Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Statistics
Mode
Mean
xi
n
= mean value
xi = sum of all data values (x1, x2, x3, )
n = number of data values
Median
Place data in ascending order.
If n is odd, median = central value
If n is even, median = mean of two central values
Standard Deviation
='
(xi - )2
n
= standard deviation
xi = individual data value ( x1, x2, x3, )
* = mean value
n = number of data values
Range
Range = xmax - xmin
xmax = maximum data value
xmin = minimum data value
Probability
Independent Events
P (A and B and C) = PAPBPC
Frequency
fx =
nx
n
Px =
fx
fa
n!(pk )(qn-k )
k!(n-k)!
PLTW, Inc.
P (A or B) = PA + PB
( |!) =
( ) (!| )
( ) (!| ) + (~ ) (!|~ )
Engineering Formulas
IED POE
DE
CEA
AE
BE
CIM EDD
Plane Geometry
Ellipse
Rectangle
2b
Area = a b
Circle
Perimeter = 2a + 2b
Area = ab
2a
Circumference =2 r
Area = r2
B
Triangle
Parallelogram
Area = bh
a = b + c 2bccosA
2
2
2
b = a + c 2accosB
2
2
2
c = a + b 2abcosC
Area = bh
cos =
s(-. f)
Area = n
2
c =a +b
sin =
Regular Polygons
Right Triangle
2
n = number of sides
tan = b
a
h
Trapezoid
Area = (a + b)h
h
h
b
h
Solid Geometry
Cube
Sphere
3
Volume = s
2
Surface Area = 6s
s
s
Volume r
0
2
Surface Area = 4 r
Rectangular Prism
Cylinder
h
Volume = wdh
Surface Area = 2(wd + wh + dh)
Volume = r h
2
Surface Area = 2 r h+2 r
Irregular Prism
r
Volume = Ah
A = area of base
Pyramid
Volume =
Ah
3
A = area of base
PLTW, Inc.
Constants
2
Engineering Formulas
IED POE
DE
CEA
AE
BE
CIM EDD
Conversions
Mass
Force
Area
2
1 acre = 4047 m
2
= 43,560 ft
2
= 0.00156 mi
1 kg
= 2.205 lbm
1 slug = 32.2 lbm
1 ton = 2000 lbm
1N
1 kip
Energy
= 0.225 lbf
= 1,000 lbf
1J
= 0.239 cal
-4
= 9.48 x 10 Btu
= 0.7376 ftlbf
1kW h = 3,6000,000 J
Pressure
Length
1m
1 km
1 in.
1 mi
1 yd
1 atm
Volume
= 3.28 ft
= 0.621 mi
= 2.54 cm
= 5280 ft
= 3 ft
1L
1mL
= 0.264 gal
3
= 0.0353 ft
= 33.8 fl oz
3
= 1 cm = 1 cc
1psi
= 1.01325 bar
= 33.9 ft H2O
= 29.92 in. Hg
= 760 mm Hg
= 101,325 Pa
= 14.7 psi
= 2.31 ft of H2O
Defined Units
1J
1N
1 Pa
1V
1W
1W
1 Hz
1F
1H
Time
Temperature Change
1K
= 1 C
= 1.8 F
= 1.8 R
1d
1h
1 min
1 yr
= 24 h
= 60 min
= 60 s
= 365 d
Power
1W
= 3.412 Btu/h
= 0.00134 hp
= 14.34 cal/min
= 0.7376 ftlbf/s
= 1 Nm
= 1 kgm / s2
= 1 N / m2
=1W/A
=1J/s
=1V/A
= 1 s-1
= 1 As / V
= 1 Vs / V
SI Prefixes
Numbers Less Than One
Power of 10
Prefix
Abbreviation
10-1
10-2
10-3
10-6
10-9
10-12
10-15
10-18
10-21
10-24
decicentimillimicronanopicofemtoattozeptoyocto-
Equations
d
c
m
n
p
f
a
z
y
Temperature
TK = TC + 273
PLTW, Inc.
TR = TF + 460
TF - 32
TC
=
180
100
TK = temperature in Kelvin
TC = temperature in Celsius
TR = temperature in Rankin
TF = temperature in Fahrenheit
Engineering Formulas
decahectokiloMegaGigaTeraPetaExaZettaYotta-
da
h
k
M
G
T
P
E
Z
Y
Force
F = ma
F = force
m = mass
a = acceleration
Equations of Static Equilibrium
Fx = 0
Fy = 0
MP = 0
IED POE
DE
CEA
AE
BE
CIM EDD
Equations (Continued)
Electricity
Fluid Mechanics
Energy: Work
W = Fd
W = work
F = force
d = distance
P=
F
A
V1
V2
T1
P1
T1
Power
T2
P2
E W
=
t
t
rpm
P=
5252
P = power
E = energy
W = work
t = time
= torque
rpm = revolutions per minute
Efficiency
Pout
100%
Pin
T2
RT (series) = R1 + R2+ + Rn
(Charles Law)
RT (parallel) =
(Guy-Lussancs Law)
Q = Av
A1v1 = A2v2
Horsepower =
QP
1714
P = absolute pressure
F = Force
A = Area
V = volume
T = absolute temperature
Q = flow rate
v = flow velocity
v=
t
"
t
1
2
Q
t
(where acceleration = 0)
U=
1 k
=
R L
kAT
L
a=
vf # vi
t
P=
X=
vi sin(2)
-g
A1v1 = A2v2
Pnet = Ae(T2 4 -T1 4 )
2
d = d0 + v0t + at
v = v0 + 2a(d d0)
K = kinetic energy
m = mass
v = velocity
= dFsin
Q =mcT
Q = thermal energy
m = mass
c = specific heat
T = change in temperature
PLTW, Inc.
Thermodynamics
P=
K = mv2
Energy: Thermal
V = voltage
VT = total voltage
I = current
IT = total current
R = resistance
RT = total resistance
P = power
(where acceleration = 0)
v = v0 + at
Energy: Kinetic
VT = V1 + V2 + + Vn
n
or VT = k=1 Vk
P = Q = AUT
Mechanics
Energy: Potential
U = potential energy
m =mass
g = acceleration due to gravity
h = height
1
1 1
1
+ + +R
R1 R2
n
IT = I1 + I2 + + In
n
or IT = k=1 Ik
s=
U = mgh
V = IR
P = IV
P=
Efficiency (%) =
Ohms Law
s = speed
v = velocity
a = acceleration
X = range
t = time
d = distance
g = acceleration due to gravity
d = distance
= angle
= torque
F = force
Engineering Formulas
-8
W
m2 K
e = emissivity constant
T , T = temperature at time 1, time 2
POE 4 DE 4
Section Properties
Rectangle Centroid
Moment of Inertia
h
Ixx
bh
=
12
x$ =
Ai
and y$ =
b
2
and y;=
h
2
b
3
and y;=
h
3
Semi-circle Centroid
x;=
x; = r and y;=
yi A i
Ai
4r
3
Structural Analysis
Material Properties
Beam Formulas
Stress (axial)
Reaction
F
=
A
Moment
Deflection
= stress
F = axial force
A = cross-sectional area
Reaction
Moment
RA = RB =
Mmax =
PL
4
PL
max = 48EI
(at point of load)
RA = RB =
L
2
L2
Mmax =
(at center)
5L4
384EI
Strain (axial)
Deflection
=
L0
Reaction
Moment
= strain
L0 = original length
= change in length
Deflection
Pa
max = 24EI
%3L2 -4a2 &
Reaction
RA =
Moment
Mmax =
Modulus of Elasticity
E=
E=
E = modulus of elasticity
= stress
= strain
A = cross-sectional area
F = axial force
= deformation
PLTW, Inc.
Deflection
max =
RA = RB = P
Pb
L
and RB =
Pab
L
Pa
L
a(a7!8)
Deformation: Axial
Truss Analysis
FL0
= AE
2J = M + R
Engineering Formulas
(at center)
)*+ = ,a-(a./-)12a(a./-)
/345
(at x = 6
= deformation
F = axial force
L0 = original length
A = cross-sectional area
E = modulus of elasticity
(at center)
9,
when a > b )
J = number of joints
M =number of members
R = number of reaction forces
POE 5 AE 4 CEA 4
Simple Machines
Inclined Plane
Mechanical Advantage (MA)
DE
IMA=
DR
% Efficiency= @
FR
AMA=
FE
AMA
A 100
IMA
IMA=
L (slope)
H
Wedge
IMA=
L ( to height)
H
Lever
Screw
1st
Class
IMA =
C
Pitch
Pitch =
2nd
Class
1
TPI
C = Circumference
r = radius
Pitch = distance between
threads
TPI = Threads Per Inch
3rd
Class
Compound Machines
MATOTAL = (MA1) (MA2) (MA3) . . .
Effort at Axle
dout in out
=
=
(pulleys)
din out in
Compound Gears
GRTOTAL =
Effort at Wheel
Pulley Systems
IMA = Total number of strands of a single string
supporting the resistance
IMA =
DE (string pulled)
DR (resistance lifted)
PLTW, Inc.
!
A
D
C
GR = Gear Ratio
in = Angular Velocity - driver
out = Angular Velocity - driven
Nin = Number of Teeth - driver
Nout = Number of Teeth - driven
din = Diameter - driver
dout = Diameter - driven
in = Torque - driver
out = Torque - driven
Engineering Formulas
POE 6
Structural Design
Steel Beam Design: Shear
Va =
Vn
v
Ma =
Mn
b
Vn = 0.6FyAw
Mn = FyZx
C1 A1 + C2 A2 +
A1 + A2 +
3
Water Supply
Hazen-Williams Formula
hf =
10.44LQ
C
1.85
1.85 4.8655
lb
2
ft
P
A
PLTW, Inc.
Engineering Formulas
CEA 5
PLTW, Inc.
Engineering Formulas
CEA 6
Hazen-Williams Constants
1
T
duty-cycle =
(RA + RB )
100%
(RA +2RB )
T = period
f = frequency
RA = resistance A
RB = resistance B
C = capacitance
Boolean Algebra
Boolean Theorems
Commutative Law
Consensus Theorems
X 0 = 0
XY = YX
#Y = X + Y
X+X
X1 = X
X+Y = Y+X
#Y
#= X + Y
#
X+X
X X =X
# =0
XX
X+0=X
Associative Law
X(YZ) = (XY)Z
%%%+ Y
X# + XY =%X
# = X# + Y
#
X# + XY
X + (Y + Z) = (X + Y) + Z
DeMorgans Theorems
X+1=1
X+X=X
Distributive Law
%%%%%
XY = X# + #
Y
X+#
X=1
X(Y+Z) = XY + XZ
%%%%%%%
#
X+Y = #
XY
$=X
X
(X+Y)(W+Z) = XW+XZ+YW+YZ
CS 12in.
!
ft
d
fm = ftntN
Plunge Rate = fm
N = spindle speed (rpm)
CS = cutting speed (in./min)
d = diameter (in.)
fm = feed rate (in./min)
ft = feed (in./tooth)
nt = number of teeth
PLTW, Inc.
Engineering Formulas
DE 5
CIM 4
Aerospace Equations
Forces of Flight
CD =
2D
Av2
vl
R e=
2L
CL =
Av2
M = Fd
CL = coefficient of lift
CD = coefficient of drag
L = lift
D = drag
A = wing area
= density
Re = Reynolds number
v = velocity
l = length of fluid travel
= fluid viscosity
F = force
m = mass
g = acceleration due to gravity
M = moment
d = moment arm (distance from
datum perpendicular to F)
Propulsion
Orbital Mechanics
I = Fave t
# =$1 -
F N = W(vj - vo )
Fnet = Favg - Fg
a = vf t
FN = net thrust
W = air mass flow
vo = flight velocity
vj = jet velocity
I = total impulse
Fave = average thrust force
t = change in time (thrust
duration)
Fnet = net force
Favg = average force
Fg = force of gravity
vf = final velocity
a = acceleration
t = change in time (thrust
duration)
K = 2 mv2
U=
GMm
R
E=U+K=
F=
GMm
r2
# = eccentricity
b = semi-minor axis
a =semi-major axis
T = orbital period
a = semi-major axis
= gravitational parameter
F = force of gravity between two
bodies
G = universal gravitation constant
M =mass of central body
m = mass of orbiting object
r = distance between center of two
objects
Bernoullis Law
v2
v2
! = Ps +
!
2 1
2 2
PS = static pressure
v = velocity
= density
GMm
2R
K = kinetic energy
m =mass
v = velocity
U = gravitational potential energy
G = universal gravitation constant
M =mass of central body
m = mass of orbiting object
R = Distance center main body to
center of orbiting object
E = Total Energy of an orbit
PLTW, Inc.
a&
a&
T = 2
= 2
GM
Ps +
Energy
b2
a2
Engineering Formulas
Atmosphere Parameters
T = 15.04 - 0.00649h
p = 101.29 *
=
(T + 273.1)
288.08
5.256
p
0.2869(T + 273.1)
T = temperature
h = height
p = pressure
= density
AE 5