Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Ashish Arora
March 18,
18 2010
A leading engineering & scientific consulting firm dedicated to helping our clients solve their technical problems.
2
Introduction
Exponent was retained to characterize the charge and
discharge performance of EcoloCap’s 720 Ah battery
Exponent
E t performed
f d a series
i off charge
h and
d di
discharge
h
tests to determine the energy (Ah) of the 720 Ah
battery at various charge/discharge currents at room
temperature
Exponent also characterized the temperature of the
battery at selected locations on the battery enclosure
duringg the charge/discharge
g g tests
3
Introduction
Exponent’s testing was limited to charge/discharge
currents up to 235 A (C/3.06)
All ttests
t were performed
f d on a single
i l battery
b tt received
i d
for testing
The
Th tested
t t d bbattery
tt did nott contain
t i abbattery
tt
management system for protection
4
Battery Information
SUMMARY
6
Summary
The measured battery energy (Ah) exceeded the
battery’s rating of 720 Ah under all test currents
The battery
batter was
as tested for charge/discharge currents
c rrents upp to
235 A (C/3.06)
The peak battery temperature was recorded on the top
of the battery near the battery terminals
The peak temperature was recorded at 53˚C at a current of
235 A
The peak battery post temperature was recorded at
75˚C
7
Summary
The peak battery post temperatures were higher than
th peakk ttemperatures
the t measured
d on the
th battery
b tt
enclosure for all tests performed
The battery posts (positive and negative) were observed to
have dislodged from their manufactured position during the
235 A charge test. This resulted in a lower overall efficiency
of the battery at a current of 235 A likely due to heat related
capacity losses
This mayy have also resulted in variations in the ppeak batteryy
post temperatures measured during the tests
8
Summary
The evaluation conducted by Exponent is documented in
this presentation. Should additional information become
available or should additional testing or analysis provide
further insight, Exponent reserves the right to amend these
conclusions.
9
INSTRUMENTATION
10
Instrumentation
Batteryy Voltage
g Battery Front Top Temperature
Battery Current (T Front Side Top)
Battery Positive Terminal Battery Front Center
Temperature (T Pos Term) Temperature (T Front Side Ctr)
Battery Negative Terminal Battery Left Side Center (T Left
Temperature (T Neg Term) Side Ctr)
Battery Top Left Temperature (T Battery
B tt RearR Side
Sid Center
C t (T Rear
R
Top Left) Side Ctr)
Battery Top Right Temperature Batteryy Back Side Top
p ((T Back
(T Top Right) Side Top)
Battery Top Center Temperature Battery Back Side Center (T
(T Top Ctr) Back Side Ctr)
11
Instrumentation
The temperature, voltage and current was recorded
using a Fluke Hydra Logger (Model N0. 2045)
The data was
as recorded at a sampling frequency
freq enc of 1 H
Hz
The battery current was measured using a 2005-S LEM
current transducer
Closed loop compensated current transducer based on the hall
effect
2000 A nominal, 3000 – A maximum, 100 kHz bandwidth
A 0000 (4/0) AWG wire was used to connect the
b tt to
battery t the
th power supply/electronic
l / l t i load
l d during
d i theth
tests
12
Th
Thermocouple
l Locations
L ti
Top Left Top Right
Front
Side Top
Front Side
Center
13
Thermocouple Locations
i
Right Side
Ctr
Back Side
Top
Back Side
Ctr
Left Side
Ctr
14
T
Terminal
i l Connections
C ti
Voltage
M
Measurementt
Terminal
15
TEST PROTOCOL
16
P t l
Protocol
1. The batteryy was discharged
g at a constant current of
100 A until the battery voltage dropped to 9 V
2. The battery was then charged using a power supply
set for an open circuit voltage of 12.6 V and the test
charge current
Charging
Ch i was terminated
t i t d once the
th charge
h currentt ddroppedd
to 70 ± 5 A
3 The battery was then discharged using the test
3.
current until the battery voltage dropped to 9 V
17
Test Runs
Steps 1-3 of the test protocol (Slide 17) were performed
for the following currents:
100 A
150 A
200 A
235 A
All tests were performed at an ambient temperature of
22 ± 3˚C.
18
TEST RESULTS
19
Test Results
Peak
Max/Min of Peak Peak
Negative Ambient
Measured Measured Positive
Current Efficiency Post Temperature
Test Energy Battery Surface Post
(A) (%) Temperature (˚C)
(Ah) Temperatures Temperature
(˚C)
((˚C)
C) ((˚C)
C)
TEST DATA
27
100 A Ch
Charge – Voltage,
V lt C
Current
t&T
Temperature
t
29
100 A Ch
Charge – Voltage,
V lt C
Currentt & C
Capacity
it
30
100 A Di
Discharge
h – Voltage,
V lt C
Current
t&T
Temperature
t
31
100 A Di
Discharge
h – Voltage,
V lt C
Currentt & C
Capacity
it
32
150 A Ch
Charge – Voltage,
V lt C
Current
t&T
Temperature
t
34
150 A Ch
Charge – Voltage,
V lt C
Currentt & C
Capacity
it
35
150 A Di
Discharge
h – Voltage,
V lt C
Currentt & C
Capacity
it
36
200 A Ch
Charge – Voltage,
V lt C
Current
t&T
Temperature
t
38
200 A Ch
Charge – Voltage,
V lt C
Currentt & C
Capacity
it
39
200 A Di
Discharge
h – Voltage,
V lt C
Current
t&T
Temperature
t
40
200 A Di
Discharge
h – Voltage,
V lt C
Currentt & C
Capacity
it
41
235 A Ch
Charge – Voltage,
V lt C
Current
t&T
Temperature
t
43
235 A Ch
Charge – Voltage,
V lt C
Currentt & C
Capacity
it
44
235 A Di
Discharge
h – Voltage,
V lt C
Current
t&T
Temperature
t
45
235 A Di
Discharge
h – Voltage,
V lt C
Currentt & C
Capacity
it