Chemical Bond III

Covalent Bonding
1. Covalent bonds are formed by atoms
sharing electrons to form molecules.
This type of bond usually formed between
two non-metallic elements.
2. The molecules might be that of an
element ie one type of atom only OR
from different elements chemically
combined to form a compound.
3. The covalent bonding is caused by the
mutual electrical attraction between the
two positive nuclei of the two atoms of
the bond, and the electrons between them.
4. One single covalent bond is a sharing of
1 pair of electrons, two pairs of shared
electrons between the same two atoms
gives a double bond and it is possible for
two atoms to share 3 pairs of electrons
and give a triple bond.

Number of Covalent bonds depends on how

many pairs of electron been shared.
Number
of Example and type of covalent
electron
bond
1 pair
type of covalent bond

2 pair
type of covalent bond

3 pair
type of covalent bond

Examples of Covalent Bond

Chlorine
oxygen
nitrogen
Hydrogen

phosphorus
carbon dioxide
Tetrachloromethane
sulfur dioxide

Example of covalent bond

Single Bond
Chlorine

Water

Ammonia

Tetrachloromethane

Double Bond
Oxygen

Carbon Dioxide

Triple Bond

Predicting The Molecular Formula

Non-metal element that bond together
Element X valency
Element Y valency
Group IV
Group VII
Group IV

Group VI

Group V

Group VII

Group VI

Group VII

Example 1
The diagram below shows the electron
arrangements in a molecule of
compound YZ2.

Molecular
Formula

Example 3

Example 2

Which one of the following pairs of

elements could be Y and Z?
X
Y
A
argon
neon
B
calcium
fluorine
C
carbon
oxygen
D
oxygen
hydrogen
E
sulphur
chlorine

Exercise
1 What is the total number of shared
electrons in the ethene molecule?

A
B
C

Example 2
2

6
8
10

D
E

12
16

In which of the following pairs do the

elements form a compound by sharing
electrons?
A carbon and chlorine
B lithium and iodine
C neon and oxygen
D potassium and bromine

Structure Question

Figure 1 shows the position of ten elements, E, G, J, M, L, Q, R, U, V, W, in the Periodic Table.

By using the letters in the Periodic Table as the symbols of particles, answer the following
questions.
(a) Which element has the largest atomic radius?
[1 mark]
(b) Which of the elements are metals?
[1 mark]
(c) Explain why M is more electronegative than R.

[2 marks]
(d) How does Q form ion? Write down the formula for this ion.

[2 marks]
(e) Write down the electronic arrangement for atom U.
[1 mark]
(f) (i) What type of bond is in the compound formed by element J and R?
[1 mark]
(ii) Sketch the electronic arrangement for the compound formed by element J and R.

[2 marks]
(g) Write down the chemical equation for the reaction between element L and G.
[1 mark]
Answer
Example 1
Example 2
Example 3
Example 4
Exercise
1
D

E
B
A
B