AFFIXES IN USE FOR YDS CLASSES

prefixes which are useful in helping you to understand

unfamiliar words.

AFFIXES
PREFIXES

SUFFIXES

Affixes, being one of the most important subjects in

acquiring words, help students to enrich their own range of
vocabularies. After studying these affixes for a specific
time, you can get to know where and how to use them
efficiently in the questions.

PREFIXES MEANING
antiagainst
autoof or by
oneself
bitwo, twice
ex-

PREFIXES: Prefixes are often used to give adjectives a

negative meaning. The opposite of comfortable is
uncomfortable, the opposite of
convenient is
inconvenient and the opposite of similar is dissimilar.
Other examples are unjust, inedible, disloyal.
SOME CERTAIN PREFIXES AND THEIR SITUATIONS:
in- becomes im- before a root beginning with m or p,
e.g. immature, impatient, impartial, improbable.
Similarly, in- becomes ir- before a word beginning with
r, and il- before a word beginning with 1, e.g.
irreplaceable, irreversible, illegal, illegible, illiterate.
The Prefix in- does not always have a negative meaning
often it gives the idea of inside, e.g. internal, import,
insert, income.
Although it is mainly adjectives which are made negative
by prefixes, un- and dis- can also form the opposites of
verbs too, e.g. appear disappear. The prefix is used here to
reverse the action of the verb. Here are some more
examples: disagree, disapprove, disbelieve, disconnect,
discredit, dislike, dismount, disprove, disqualify, unbend,
undo, undress, unfold, unload, unlock, unpack, untidy,
unveil, unwrap, unzip.
Many other prefixes are used in English. Here is a list of

exmicromismonomultioverpostpropseudoresemisubunder-

EXAMPLES
anti-war / antisocial / antibiotic
autograph / auto-pilot
/ autobiography
bicycle / bi-monthly / biannual
bilingual
former
ex-wife / ex-student /
ex-president
out of
extract / exhale / excommunicate
small
micro-computer / microwave /
microscopic
badly/wrong misunderstand / mistranslate /
ly
misinform / misread
one/single
monotonous / monologue /
monogamous
many
multi-national / multi-purpose /
multi-racial
too much
overdo / overtired / oversleep / overeat /
overwork / overcharge
after
post-war / postgraduate /
post-revolutionary
in favour of pro-government / pro-revolutionary
false
pseudo-scientific /
pseudo-intellectual
again or
retype / reread / replace / rewind / redo
back
/ reopen / retake /
half
semicircular / semi-final /
semi-detached
under
subway / submarine / subdivision
not enough under-worked / underused /
under-cooked

AFFIXES IN USE FOR YDS CLASSES

EXERCISES ON PREFIXES
Practise using words with negative prefixes. Contradict the
following statements in the same way as the example.
Example:

Hes a very honest man.

I dont agree. I think hes dishonest.

1. Im sure shes discreet.

........................................ .
3. Its a convincing argument.
........................................ .
5. Hes very efficient.
........................................ .
7. Thats a relevant point.
........................................ .
9. Shes always obedient.
....................................... .

2. I find him very sensitive

....................................... .
4. I find her responsible.
....................................... .
6. He seems grateful for us.
....................................... .
8. Shes loyal to the firm.
....................................... .
10. Hes a tolerant person.
....................................... .

Which negative adjective fits each of the following

definitions?
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

................................... means not having a husband or wife.

................................... means impossible to eat.
................................... means unable to read or write.
................................... means not having a job.
................................... means fair in giving judgement, not
favouring one side.
6. .................................. means unable to be replaced.

Choose a negative verb written in bold from 4 th matter in

some certain prefixes and their situations to fit each of
the sentences below. Put it in the correct form.
Example: The runner was disqualified after a blood test.
1. Children (and adults) love ........... parcels at Christmas time.
2. I almost always find that I .................. with his opinion.
3. Im sure hes lying but its going to be hard to .......... his
story.
4. After a brief speech the Queen .............. the new statue.
5. It took the removal men an hour to .................... our things
from the van.
6. His phone was ............... because he didnt pay his last bill.

Answer the following questions. The answers are all in the

given table.
1. What kind of oven cooks things particularly fast?
...................................................................................... .
2. What kind of drug can help somebody with an infection?
...................................................................................... .
3. What kind of company has branches in many countries?
...................................................................................... .
4. How does a passenger aeroplane normally fly?
...................................................................................... .
5. What is a student who is studying for a second degree?
...................................................................................... .
6.What means underground railway in the US and
underground passage in the UK?
...................................................................................... .

AFFIXES IN USE FOR YDS CLASSES

Using the table opposite construct words or phrases to
replace the underlined words.
Example: Hes in favour of the American approach.
He is pro-American.
1. The BBC tries to avoid pronouncing foreign words
incorrectly.
2. Most people say they have to work too hard but are paid too
little.
3. He dated his cheque with a date that was later than the real
date.
4. Shes still on good terms with the man who used to be her
husband.
5. He made so many mistakes in the letter that he had to write
it again.
Complete the verbs in these sentences.
1. I am sorry, I mis .................. her message completely.
2. We un .................... as soon as we got to the hotel, then went
out for a walk.
3. She was here a minute ago, but then she dis ............... . Im
afraid I dont know where she is now.
4. We normally have similar opinions but I dis ................. with
him totally on the subject of drugs.
5. My homework was so bad that Ill have to re .................. it.
6. Apparently, her alarm clock didnt ring and she over ........... .
7. She finally managed to un ...................... the door and we
were able to go inside.
8. I dis ...................... the film, but the others enjoyed it.
9. I dont think Ill pass the exam, but I can always re ...............
it in September.
10.
The post office shuts for lunch but it should re .......... at
2:00 p.m.
11.
Shes over ....................... at the moment. She really

12.

needs a holiday and a complete break from her job.

My sister wrapped up my present so well that it took me
about five minutes to un ...................... it.

Agree with these statements, using the words having been

studied above as the underlined words.
Example: A: He doesnt have a job, does he?
B: No, he is unemployed.
1. Its against the law, isnt it?
Oh yes, ................................................................. .
2. His room is always in a mess, isnt it?
Yes, ...................................................................... .
3. He took off his clothes!
Yes, ...................................................................... .
4. This handwriting is impossible to read.
Yes I know, ........................................................ .
5. She can never wait for five minutes, can she?
No, .................................................................... .
6. I thought it was rude, didnt you?
Yes, it was very ................................................. .

SUFFIXES: These affixes can change the word-class of the

3

AFFIXES IN USE FOR YDS CLASSES

word, give extra-meaning and enlarge the content of the
entailed word.
SOME CERTAIN SUFFIXES AND THEIR SITUATIONS:
/-er/ is used for the person who does an activity, e.g.
writer, worker, shopper, teacher. You can use /-er/ with a
wide range of verbs to make them into nouns. Sometimes,
the /-er/ suffix is written as /-or/ instead of /-er/. It is worth
making a special list of these as you meet them, e.g. actor,
operator, sailor, supervisor.
(-er / -or) are also used for things which do a particular
job, e.g. pencil-sharpener, bottle-opener, grater,
projector.
(-er / -ee) can contrast with each other meaning person
who does something. (-er) and person who receives or
experiences the action (-ee), e.g. employer/employee,
sender/addressee, payee (e.g. of a cheque).
/-(t)ion/ is used to make nouns from verbs. e.g.
Complicate Complication, Pollute Pollution,
Reduce
Reduction, Alter Alteration,
Donate Donation, Admit Admission
/-ist/ [person] and /-ism/ [activity or ideology] used for
peoples politics, beliefs and ideologies, and sometimes
their profession (compare with -er/-or professions above),
e.g. Marxism, Buddhism, journalism, anarchist, physicist,
terrorist.
/-ist/ is also often used for people who play musical
instruments, e.g. pianist, violinist, cellist.
/-ness/ is used to make nouns from adjectives. Note what
happens to adjectives that end in /-y/: e.g. goodness,
readiness, forgetfulness, happiness, sadness, weakness.
Adjective suffix:

/-able /-ible/ with verbs, means can be done. drinkable

washable readable recognizable countable forgivable.
Examples with /-ible/: /edible/ (can be eaten) flexible (can
be bent)
Verbs:

/-ise (or -ize)/ makes verbs from adjectives, e.g.

modernise, commercialise, industrialise.
SUFFIXES

-ment
-ity
-hood
-ship
-ive
-al
-ous
-ful

PART OF
SPEECH
(nouns)

EXAMPLES

excitement,
enjoyment,
replacement
(nouns)
flexibility
productivity scarcity
(abstract
nouns childhood,
especially
family motherhood,
terms)
brotherhood
(abstract
nouns friendship,
especially status)
partnership,
membership,
(adjectives)
passive, productive,
active
(adjectives)
brutal, legal, refusal,
(nouns)
arrival
(adjectives)
delicious outrageous
furious
(adjectives)
forgetful, hopeful,
useful
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AFFIXES IN USE FOR YDS CLASSES

-less
-ify
-ish

(adjectives)

useless harmless
cloudless
(verbs)
beautify, purify,
terrify
adjectives, ages and thirtish, reddish,
times
eightish

EXERCISES ON SUFFIXES

The (er / or), (-ee / -st) suffixes. Use the suffixes to

give the names of the following.

Example: A person who plays jazz on the piano. a jazz pianist

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

The thing that wipes rain off your car windscreen. .............. .
A person who plays classical violin. ........................ .
A person who takes professional photographs. .................... .
A person who acts in amateur theatre. ................................. .
The person to whom a cheque is made out. ........................ .
A machine for washing dishes. ..................................... .
A person who donates their kidneys upon their death. ......... .
The person to whom a letter is addressed. .......................... .

Do these words mean a thing, a person, or both?

a cooker
a typewriter
a record player
a smoker
a ticket-holder
a cleaner
a drinker
a teacher
a speaker
Spelling changes. Rewrite each sentence by changing the
underlined words, using a suffix having been studied above.

Make any spelling changes needed.

1.Most of his crimes can be forgiven.
Most of his crimes are ......................... .
2.The Club refuses to admit anyone not wearing a tie.
The Club refuses .................. to anyone not wearing a tie.
3.Her only fault is that she is lazy.
Her only fault is ............................ .
4.This firm has produced a lot in recent years.
This firm has been very .................. in recent years.
5. I found the book very easy and pleasant to read.
I found the book very ............................................. .
Which word is the odd one out in each group and why?
1.brotherhood neighbourhood manhood priesthood
2.hair-restorer plant-holder step-ladder oven-cleaner
3.appointment involvement compliment arrangement
4.tearful spiteful dreadful handful
5.worship kinship friendship partnership
ROOTS: Both the prefixes and suffixes are added at the
beginning and at the end of these roots and give additional
meanings according to the meaning of the affixes that we have
discussed above.
For example,
un ~ bear ~ able
Prefix
Root
Suffix

ROOTS
Many words in English are formed from a set of Latin roots
5

AFFIXES IN USE FOR YDS CLASSES

with different prefixes and suffixes. Knowing the roots of such
words may help you to remember or guess their meaning when
you see them in context. These words are usually fairly formal.
In their formation, they can perhaps be seen as the Latinate,
formal, equivalent of phrasal verbs.
Here are some examples of the more common Latin roots, with
some of the verbs derived from them. In each case an example
sentence is given with the meaning of the verb in brackets at
the end. Youll find some easier to understand than others.
spect: see, look
You should respect your parents / the laws of a country.
[look up to]
The police suspected he was guilty but they had no proof.
[had a feeling]
Many pioneers travelled west in America to prospect for
gold. [search]
vert: turn
I tried a word-processor but I soon reverted to my old
typewriter. [went back]
Missionaries went to Africa to convert people to
Christianity. [change beliefs]
The royal scandal diverted attention from the political
crisis. [took attention away]
port: carry, take
How are you going to transport your things to the States?
[send across]
Britain imports cotton and exports wool.[buys in, sells out]
The roof is supported by the old beams. [held up]
duc, duct: lead
She was educated abroad. [went to school]
He conducted the orchestra with great vigour. [led]
Japan produces a lot of electronic equipment. [makes]

press: press, push

She was impressed by his presentation. [full of admiration
and respect]
This weather depresses me. [makes me feel miserable]
She always expresses herself very articulately. [puts her
thoughts into words]
pose, pone: place, put
The meeting has been postponed until next week. [changed
to a later date]
The king was deposed by his own son. [put off the throne]
I dont want to impose my views on you. [force]
ced: move, yield
Teaching English always precedes before everything for
me. [come first]
If I accede to this demand for blackmail, I am afraid that I will be
the victim of future demands. [agree, assent, consent,
acquiesce]

cide: kill
Because of great depression, the man decided to commit to
suicide by jumping from the bridge of Bosphorus. [selfkiller or self-killing]
The man was accused of committing to several homicides.
[human-killing]
dic (dict): say, speak
His addiction to drugs caused his family much grief.
[habitual need]
Every time you contradict what I utter, I entirely get angry
with you. [say the opposite]
voc: call
All the vocabularies you need are included in that passage.
[the group of words]
In order to prevent a sudden outbreak of hostilities, we must
give our enemy no provocation. [cause for anger]
grat: easing, thankful, favour
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AFFIXES IN USE FOR YDS CLASSES

The prime minister congratulated the famous footballer on

his success in the match. [express pleasure]
I would be absolutely grateful if you helped me do my
homework. [full of thanks]
mit (mis): send
He was admitted to the hospital. [permit sb in]
The y is omitted when you make the word university
plural. [send it away]
rupt: break
It was such an abrupt accident that everybody got entirely
shocked at. [broken off, sudden]
The earthquake disrupted every surrounding head over
hills. [break apart, annihilate, devastate]
sci: know
The doctor was conscious of the unpalatable truth Death.
[aware, knowing]
The wise men are the people who are very omniscient.
[knowing everything]
ver: true
The politician averred that there would be great increase in
the percent of money rate. [claim]
The witness verified everything he said to the police.
[confirm, prove to be true]
scrib (acript): write
I can ascribe no motive for his acts. [refer, attribute,
assign]
Whatever you do to me doesnt inscribe on my eyes.
[record, enlist, write]
viv: live
The magnificent saying has revived his lover again and
again. [bring sb back to life]
There were only twelve survivors. [outlive, rescue]
Above you only have examples of verbs. Note that for all
the verbs listed, there is usually at least one noun and at

least one adjective as well. Here are some examples.

Verb
inspect
advertise
deport
introduce
oppress
compose

Person noun
inspector
advertiser
deportee
introducer
oppressor
composer

Adjective
inspecting
advertising
deported
introductory
oppressive
composite

Abstract noun
inspection
advertisement
deportation
introduction
oppression
composition

EXERCISES ON ROOTS
Complete the following table as in the study page above.
verb
impress
produce
support
impose
conduct

person
noun
.................
.................
.................
.................
................

adjective
convert
..................
..................
..................
.................
.................

abstract
noun
.................
.................
.................
.................
.................

Fill in the gaps in the sentences below using words from the
last matters table in the study page.
1. We stayed in a town surrounded by high mountains. I found
it very .................................... .
2. He ................. from the USA for having a forged passport.
3. The magazine seems to have nothing in it but ................ for
cosmetics.
4. May I .................... you to my boss?
5. The tax .................. decided I owed a lot of money.
7

AFFIXES IN USE FOR YDS CLASSES

6. The new take-away pizza service has a very good ....... offer.
7. Business people always say that it pays ......................... .
8. Tchaikovsky ....................... some wonderful ballet music.

Can you work out the meanings of the underlined words in

the sentences below? To help you, here are the meanings of
the main Latin prefixes:

support
postpone
deposit
oppose
divert
inspect
reduce

put off
cut down
hold up
look at
go against
turn away
put down
QUIZ POT: WORD FORMATION

intro: within, re: again,

inward in,
back
im: in, into
sub: under

o, ob: against de: down,

from
trans: across ex: out

1. Shes a very introspective person and hes also very

introverted.
2. He always seems to oppose everything I suggest.
3. They have a very good induction programme for new staff
in that company.
4. I dont think it is healthy to repress ones emotions too
much.
5. Perhaps you can deduce what the word means from the way
it is formed.
6. The documentary exposed corruption in high places.
7. She tried hard to suppress a laugh.
8. She transposed the music for the flute.
Pair the formal verbs below with their phrasal verb
equivalents.

1. You must get really ...................... when your husband is

away on business and youre on your own in that big house.
a. companionable b. avoidable c. faithful d. lonely
e. insensitive
2. This procedure is ........................, so you wont be able to
change your mind about it later on.
a. uneventful b. irreversible c. non-explosive
d. inflated
e. unimpressive
3. Considering the peculiar clothes she always wears, her
house was surprisingly ..................... decorated.
a. tastefully
b. attentively
c. gratefully
d. totally
e. mindlessly
4. I thought his entry deserved to win first ........................, but
the judges obviously didnt agree with me.
a. prize b. medal c. award d. trophy e. reward
5. After the little girl was pulled out of the lake, she
was ................ with fear as much as with cold.
a. winking
b. sweating
c. itching
d. scratching
e. trembling
6. Having never learnt to read and write as a child, hes just
enrolled at an adult ....................... centre.
8

AFFIXES IN USE FOR YDS CLASSES

a. legality
b. eligibility
c. liability
d. literacy
e. legibility
7. Her greatest .................... in life these days is spending time
with her grandchildren, whom she adores.
a. obedience
b. relation
c. pleasure
d. boredom
e. favouritism
8. After the battle, the ..................... soldiers were helped by
those who could walk.
a. wounded b. damaged c. broken d. killed e. blessed
9. All the doctors of this hospital, when going on a holiday,
should leave a telephone number so that we can call them in
case of an ....................... case.
a. hasty b. urgent c. valuable d. confident e. early
10. He swore that he would get his ..................... on the men
who had caused him to fail.
a. spite b. anger c. revenge d. grudge e. grievance
11. As soon as Charles had ................ a little from his surprise,
his one thought was to get away.
a. absorbed
b. returned
c. dissolved
d. recovered
e. discovered
12. Trying to change Pauls mind is like trying to change water
into wine because hes very ...................... .
a. considerable b. different
c. stubborn d. capricious
e. changeable
13. Harry is terribly ...................... because he has failed his
examination.
a. excited b. sensitive c. sensible d. upset e. exciting
14. She is making herself ill with ..................... over husbands
success as a politician.
a. annoyance
b. troubles
c. disgust
d. worry
e. consideration
15. He fell in love with her at first ...................................... .
a. sight b. scene c. spectacle d. vision e. view

16. Unless the workers demands are .................. soon, there will
be a strike.
a. met b. given c. paid d. permitted e. replied
17. We locked the animals in the cage to ................. them from
getting away.
a. hinder b. avoid c. object d. subject e. resist
18. Children who are taught to ................... their possessions and
mix freely with children of their own age grow up to be
unselfish and sociable adults.
a. protect b. store c. isolate d. break e. share
19. Unfortunately, I never had the .................... to hear him play
the piano.
a. opportunity b. occasion c. possibility d. chance
e. freedom
20. Young children appreciate being loved and they are
very .................. to affection.
a. prone
b. remote
c. insensitive
d. apathetic
e. responsive
21. It is impossible to .................... these points of view; they are
too different.
a. reconcile
b. unite
c. coincide
d. compromise
e. correspond
22. After a lot difficulty, he .................... to open the door.
a. succeeded
b. managed
c. obtained
d. gained
e. realised
23. They are doing research on the ..................... of the new
drug.
a. expenses b. effects c. interests d. views e. descriptions
24. The company will be employing a mechanic to look after the
new ............................. .
a. situation b. decision c. employees
d. institution
e. equipment
25. It is very difficult to work out a monthly budget since the
prices keep on .......................... .
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AFFIXES IN USE FOR YDS CLASSES

a. reckoning b. exceeding c. raising d. rising e. expanding
26. I didnt .................... we would be leaving quite so early.
a. consult b. expect c. wait d. ask e. determine
27. They couldnt find a house in London at a price they
could ............................. .
a. obtain b. demand c. get d. afford e. require
28. Although he appears to be fluent in English, his sentences
are full of grammatical ........................ .
a. wrongs b. dangers c. mistakes d. duties e. rules
29. The new cashier soon ..................... himself to be both
efficient and trustworthy.
a. proved b. spoiled c. exaggerated d. upheld e. undermined
30. Have you seen the .................. for the 5 day-trip to Scotland
for only $ 150.
a. reservation b. dream c. holiday d. advertisement
e. newspaper
31. Such accidents are usually the result of carelessness and can
be avoided by taking a few simple ......................... .
a. reasons b. wonders c. explanations d. precautions
e. introductions
32. I didnt want to ..................... with Peter about doing the
washing up.
a. apologise b. conclude c. quarrel d. contrast e. blame
33. What attracted most attention in his speech was his ..............
to create new jobs.
a. strike b. election c. precaution d. promise e. doubt
34. In order to .................... this theory, we carried out a number
of experiments.
a. contest b. persuade c. inherit d. engage e. demonstrate
35. The ..................... about the date of the meeting was the
result of a typing error.
a. dependence b. approval c. confusion d. expression
e. contribution
36. Having anticipated some problems at work, I was relieved

when my day turned out to be .......................... .

a. uneventful
b. tedious c. disrupted d. laborious
e. troublesome
37. She became so hysterical when she heard the news of her
husbands death that the doctor had to give her a / an .......... .
a. collector
b. painkiller
c. tranquilliser
d. plaster
e. bandage
38. You are too .................... with your children. You should be
stricter and not let them do whatever they want all the time.
a. soft b. rough c. mean d. fluffy e. spoilt
39. Your claim seems to have no ................ whatsoever, and,
unless you can produce some information to support it, well
have to disregard it.
a. advice b. validity c. amendment d. attitude e. witness
40. If he were more .................. Id ask him to help us, but Im
sure he cant be trusted.
a. dubious b. related c. disloyal d. reliable e. dependent
41. Having studied the research in great detail, I think we can
safely ....................... that the project stands a good chance
of succeeding.
a. adhere b. release c. precede d. conclude e. refer
42. The furniture seemed a little ..................... but otherwise the
house was in good condition.
a. stable b. shabby c. stylish d. sour e. elegant
43. Millions of people ............... something to the poor family
whose children were cancer.
a. contributed b. asked for
c. called
d. subtracted
e. turned out
44. Despite the fact that she married him ................., she is
happy now with two children.
a. eagerly
b. happily
c. quickly d. unwillingly
e. briskly
45. My mother became ................ of me when I came home late.
a. suspicious b. ill c. considered d. wondering e. sad
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AFFIXES IN USE FOR YDS CLASSES

46. It was a surprise that no one was injured in the explosion,
but the bus was completely ........................... .
a. exaggerated b. examined c. destroyed d. preserved
e. ground
47. There was blood on the snow. As one of the villagers ...........
it, he found a man lying half-dead in the snow.
a. dedicated
b. restricted
c. concluded
d. traced
e. confronted
48. Most teachers ...................... having to teach in overcrowded
classes.
a. abhor b. neglect c. nullify d. negate e. blemish
49. Larry was so ..................... in his novel that he forgot about
his dinner cooking in the oven.
a. engrossed
b. obliged
c. enlivened d. excelled
e. devastated
50. Pantothenic acid is ..................... in eggs, peas, grain and
potatoes.
a. scarce b. inadequate
c. abundant d. insufficient
e. analogous
51. He is proud of his son who is an .............. and athletic youth.
a. awkward b. agile c. ponderous d. inept e. timorous
52. Evidence exists that health problems may be .................. by
changes in diet and exercise habits.
a. eradicated
b. alleviated c. cured d. complicated
e. diagnosed
53. The land that the government ................ to the Indians had
been theirs before.
a. apportioned
b. aligned
c. allotted
d. extorted
e. alleviated
54. River, valleys and coastal plains constitute ................... a
third of the country.
a. decreasingly b. minimally c. precisely d. outlandishly
e. approximately
55. Autistic people usually have unexpected and .................

responses to their environment.

a. inconspicuous
b. ordinary c. usual d. passionate
e. bizarre
56. The use of fertilisers and improved methods of controlling
plant and animal diseases has .................... farm product.
a. exaggerated b. supplemented c. extended d. submitted
e. boosted
57. We were shocked by the .................... of the English
hooligans. They were simply like a herd of violent animals.
a. politeness b. foolishness c. eagerness d. happiness
e. brutality
This is a story about four people named everybody , somebody,
anybody and nobody. There was an important job to be done and
everybody was asked to do it. Everybody was sure somebody
would do it. Anybody could have done it, but nobody did it.
Somebody got angry because it was everybodys job. Everybody
thought anybody could do it, but nobody realised that everybody
wouldnt do it. It ended up that everybody blamed somebody
when nobody did what anybody could have done.
It can be easily inferred from the passage that ..................... .
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

anybody didnt do what they had to do.

everybody was indifferent to what they were expected to.
nobody was supposed to do the job required by everybody.
everybody convicted nobody of not doing the job.
somebody, everybody and anybody was unconscious of
everything.

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