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Buckling - Tampos
Buckling - Tampos
To illustrate the approach and give some background, to at least part of the method, a series
of figures are presented;
Vessel with various types of stiffeners located in the cylindrical & conical parts
In PD 5500, there is a margin of at least 50% between the design pressure specified and the
pressure at which signs of buckling might first appear - providing the vessel is circular to
within 0.5% of the radius.
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In Cylinders, there is a multitude of elastic buckling modes which can occur and describe,
analytically, the behaviour of the vessel. The technique in BS 5500 is to design the cylinders
by considering three simple cases only.
(a)
(b)
(c)
interstiffener buckling
overall buckling
stiffener tripping
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d 4
2 2 d
+
4
+ 4 4 = 1
4
2
dx
dx
D
z
s
External pressure
s
5
7
R
There are 4 stresses of importance
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
It is therefore necessary to find that the value of the external pressure which will cause each
of these four stresses to each reach the material yield point, . In general, the lowest stress
is 5 . It is a compressive membrane stress and thus seems a good candidate for being used
as the stress to cause buckling. This value is called the Yield Pressure, py
and is given by the following expression,
py =
sfe
R(1 G )
The value sf is a modified design stress, and can be thought of as a reduced yield value.
It relates f to an effective yield point:
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One could argue for s = 1.5, so that sf =y. A lower s value introduces a factor of safety.The
in the above equation is a rather complicated value, which is a function of the stiffeners. It
is generally taken as 0 as a first approximation. Such an assumption produces an
underestimation for the allowable pressure, and therefore is safe to do so. Therefore,
sfe
pR
p =
(Note: = f s =
)
R
e
Recall, this is the membrane equation again.
Elastic Buckling
axisymmetric
behaviour
C1
A
Pressure
Pm
perfect cylinders
non-axisymmetric
behaviour
C2
bifurcation
occurs
imperfect
cylinders
Deflection
This graph is a pressure-deflection response for cylinders. The line OA shows a uniform
response, single value of deflection and only slight non-linearity. Displacement is
axisymmetric.At A, the response becomes unstable - bifurcation point. From A to B - In
theory the shell displacement would continue along AB and buckle axi-symmetrically at high
pressure. However, the slightest disturbance at A would cause a dynamic motion. A fly
breathing at the other end of the Universe ! Note: the pressure at A - Elastic Buckling
Pressure pm
Shape of vessel in circumferential direction
From point A, the cylindrical shell develops into a series of sine waves in the circumferential
direction, n = 2, 3, 4 etc. There will be a similar behaviour in the axial direction. There are
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thus innumerable elastic buckling modes. For each n(circumferential), there will be an
infinite number of longitudinal mode shapes. In practice number is finite, because the wave
lengths must be several times the wall thickness. It has been found that one can design
cylinders by considering the Three Simple Cases - as noted above.
The possibility is passible because, for a given vessel of radius R and wall thickness e,
(1) Interstiffener buckling is governed by stiffener spacing, Ls.
(2) Overall buckling is governed in the main by the size of the stiffeners, and
(3) Stiffener tripping by the proportions of the stiffener.
Interstiffener Buckling
In this course, only the analysis of interstiffener buckling is dealt with. The other forms of
buckling are presented in the standard and in detail in BS Document PD 6550 Part:2 1989.
In this, the treatment assumes the following:(a) effect of stiffeners on pre-buckling stress in shell is neglected
(b) rotational and axial restraint to shell buckling due to stiffeners is neglected
(c) stiffeners remain circular during buckling.
Governing equation is given as:
2
1
1
Ee
e2
pm =
+
n 2 1 + ( LR )
2
2
2
2
2
2
R n 1 + 1 ( R ) n 2 L + 1
12 R (1 )
2 L
( R )
}[
(notice this is another membrane type equation, since is the circumferential buckling strain
and E is a stress)
If this function is graphed, for a specific cylinder with the following dimensions;
R = 2700mm, Ls = 750mm, e = 25mm, E = 207,000N/mm2, = 0.3.
The equation above can be used with a range of n values to find pm. There is a minimum
value at pm = 7.31N/mm2 and n = 14.
112
The fuller version of this graph appears as Figure 3.6(3) of the standard. Values of n at
which the minimum occurs are given on this figure from the BS Code. The plot enables the Circumferential Buckling Strain to be found and from this, pm.
The cusps on Fig 3.6(3) represent the points at which the mode associated with the minimum
pressure occurs. This figure can be been marked up to show the values of n corresponding
to the minimum nodal buckling pressures.
This value of pm is a theoretical value for infinitely long ring stiffened cylinders which are
perfectly circular.
In real shells, however, the Shape Imperfections lower the collapse pressure. Also, as the
shell thickness increases, or small diameter vessels are employed, plastic buckling occurs
and the collapse pressure is close to py, which is much less than pm.
Because of these effects, an empirical method is employed which uses py and pm but also a
large number of results from well documented tests.This graph has been prepared from data
from 700 well documented tests which have taken place over the last 100 years.
Actual Measured Collapse Pressure pc pm
~
p
p
These parameters minimised the scatter.
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The values were bounded, then divided by 1.5 to give the design curve in PD 5500. Its Fig
3.6(3) in PD 5500.
Curve (a) for cylinders and cones and (b) for spheres or cylinders to subject to axial stress.
The reason curve (b) is lower is because spheres and cylinders subject to axial stress are very
sensitive to imperfections.
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= 6.9 bar
= 2500 mm
= 1000 mm
= 1.4
= 165 N/mm2
= 231 N/mm2
= 2.07105 N/mm2
This is trial and error procedure, so a range of values must be taken. Assume a thickness of
12.5mm as an initial value. This value would be at least the minimum required internal
pressure thickness for an equivalent internal pressure loading.
2R/e
400
300
250
200
12.5
16.7
20
25
py=sfe/R
1.155
1.540
1.848
2.310
0.00088
0.0013
0.0018
0.0026
pm =Ee /R
0.911
1.798
2.981
5.382
K = pm/py
0.789
1.167
1.613
2.330
0.263
0.380
0.470
0.525
0.306
0.585
0.869
1.213
From this table, 12.5mm and 16.7mm provide insufficient allowable pressures. Thicknesses
of 20mm and 25mm yield adequate results. Linearly interpolating in the table for an
allowable pressure of 0.69N/mm2 gives a required thickness of 17.9mm.
Spheres under External Pressure
Spheres are designed to prevent either yielding or buckling from occurring due to the applied
external pressure loading. As with the design of cylindrical shells, the aim is to ensure the
geometry can carrying sufficient pressure loading to prevent either of the two failure
mechanisms arising. Typical failures can be seen in the photographs shown overleaf.
The pressure to cause yield of a sphere is found from the membrane expression
p yss =
2 sfe
R
The theoretical pressure to cause elastic buckling is given by the following expression;
pe =
1.21Ee 2
R2
However, since this value is only the theoretical value, and shape imperfections must be
considered, then it is possible to use Figure 3.6(3) to evaluate the actual allowable pressure.
This is a non-dimensional curve which relates the theoretical elastic buckling pressure to the
actual buckling pressure with a safety factor of at least 50%. The curve axes values are nondimensionalised by dividing through by the yield pressure value.
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