Communication Electronic

Second Edition
Loius E.Frenzel
Chapter 1.0
INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRONIC COMMUNICATIONS
Review Questions
1. 3 Major Fields of Electronics Computers, Communications and Control. The Largest of
them is COMPUTERS.
2. Communication is the process of exchanging information.
3. Most human communication is oral even though there is a glut of written
communication.
4. 2 major barriers to communication are language and distance.
5. Electronic communications came into being in the late 19th century.
6. 3 main elements of any communication system, Transmitter, receiver, channel or
medium.
7. 3 major types of communications, Paths, Wire, Radio, Fiber Optic Cables.
8. Transmitter converts the message into a form compatible with the selected medium.
9. Receiver converts the message the medium into a form understandable by human.
10. Noise undesirable interference in communications which added to the signal in
receiver.
11. Communication Media degrades and attenuates.
12. 3 Common Sources of Interference - Atmosphere, Manufactured Equipment, Thermal
Agitation of Components.
13. Simplex one way communication. Example RADIO and TV Broadcasting.
14. Simultaneously 2 way communications, FULL DUPLEX Telephone Communication.
15. Half Duplex - 2 way but each party takes turn.
16. Voice and Video signals may be transmitted digitally if they are first passed in D/A
converter.
17. ON/OFF or coded signals are referred to digital signal.
18. Voice and Video signals are continuous ANALOG.
19. An Original Voice, Video or Data Voltage is called BASEBAND signal.
20. Detection/Demodulation recovering the originally transmitted signal.
21. 2 methods of transmitting visual over the telephone network, FACSIMILE and
TELETEXT.
22. Garage Door Opener a common household remote control unit.
23. PAGING the signaling of individuals at remote control unit.
24. TELEMETRY EQUIPMENT done by performing, recording, and analyzing
measurements at a distance.
25. RADIO ASTRONOMY is based on the fact that stars and other heavenly bodies emit
radio waves.
26. 4 ways used in telephone system, Microwave Relay, Satellite, Cordless Phones, and
Cellular Phones.
27. RADAR is based on the used of reflected radio signals.
28. SONAR *Active* underwater radar.
29. 2 Types of Sonar Active and Passive.
30. AMATEUR or HAM RADIO radio communications hobby.
31. MODEMS device that exchange digital data over the telephone network.
32. LOCAL AREA NETWORK *LAN* - limited interconnections of PCs and other computers
in offices and buildings.
33. RF or Electromagnetic Waves signals that travel through free space for long
distances.
34. RF Waves are made up of ELECTRIC and MAGNETIC field.

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POWER LINES 50 to 60hz, ELF Extremely Low Frequency.

HUMAN HEARING RANGE *Audio* - 20 to 20000hz.
HUMAN VOICE 300 to 3000hz.
AM is in MF.
HF is short waves.
UHF major uses, Land Mobile, Cellular Telephone, Military, Radar.
1GHZ above microwaves
SHF and EHF ranges primary used by RADAR and SATELLITE.
EHF millimeter waves.
1 micron 1/1000000
Infrared signals usually derived from heat.
Spectrum range of IR signals 0.7 to 10n.
1 ANGSTROM 1/10,000.
Visible Light Range 4000 to 8000
Light Signals uses 2 medium Fiber Optic and Free Space.
SIDEBAND the new signals above and below the carrier frequency produced by the
modulation process.
COMMUNICATIONS ACT of 1934 - Electronics Communications in United regulated by
States that regulated by set of laws.
FCC/Federal Communication Commission regulatory body for Electronic
Communications in United States.
Government
and
Military
Communications
are
coordinate
by
National
Telecommunication and Information Administration.
ITU/International Telecommunication Union Electromagnetic Spectrum Worldwide.
Frequency Hertz, HENRICH Died in Blood Poisoning.
Mp3 15,000hz
Audio 20hz 20000hz
Edwin Armstrong FM
Power and Decibel rate at which energy is used, watts.

FREQUENCY SPECTRUM
Every Very Very Loving Mother Has Very Loving Son Except I.
I = Light and X rays
Hartley Henry/Inductance
Colpitts Capacitor/Capacitance
Clapp - Combination
Chapter 2.0
AMPLITUDE MODULATION AND SINGLE SIDE-BAND MODULATION
1. Modulation Causes the information signal to be TRANSLATED to a higher frequency for
more efficient transmission.
2. During modulation, the information signal VARIES the amplitude of a high frequency
signal called the CARRIER.
3. The circuit used to produced modulation is called a MODULATOR. Its two inputs are
MODULATING SIGNAL and CARRIER.
4. FREQUENCY must be or always higher than the Modulating Signal.

5. In AM, the instantaneous AMPLITUDE of the carrier varies in accordance with

information signal.
6. The outline of the peaks of the carrier signal is called the ENVELOPE, and it has the
same shape as the MODULATING SIGNAL.
7. Voltages varying over time are said to be TIME DOMAIN signals.
8. Vcsin2fct trigonometric expression for the carrier.
9. The carrier frequency remain CONSTANT during AM.
10. An amplitude modulator performs the mathematical operation of MUPTIPLICATION.
11. Vm should be equal or less than Vc.
12. Another name for modulation index, Modulation Reciprocal, Modulation Factor and
Modulation Coefficient.
13. The degree or depth of modulation occur during expressed as a percentage is computed
using the expression 100% x m.
14. The modulation index is the ratio of the peak voltage of the MODULATING SIGNAL to
the carrier.
15. 100% is the ideal percentage of modulation for maximum amplitude of information
transmission.
16. SIDEBANDS new signals generated by the modulation process that appear directly
above and below the carrier frequency.
17. A signal whose amplitude is displayed with respect to time is called a TIME DOMAIN
DISPLAY. The test instrument used to present such a display is the OSCILLOSCOPE.
18. Complex modulating signals containing many frequencies produce multiple SIDEBANDS
thus occupying more spectrum space.
19. The total sideband power is 50% of the carrier power for 100% modulation.
20. Information in an AM signal is conveyed in the SIDEBAND.
21. The load into which the AM signal power is dissipated is a ( n ) ANTENNA.
22. The total transmitted power is the sum of the CARRIER and SIDEBAND POWERS.
23. An AM signal without a carrier is called DSB/DOUBLE SIDE BAND CARRIER.
24. SSB Single Side Band with Suppressed Carrier
25. Major Benefit of DSB and SSB is higher power can be put into the sidebands.
26. 4 benefits of SSB over AM and DSB less spectrum space, more power in the
sidebands with greater efficiency, less noise, little or no fading.
27. 2 common uses of SSB telephone systems, two way radio.
28. Common use of DSB - FM and TV stereo
29. In SSB, no signal is transmitted unless the information signal is present.
30. VESTIGIAL SIDEBAND - the type of AM signal that is used in TV Broadcasting.
31. FREQUENCY CONVERSION - the process of translating a signal to a higher or lower
frequency for more convenient processing.
32. The circuit used for translating the frequency of a signal is referred to as a(n) MIXER or
CONVERTER.
33. Unwanted mixer output signals are eliminated by a FILTER or TUNED CIRCUIT.
34. The local oscillator is UNMODULATED.
35. Any modulation on the input signal to be translated is RETAINED.
36. The operation carried out by a mixer is known as HETERODYNING.

Chapter 3.0
AMPLITUDE MODULATION CIRCUITS
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AM can be produced by passing the carrier through a circuit whose GAIN or

ATTENUTION can be varied in accordance with the modulating signal.
The name of the nonlinear response of a device that produces AM with second-order
product is SQUARE LAW.
A component that has an exponential response ideal for producing AM is the DIODE.
When forward bias, a PIN diode acts like a (n) ATT ENUATOR.
High current in a PIN diode means that its resistance is LOW.
The AM signals generated by low-level modulating circuits must have their power
level increased by a (n) LINEAR AMPLIFIER before being transmitted.
In a high level AM transmitter, the output stage is usually a CLASS C amplifier.
To achieve 100% high-level modulation of an RF power amplifier, its DRIVER must
also be modulated.
DEMODULATOR its process is to recover the original modulating signal from an
AM wave.
DIODE DETECTOR the most widely used amplitude demodulator.
2 Main Benefits of the full-wave amplitude demodulator over the half-wave circuit.
SMALL FILTER CAPACITOR, LESS RIPPLE and DISTORTION
An AMPLITUDE DEMODULATOR is complete radio receiver.
A balance modulator eliminates CARRIER from its output.
DSB is the output signal of a balanced modulator.
IC BALANCED MODULATOR has the better carrier suppression.
A balanced modulator using a diode bridge is called a(n) LATTICE MODULATOR or
DIODE RING.
An IC ANALOG MULTIPLIER may be used for DSB signal generation.
FILTER METHOD is the most common way of generating an SSB signal.
A filter capable of passing the desired sideband while rejecting the other sideband
must have good SELECTIVITY.
The most popular filter used to select the desired sideband in an SSB generator uses
CRYSTALS for selectivity.
2 ways of generating either the upper or lower sideband in a filter type SSB
generator. USE ONE FILTER FOR EACH SIDEBAND; SELECT THE CARRIER
FREQUENCY SO THAT THE DESIRED SIDEBAND IS IN THE FILTER PASSBAND.
A quartz crystal acts like a highly selective TUNE, RESONANT, or LC circuit.
Mechanical filters provide selectivity because they VIBRATE or RESONATE at a
specific frequency.
A ceramic filter is similar in operation to a(n) CRYSTAL filter.
The operating frequency range of a mechanical filter is 200 to 500 kHz.
In the phasing method of SSB generation, PHASE SHIFT is used to cancel the
undesired sideband.
MIXER or BALANCED MODULATOR a circuit is commonly used to demodulate or
recover an SSB signal.
PRODUCT DETECTOR a typical circuit used to demodulate an SSB signal.
The output signals produced by a mixer with inputs f1 and f2 are f1, f2, f1+f2, and f1
f2.
The type of mixer most used at microwave frequencies is a(n) DIODE.
The 2 mixer s preferred at VHF and UHF are DOUBLY BALANCED MIXER, GaAS
FET.
Transistors mixers provide GAIN while diode mixers do not.
A single-transistor circuit that combines the mixer and LO functions is known a(n)
CONVERTER.
The mixer circuit in the popular NE602IC is CROSS-CONNECTED DIFFERENTIAL
AMPLIFIER.

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In addition to a mixer and a voltage regulator, the NE602 mixer IC contains a(n)
LOCAL OSCILLATOR.
36.
Mixing is the same as AM.
37.
Any balanced modulator may be used as a mixer.

Chapter 4.0
FREQUENCY MODULATION
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The general name given to both FM and PM is ANGLE modulation.

In FM, the carrier amplitude remains constant with modulation.
DEVIATION is the amount of frequency shift during modulation.
The amount of frequency shift in FM is directly proportional to the AMPLITUDE of the
modulating signal.
As the modulating signal amplitude goes positive, the carrier frequency INCREACES. As
the modulating signal amplitude goes negative, the carrier frequency DECREASES.
In PM, the carrier PHASE SHIFT is varied in proportion to the amplitude of the
modulating signal.
A varying phase shift produces a(n) FREQUENCY SHIFT or DEVIATION.
A phase modulator produces a frequency deviation only when the modulating signal is
CHANGING or VARYING.
In PM, the frequency deviation is proportional to both the modulating signal AMPLITUDE
and FREQUENCY.
When the modulating signal amplitude crosses zero, the phase shift and frequency
deviation in a phase modulator are AT A MAXIMUM.
A phase modulator may use a low-pass filter to offset the effect of increasing carrier
frequency deviation for increasing modulating FREQUENCY.
The FM produced by a phase modulator is known as INDIRECT FM.
An FM signal produces more sidebands than an AM signal.
The bandwidth of an FM signal is proportional to the MODULATION INDEX.
The amplitudes of the sidebands in an FM signal are dependent upon a mathematical
process known as BESSEL FUNCTIONS.
The main advantage of FM over AM is its immunity from NOISE.
NOISE is primarily a variation in AMPLITUDE.
FM receivers reject noise because of building LIMITER or CLIPPER.
The CAPTURE EFFECT in an FM receiver causes a stronger signal to dominate a
weaker signal on the same frequency.
Typically FM transmitters are more efficient than AM transmitters because they use
CLASS C amplifiers.
The biggest disadvantage of FM is its excessive use of SPECTRUM SPACE.
Noise interferes primarily with HIGH modulating frequencies.
The method used to offset the effect of noise in FM transmissions by boosting high
frequencies is known as PRE-EMPHASIS.
To boost high frequencies a(n) HIGH PASS FILTER circuit is used.
To correct for the high-frequency boost, a(n) DE-EMPHASIS circuit is used at the
receiver.
The time constant of pre-emphasis circuit is 75s.
In an FM receiver, frequencies above 2122 Hz are attenuated 6dB per octave.

Chapter 5.0
FREQUENCY MODULATION CIRCUITS

1. Increasing the reverse bias on a voltage variable capacitor causes its capacitance to
DECREASE.
2. Connecting a VCC across a parallel LC circuit causes the resonant frequency to
DECREASE.
3. A crystal is operating in its series resonant mode. A VVC is connected in series resonant
mode. A VVC is connected in series with it. The crystal frequency DECREASES.
4. LC OSSILLATOR is capable of greater deviation.
5. A crystal oscillator has superior FREQUENCY STABILITY over an LC oscillator.
6. The acronym VCO means VOLTAGE CONTROL OSCILLATOR.
7. A voltage variable crystal oscillator is referred to as a(n) VXO.
8. Carrier frequency and frequency deviation may be increased by using a(n) FEQUENCY
MULTIPLIER.
9. A reactance modulator is set up to act like an inductive reactance. If the modulating signal
increases in amplitude, the effective inductance decreases. This causes the oscillator
frequency to INCREASE.
10. An IC VCO normally uses a combination of RESISTANCE and CAPACITANCE to set the
operating frequency.
11. VARACTOR DIODE or VARICAP is another name for voltage-variable capacitor.
12. Most VVCs have a nominal capacitance in the
13. Voltage capacitors should not be forward-biased.
14. IC VCOs operate primarily at frequencies below 1MHz.
15. Phase modulation is called INDIRECT FM.
16. Phase modulation produces frequency variation as well as amplitude variation of the carrier.
17. In a simple RC network the phase shift is between 0 degrees to 90 degrees.
18. Larger linear phase shifts are obtained with a(n) PARALLEL RESONANT or TUNED
CIRCUIT.
19. The control element in a phase modulator is usually a(n) VARACTOR.
20. If a parallel LC circuit is at resonance, increasing C will cause the current to LEAD the
applied voltage.
21. The small phase shifts produced by indirect FM are increases by sending the PM signal to
a(n) FREQUENCY MULTIPLIER circuit.
22. In the Foster-Seeley discriminator and radio detector circuits, an input frequency variation
produces a(n) PHASE SHIFT that causes an output voltage variation.
23. In the pulse-averaging discriminator, a low pass filter averages the fixed-width, fixed
amplitude pulses from a(n) ONE SHOT or MONOSTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR.
24. The input frequency INCREASE for the average voltage output of the low-pass filter in a
pulse-averaging discriminator to increase.
25. Quadrature refers to a 90 degrees phase difference.
26. The phase detector in a quadrature detector is usually a(n) DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIER.
27. The quadrature detector input circuit produces varying PHASE SHIFT as the input frequency
changes.
28. The varying-width pulses produced by the quadrature detector are converted into the original
modulating signal by a(n) LOW PASS FILTER.
29. The circuit in a differential peak detector IC that temporarily stores the peak value of an input
sine wave is called a(n) PEAK DETECTOR.
30. In the differential peak detector, the components C1,C2,L1 convert frequency variations into
the amplitude variations into the amplitude variations that ultimately become the output.
31. PHASE DETECTOR, VCO, LOW-PASS FILTER are the three main elements of a PLL.
32. The PHASE DETECTOR CIRCUIT in a PLL recognizes FREQUENCY OR PHASES changes
between the input and VCO signals.
33. The VCO part of PLL is a simple frequency modulator.
34. It is the ERROR signal in the PLL that varies the VCO frequency.
35. The range of frequencies over which a PLL will cause the input VCO signals to remain
synchronized is known as the LOCK RANGE.

36. If the PLL input is zero, the VCO will operate at its FREE-RUNNING frequency.
37. The range of frequencies over which a PLL will latch onto or recognize an input signal is
called CAPTURE RANGE.
38. Since a PLL will only respond to signals over a narrow frequency range, it acts like a(n)
BANDPASS FILTER.
39. In a PLL frequency demodulator, the error signal MODULATING SIGNAL or
INFORAMATION SIGNAL.
40. In a PLL demodulating an FM signal, the VCO output is an exact reproduction of the FM
INPUT.
41. The Foster-Seeley discriminator is SENSITIVE TO INPUT amplitude as well as frequency
variations.