng y1, y2 l nghim ca pt t.nht, tc l

y1 a1 y1 a2 y1 0, y2 a1 y2 a2 y2 0
Ta c C1 ( x) y1 ( x ) C2 ( x ) y2 ( x) f ( x )

Suy ra, C1(x), C2(x) l nghim ca hpt (a), (b)

C ( x) y ( x) C ( x) y ( x) 0
1
1
2
2
C1 ( x) y1 ( x) C2 ( x) y2 ( x) f ( x)

(b)

Phng trnh tt cp 2 h s hng khng thun nht

Phng php bin thin hng s gii pt

y a1 y a2 y f ( x)

(2)

1. Gii pt c trng k a1k a2 0

2. Vit 2 nghim ring y1(x), y2(x) ca pt thun nht
3. Tm NTQ dng ytq C1 ( x) y1 ( x ) C2 ( x) y2 ( x )
Ri i tm C1(x), C2(x) bng cch gii hpt

C ( x) y ( x) C ( x) y ( x) 0
1
1
2
2

C1 ( x) y1 ( x) C2 ( x ) y2 ( x) f ( x)
4. Ly tch phn C1(x), C2(x) ri thay vo ytq

Phng trnh tt cp 2 h s hng khng thun nht

V d: Gpt y 4 y 4 y e

2 x

ln x
2 x

2 x

T pt .tr k 4k 4 0 y1( x) e , y2 ( x ) xe
2 x
C2 ( x) xe 2 x 0
Ta gii hpt C1 ( x)e

C1 ( x)(2)e 2 x C2 ( x)e 2 x (1 2 x) e 2 x ln x
2
2

x
x
C ( x) x ln x
C1( x) ln x
C1
1

2
4

C ( x) x ln x x C
C2 ( x) ln x
2
2
Vy nghim ca pt cho l

ytq C1( x) y1( x) C2 ( x) y2 ( x)

2
2

3x
2 x
2 x
2 x x
ytq C1e
C2 xe
e
ln x

2
4

Phng trnh tt cp 2 h s hng pt Euler-Cauchy

PT Euler Cauchy l pt c dng
n (n)

an x y

an 1x

n 1 ( n 1)

... a0 y f ( x )

Ta a v pt tt h s khng i bng cch t

x = et (x>0) hoc x = -et (x<0) Sau y, gi s x=et

dy dy dx dy t
dy

e ( x ) xyx yt
dt dx dt dx
dx
d2y

d dy
dx dy
d dy
dy
d 2 y dx

(
x
)

2
2 dt
dt
dx
dt
dx
dt
dx
dx

dt
dx
2
dy
2d y 2

x
y

y
x
t
t
dt
dx 2

Phng trnh tt cp 2 h s hng pt Euler-Cauchy

2

Thay x yx yt yt , xyx yt vo pt ban u cp 2:

a2 x 2 y a1xy a2 y f ( x )
Ta c pt tuyn tnh cp 2 h s hng
t

a2 yt yt a1 yt a2 y f (e )
a2 yt (a1 a2 ) yt a2 y f (et )

Gii pt trn ri thay x=et, ta c nghim ca pt

Euler Cauchy cp 2

Phng trnh tt cp 2 h s hng pt Euler-Cauchy

V d: Gpt y 2 y y ln x (x>0)
V x>0 nn ta c th t x=et
2

Thay x yx yt yt , xyx yt vo pt cho, ta c

y 2 y y t
t

ytn C1e C2te

yr at b yr a, yr 0 Thay vo pt trn
yr t 2
Vy nghim ca pt cho l

ytn C1x C2 x ln x ln x 2

Phng trnh tt cp 2 h s hng pt Euler-Cauchy

V d: Tm nghim ring ca pt

x 2 y 2 xy 2 y x 2 , y(1) y (1) 1
t x=et, ta c pt y 3 y 2 y e

2t

ytn C1et C2e 2t ,

2t
yr ate yr ae 2t (1 2t ), yr ae 2t (4 4t )
Thay vo pt trn, ta c : a=1
2
2
y

C
x

C
x

x
ln x
Suy ra, NTQ ca pt cho tq
1
2
Tnh thm ytq, thay iu kin u vo, tm c C1, C2

1
Vy nghim ring l: y x x 2 x 2 ln x
2

Phng trnh tt cp 2 h s hng Bi tp

Tm NTQ hoc nghim ring ca cc pt

1. y 5 y 6 y x cos x
2

2. y 5 y 4 y ( x 1)sin x

3. y 5 y 6 y xe 2 x
2x

4. y 4 y 4 y 2e
5. y 4 y cos 2 x x sin 2 x

6. y 6 y 9 y xe3 x cos 2 x,
7. y y tgx

Phng trnh tt cp 2 h s hng Bi tp

8. y 9 y 2sin x sin 2 x
1
9. y 5 y 6 y
1 e2 x
10.x 2 y xy y sin(2ln x)
11.x 2 y 3 xy y 1

3
x
12.x 2 y 3 xy 4 y
2

13.(4 x 1) 2 y 2(4 x 1) y 8 y 0
14.x 2 y xy y cos ln x