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S GN NG V SAI S
Bi ging in t
Nguyn Hng Lc
Trng i hc Bch Khoa TP HCM
Khoa Khoa hc ng dng, b mn Ton ng dng
TP. HCM 2013.

Nguyn Hng Lc (BK TPHCM)
S GN NG V SAI S
TP. HCM 2013.
1 / 30
S gn ng v sai s
Nhng khi nim c bn
Nhng khi nim c bn
nh ngha
sai lch gia gi tr gn ng v gi tr chnh
xc c gi l sai s.
nh ngha
S a c gi l s gn ng ca s chnh xc A,
k hiu l a A (c l a xp x A) nu a khc A
khng ng k v c dng thay cho A trong
tnh ton.
S GN NG V SAI S
TP. HCM 2013.
2 / 30
S gn ng v sai s
Nhng khi nim c bn
nh ngha
i lng = |a A| c gi l sai s tht s
ca s gn ng a.
S GN NG V SAI S
TP. HCM 2013.
3 / 30
S gn ng v sai s
Nhng khi nim c bn
nh ngha
i lng = |a A| c gi l sai s tht s
ca s gn ng a. Trong thc t, do khng bit
s chnh xc A, ta c lng mt i lng dng
a cng b cng tt tha iu kin |A a| 6 a
c gi l sai s tuyt i ca s gn ng a.
Ch . Trong thc t ta s k hiu A = a a .
S GN NG V SAI S
TP. HCM 2013.
3 / 30
S gn ng v sai s
Nhng khi nim c bn
nh ngha
Sai s tng i ca s gn ng a so vi s chnh
xc A l i lng a c tnh theo cng thc
|A a|
a =
.
|A|
Ch . Trong nhiu trng hp, nu khng bit A
a
ta c th thay th a =
100%
|a|
S GN NG V SAI S
TP. HCM 2013.
4 / 30
S gn ng v sai s
Nhng khi nim c bn
V d 1. Gi s A = ; a = 3.14. Do
3.13 = 3.14 0.01 < < 3.14 + 0.01 = 3.15,
nn ta c th chn a = 0.01. Mt khc,
3.138 = 3.140.002 < < 3.14+0.002 = 3.142,
do ta cng c th chn a = 0.002. Nh vy,
vi cng mt gi tr gn ng, c th c nhiu sai
s tuyt i khc nhau. Trong trng hp ny ta
chn gi tr nh nht ca chng.
S GN NG V SAI S
TP. HCM 2013.
5 / 30
S gn ng v sai s
Nhng khi nim c bn
V d 2. Vn tc ca mt vt th o c l
v = 2.8m/s vi sai s tng i v = 0.5%. Khi
sai s tuyt i l
0.5
.2.8m/s = 0.014m/s.
v = v v =
100
V d 3. o di hai on thng ta c
a = 10cm v b = 1cm vi a = b = 0.01cm.
0.01
0.01
= 0.1%, b =
= 1% hay
Khi a =
10
1
b = 10a . T suy ra php o a chnh xc hn
php o b mc d a = b . Nh vy, chnh
xc ca mt php o th hin qua sai s tng i.
S GN NG V SAI S
TP. HCM 2013.
6 / 30
S gn ng v sai s
Biu din s thp phn
Ch s c ngha
Mi s thc a c th c biu din di dng

thp phn hu hn hoc v hn
a = (m m1 . . . 10.12 . . . n ) =
m
P
k 10k , m, n N, m > 0, n > 1, m 6= 0,

k=n
k {0, 1, 2, . . . , 9}.
V d 1. 324.59 =
3 102 + 2 101 + 4 100 + 5 101 + 9 102.
S GN NG V SAI S
TP. HCM 2013.
7 / 30
S gn ng v sai s
Biu din s thp phn
Mt s vit dng thp phn c th gm nhiu

ch s. V d 20.25 c 4 ch s, 0.03047 c 6 ch
s.
nh ngha
Nhng ch s c ngha ca mt s l nhng ch
s ca s k t ch s khc khng u tin
tnh t tri sang phi.
V d 2. S 20.25 c 4 ch s c ngha. S
0.03047 cng c 4 ch s c ngha.
S GN NG V SAI S
TP. HCM 2013.
8 / 30
S gn ng v sai s
Biu din s thp phn
nh ngha
Lm trn mt s thp phn a l b mt s cc ch
s bn phi a sau du chm thp phn c
mt s e
a ngn gn hn v gn ng nht so vi a.
Quy tc. lm trn n ch s th k sau du
chm thp phn, ta xt ch s th k + 1 sau du
chm thp phn l k+1.
S GN NG V SAI S
TP. HCM 2013.
9 / 30
S gn ng v sai s
Biu din s thp phn
nh ngha
mt s e
chm thp phn l k+1. Nu k+1 > 5, ta tng
k ln 1 n v;
S GN NG V SAI S
TP. HCM 2013.
9 / 30
S gn ng v sai s
Biu din s thp phn
nh ngha
mt s e
chm thp phn l k+1. Nu k+1 > 5, ta tng
k ln 1 n v; cn nu k+1 < 5 ta gi nguyn
ch s k . Sau b phn ui t ch s k+1
tr i.
S GN NG V SAI S
TP. HCM 2013.
9 / 30
S gn ng v sai s
Biu din s thp phn
V d 3. Lm trn s = 3.1415926535... n
ch s th 4,3,2 sau du chm thp phn nhn
c cc s gn ng ln lt l
3.1416; 3.142; 3.14.
S GN NG V SAI S
TP. HCM 2013.
10 / 30
S gn ng v sai s
Biu din s thp phn
nh ngha
Sai s thc s ca e
a so vi a c gi l sai s lm
trn. Vy ea = |a e
a|.
Sai s tuyt i ca e
a so vi A c nh gi nh
sau: |e
a A| = |(e
a a) + (a A)| 6
|e
a a| + |a A| 6 ea + a = ea . V ea > 0 nn
ea > a . Do sau khi lm trn sai s tng ln.
V vy, khi tnh ton ta trnh lm trn cc php
ton trung gian, ch nn lm trn kt qu cui
cng.
S GN NG V SAI S
TP. HCM 2013.
11 / 30
S gn ng v sai s
Biu din s thp phn
S lm trn s trong bt ng thc
Trng hp lm trn s trong bt ng thc, ta s

dng khi nim lm trn ln v lm trn xung.
Lm trn ln hay lm trn xung cn lu n
chiu bt ng thc.
V d 4. a < 13.9236 khi lm trn ln n 2 ch
s l sau du chm thp phn ta c a < 13.93
v b > 78.6789 khi lm trn xung n 2 ch s
l sau du chm thp phn ta c b > 78.67.
S GN NG V SAI S
TP. HCM 2013.
12 / 30
S gn ng v sai s
Biu din s thp phn
Ch s ng tin
nh ngha
Cho a A. Ch s k trong php biu din di
dng thp phn c gi l ng tin, nu
1
a 6 .10k . Trong trng hp ngc li, ch s
2
k c gi l khng ng tin.
V d 5. Cho s gn ng a = 3.7284 vi sai s
tuyt i l a = 0.0047 c 3 ch s ng tin l
3, 7, 2 v 2 ch s khng ng tin l 8, 4
S GN NG V SAI S
TP. HCM 2013.
13 / 30
S gn ng v sai s
Biu din s thp phn
Cch vit s gn ng
Chng ta vit s gn ng a ca s chnh xc A

vi sai s tuyt i a theo quy tc sau:
Vit s gn ng a km theo sai s tuyt i
a di dng a a . V d 17.358 0.003.
Cch ny thng c dng biu din cc
kt qu tnh ton hoc php o.
Vit s gn ng theo quy c: mi ch s c
ngha u ng tin. iu ny c ngha l sai s
tuyt i a khng ln hn mt na n v
ca ch s cui cng bn phi.
1
S GN NG V SAI S
TP. HCM 2013.
14 / 30
S gn ng v sai s
Biu din s thp phn
V d a = 23.54 th sai s tuyt i

1
a 6 .102 = 0.005, trong khi nu vit
2
a = 23.5400 th sai s tuyt i
1
a 6 .104 = 0.00005. Cch ny thng dng
2
trnh by cc bng s.
S GN NG V SAI S
TP. HCM 2013.
15 / 30
Xc nh sai s ca hm s bit sai s ca cc i s
Cng thc tng qut ca sai s
Cho hm s kh vi lin tc y = f (x1, x2, . . . , xn )

v gi s bit sai s tuyt i xi ca cc i s
xi (i = 1..n). Gi Xi , Y v xi , y (i = 1..n) l cc
gi tr chnh xc v cc gi tr gn ng ca i s
v hm s. Khi
|Y y
| = |f (X1, X2, . . . , Xn )f
(x1, x2, . . . , xn )| 6
n
n
P f
P f
.x . Vy sai s
.|Xi xi | 6
i
xi

i=1
i=1 xi

n f
P
.x
tuyt i ca hm s y l y =
i
xi
i=1
S GN NG V SAI S
TP. HCM 2013.
16 / 30
Sai s tng i ca hm s y l
n f
P
.x
i

y
i=1 xi
=
y =
|y
|
|f |

n

P

=
xi ln f (x1, x2, . . . , xn ) .xi
i=1
S GN NG V SAI S
TP. HCM 2013.
17 / 30
V d 6. Tnh sai s tuyt i v sai s tng i

1
ca th tch hnh cu V = d 3, bit ng knh
6
d = 3.70cm 0.05cm v = 3.14 0.0016.
Xem v d l nhng i s ca hm s V , ta c
1
1
V
= d 3 = (3.70)3 v
6
6
V
1 2 1
= d = (3.14) (3.70)2.
d
2
2
S GN NG V SAI S
TP. HCM 2013.
18 / 30

V
V
1

Vy V = . + .d = (3.70)3
d
6
1
0.0016 + (3.14) (3.70)2 0.05 = 1.0882.
2
1
Do V = .d 3 = 26.5084cm3 1.0882cm3 v
6
1.0882
V =
= 0.0411.
26.5084
S GN NG V SAI S
TP. HCM 2013.
19 / 30
Sai s ca tng i s
Sai s ca tng i s
s y = x1 x2 . . . xn . Khi
Xt hm

f
= 1, (i = 1..n). Do , sai s tuyt i ca
xi
y l y = x1 + x2 + . . . + xn v sai s tng
y
i ca y l y =
.
|y |
S GN NG V SAI S
TP. HCM 2013.
20 / 30
Sai s ca tng i s

ca y = a + b + c vi a = 47.132 0.003; b =
47.111 0.02; c = 45.234 0.5.
Sai s tuyt i ca y l
y = a + b + c = 0.003 + 0.02 + 0.5 = 0.523.
Do Y = y y = 139.477 0.523 nn sai s
y
= 0.0037.
tng i ca y l y =
|y |
S GN NG V SAI S
TP. HCM 2013.
21 / 30
Sai s ca tch
Sai s ca tch
Xt
hms y = x1.x2 . . . xn . Khi

= 1 , (i = 1..n). Do , sai s tng
ln
y
xi
|xi |
i ca y l y = x1 + x2 + . . . + xn v sai s
tuyt i ca y l y = y .|y |.
S GN NG V SAI S
TP. HCM 2013.
22 / 30
Sai s ca tch

ca y = a.b.c vi a = 47.132 0.003; b =
47.111 0.02; c = 45.234 0.5.
b
c
a
, b =
, c =
,
Ta c a =
|a|
|b|
|c|
Sai s tng i ca y l y = a + b + c =
0.003
0.02
0.5
+
+
= 0.0115.
47.132 47.111 45.234
Do sai s tuyt i ca y l
0.003
0.02
0.5
y = y .|y | = (
+
+
)
47.132 47.111 45.234
(47.132 47.111 45.234) = 1159.2503.
S GN NG V SAI S
TP. HCM 2013.
23 / 30
Bi tp
Bi tp
Bi 1. Bit A c gi tr gn ng l a = 3.5833
vi sai s tng i l a = 0.28%. Ta lm trn a
thnh a = 3.58. Tnh sai s tuyt i ca a
Gii. Ta c
a = a + |a a| = |a|a + |a a| = 0.0134
S GN NG V SAI S
TP. HCM 2013.
24 / 30
Bi tp
Bi 2. Lm trn n hai ch s l sau du chm

thp phn ca cc s trong cc biu thc sau: a =
12.6724; b = 1.5476; c 6 12.8713; d > 1.2354.
Gii.
a = 12.6724 a 12.67.
b = 1.5476 b 1.55.
c 6 12.8713 c 6 12.88.
d > 1.2354 d > 1.23.
S GN NG V SAI S
TP. HCM 2013.
25 / 30
Bi tp
Bi tp
Bi 3. Cho a = 7.1696 vi sai s tng i l

a = 0.83%. Tm s ch s ng tin trong cch
vit thp phn ca a
Gii.
Ch s ng tin v tr k tha : a 6 12 10k
k > log (2a ) = log (2|a|a ) = 0.92
kmin = 0. C mt ch s ng tin
S GN NG V SAI S
TP. HCM 2013.
26 / 30
Bi tp
Bi tp
Bi 4. Cho biu thc f = x 3 + xy + y 3.Bit

x = 1.9501 0.0050 v y = 3.4740 0.0083.
Tnh sai s tuyt i ca f
Gii.
f = |fx0|x + |fy0|y = |3x 2 + y |x + |x + 3y 2|y
= |3 1.95012 + 3.4740| 0.0050 + |1.9501 + 3
3.47402| 0.0083 = 0.3912
S GN NG V SAI S
TP. HCM 2013.
27 / 30
Bi tp
Bi tp
Bi 5. Cho
a = 15.000.02, b = 0.1230.001, c = 1370.5.
Hy tnh sai s tuyt i ca
A=a+b+c
B = 20a 100b + c
C = a + bc.
S GN NG V SAI S
TP. HCM 2013.
28 / 30
Bi tp
Gii.
A = a + b + c A = a + b + c = 0.521.
B = 20a 100b + c B =
20.a + 100.b + c = 1.
C = a + bc C = a + |c|.b + |b|.c =
0.2185.
S GN NG V SAI S
TP. HCM 2013.
29 / 30
Bi tp
Bi 6. Cho hm f (x) = 3x 5 2x 2 + 7 v
x = 1.234 0.00015. Tnh f .
Gii. Ta c f 0(x) = 15x 4 4x v
f = |f 0(x)|.x nn
f = |15 (1.234)4 4 1.234| 0.00015 =
0.0045
S GN NG V SAI S
TP. HCM 2013.
30 / 30

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S GN NG V SAI S

TP. HCM 2013.

TP. HCM 2013.

Nhng khi nim c bn

Nhng khi nim c bn

TP. HCM 2013.

Nhng khi nim c bn

Nguyn Hng Lc (BK TPHCM)

TP. HCM 2013.

Nhng khi nim c bn

Nguyn Hng Lc (BK TPHCM)

TP. HCM 2013.

Nhng khi nim c bn

TP. HCM 2013.

Nhng khi nim c bn

Nguyn Hng Lc (BK TPHCM)

TP. HCM 2013.

Nhng khi nim c bn

TP. HCM 2013.

Biu din s thp phn

Mi s thc a c th c biu din di dng

k 10k , m, n N, m > 0, n > 1, m 6= 0,

TP. HCM 2013.

Biu din s thp phn

Mt s vit dng thp phn c th gm nhiu

TP. HCM 2013.

Biu din s thp phn

Nguyn Hng Lc (BK TPHCM)

TP. HCM 2013.

Biu din s thp phn

Nguyn Hng Lc (BK TPHCM)

TP. HCM 2013.

Biu din s thp phn

TP. HCM 2013.

Biu din s thp phn

Nguyn Hng Lc (BK TPHCM)

TP. HCM 2013.

Biu din s thp phn

TP. HCM 2013.

Biu din s thp phn

S lm trn s trong bt ng thc

Trng hp lm trn s trong bt ng thc, ta s

TP. HCM 2013.

Biu din s thp phn

TP. HCM 2013.

Biu din s thp phn

Chng ta vit s gn ng a ca s chnh xc A

Nguyn Hng Lc (BK TPHCM)

TP. HCM 2013.

Biu din s thp phn

V d a = 23.54 th sai s tuyt i

Nguyn Hng Lc (BK TPHCM)

TP. HCM 2013.

Xc nh sai s ca hm s bit sai s ca cc i s

Cng thc tng qut ca sai s

Cng thc tng qut ca sai s

Cho hm s kh vi lin tc y = f (x1, x2, . . . , xn )

Nguyn Hng Lc (BK TPHCM)

TP. HCM 2013.

Xc nh sai s ca hm s bit sai s ca cc i s

Cng thc tng qut ca sai s

Nguyn Hng Lc (BK TPHCM)

TP. HCM 2013.

Xc nh sai s ca hm s bit sai s ca cc i s