oS a a ° “ - GATEWAY TO ARABIC Book One Dr. Imran Hamza Alawiye A foundation course in reading and writing ArabicThe Arabic Alphabet In order to learn any language. one must first master write and pronounce it correctly Below on the tight is the Arabic alphabet. The pro} only a rough guide and should not be relied on to help you master the sounds of the letters, or listen to| Please note that Arabic is written from right to left. the alphabet and be able to read, unciation column in the middle is heavily. Ask an Arabic speaker to he audio recording of the book. Arabic letters ( ( Names of the Pronunciation letters guide Alif a Baa b Taa t Ihaa th Jeem j Ha h Kha kh Daal d Dhaal dh Raa r Zaa z Seen s avaa uNames of the letters Za “Ayn Ghayn Faa Qaaf Kaaf Laam Meem Noon Haa Waaw Yaa Pronunciation guide sh Arabic letters Coker & eS § & > Cc GWrite over the letters below, then continue copying to complete the page. i) ce XO =) ——'DWhite over the letters below, then continue copying to complete the page. ea [— ~ |Write over the letters below, then continue copying to complete the page.Write over the letters below, then continue copying to. complete the page,\Wiite over the letters below, then continue copying to complete the page. gy | oemWrite over the letters below, then continue copying to complete the page.Wiite over the letters below, then continue copying to compiote the page aAWrite over the letters below, then continue copying to complete the page.Write over the letters below, then continue copying to complete the page. Lti | | | | \Write over the letters below, then continue copying to complete the page. =\Wiite over the letters below, then continue copying to complete the page, : Jd\Write over the letters below, then continue copying to complete the page. (Kaat)Write over the letters below, then continue copying to compiete the page. & x S Ly @ iN \\| | Write over the letters below, then continue copying to compiete the page.| | | | | | | i | | | | { Write over the letters below, then continue copying to complete the page.3 ef , b+ Cc >, > gL yeCan you fill in the missing letters in the alphabet below? 20The Short Vowels The following are the three short Arabic vowels. They are written above or below the Arabic letters. i) Fatha Read the alphabet below with fatha on each letter. This is a short diagonal stroke written above an Arabic letter. It ls pronounced ‘a’, as in the English word ‘cat'. Ela Gan) Co Ge eG ie das — »* (On Gq . vu: (* tc G: arThe Short Vowels — Continued li) Kasra This is a short diagonal stroke written below an Arabic letter. It is pronounced ‘I’, asin the English word ‘bit’ Read the alphabet below with kasra on each letter. eo \ uv vat n ‘Ge Lv —» Ct G ~ ‘el eG ele. co ‘G: “WG, ‘be b 22The Short Vowels — Continued iii) Damma * This is lke a very small ‘waaw’ written above an Arabic letter. —— itis pronounced ‘u’, as in the English word “bull” Read the alphabet below with damma on each letter. » 6G are) ce Pela » cy) GIG ela —~ -iCw Gg Ue» («* » G °}] Cr]Co eG.” § - G:” w& 23Practise reading your alphabet with fatha, kasra and damma (a, i, u). ~<+---- eee Oe ead Can you read the following Arabic words? re Fuge 4¢ es resiops 9 3 (S| nemanea _) SS Oe | reves i, 3 a he desired, ¢ he was good u he understood ‘ wor ED Gre rae notougnes £) CP] tes Gj y| row owe 3 endowed with ’ 2 a, a hejoned = c | twas known recescibes 3 > OSJoining up Arabic letters (For an explanation, please see p. 27) By itself Joined End Middle \ WW u L 2 os oo =~ Cr) a3 a = e S35 ee a 4 4 ' Loa 4 rag ror ef ee) 3 333 A 2 JI) -” - 5 3/3) + > ea on vu a Po a * The six starred ‘naughty’ letters cannot be joined to the left. For an explanation, see p. Beginning { * lL & Ll. 27, ** Sometimes at the end of a word the letter taa is written 8 or 4 which is called taa marbuta.Beginning Middle 3 a Joined By itself 444 vw ene b bbb 4479 MT 4 {44444 4 uobt septate 22334300 WJowVJ J 9 7 9 eT o os 353 1Joining up Arabic letters - continued So far, we have learned how to write the Arabic letters when they are not joined together. However, Arabic words are usually written in a joined-up form. Most letters of the Arabic alphabet can be joined on either side. The shape of each letter changes according to its position within a word. These different forms must be learnt so that one can recognise the letters when they are combined together to make words. Each letter has four forms: beginning, middle, end and by itself. On the previous two pages you will find a table showing how each letter is written according to its position in a word. The ‘Naughty’ Letters There are six ‘naughty’ letters which refuse fo join on to any letter after them (in other words, to the left of them). However, they do allow other normal letters to join them from the right. The ‘naughty’ letters are: 3 3 9 3 2 J A normal letter written after a naughty letter cannot take the middle form. It will take the beginning form instead, unless it is the last letter of a word, in which case it will take the ‘by itself’ form. Exercise Write out the Arabic alphabet in the boxes below, and draw a circle around the six ‘naughty’ letters. eaweed rss ds—dey jr p~oatd pase piste What happens when both the letters are naughty? a 92 3 + 3] gh oy + | lola 5 dg 3+ 5) lg —l+ 4 a [ | jy 5 ty pmryt+ 3 sy) 34 4 gy—y ta] fey 2 +] | tb he 3 28Practice with joining letters | Copy out the words onto the lines provided, and learn how to join the letters. eq } { eee he looked for Ces Cn oe oS a he researched CC ke IL t he scattered he left 3 ) 4 7 he covered, paw aw yo j concealed oH 29Practice with joining letters Copy out the words onto the lines provided, and learn how to join the letters, A = he went out a= a eye | ne oiaisen pees A 2 & he protected es 1b 3 peed : 7 TE , a “ - - “s < “ “ i he wlained ce ce > t_ ce 4 4Practice with joining letters Copy out the words onto the lines provided, and learn how to join the letters. houted ere he was proud) memmaes “Us| “35 mumin35| 3.44 mami —ifo| 3 mun __ti| ou 5Practice with joining letters Copy out the words onto the lines provided, and learn how to join the letters. he remembered neues cwile}| i ie jo aa dai] 4 i 4 he thanked KS; “ oy “ herosed abs & ay 2 a A he claimed, allegedPractice with joining letters Copy out the words onto the lines provided, and learn how to join the letters. : a a he was foscluTe f= f e—> went down 2 [ne 1ead ‘3 i > is oe mm eb poe | red wos soepy oan - as on & aPractice with joining letters Copy out the words onto the lines provided, and learn how to join the letters. en he was acti energetic he was this eke ve be oe Je a he was patient ape. ee ee) it became less 34Practice with joining letters Copy out the words onto the lines provided, and learn how to join the letters. he appearedPractice with joining letters Copy out the words onto the lines provided, and learn how to join the letters. we it became small, ittle he excelled he stood he opened as = x3 = 8 ree ere 2 ibe & ia. 3 9 v2 3 3 someone 36Practice with joining letters Copy out the words onto the lines provided, and learn how to join the letters. eq he grabbed, seized | he tumed s.th over nwa lil oa 1 2 e oe a ef re tebece ee c aoe s a 2 4 3 twas ni Cee, a O)___w good, suitable he forgot }Practice with joining letters Join the groups of letters to make words in the boxes provided. he prostrated he bowed a bee are $ 2 ot aS, ¢ 3s) , : Cc Cc 4 a nore Bao oe >) a ad he made room/space for he was full up (food) carr L - > ne —_—se he accepted he sat 4 ye Soe he was allowed, permitted he was kind, generous L 3 - Re . 8 oe ctu he advised he was ostonisned Pa E L a ep wv wo = CC z he pened he tnew cara ea & NS oo 4 & it became great he met 3 ( * 2 8 ab & C =Practice with joining letters Join the groups of letters to make words in the boxes provided. he withdrew, pulled out) 4 404 It was short it was numerous 2s a) oS 2 tye he emptied: he finished he endowed with 3 he demanded, requested! “ww oi, he matured: it ripened wb he triumphed eu he spent the night awake a he was quick, fost yA he was sory, regretted he abstained from Pe) 2 i he was ill, unwell 2 he gathered, assembled “47 2 Va 2 5 aa e he passed (an exam) Bie he was angry 2 2 ceo i & OIETanween 3 a The three short Arabic vowels, fatha, kasra and — damma, can be doubled. This is known as “tanween”, * and it changes the sound of the vowels. i) Tanween fatha (fathataan) _____ This is two short diagonal strokes written above an Arabic letter. it is pronounced ‘an’, asin the English word ‘man’, It is usually supported by an aif Read the alphabet below with tanween fatha on each letter. 2 i> Co \ ow a i” NY —rn X X CH » G.» t Cc S 6- » £ * U- | Cw e CG G: N oy GY | £ Fe Gb. 40Tanween (Continued) ii) Tanween kasra (kasrataan) This is two short diagonal strokes written below an Arabic letter. It is pronounced ‘in’, as in the 2 English word ‘win’ Read the alphabet below with tanween kasra on each letter. Neo co fC a z 2 fe 3 YS To. | 7 é- \ (« Xv t& Xv G G \ &- \. \ G: Xv ‘SG, Xv c. Te “G YL 7 ( \ w& o Nv 41Tanween (Continued) 38 iit) Tanween damma (dammataan) This is two dammas written above an Arabic letter. It is pronounced ‘un’, as in the English word ‘bun’ Sometimes it is written like this: Read the alphabet below with tanween damma on each letter. BS BS IS ga cz eo i Bg BS 3S IZ ) >) at] ct ID BS IB 3B wv rl oo ) SR . BB BD SS ro) & & b IR IS IB IR « 0 J 3 3 BS IL BR S 3 8Practice with tanween Practise reading the following words that have been written with tanween. Copy each word out onto the empty line below the word, <--- eee B305 B38 4 bell Le __pen__ ae ___boy _ sy _father 2 ae pg ae Bae g travel paw hundred 4%e hand |g tioned _| 2 a * E Bae | horse___ 8 present. 4 La gore, on |pvamid. @p® tree _B preety camel for _ od Bae ar ball 3S cherries} tip As Baee —cartot _) j= BR brother el manThe Long Vowels (Madd) Three letters of the Arabic alphabet are used to lengthen the sounds of the short vowels , - fatha, kasra and damma. These letters are; gs —__¢¢ J i) Alif al-madd Alif is used fo lengthen the “a” sound of fatha into an “aa” sound Note the special shape of laam when It is joined to allif below. Read the alphabet below with allf al-madd (the long fatha) on each letter. i | Gl &G 7 o co uo | co ° o 7 G.. oo! & 2) 6 a) & GiThe Long Vowels (Madd) — Continued {9 ye 1 | li) Yaa al-madd Yaa al-madd is used to lengthen the *i* sound of kasra into an “ee” sound. Read the alphabet below with yaa al-madd (the long kasra).on each letter. sil el ele | ¢ G G iy ©, uU G,. " 3 \ z \ " % |. Gh *% G \ 3 \ 3 \ 3 \ G.. G. G, “ |, : : : : z Q. G wT G, G. : : : : z : a G % Bs \The Long Vowels (Madd) — Continued oI ill) Waaw al-madd Waaw al-madd is used to lengthen the “u” sound of damma into an “oo” sound Read the alphabet below with waaw al-madd (the long damma) on each letter, 3a 3 J) ‘et: . w& U. Se Sea) OG Se | Be) E =| Soe] See Se | Sel Se +] fee tS} Stas] tes) E+] Ge=] te SB =! Stal Stes) be.) SG ef en 46Practice with Madd Read the words below, then copy them out onto the lines provided. a 47Sukoon A small circle called sukoon, written above q letter of the Arabic alphabet, is used to show that the letter below it has no vowel: All you hear is the shortened sound of the letter, so jeern becomes ‘|’, kaaf becomes ‘k’ and sheen becomes ‘sh’ etc, eee og 8 8g oe Try reading the following words: Le sb 5 au o w When there Is a fatha followed by a yaa with a sukoon on it, it makes an *-ay’ sound. $8.0, + 0g 38 0% $80 327 0 88 $0, 88 Bon oo hl ni Cae ee ey Oy OG Lk When there is a fatha followed by a waaw with a sukoon on it, it makes an ‘-ow’ sound: S302 BR oe S302 88 Foe woe FF De BR OF BOG re SH ef oye GH SJ oy oJ wea Read the words below, then copy them out onto the lines provided 4 es BR 40 nN BR Bo 8 48Shadda Shadda Is a symbol written above a letter to show that the letter has been doubled and therefore sounds stronger. e The symbol for shadda looks like this: 4 & o y a The short vowels are written with shadda like this: or Study these examples: 2 ° Oo - ° 2 3 PRADt tS] Sy-Stety| e Read the words below, then copy them out onto the lines provided. a9Similar sounding letters As you will have realised by now, some pairs of Arabic letters have similar sounds, so extra care must be taken to pronounce each letter correctly. Below are some pairs of words which illustrate this point, Incorrect pronunciation would change their meaning, For example: LE means heart, whereas IS means dog! Practise reading the words below and copy them Into your exercise book. When you feel confident that you can tell the difference between the similar sounds, ask your Arabic teacher to test you by reading them aloud to you as a dictation exercise. he perished, died;he was he shaved. adog aheart annihilated, destroyed ob et us, uF, he was good, pleasant, _he repented it was still, motionless, he slept; went to agreeable stagnant bed, lay down 3a 33 = eee, arg onk oA CON, ied clay, soil afig (of merchandise) it found he intended no market; it didn’t sell P BR BR ee rare > ere we) shady, shaded despicable, contemptible; hitting, beating, a path, trail, track; lowly, abject, servile striking ‘a mountain pass he poured, he insulted, reviled; some, a few after emptied he cursed, swore a ice ee aye he offered a morning he swam he went astray, he led, he showed drink (to someone) lost his way the way orn 7 ° Bae wre ‘on reason, discernment; a molar tooth a lesson, class; mind, intellect study 50(Fteess) re ) X, minaret Complete the words below by filling in the missing letter or letters, and also all the vowel sounds. dee | Se) Ce Jgdee | dee. | 2G | oy. |. tee] OL. oe | | | | _ + | | 51; (eas) GEA) furniture ay iz garlic | | | triangle fox oe ee 3s “fas o 8 | camel pigeon Complete the words below by filling in the missing letter or letters, and also alll the vowel sounds, he 3 Sy.. led | Che 52skis) ee (+ eRS watermelon ‘peach | cucumber ae ee BR Oe cee oa ~ cheetah ‘grasshopper 3307 | “BS 5 os Ags ee shoe Fe tail wolf | Pa | Bae, | Ba, PF 3, shoe 35 | ws Ys Complete the words below by filling in the missing letter or letters, and also all the vowel sounds. thers | 5 53x | Age) Cp CSD carrot | orange cherries | | feather | | Shee sae Be \ A a I us Awd) butcher, gazelle | | giraffe B25 Sie squirrel eagle Complete the words below by filling in the missing letter or letters, and also all the vowel sounds. lei. | ail).(+ aa) ae oe apricots. | | onions table molar tooth Bae ee 33 0 baie wr? Complete the words below by filling in the missing letter or letters, and also all the vowel sounds. eeeae») Sa : ~ ee) (2244) (++++) watermelon birds | | aeroplane S338 Bae J ale spectacles antelope ms § envelopes SK] | B30. BR ae | bab ‘square snake | | grapes [ scorpion, | | Sec ee | oe ff | ee Complete the words below by filling In the missing letter or letters, and also all the vowel sounds { | rt: cr o:gazelle oS e elephant ; As “Os ives ae | plum ) | | hedgehog bag, briefcase | train | | 38, gos Bae | 343 3 | Oey lbs | Complete the words below by filling in the missing letter or letters, and also all the vowel sounds. | er] dip. 3). we vl,.. | -Le.. S| be] fa | ae 57eatin at window heart B30 2 bi Complete the words below by filling in the missing letter or letters, and also all the vowel sounds. dle. | Ue] pd | ayy. | Ok. | ope. m3 | => | 3 oe |teeth ase || bt Complete the words below by filing in the missing letter or letters, and also all the vowel sounds. 59puppy eae ae bie I $259 kitten hand = saeoed aoe on “ skirt “fork ga, be Y eee Complete the words below by filing in the missing letter or letters, and also all the vowel sounds. sce . . 4S. ve | oe Ub 32) Bp pe eee lS] Ba] A. 60The moon letters The Arabic word for ‘the’ Is ‘al (alif followed by laam). It is not written separately. Rather, It joins onto the word it defines. the= Jf The Arabic alphabet is divided into two groups of letters: the moon letters and the sun letters. The moon letters are shown above. When ‘al Is followed by a word beginning with a moon letter, then ‘al’ is written with a sukoon on the laam. In the first example below, ‘amnabun* (a rabbit) becomes ‘al-atnabu’ (the rabbit). Note how the tanween at the end of a word without ‘al’ changes into a single short vowel ‘once ‘al’ is added. e.g. arnabun becomes al-arnabu. Sore shee a cel ee | CM CL Berge Bee be i jae 3 pul — eet deg dl <— dag ae ak | et al Ys} Ie Be ge Poe ee pel od | Obert! Ob e> ee see do a 88 8. PANIES | pps pe Exercise Copy out the following words on the lines provided, adding ‘al’ to each word Remember to change the two dammas aft the end of each word into one damma. gee as 33 0 JD ro) — Ot bee bao. sag Baluy 23 ga gao8 was u “~ Sy 61The sun letters The sun letters are shown above. Sun letters are written with a shadda when they come straight after ‘al’. The laam of ‘al’ does not take a sukoon. Instead, it becomes a silent letter. In the first example below, ‘taajun’ (a crown) becomes ‘at-taaju’ (the crown). Notice the strong sound of the ‘ta’, and note how you cannot hear the ‘laam’ at all. Once again, the tanween at the end of a word without ‘al’ changes into a single short vowel once ‘all is added. e.g, tagjun becomes at-taglu. ‘hi UL ibs Sab seis deel deei Exercise Copy out the following words on the lines provided, adding ‘al’ to each word. Remember to change the two dammas at the end of each word into one damma B30 ¢ ga re B80 « Bae. a a ael> Shoo - BB oe B30 62Exercise Sort out the words in the box below into two groups: those beginning with sun letters and those beginning with moon letters. Write them in the columns provided, adding ‘al’ to the beginning of each word. 33 3 04 Baee Ose oa 4 cole el Lad See ae 330 ee ae do-\j> Ags doled 3 Ue Sun Letter Words Moon Letter Words 63Al-alif al-maqsura Al-alif al-maqsura is a type of alif which appears at the end of some words. It always has a fatha before it. Read the examples below and copy them out into your exercise book eo sah | A | eee be uw Sea ee Fuel | Se oe Se | we eed EL fa | - 7o 70 Fe 2 ee | 70 - aces) ol 68 GE gil EI US AI 2070 220 ¢ er CBI cll, Ks 5 Gl (LeisReading practice with hamza Below are examples of hamza in its various forms and positions, Read the words out loud and copy them into your exercise book. BI ye | a8 1 Bae oe 33g, oe 09 a2 cory 4a, ely ol oe S80 ., GR aa ¥ * G uv Se &. “ we are SRO 38 as Ba Qe aa 3B Vy see wo) AWG ost - | = | 54 “4 aa os ote 2 a og iB ¢ cp real cul, Faia oer al fea $208 gee | eee Foe 3 3 Bae eo eee Zo leds og 2 ek cree pee) aes ae 8 9 | Be - 8 ¢ lege epeg cVew fee sh ae Ee EE SSE GEL L- eee, e8 33 r 3 ace cle | delig 13 | ma oeReading practice Read the following familiar Islamic phrases and learn their meanings. spel oa al png oe epee olay Gs abit 3 of ae G5 bt toy KE Sui B bogs SG, NES SU Sy 66 In the name of Allah, the Gracious, the Merciful. Allah is Greater. Glory be to Allah, What Allah wishes. (A phrase used to express praise or admiration). God willing Praise be to Allah.(Thanks be to Allah), ask Allah’s forgiveness. testify that there is no god except Allah. Hestity that Muhammad Is the Messengei of Allah. May the blessing and peace of Allah be upon him. (A phrase spoken after mentioning our Prophet's name). | seek protection in Allah from the accursed Shaytan, (To. a boy or man): May Allah reward you greatly, (To a girl or woman): May Allah reward you greatly. May the peace and blessings of Allah be upon you. (Islamic greeting) And may the peace and blessings of Allah be upon you foo. (Reply to Islamic greeting).ve de 6 8 og Ninety-nine perfect names of Allah esd aU slowt Read the beautiful names of Allah listed below and copy them into your exercise book, separating them into two groups according to whether the letter after the initial ‘al-’ sa sun letter or a moon letter. 67ty-nine perfect names of Allah esti sees ACs mi eats ers ‘el peel oll * i eel oeIn the name of Allah, the Gracious, the Merciful, Praise be to Allah, Lord of the Worlds, The Gracious, the Merciful, Lord of the Day of Judgment. You alone do we worship, and to You alone do we tum for help. Guide us on the straight path, The path of those whom You have favoured, Not the path of those who earn Your anger, nor of those who go astray. God ~ there is no god but Him, the Ever-Living, the Self-Subsisting, Neither slumber nor sleep overtake Him. To Him belong all that is in the heavens and all that is on the earth. Who is there that could intercede with Him, unless it be by His leave? He knows all that lies open before men and all that is hidden from them, whereas they cannot encompass any- thing of His knowledge save that which He wills [them to attain). fi His throne extends over the heavens and the earth, and he never wearies of guarding and preserving them, for He is the Most High, the Supreme [in glory]. pees Speed pera grat al oy cell a i cell ole ely cons 2B Be ee ones Su) 5 uy ae et Gas! eyeal ey: At) ap Vy te EY Pil gks eran) aud Ny cide ain ei bgp eee baer beg gel ont bg aly Syl os eects edhe eckall tallpy Coke Sh y;