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PRESENTATION BY:
Er. Satnam Singh
Lecturer(Electrical engg.)
GPC Mohali (Khunimajra)
What Is Earthing
The process of connecting metallic bodies of
all the electrical apparatus and equipment to
huge mass of earth by a wire having negligible
resistance is called Earthing.
What Is Earthing
The term earthing means connecting the neutral point of
supply system or the non current carrying parts of the
electrical apparatus to the general mass of earth in such a
manner that all times an immediate discharge of electrical
energy takes place without danger.
Purpose of Earthing
To save human life from danger of electrical shock or death by
blowing a fuse i.e. To provide an alternative path for the fault
current to flow so that it will not endanger the user
To protect buildings, machinery & appliances under fault
conditions ie. To ensure that all exposed conductive parts do
not reach a dangerous potential.
To provide safe path to dissipate lightning and short circuit
currents.
To provide stable platform for operation of sensitive electronic
equipments i.e. To maintain the voltage at any part of an
electrical system at a known value so as to prevent over current
or excessive voltage on the appliances or equipment .
To provide protection against static electricity from friction
Electric shock
An electric shock (electrocution)occurs when two portion of a
persons body come in contact with electrical conductors of a
circuit which is at different potentials, thus producing a
potential difference across the body.
The human body does have resistance and when the body is
connected between two conductors at different potential a
circuit is formed through the body and current will flow
When the human body comes in contact with only one
conductor, a circuit is not formed and nothing happens. When
the human body comes in contact with circuit conductors, no
matter what the voltage is there is potential for harm.
Electric shock
The higher the potential difference the more
the damage. The effect of an electric shock is a
function of what parts of body come in contact
with each conductor, the resistance of each
contact point the surface resistance of the body
at the contact as well as other factor.
When the electrical contact is such that the
circuit path through the body is across the
heart, you have the greatest potential for death.
Electric shock
As shown in fig the human bodys resistance varies
from as low as 500 ohms to as high as 600,000 ohms.
As the skin become moist the contact resistance drop.
If the skin is moist due to sweat that contain salt the
resistance drop further
Fig 1 illustrates the amount of current that can flow
through human body at three different potential
differences across the body also shown is the effect of
different current level both AC and DC the ultimate
effect is fibrillation which cause the heart to stop and
result in death.
Electric shock
When a high voltage such as 13,800V is
involved the body is literally cooked and at
times explodes
Short circuit
Short circuit
A short circuit is any unintended connection Rsc across the
circuit conductors between the power source and the load
See the second circuit in fig short circuit are classified as
bolted shorts, momentary shorts,intermittent shorts, or high
impedance shorts. A bolted short which is rare is a very low
resistant connection such as two conductors being bolted
together.
Short circuit
Most shorts are high resistant or they are
momentary or intermittent. The high resistant
short starts out as a high resistance or
impedance connection but usually progress to
a low impedance connection.
In electrical system shorts are classified as
phase to phase, phase to neutral , or phase to
ground short.
Short circuit
Most short are phase to ground and short which start as phase
to phase or phase to neutral progress to a phase to ground short
When considering short circuit and protecting against the
damage they can cause one needs to know what is the
maximum amount of short circuit current that can flow in a
given circuit.
Equipment Earthing
In case of insulation failure, the primary object
of connecting all the above points and
apparatus to earth is to release the charge
accumulated on them immediately to earth so
that the person coming in contact may not
experience electric shock.
Equipment Earthing(Cont.)
The other object is that a heavy current when
flows through the circuit that operates the
protective devices that is fuse or CB, which
open the circuit
0.5
Major Substations
1.0
Small Substations
2.0
Factories Substations
1.0
3.0
Methods of Earthing
Conventional Earthing
Maintenance Free Earthing
Conventional Earthing
The Conventional system of Earthing calls for
digging of a large pit into which a GI pipe or a
copper plate is positioned in the middle layers
of charcoal and salt.
It requires maintenance and pouring of water
at regular interval.
FIGURE:.
CONVENTIONAL EARTHING
Plate Earthing
Pipe Earthing
Rod Earthing
Strip Earthing
Earthing through Water Mains
Earthing Electrode
Plate Earthing
PLATE EARTHING
Pipe earthing
Pipe earthing is best form of earthing and it is cheap also in this system of
earthing a GI pipe of 38 mm dia and 2meters length is embedded vertically in
ground to work as earth electrod but the depth depend upon the soil conditions,
there is no hard and fast rule for this.
But the wire is embedded upto the wet soil.
The earth wire are fastened to the top section of the pipe with nut and bolts.
The pit area arround the GI pipe filled with salt and coal mixture for improving
the soil conditions and efficiency of the earthing system.
It can take heavy leakage current for the same electrode size in comparison to
plate earthing.
The earth wire connection with GI pipes being above the ground level can be
checked for carrying out continuity test as and when desired, while in plate
earthing it is difficult.
In summmer season to have an effective earthing three or four bucket of water is
put through the funnel for better continuity of earthing.
PIPE EARTHING
ROD EARTHING
In this system of earthing 12.5mm diameter solid rods of
copper 16mm diameter solid rod of GI or steel or hollow
section of 25mm GI pipe of length not less than 3 meters are
driven vertically into the earth
In order to increase the embeded length of electrod under the
ground, which is some time necessary to reduce the earth
resistance to desired value more than one rod section are
hammered one above the other.
This system of earthing is suitable for area which are sandy in
character .
This system of earthing is very cheap
Step A :
Excavate the earthing pit size 2000 X 2000 X
2500 mm depth. Sprinkle sufficient quantity of
water in the bottom and surrounding walls to
become wetty only.
Fill up the bottom layer of the pit up to 250 mm
height from the bottom by mixture black soft
soil + salt + wooden charcoal pieces. (Fig. I)
Step B :
Prepare the electrode assembly as per Sr. No. - 3
of the drawing and rest the entire Assembly in
the pit as shown in (Fig. II)
Applications
Telecommunication
Transmission
Substations & Power Generations
Transformer Neutral earthing
Lightning Arrestor Earthing
Equipment Body Earthing
Water Treatment Plants
Heavy Industries
College, Hospitals, Banks
Residential Building