Chng 4

NI SUY V
XP X HM

I. T BI TON :
tnh gi tr ca mt hm lin tc bt
k, ta c th xp x hm bng mt a
thc, tnh gi tr ca a thc t tnh
c gi tr gn ng ca hm

Xt hm y = f(x) cho di dng bng s

x

xo

x1

x2

...

xn

yo

y1

y2

...

yn

Cc gi tr xk, k = 0, 1, .., n c sp theo

th t tng dn gi l cc im nt ni suy
Cc gi tr yk = f(xk) l cc gi tr cho trc
ca hm ti xk
Bi ton : xy dng 1 a thc pn(x) bc n
tho iu kin pn(xk) = yk, k=0,1,.. n. a thc
ny gi l a thc ni suy ca hm f(x).

II. A THC NI SUY LAGRANGE:

y = f(x) v bng s
x

xo

x1

x2

...

xn

yo

y1

y2

...

yn

Ta xy dng a thc ni suy hm f(x)

trn [a,b]=[x0, xn].
Cho hm

Ta c

a thc

c bc n v tha iu kin Ln(xk) = yk

gi l a thc ni suy Lagrange ca hm f
V d : Cho hm f v bng s
x

-1

Xy dng a thc ni suy Lagrange v tnh

gn ng f(2).

Gii

n=2

a thc ni suy Lagrange

f(2) Ln(2) = -2/3

 Cch biu din khc :

tnh gi tr ca Ln(x), ta lp bng
x

x0

x1

....

xn

x0

x- x0 x0- x1 ....

x0- xn

D0

x1

x1- x0 x- x1

x1- xn

D1

xn

....
....
....
....
xn- x0 xn- x1 .... x- xn

Dn

....

(x)

tch
dng
tch ng cho

V d : Cho hm f v bng s
x

-9

-7

-4

-1

-4

-9

Tnh gn ng f(-6)
Ta lp bng ti x = -6
x = -6

-9

-7

-4

-9

3
2
5

-2
1
3

-5
-3
-2

-7
-4

30

-6

Vy f(-6) L2(-6) = -6(-1/30+4/6+9/30) = -5.6

-3
0

V d : Cho hm f v bng s
x

-1

Tnh gn ng f(2)
Ta lp bng ti x = 2
x=2

2
1
3
4

-1
1
2
3

-3
-2
-1
1

-4
-3
-1
-2

1
3
4

-24

6
6

Vy f(2) Ln(2) = 4(-1/24 + 1/624

+ 1/3 +1/24) = 2
4

 TH c bit : cc im nt cch u
vi bc h = xk+1 xk
t

V d : Cho hm f v bng s
x

1.1

1.2

1.3

1.4

15

18

19

24

Tnh gn ng f(1.25)

gii
Ta c

n=3
h = 0.1

x = 1.25
q = (1.25-1.1)/0.1 = 1.5

Vy f(1.25) 18.375

 Cng thc nh gi sai s :

Gi s hm f(x) c o hm n cp
n+1 lin tc trn [a,b].
t
Ta c cng thc sai s

V d : Cho hm f(x)=2x trn on [0,1]. nh gi

sai s khi tnh gn ng gi tr hm ti im x=0.45
s dng a thc ni suy Lagrange khi chn cc im
nt xo=0, x1=0.25, x2=0.5, x3=0.75, x4=1

Gii
Ta c n = 4, f(5)(x) = (ln2)52x
M5 = max |f(5)(x)| = 2(ln2)5
cng thc sai s

III. A THC NI SUY NEWTON:

1. T sai phn :
Cho hm y = f(x) xc nh trn [a,b]=[x o, xn] v
bng s
x

xo

x1

x2

...

xn

yo

y1

y2

...

yn

i lng
gi l t sai phn cp 1 ca hm f trn [xk,xk+1]

T sai phn cp 2

Bng qui np ta nh ngha t sai phn cp p

V d : Cho hm f v bng s
x

1.0

1.3

1.6

2.0

0.76

0.62

0.46

0.28

Tnh cc t sai phn

Gii : ta lp bng cc t sai phn

1
2
3

xk

f(xk)

f[xk,xk+1]

f[xk,xk+1,xk+2]

f[xk,xk+1,xk+2,xk+3]

1.0

0.76

-0.4667

-0.111

0.23

1.3 0.62 0.119

1.6 0.46 0.533
2.0 0.28 3
-0.45

2. a thc ni suy Newton :

Cng thc Newton tin

 Cng thc Newton li

 nh gi sai s ca a thc ni suy Newton, ta dng

cng thc sai s ca a thc ni suy Lagrange

V d : Cho hm f xc nh trn [0,1] v bng s

x

0.3

0.7

2.2599 2.5238

1
2.7183

Tnh gn ng f(0.12) bng Newton tin v

f(0.9) bng Newton li

Gii : ta lp bng cc t sai phn

xk

f(xk)

f[xk,xk+1]

f[xk,xk+1,xk+2]

f[xk,xk+1,xk+2,xk+3]

Newton tin
0.866
0.3 2.25 3
99
0.2950 0.2786
Newton li
0.7
0.659
2.52 8
-

Ta c

3. TH cc im nt cch u :
Sai phn hu hn cp 1 ca hm ti im xk
yk = yk+1 - yk
Bng qui np, Sai phn hu hn cp p ca hm ti
im xk
pyk = (p-1yk) = p-1yk+1 - p-1yk
Ta c cng thc

Cng thc Newton tin

Cng thc Newton li

V d : Cho hm f v bng s
x

30

0.5

35

40

45

0.5736 0.6428 0.7071

Tnh gn ng f(32) bng Newton tin v f(44) bng

Newton li

Gii : ta lp bng cc sai phn hu hn

xk

f(xk)

30

0.5

35
40

yk

2yk

3yk

Newton tin
0.073
0.57 6
36
0.0044 -0.0005
Newton li
0.069
0.64 2
-

 Tnh gn ng f(32) : dng cng thc Newton tin

n = 3, xo = 30, q=(32-30)/5 = 0.4

Tnh gn ng f(44) : dng cng thc Newton li

n = 3, xn = 45, p=(44-45)/5 = -0.2

IV. SPLINE bc 3 :
Vi n ln, a thc ni suy bc rt ln, kh xy
dng v kh ng dng.
Mt cch khc phc l thay a thc ni suy bc n
bng cc a thc bc thp ( 3) trn tng on
[xk,xk+1], k=0,1,,n-1

1. nh ngha :
Cho hm y=f(x) xc nh trn on [a,b] v
bng s
x

a=xo

x1

x2

...

xn=b

yo

y1

y2

...

yn

Mt Spline bc 3 ni suy hm f(x) l hm g(x) tha

cc iu kin sau :
(i) g(x) c o hm n cp 2 lin tc trn [a,b]
(ii) g(x)=gk(x) l 1 a thc bc 3 trn [xk,xk+1],
k=0,1,..,n-1
(iii) g(xk) = yk, k=0,1, , n

2. Cch xy dng Spline bc 3 :

t hk = xk+1 xk
gk(x) l a thc bc 3 nn c th vit di dng :
gk(x) = ak+bk(x-xk)+ck(x-xk)2+dk(x-xk)3
Cc h s ak, bk, dk c xc nh theo cc
cng thc :

H s ck c tnh theo cng thc

Phng trnh (4) l h pt tuyn tnh gm n-1 pt

dng xc nh cc h s ck.
Phng trnh (4) c s n = n+1 > s pt = n-1
(thiu 2 pt) nn cha gii c, gii c ta cn
b sung thm 1 s iu kin

 nh ngha :
Spline t nhin l spline vi iu kin
g(a) = g(b) = 0
Spline rng buc l spline vi iu kin
g(a) = , g(b) =

3. Spline t nhin :
Gii thut xc nh spline t nhin :
iu kin g(a)=g(b) = 0 suy ra co = cn = 0
B1. Tnh hk=xk+1- xk, k = 0, n-1.
ak= yk, k = 0, n
B2. Gii h Ac = b tm c = (co, c1, , cn)t

B3. Tnh cc h s bk, dk.

V d : Xy dng spline t nhin ni suy hm

theo bng s
x

Gii
n=2
B1. ho = 2, h1 = 3. ao = 1, a1 = 1, a2 = 4
B2. Gii h Ac = b vi c = (c0, c1, c2)t

co = c2 = 0, c1 = 3/10

B3. Tnh cc h s bk, dk.

Kt lun : spline t nhin

V d : Xy dng spline t nhin ni suy hm

theo bng s
x

n=3
B1. ho =h1= h2 = 1. ao = 1, a1 = 2, a2 = 4, a3 = 8
B2. Gii h Ac = b vi c = (c0, c1, c2,c3)t

Gii ta c co = c3 = 0, c1 = 2/5, c2 = 7/5

B3. Tnh cc h s bk, dk.

Kt lun : spline t nhin

4. Spline rng buc :

iu kin g(a) = , g(b) = xc nh 2 pt :

Gii thut xc nh spline rng buc :

B1. Tnh hk=xk+1- xk, k = 0, n-1.
ak= yk, k = 0, n

B2. Gii h Ac = b tm c = (co, c1, , cn)t

B3. Tnh cc h s bk, dk.

nh spline t nhin

V d : Xy dng spline rng buc ni suy hm

theo bng s
x

vi iu kin g(0)=g(2) = 0
Gii
n=2
B1. ho = h1 = 1. ao = 1, a1 = 2, a2 = 1

B2. Gii h Ac = b vi c = (c0, c1, c2)t

B3. Tnh cc h s bk, dk.

Kt lun : spline rng buc

V. BI TON XP X THC NGHIM :

Trong thc t, cc gi tr yk c xc nh thng
qua thc nghim hay o c nn thng thiu
chnh xc. Khi vic xy dng mt a thc ni
suy i qua tt c cc im Mk(xk, yk) cng khng
cn chnh xc

Bi ton xp x thc nghim : l tm hm f(x)

xp x bng {(xk,yk)} theo phng php bnh
phng cc tiu :

Hm f tng qut rt a dng. n gin, ta

tm hm f theo dng :
f(x) = A1f1(x) + A2f2(x)+
Cc hm f1(x), f2(x) c th l hm lng
gic, ly tha, m hay loga

1. Trng hp f(x) = Af1(x)+ Bf2(x) :

Phng trnh bnh phng cc tiu c dng
Bi ton qui v tm cc tiu ca hm 2 bin
g(A,B)
im dng

Suy ra

V d : Tm hm f(x) = A + Bx xp x bng s
x

Theo pp BPCT
Gii h pt

Nghim A = 0.7671, B=1.0803

Vy f(x) = 0.7671+1.0803x

V d : Tm hm f(x)=Acosx+Bsinx xp x bng s
x

10

20

30

40

50

1.45

1.12

0.83

1.26

1.14

Theo pp BPCT
Gii h pt

Nghim A = -0.1633, B=0.0151

Vy f(x) = -0.1633cosx+0.0151sinx

V d : Tm hm f(x)=Ax2+Bsinx xp x bng s
x

1.3

1.5

1.8

2.0

2.4

2.6

2.7

2.7

1.8

3.51

3.1

3.78

3.9

4.32

Theo pp BPCT
Gii h pt

Nghim A = 0.4867, B=1.4657

Vy f(x) = 0.4867x2 + 1.4657sinx

2. Trng hp
f(x) = Af1(x)+ Bf2(x)+Cf3(x):
Phng trnh bnh phng cc tiu c dng

Bi ton qui v tm cc tiu ca hm 3 bin

g(A,B,C)

im dng

Suy ra

V d : Tm hm f(x) = A + Bx+Cx2 xp x bng s

x

4.12

4.18

6.23

8.34

8.38

12.13

18.32

Theo pp BPCT
Ta c s im n= 7
Gii h pt

Nghim A = 4.3, B=-0.71, C=0.69

Vy f(x) = 4.3-0.71x+0.69x2