NGHIN CU NG DNG PHNG PHP NI SUY TRONG VIC TNH TON CC

BI TON K THUT
APPLYING INTERPOLATION METHOD FOR CALCULATION MANY TECHNOLOGICAL
PROBLEM

SVTH : Phm Th Trang.

Lp : 01KX Ngnh kinh t xy dng v qun l d n
Khoa Xy Dng Thu Li - Thu in.
CBHDKH : GS. TS Nguyn Th Hng.
TM TT
ti tp trung nghin cu v thit lp chng trnh tnh ton cc phng php ni suy, tin hnh
phn tch cc tnh cht ca cc ng cong ni suy, sau la chn mt phng php ni suy thch hp
v chnh xc nht p dng tnh ton ni suy cho mt s bi ton k thut trong thc tin v a ra
nhng kin ngh s dng.
ABSTRACT
This Subject focuses on researching and seting up calculation program for some interpolation
methods, carry out analyzing property of spline interpolation, after choosing a suitable and exactly Method
to apply in calculation for some technological problem and putting forward proposal motions

1. M U.
Xy dng l mt biu hin v s pht trin ca x hi, vic ng dng phng php ni suy
vo cc bi ton k thut , c bit l i vi ngnh xy dng s gp phn quan trng vo vic
gim gi thnh xy dng cng trnh, n khng nhng c hiu qu v mt ti chnh m gp phn
to kh nng tranh thu v thng thu cao.
Trong thc t, c nhng hin tng vt l cng nh nhng hin tng t nhin c tnh quy
lut cao nh hin tng thu triu, s phn b nng mn ca mui ti ca sng hay m hnh d
bo theo chui thi gianVn t ra l lm sao chng ta c th xc nh c cc thng s cn
bit thng qua mt vi gi tr in hnh bit.
Vi yu cu , thng qua phng php ni suy vi chnh xc tng i cao, mt
chng mc no s l cng c h tr c lc gip chng ta xc nh c cc thng s cn bit
trn c s ca cc thng s bit da vo mi tng quan gia cc i lng, hay theo m hnh
xu hng ca cc hin tng.
Hn ch s im o c kho st trn c s mi quan h tng quan gia cc thng s
c xc nh, ni suy ra cc thng s cn thit cn li. chnh l mc tiu ca vic nghin cu
v ng dng cc phng php ni suy vo cc bi ton k thut t ra trong thc tin. Vic ng
dng phng php ni suy nhm hn ch ph tn kho st, o c trong xy dng. Chnh v th
vic nghin cu cc phong php ni suy v ng dng chng vo trong lnh vc u t xy dng
c bn l rt cn thit v rt c hiu qu.
2. NI DUNG NGHIN CU.
2. 1 t vn .
Trong thc t ca khoa hc k thut, nhiu khi cn tm hm (quan h) :
y =f(x) m ch bit gi tr yi ti cc im xi [a,b] vi i = 0, n .
Cng c trng hp quan h f(x) bit nhng trong dng mt biu thc gii tch kh
phc tp, khi ngi ta dng php tnh ni suy, ngha l thay hm f(x) bi hm F(x) n gin
hn tm tr s ca hm ti im x [a,b] bt k, m t c chnh xc cao . Trong trng
hp ta ni F(x) xp x hm f(x).
2. 2 C s l thuyt.
2. 2. 1 . a thc ni suy Lagrnggi :
a. M hnh bi ton :
Xt hm y =f(x) trn on [a,b] v gi s ti n+1 mc xi [a,b] ta bit gi tr

yi =f(xi) vi i = 0, n
(1)
Ta xy dng a thc bc Pn(x) bc khng qu n sao cho tho mn iu kin :
Pn(xi) = yi vi i = 0, n
(2)
Theo cch ca Lagrnggi trc ht lp cc a thc bc n. Lj(x) tho mn iu kin :
Lj(x) = 0 nu i j
Lj(x) = 1 nu i = j
D dng thy rng j = 0, n th :
( x x0 ).( x x1 )...( x x j 1 ).( x x j +1 )...( x x n )
Lj(x) =
( x j x 0 ).( x j x1 )...( x j x j 1 ).( x j x j +1 )...( x j x n )
l a thc bc n tho mn iu kin (3)
Ta chn :
n

Pn(x) =

L
j =0

( x).Y j

Do yi =f(xi), vi i = 0, n c nn Pn(x) l a thc bc n

V t (3),(4) ta suy ra Pn(x) tho mn iu kin (2).
a thc dng (5) gi l a thc ni suy Lagrnggi.
2.2.2 a thc ni suy Newton
a thc ni suy Lagrnggi d tnh xong c nhc im l khi thm vo mc ni suy th
qu trnh tnh c phi b i tt c v phi lp li t u. Newton a ra mt cch lp khc thun
li hn.
a. M hnh bi ton :
Xut pht t bng s : yi =f(xi) vi i = 0, n
(1)
Vi cc mc ni suy l x0, x1, x2,. . . , xn , vi x [a,b]
Ta xy dng a thc ni suy nh sau :
Cng vi mc ni suy xi ( i = 0, n ), a thm vo mc x bt k.
Ta c :
f ( x) f ( x 0 )
f[ x,x0] =
x x0
Do : f(x) = f(x0) + (x-x0). f[x,x0] (2)
Ta li c :
f [ x, x0 ] f [ x 0 , x1 ]
f[x,x0,x1] =
x x1
T ta c : f[x,x0] = f[x0,x1] + (x-x1). f[x,x0,x1]
V c tip tc cui cng ta thu c :
f(x) =f(x0)+(x-x0).f[x,x0]+(x-x0). (x-x1).f[x,x0,x1] +. . . + (x-x0). (x-x1). . .
(x-xn-1).f[x,x0,x1,. . . xn-1] +. . . + (x-x0). (x-x1). . . (x-xn-1). (x- xn).f[x,x0,x1,. . . xn-1,xn] (3)
Trong cng thc (3) nu t :
Pn(x) = f(x0)+(x-x0).f[x,x0]+(x-x0). (x-x1).f[x,x0,x1] +. . . + (x-x0).
(x- x1). . . (x-xn-1).f[x,x0,x1,. . . xn-1]. (4)
R(x) = (x-x0). (x-x1). . . (x-xn-1). (x- xn).f[x,x0,x1,. . . xn-1,xn]. (5)
Th : f(x) = Pn(x) + R(x)
(6)
a thc (4) gi l a thc ni suy Newton tin. R(x)- gi l s hng d.
Dng ca a thc (4) ph thuc vo cch sp xp cc mc x0,x1,x2,x3,. . . xn. Hn th na t
hiu c tnh cht i xng nn nu ta sp xp li cc mc ni suy theo th t
: xn, xn-1, xn-2,. . . , x1, x0 th a thc ni suy xut pht t mc xn s l :
Pn(x) = f(xn)+(x-xn).f[xn,xn-1]+(x-xn). (x-xn-1).f[xn,xn-1,xn-2]+. . . +(x-xn).
. (x- xn-1). . . (x-x1).f[xn,xn-1,xn-2,. . . x0]. (4)
khi (4) gi l a thc ni suy newton li.

Thng thng a thc ni suy newton tin thng c s dng tnh gi tr gn ng ca

f(x) ti im x gn u bng (gn x0 ), cn cng thc ni suy newton li dng tnh x gn
cui bng (gn xn).
2. 2. 3. a thc ni suy Spline :
a. Phng php lun :
Phng php ni suy bng a thc c nhc im l nu s mc ni suy tng ln th bc
a thc cng tng ln. iu ny rt bt li cho vic tnh ton.
Ta c th thc hin php ni suy nh nhng hm php trn (spline), l nhng a thc tng
khc c ghp vi nhau mt cch trn tru.
Xt mt cch chia on [a,b], ta c ={a=x0<x1<x2<. . . <xn=b}
Hm spline bc m trn l hm s :
- Thuc lp C[a,b]m-1 (m 1) l lp hm lin tc, c o hm lin tc ti cp m-1.
- L a thc bc m trn mi on nh j = {xj-1,. . . ,xj} , vi j = 1, n
Gi Pm l tp cc a thc bc m ; m -l tp cc hm spline trn ; th ta c Pm m ,
m -l khng gian tuyn tnh. Gi s Sm m , Sm c to bi n a thc bc m trn n on, m
mi a thc gm m+1 h s t do. Nh vy c Sm cn phi c n(m+1) h s. Nhng theo cch
chia on nn c n-1 im ni xi (i =1, n 1 ) ti c o hm cp m-1, nn bt c m(n1) iu kin. Vy s iu kin cn thiu l :
n.(m+1)-m.(n-1) =n+m.
b. M hnh bi ton :
Gi s hm f(x) xc inh trn on [a,b]. Hy tm hm spline Sm sao cho :
Sm(xi) = f(xi) =yi vi i = 0, n
(1)
Trong : a = x0<x1<x2<. . . <xn=b.
Theo trn ta cn n+m iu kin. Nh iu kin (1) nn ta c n+1 gi tr ti cc im xi (
i = 0, n ). Vy s iu kin cn thiu l m-1 (m >1). S iu kin thiu s c b sung nh
iu kin bin x0= a, xn = b.
c. Phng php gii m hnh :
Tng qut nu c n+1 im ta cn n hm spline bc 3 c dng :
fi(x) = A1i+A2i.x+A3i.x2+A4i.x3+. . . ,( i =1, n )
C 4n h s Aij c th xc nh theo cc iu kin sau :
- Hm Cubies phi gp tt c cc im bn trong : c 2n phng trnh :
f1(xi) = yi, vi i =1, n
fi+1(xi) = yi, vi i =1, n +1
- o hm bc mt phi lin tc bn trong dn n c n+1 phng trnh :
fi+1(xi) = fi(xi) vi i =1, n +1 .
- o hm bc 2 phi lin tc ti cc im bn trong, thm c n-1 phng trnh na :
fi(xi) = fi+1(xi) vi i =1, n .
- Hai iu kin cui cng da vo hai im cui ca ng spline, y thng t :
f1(x0) = 0
v fn(xn) = 0
- Sp xp li hm fi(x) ta cn n-1 phng trnh cn thit gii,dng :
y = fi(x) =
y = f ' i ( x) =
(

f ' ' ( xi 1 ).( xi x) 3

f ' ' ( xi ).( x x i 1 ) 3
y
f ' ' ( xi 1 ).x i
+
+ ( i 1
).( xi x) +
6xi
6x i
xi
6

yi
' ' ( x i ).xi

).( x xi 1 )
x i
6

xi = xi xi 1 vi i =1, n 1 .
vi
o hm phng trnh ny v p dng iu kin lin tc o hm bc nht ta c :
xi . f ' ' ( xi 1 ) + 2(xi + xi +1 ). f ' ' ( xi ) + xi +1 . f ' ' ( xi +1 ) = 6(

y i y i +1
+
)
xi xi +1

vi y i =yi-yi-1 v i = 1, n 1
iu ny tng ng vi h phng trnh tuyn tnh c n l o hm bc 2 ti cc im bn

trong :

2( x1 + x 2 )
x 2
0

x1
2( x 2 + x3 )
x 3

0
x 2
2( x3 + x 4 )

0
0

0
0

y 2 y1
x x
2
1

f ' ' ( x1 )
0

y
3
2
f ' ' ( x )

0
2

x 3 x 2

0
f ' ' ( x3 ) = 6 y 4 y 3

x x

4
3

2( x n1 + x n f ' ' ( x n )
y
y
n n1
x n x n 1

K hiu ma trn tng ng l :

f1
e
2

g1
f2

g2

e3

f3

g3

en 1

f n 1
en

g n 1

fn

x1
x
2
x3
.

.
.

x n 1

xn

r1
r
2
r3

.
.

rn
rn 1

2.3 ng dng cc phng php ni suy vo vic tnh ton cc bi ton k thut.
2.3.1 Bi ton 1 : Ni suy mn ti La , Ng Ba Snh, Thng Tho Long thuc Sng Hng
ca Thnh Ph Hu.
D liu bi ton
Ti La :
su (m)
-0,39
-4,23
-8,82
mn (S0/00 )
1
2,01
2,6
Ti Ng Ba Snh :
su (m)
-0,34
-5,0
-10,32
mn (S0/00 )
2,9
6,9
7,3
Ti Thng Tho Long :
su (m)
-0,36
-3,4
-7,1
0
mn (S /00 )
8
9,5
11,87
s
u
(H)
-0,39

su
(H)

s
u
(H)

-0,34

-0,36

-5,0

-3,4

-10,32

-7,10

-4,23

-8,82
1 2,01 2,6

m
n
(S /000)

2,9 6,97,3

mn
(S 0/00 )

Ti La
Ti Ng Ba Snh
Kt qu tnh ton ni suy :
* Theo phng php Largrange v phng php Niutn

8 9,511,87

m
n
(S /00)0

Ti Thng Tho Long

Ti La
su (m)
mn
(S0/00 )

-0,39

-1

-2

-3

-4

-4,23

-5

-6

-7

-7,5

-8

-8,82

1,0

1,19

1,48

1,74

1,96

2,01

2,16

2,32

2,45

2,50

2,54

2,6

Ti Ng Ba Snh
su (m)
-0,34
0
mn (S /00 )
2,9
Ti Thng Tho Long
su (m)
-0,36
0
mn (S /00 )
8,0
* Theo phng php Spline
su
(m)
mn
(S0/00 )

-2
4,72

-4
6,33

-5,00
6,9

-1
8,28

-2
8,76

-3,4
9,5

-7
7,57

-9
7,62

-4
9,84

-10,32
7,3

-6
11,10

-7,1
11,87

-0,39

-1

-2

-3

-4

-4,23

-5

-6

-7

-7,5

-8

-8,82

1,0

1,16

1,42

1,69

1,95

2,01

2,11

2,24

2,37

2,43

2,5

2,6

Ti La
su (m)
-0,39
-1
-3
-4,23
0
mn (S /00 )
1,0
1,16
1,69
2,01
Ti Ng Ba Snh
su (m)
-0,34
-2
-4
-5,00
0
mn (S /00 )
2,9
4,33
6,04
6,9
Ti Thng Tho Long
su (m)
-0,36
-1
-2
-3,4
mn (S0/00 )
8,0
8,32
8,81
9,5
th biu din mi tng quan
su
(H)
-0,39
-1,0

-0,34
-2
-4
-5,0
-7,0

-4,23

-8,82

1 2,01 2,6

Ti La

-10,32
mn
(S 0/00)

-7
7,05
-4
9,88

-7
2,37

-8,82
2,6

-9
7,20

-10,32
7,3

-6
11,17

-7,1
11,87

s
u
(H)

s
u
(H)
1
2

-5
2,11

-0,36
-1
-2

-3,4
-4
-6

-7,10
2,9 6,9 7,3

mn
(S 0/00)

Ti Ng Ba Snh

1
2
3

89,511,87

mn
(S 0/00)

Ti Thng Tho Long

Ghi ch : 1. ng s liu cho ban u

2. ng ni suy Lagrange v Niutn
3. ng ni suy Spline
*Nhn xt :
i vi hin tng vt l y l phn b mn theo sau , ni suy Spline bc 3 t ra
c nhiu u im v ng cong phn b l ng bc 3 v trn nn cho php ta xy dng
ng ni suy st vi s phn b mn trong thc t. Cc phng php ni suy Niutn hay
Largrange ch to a thc bc cng cao khi s im ni suy cng ln do khng thch hp y
do ng cong un khc quanh co.
2.3.2 Bi ton 2 : Ni suy mc nc thu triu cho mt con triu hnh Sin(x) trong vng 24 gi.
* D liu ca bi ton.
HThu triu
0
1,2
0
-1,2
0
1,2
0
Thi im
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
*Kt qu tnh ton ni suy :

Ni suy Largrange v Niutn

Httriu
0
0,9
1,2 0,9
Thi im
0
0,5
1
1,5
Ni suy Spline
0 0,825 1,2 0,825
Httriu
Thi im

0,5

1,5

0
2
0
2

-0,9
2,5
-0,825
2,5

-1,2
3
-1,2
3

-0,9
3,5

0
4

0,9
4,5

1,2
5

0,9
5,5

0
6

-0,825
3,5

0
4

0,825
4,5

1,2
5

0,825
5,5

0
6

* Kt lun
Vi hin tng thu triu ln xung th vic s dng ni suy Largrange v Niutn t ra c
hiu qu hn do n ch l ng cong bc 2 nn ni suy theo Phng php Spline t ra khng hiu
qu v thiu chnh xc.
2.4 Kt lun v kin ngh.

Qua s liu cho v kt qu tnh ton ta nhn thy rng, trong thc t c nhiu
hin tng c quy lut khc nhau, tu theo tng hin tng vt l m ta chn phng php
ni suy thch hp c c kt qu ni suy st vi thc t nht.Vic ng dng phng
php ni suy vo cc bi ton k thut t ra trong thc t l rt cn thit v rt c ngha
thc tin bi n gp phn gim khi lng s liu nghin cu o c nh th l ta
tit kim c mt khon rt ln chi ph cho vic thu thp v xc nh s liu trn c s
ng xu hng v mi quan h tng quan gia cc i lng thng qua phng php
ni suy tnh ton.
Mt s giao din nhp v tnh ton ni suy

TI LIU THAM KHO

1. Steven C.Chapra and Raymond P.Canale,Numerical Methods for Engineer with
Programming and Software Application.
2. Gio trnh Gii tch s,Nh xut bn khoa hc v k thut H Ni.
3.GS.TS Nguyn Th Hng, Gio trnh Phng php tnh..
4. Tp ch khoa hc v cng ngh
5. RoBert SEDGEWICK,Cm nang thut ton.