5.

3 (a) Looking into the base of Q1 we see an equivalent resistance of r1 , so we can draw the following
equivalent circuit for finding Rin :
R1

R2

r1

Rin

Rin = R1 + R2 k r1
(b) Looking into the emitter of Q1 we see an equivalent resistance of
following equivalent circuit for finding Rin :

1
gm1

R1

1
gm1

k r1 , so we can draw the

k r1

Rin

Rin = R1 k

1
k r1
gm1

(c) Looking down from the emitter of Q1 we see an equivalent resistance of

the following equivalent circuit for finding Rin :

1
gm2

k r2 , so we can draw

VCC
Q1

Rin

1
gm2

Rin = r1 + (1 + 1 )

k r2

1
gm2

k r2

(d) Looking into the base of Q2 we see an equivalent resistance of r2 , so we can draw the following
equivalent circuit for finding Rin :

VCC
Q1

Rin

r2

Rin = r1 + (1 + 1 )r2

5.4 (a) Looking into the collector of Q1 we see an equivalent resistance of ro1 , so we can draw the following
equivalent circuit for finding Rout :

ro1

R1
Rout

Rout = ro1 k R1
(b) Lets draw the small-signal model and apply a test source at the output.
RB
+
r1

v1

+
gm1 v1

ro1

it

vt

it = gm1 v1 +

vt
ro1

v1 = 0
vt
it =
ro1
vt
Rout =
= ro1
it
(c) Looking down from the emitter of Q1 we see an equivalent resistance of
can draw the following equivalent circuit for finding Rout :
Rout

Q1

1
gm2

k r2 k ro2



1
k r2 k ro2
Rout = ro1 + (1 + gm1 ro1 ) r1 k
gm2

1
gm2

k r2 k ro2 , so we

(d) Looking into the base of Q2 we see an equivalent resistance of r2 , so we can draw the following
equivalent circuit for finding Rout :
Rout

Q1

r2

Rout = ro1 + (1 + gm1 ro1 ) (r1 k r2 )

5.5 (a) Looking into the base of Q1 we see an equivalent resistance of r1 , so we can draw the following
equivalent circuit for finding Rin :
R1

R2

r1

Rin

Rin = R1 + R2 k r1
(b) Lets draw the small-signal model and apply a test source at the input.
+
r1

gm1 v1

v1

R1

+
it

vt

v1
gm1 v1
r1
v1 = vt
vt
+ gm1 vt
it =
r1


1
it = vt gm1 +
r1
it =

Rin =

vt
1
=
k r1
it
gm1

(c) From our analysis in part (b), we know that looking into the emitter we see a resistance of
1
gm2 k r2 . Thus, we can draw the following equivalent circuit for finding Rin :

VCC
Q1

Rin

1
gm2

Rin = r1 + (1 + 1 )

k r2

1
gm2

k r2

(d) Looking up from the emitter of Q1 we see an equivalent resistance of

the following equivalent circuit for finding Rin :

1
gm2

k r2 , so we can draw

VCC
1
gm2

k r2

Q1

Rin

Rin = r1 + (1 + 1 )

1
gm2

k r2

(e) We know that looking into the base of Q2 we see Rin = r2 if the emitter is grounded. Thus,
transistor Q1 does not affect the input impedance of this circuit.

5.6 (a) Looking into the collector of Q1 we see an equivalent resistance of ro1 , so we can draw the following
equivalent circuit for finding Rout :

ro1

RC
Rout

Rout = RC k ro1
(b) Looking into the emitter of Q2 we see an equivalent resistance of
the following equivalent circuit for finding Rout :

1
gm2

k r2 k ro2 , so we can draw

Rout

Q1

RE =

1
gm2

k r2 k ro2



1
Rout = ro1 + (1 + gm1 ro1 ) r1 k
k r2 k ro2
gm2

5.7 (a)
VCC IB (100 k) = VBE = VT ln(IC /IS )
1
VCC IC (100 k) = VT ln(IC /IS )

IC = 1.754 mA
VBE = VT ln(IC /IS ) = 746 mV
VCE = VCC IC (500 ) = 1.62 V
Q1 is operating in forward active.
(b)
IE1 = IE2 VBE1 = VBE2
VCC IB1 (100 k) = 2VBE1
1
VCC IC1 (100 k) = 2VT ln(IC1 /IS )

IC1 = IC2 = 1.035 mA

VBE1 = VBE2 = 733 mV
VCE2 = VBE2 = 733 mV
VCE1 = VCC IC (1 k) VCE2
= 733 mV
Both Q1 and Q2 are at the edge of saturation.
(c)
VCC IB (100 k) = VBE + 0.5 V
1
VCC IC (100 k) = VT ln(IC /IS ) + 0.5 V

IC = 1.262 mA
VBE = 738 mV
VCE = VCC IC (1 k) 0.5 V
= 738 mV
Q1 is operating at the edge of saturation.

5.8 See Problem 7 for the derivation of IC for each part of this problem.
(a)
IC1 = 1.754 mA
gm1 = IC1 /VT = 67.5 mS
r1 = /gm1 = 1.482 k
100 k
+
r1

v1

gm1 v1

500

(b)
IC1 = IC2 = 1.034 mA
gm1 = gm2 = IC1 /VT = 39.8 mS
r1 = r2 = /gm1 = 2.515 k
100 k
+
r1

v1

gm1 v1

1 k

+
r2

v2

gm2 v2

(c)
IC1 = 1.26 mA
gm1 = IC1 /VT = 48.5 mS
r1 = /gm1 = 2.063 k
100 k
+
r1

v1

gm1 v1

1 k

5.9 (a)
VCC VBE
VBE
IC

= IB =
34 k
16 k

VT ln(IC /IS )
VCC VT ln(IC /IS )

IC =
34 k
16 k
IC = 677 A
VBE = 726 mV
VCE = VCC IC (3 k) = 468 mV
Q1 is in soft saturation.
(b)
IE1 = IE2

VCC 2VBE
9 k

IC1 = IC2
VBE1 = VBE2 = VBE
2VBE
IC1

= IB1 =
16 k

2VT ln(IC1 /IS )

VCC 2VT ln(IC1 /IS )

IC1 =
9 k
16 k
IC1 = IC2 = 1.72 mA
VBE1 = VBE2 = VCE2 = 751 mV
VCE1 = VCC IC1 (500 ) VCE2 = 890 mV

Q1 is in forward active and Q2 is on the edge of saturation.

(c)
IC
VCC VBE 0.5 V VBE + 0.5 V

= IB =
12 k
13 k

VT ln(IC /IS ) + 0.5 V

VCC VT ln(IC /IS ) 0.5 V

IC =
12 k
13 k
IC = 1.01 mA
VBE = 737 mV
VCE = VCC IC (1 k) 0.5 V = 987 mV
Q1 is in forward active.

5.10 See Problem 9 for the derivation of IC for each part of this problem.
(a)
IC = 677 A
gm = IC /VT = 26.0 mS
r = /gm = 3.84 k

+
(34 k) k (16 k)

gm v

3 k

(b)
IC1 = IC2 = 1.72 mA
gm1 = gm2 = IC1 /VT = 66.2 mS
r1 = r2 = /gm1 = 1.51 k

+
(9 k) k (16 k)

r1

v1

gm1 v1

500

+
r2

v2

gm2 v2

(c)
IC = 1.01 mA
gm = IC /VT = 38.8 mS
r = /gm = 2.57 k

(12 k) k (13 k)

+
v

gm v

1 k

5.11 (a)

VCC

VCC

VCE VBE (in order to guarantee operation in the active mode)

IC (2 k) VBE

VCC IC (2 k) VT ln(IC /IS )

IC 886 A
VCC VBE
VBE
IC

= IB =
RB
3 k

VT ln(IC /IS ) VT ln(IC /IS )

IC

=
RB
3 k



VT ln(IC /IS )
IC
= VCC VT ln(IC /IS )
+
RB

3 k
VCC VT ln(IC /IS )
RB = I
VT ln(IC /IS )
C
+
3 k
RB 7.04 k

(b)
VCC VBE
VBE
IC

= IB =
RB
3 k

VT ln(IC /IS )
VCC VT ln(IC /IS )

IC =
RB
3 k
IC = 1.14 mA
VBE = 735 mV
VCE = VCC IC (2 k) = 215 mV
VBC = VBE VCE = 520 mV

5.13 We know the input resistance is Rin = R1 k R2 k r . Since we want the minimum values of R1 and
R2 such that Rin > 10 k, we should pick the maximum value allowable for r , which means picking
the minimum value allowable for gm (since r 1/gm ), which is gm = 1/260 S.
1
S
260
IC = gm VT = 100 A
VBE = VT ln(IC /IS ) = 760 mV
IC
IB =
= 1 A

VBE

= IB
R2
VCC VBE
R1 =
IB + VRBE
2
gm =

VCC VBE
R1

= 26 k
gm
= R1 k R2 k r

r =
Rin

VCC VBE
IB + VRBE
2

> 10 k
R2 > 23.57 k
R1 > 52.32 k

k R2 k r

5.14
IC
1

S
VT
26

r =
= 2.6 k
gm
Rin = R1 k R2 k r
r
gm =

According to the above analysis, Rin cannot be greater than 2.6 k. This means that the requirement
that Rin 10 k cannot be met. Qualitatively, the requirement for gm to be large forces r to be
small, and since Rin is bounded by r , it puts an upper bound on Rin that, in this case, is below the
required 10 k.

5.15
Rout = RC = R0
Av = gm RC = gm R0 =

IC
R0 = A0
VT

A0
VT
R0
VT
R0
r =
=
IC
A0

IC =

VBE = VT ln(IC /IS ) = VT ln

VBE
IC
VCC VBE

= IB =
R1
R2

VCC VBE
R1 = IC
VBE
+ R2

A0 VT
R0 IS

Rin = R1 k R2 k r



0 VT
VCC VT ln A
R0 IS
R

 k R2 k 0
=
IC
A0 VT
VT
A
0
+ R2 ln R0 IS

In order to maximize Rin , we can let R2 . This gives us

Rin,max =

VCC VT ln
IC

A0 VT
R0 IS

k R0
A0

5.16 (a)

VBE
VCC VBE IE RE

R1

IC = 0.25 mA
VBE = 696 mV
+ IE RE
IC
= IB =
R2

R1 =

VCC VBE
IC

1+
IC RE

VBE + 1+
IC RE
R2

= 22.74 k
(b) First, consider a 5 % increase in RE .

VCC VBE IE RE
VBE

R1
VCC VT ln(IC /IS )

1+
IC RE

R1

VT ln(IC /IS ) +
R2

RE = 210
+ IE RE
IC
= IB =
R2

1+
IC RE

IC

IC = 243 A
= IB =

IC IC,nom
100 = 2.6 %
IC,nom
Now, consider a 5 % decrease in RE .
RE = 190
IC = 257 A
IC IC,nom
100 = +2.8 %
IC,nom

5.17

VCC
VBE
VCC VBE IE RE

30 k

VCE VBE (in order to guarantee operation in the active mode)

IC RC VT ln(IC /IS )
IC 833 A
IC
+ IE RE
= IB =
R2

VBE + IE RE
R2 = VCC VBE IE RE

30 k
=

VT ln(IC /IS )

IC

+ 1+
IC RE

VCC VT ln(IC /IS ) 1+

IC RE
30 k

R2 20.66 k

IC

5.18 (a) First, note that VBE1 = VBE2 = VBE , but since IS1 = 2IS2 , IC1 = 2IC2 . Also note that
1 = 2 = = 100.
IB1 =

IC1
VBE + (IE1 + IE2 )RE
VCC VBE (IE1 + IE2 )RE

R1
R2

IC1 =

VCC VT ln(IC1 /IS1 )

3 1+
2 IC1 RE

R1

VT ln(IC1 /IS1 ) +

3 1+
2 IC1 RE

R2

IC1 = 707 A
IC2 =

IC1
= 354 A
2

(b) The small-signal model is shown below.

RC

+
R1

R2

r1

v1

+
r2

gm1 v1

v2

RE

We can simplify the small-signal model as follows:

RC

+
R1 k R2

r1 k r2

gm1 v

RE

gm2 v2

gm2 v2

gm1 = IC1 /VT = 27.2 mS

r1 = 1 /gm1 = 3.677 k
gm2 = IC2 /VT = 13.6 mS
r2 = 2 /gm2 = 7.355 k

5.19 (a)

VCC 2VBE1
9 k

IE1 = IE2 VBE1 = VBE2

2VBE1
IC1

= IB1 =
16 k
1
2VT ln(IC1 /IS1 )
VCC 2VT ln(IC1 /IS1 )
1
IC1 = 1
9 k
16 k
IC1 = IC2 = 1.588 mA
VBE1 = VBE2 = VT ln(IC1 /IS1 ) = 754 mV
VCE2 = VBE2 = 754 mV
VCE1 = VCC IC1 (100 ) VCE2 = 1.587 V

(b) The small-signal model is shown below.

(9 k) k (16 k)

r1

+
v1

gm1 v1

100

r2

+
v2

gm2 v2

IC1
= 61.1 mS
VT
1
= 1.637 k
=
gm1

gm1 = gm2 =
r1 = r2

5.22
VCC IE (500 ) IB (20 k) IE (400 ) = VBE
1+
1
VCC
IC (500 + 400 ) IC (20 k) = VT ln(IC /IS )

IC = 1.584 mA
VBE = VT ln(IC /IS ) = 754 mV
VCE = VCC IE (500 ) IE (400 )
1+
IC (500 + 400 ) = 1.060 V
= VCC

Q1 is operating in forward active.

5.23

VCC IE (1 k) IB RB (VCC

VBC 200 mV
IE (1 k) IC (500 )) 200 mV
IC (500 ) IB RB 200 mV
IB RB IC (500 ) 200 mV
VCC IE (1 k) IB RB = VBE = VT ln(IC /IS )

VCC

1+
IC (1 k) IC (500 ) + 200 mV VT ln(IC /IS )

IC 1.29 mA
RB

IC (500 ) 200 mV

34.46 k

IC

5.25 (a)

VCC

IC1 = 1 mA
VCC (IE1 + IE2 )(500 ) = VT ln(IC2 /IS2 )


1+
1+

IC1 +
IC2 (500 ) = VT ln(IC2 /IS2 )

IC2 = 2.42 mA
VB (IE1 + IE2 )(500 ) = VT ln(IC1 /IS1 )


1+
1+
IC1 +
IC2 (500 ) = VT ln(IC1 /IS1 )
VB

VB = 2.68 V
(b) The small-signal model is shown below.

200

r1

+
v1

r2

+
v2

gm1 v1

500

gm1 = IC1 /VT = 38.5 mS

r1 = 1 /gm1 = 2.6 k
gm2 = IC2 /VT = 93.1 mS
r2 = 2 /gm2 = 1.074 k

gm2 v2

5.26 (a)

VCC

VCC IB (60 k) = VEB

1

IC (60 k) = VT ln(IC /IS )

pnp
IC = 1.474 mA
VEB = VT ln(IC /IS ) = 731 mV
VEC = VCC IC (200 ) = 2.205 V

Q1 is operating in forward active.

(b)

VCC VT ln

npn
1 + npn

VCC VBE1 IB2 (80 k) = VEB2

VCC VT ln(IC1 /IS ) IB2 (80 k) = VT ln(IC2 /IS )
npn
IE1
IC1 =
1 + npn
npn
IE2
=
1 + npn
npn
1 + pnp
=

IC2
1 + npn
pnp

1
1 + pnp IC2

IC2 (80 k) = VT ln(IC2 /IS )

pnp
IS
pnp
IC2 = 674 A
VBE2 = VT ln(IC2 /IS ) = 711 mV
IC1 = 680 A
VBE1 = VT ln(IC1 /IS ) = 711 mV
VCE1 = VBE1 = 711 mV
VCE2 = VCC VCE1 IC2 (300 )
= 1.585 V

Q1 is operating on the edge of saturation. Q2 is operating in forward active.

5.27 See Problem 26 for the derivation of IC for each part of this problem.
(a) The small-signal model is shown below.
60 k
+
r

gm v

IC = 1.474 mA
IC
gm =
= 56.7 mS
VT

= 1.764 k
r =
gm
(b) The small-signal model is shown below.
+
r1

v1

gm1 v1

r2

v2

gm2 v2

80 k

300

IC1 = 680 A
IC1
= 26.2 mS
gm1 =
VT
npn
r1 =
= 3.824 k
gm1
IC2 = 674 A
IC2
gm2 =
= 25.9 mS
VT
pnp
r2 =
= 1.929 k
gm2

200

5.30
VCC IC (1 k) = VEC = VEB (in order for Q1 to operate at the edge of saturation)
= VT ln(IC /IS )

VCC VEB
RB

IC = 1.761 mA
VEB = 739 mV
VEB
IC

= IB =
5 k

RB = 9.623 k

First, lets consider when RB is 5 % larger than its nominal value.

RB = 10.104 k
IC
VCC VT ln(IC /IS ) VT ln(IC /IS )

=
RB
5 k

IC = 1.411 mA
VEB = 733 mV
VEC = VCC IC (1 k) = 1.089 V
VCB = 355 mV (the collector-base junction is reverse biased)
Now, lets consider when RB is 5 % smaller than its nominal value.
RB = 9.142 k
IC
VCC VT ln(IC /IS ) VT ln(IC /IS )

=
RB
5 k

IC = 2.160 mA
VEB = 744 mV
VEC = VCC IC (1 k) = 340 mV
VCB = 405 mV (the collector-base junction is forward biased)

5.31
VBC + IC (5 k) VCC VBC IC (5 k)
IC

= IB =
10 k
10 k

VBC = 300 mV
IC = 194 A

VCC

VEB = VT ln(IC /IS ) = 682 mV

VCC IE RE IC (5 k) = VEC = VEB + 300 mV
1+

IC RE IC (5 k) = VEB + 300 mV

RE = 2.776 k

Lets look at what happens when RE is halved.

RE = 1.388 k

VCC

VCC IE RE VEB
VCC (VCC IE RE VEB )
IC

= IB =
10 k
10 k



1+
VCC VCC IC RE VT ln(IC /IS )
1+
IC RE VT ln(IC /IS )

= IC
10 k
10 k
IC = 364 A
VEB = 698 V
VEC = 164 V

Thus, when RE is halved, Q1 operates in deep saturation.

5.32

VCC

VCC IB (20 k) IE (1.6 k) = VBE = VT ln(IC /IS )

IC
1+

(20 k)
IC (1.6 k) = VBE = VT ln(IC /IS )

IC
i
IS = h
I
VCC C (20 k) 1+
IC (1.6 k) /VT
e
IC = 1 mA
IS = 3 1014 A

5.38 (a)
Av = gm1

1
gm2

k r2

Rin = r1
Rout =

1
k r2
gm2

(b)


1
Av = gm1 R1 +
k r2
gm2
Rin = r1
Rout = R1 +

1
k r2
gm2

(c)


1
k r2
Av = gm1 RC +
gm2
Rin = r1
Rout = RC +

1
k r2
gm2

(d) Lets determine the equivalent resistance seen looking up from the output by drawing a smallsignal model and applying a test source.
RC
+
vt

+
it

r2

gm2 v2

v2

v2
+ gm2 v2
r2
v2 = vt


1
it = vt
+ gm2
r2
1
vt
=
k r2
it
gm2
it =

Av = gm1

1
gm2

Rin = r1
Rout =

1
k r2
gm2

k r2



1
k r2 . If we find
(e) From (d), we know the gain from the input to the collector of Q1 is gm1 gm2
the gain from the collector of Q1 to vout , we can multiply these expressions to find the overall
gain. Lets draw the small-signal model to find the gain from the collector of Q1 to vout . Ill refer
to the collector of Q1 as node X in the following derivation.
RC
+
vX

r2

vout

+
v2

gm2 v2

vX vout
= gm2 v2
RC
v2 = vX
vX vout
= gm2 vX
RC


vout
1
gm2 =
vX
RC
RC
vout
= 1 gm2 RC
vX
Thus, we have
Av = gm1

1
gm2


k r2 (1 gm2 RC )

Rin = r1
To find the output resistance, lets draw the small-signal model and apply a test source at the
output. Note that looking into the collector of Q1 we see infinite resistance, so we can exclude it
from the small-signal model.
RC
+
r2

v2

+
gm2 v2

it

vt

it = gm2 v2 +

v2
r2

r2
vt
r2 + RC


r2
1
vt
it = gm2 +
r2 r2 + RC
vt
Rout =
it


r2 + RC
1
=
k r2
gm2
r2
v2 =

5.39 (a)


1
Av = gm1 ro1 k
k r2 k ro2
gm2
Rin = r1
Rout = ro1 k

1
k r2 k ro2
gm2

(b)



1
k r2 k ro2
Av = gm1 ro1 k R1 +
gm2
Rin = r1
Rout = ro1 k



1
R1 +
k r2 k ro2
gm2

(c)


Av = gm1 ro1



1
k RC +
k r2 k ro2
gm2

Rin = r1
Rout = ro1



1
k r2 k ro2
k RC +
gm2

(d) Lets determine the equivalent resistance seen looking up from the output by drawing a smallsignal model and applying a test source.
RC
+
vt

+
it

r2

v2

gm2 v2

ro2

it =

v2
vt vX
+
r2
RC

vX
vX vt
+ gm2 v2 +
=0
RC
ro2
v2 = vt




1
1
1
vX
= vt
+
gm2
RC
ro2
RC


1
vX = vt
gm2 (ro2 k RC )
RC


1
vt
1
vt
+

vt
gm2 (ro2 k RC )
it =
r2
RC
RC
RC




1
1
1
1
= vt
+

gm2 (ro2 k RC )
r2
RC
RC RC




1
1
ro2
1
+
+ gm2
= vt
r2
RC
RC ro2 + RC
#
"
vt
1
ro2 + RC
= r2 k RC k
it
ro2
gm2 R1C

Av = gm1 ro1 k r2

"

1
ro2 + RC
k RC k
ro2
gm2

1
RC

#!

Rin = r1
Rout = ro1 k r2

"

ro2 + RC
1
k RC k
ro2
gm2

1
RC



C
(e) From (d), we know the gain from the input to the collector of Q1 is gm1 ro1 k r2 k RC k ro2r+R
o2
If we find the gain from the collector of Q1 to vout , we can multiply these expressions to find the
overall gain. Lets draw the small-signal model to find the gain from the collector of Q1 to vout .
Ill refer to the collector of Q1 as node X in the following derivation.
RC
+
vX

r2

+
v2

vout
gm2 v2

ro2

1
gm2 R1


.

vout vX
vout
+ gm2 v2 +
=0
RC
ro2
v2 = vX
vout vX
vout
+ gm2 vX +
=0
RC
ro2




1
1
1
= vX
+
gm2
vout
RC
ro2
RC


vout
1
=
gm2 (RC k ro2 )
vX
RC
Thus, we have
Av = gm1 ro1 k r2

"

ro2 + RC
1
k RC k
ro2
gm2

1
RC

#! 


1
gm2 (RC k ro2 )
RC

Rin = r1
To find the output resistance, lets draw the small-signal model and apply a test source at the
output. Note that looking into the collector of Q1 we see ro1 , so we replace Q1 in the small-signal
model with this equivalent resistance. Also note that ro2 appears from the output to ground, so
we can remove it from this analysis and add it in parallel at the end to find Rout .
RC
+

+
ro1

r2

v2

it = gm2 v2 +

gm2 v2

vt

it

v2
r2 k ro1

r2 k ro1
vt
r2 k ro1 + RC


1
r2 k ro1
it = gm2 +
vt
r2 k ro1 r2 k ro1 + RC
vt
Rout = ro2 k
it



r2 k ro1 + RC
1
= ro2 k
k r2 k ro1
gm2
r2 k ro1
v2 =

5.43
Av =

1
gm

= VT
IC

RC
+ (200 )
RC
+ (200 )

= 100
VT
RC = 100
+ 100(200 )
IC
IC RC IE (200 ) = VCE = VBE = VT ln(IC /IS )


1+
VT
+ 100(200 )
IC (200 ) = VT ln(IC /IS )
IC 100
IC

We can see that this equation has no solution. For example, if we let IC = 0, we see that according to
the left side, we should have VBE = 2.6 V, which is clearly an infeasible value. Qualitatively, we know
that in order to achieve a large gain, we need a large value for RC . However, increasing RC will result
in a smaller value of VCE , eventually driving the transistor into saturation. When Av = 100, there
is no value of RC that will provide such a large gain without driving the transistor into saturation.

5.46 (a)
Av =

R1 +

1
gm2

1
gm1

k r2

+ RE

Rin = r1 + (1 + 1 )RE
Rout = R1 +

1
k r2
gm2

(b)
RC

Av =

1
gm1

1
gm2

k r2

Rin = r1 + (1 + 1 )

1
gm2

k r2

k r2

Rout = RC
(c)
RC

Av =

1
gm1

1
gm2

k r2

Rin = r1 + (1 + 1 )

1
gm2

Rout = RC
(d)
Av =

1
gm1

RC
gm2 k r2 +
1

Rin = RB + r1 + (1 + 1 )

RB
1+1

1
gm2

k r2

k r2

Rout = RC
(e)
Av =

1
gm1

RC
gm2 k r2 +
1

Rin = RB + r1 + (1 + 1 )
Rout = RC

RB
1+1

1
gm2

5.47 (a)
Av =

RC +

1
gm2

1
gm1

k r2

+ RE

Rin = r1 + (1 + 1 ) RE
Rout = RC +

1
k r2
gm2

(b)
Av =

1
gm2

RC +
1
gm1

1
gm2
1
gm1

k r2

+ RE

1
gm2

RC +

k r2

1
gm2

k r2

k r2
+ RE

Rin = r1 + (1 + 1 ) RE
Rout =

1
k r2
gm2

(c)
Av =

RC +
1

1
gm2

gm1

k r2

1
gm3 kr3

Rin = r1 + (1 + 1 )
Rout = RC +

1
gm2

1
gm3 k r3

k r2

(d)
Av =

RC k r2
1
gm1 + RE

Rin = r1 + (1 + 1 ) RE
Rout = RC k r2

5.49 (a) Looking into the emitter of Q2 we see an equivalent resistance of

the following equivalent circuit for finding Rout :

1
gm2

k r2 k ro2 , so we can draw

Rout

Q1

1
gm2

Rout

k r2 k ro2



1
= ro1 + (1 + gm1 ro1 ) r1 k
k r2 k ro2
gm2

+RB
(b) Looking into the emitter of Q2 we see an equivalent resistance of ro2 k r2
1+2 (ro2 simply appears
in parallel with the resistance seen when VA = ), so we can draw the following equivalent circuit
for finding Rout :

Rout

Q1

ro2 k

r2 +RB
1+2

Rout = ro1 + (1 + gm1 ro1 ) r1 k ro2

r2 + RB
k
1 + 2

(c) Looking down from the emitter of Q1 we see an equivalent resistance of R1 k r2 , so we can draw
the following equivalent circuit for finding Rout :

Rout

Q1

R1 k r2

Rout = ro1 + (1 + gm1 ro1 ) (r1 k R1 k r2 )

5.50 (a) Looking into the emitter of Q1 we see an equivalent resistance of

the following equivalent circuit for finding Rout :

1
gm1

k r1 k ro1 , so we can draw

VCC
1
gm1

k r1 k ro1

Q2

Rout



1
k r1 k ro1
Rout = ro2 + (1 + gm2 ro2 ) r2 k
gm1
(b) Looking into the emitter of Q1 we see an equivalent resistance of ro1 , so we can draw the following
equivalent circuit for finding Rout :
VCC
ro1

Q2

Rout

Rout = ro2 + (1 + gm2 ro2 ) (r2 k ro1 )

Comparing this to the solution to part (a), we can see that the output resistance is larger because
instead of a factor of 1/gm1 dominating the parallel resistors in the expression, r2 dominates
(assuming ro1 r2 ).

5.52 (a)

VCC

VCC IB (100 k) IE (100 ) = VBE = VT ln(IC /IS )

1
1+
IC (100 k)
IC (100 ) = VT ln(IC /IS )

IC = 1.6 mA
1 k
Av = 1
gm + 100
gm = 61.6 mS
Av = 8.60

(b)
VCC IB (50 k) IE (2 k) = VT ln(IC /IS )
IC = 708 A
Av =

1 k
1
gm

(1 k)k(50 k)
1+

gm = 27.2 mS
Av = 21.54
(c)
IB =

IC
VCC VBE IE (2.5 k) VBE + IE (2.5 k)
=

14 k
11 k

IC =

VCC VT ln(IC /IS )

1+
IC (2.5

k)

14 k

IC = 163 A
Av =

10 k
1
gm

+ 500 +

gm = 6.29 mS
Av = 14.98

(1 k)k(14 k)k(11 k)
1+

VT ln(IC /IS ) +

1+
IC (2.5

11 k

k)

5.53 (a)
VCC 1.5 V
RC
= 4 mA

IC =

VBE = VT ln(IC /IS ) = 832 mV

VCC VBE
= 66.7 A
IB =
RB
IC
=
= 60
IB
(b) Assuming the speaker has an impedance of 8 , the gain of the amplifier is
Av = gm (RC k 8 )
IC
=
(RC k 8 )
VT
= 1.19
Thus, the circuit provides greater than unity gain.

5.54 (a)
Av = gm RC
IC
gm =
= 76.9 mS
VT
Av = 38.46
1
Rin =
k r
gm

= 1.3 k
r =
gm
Rin = 12.87
Rout = RC = 500
(b) Since Av = gm RC and gm is fixed for a given value of IC , RC should be chosen as large as
possible to maximize the gain of the amplifier. Vb should be chosen as small as possible to
maximize the headroom of the amplifier (since in order for Q1 to remain in forward active, we
require Vb < VCC IC RC ).

5.56 (a) Looking into the emitter of Q2 we see an equivalent resistance of

following equivalent circuit for finding Rin :

1
gm2

k r2 , so we can draw the

VCC
R1

Q1
1
gm2

k r2

Rin

Rin =

r1 +

1
gm2

k r2

1 + 1

(b) Looking right from the base of Q1 we see an equivalent resistance of R2 , so we can draw the
following equivalent circuit for finding Rin :
VCC
R1

Q1
R2

Rin

Rin =

r1 + R2
1 + 1

(c) Looking right from the base of Q1 we see an equivalent resistance of R2 k

draw the following equivalent circuit for finding Rin :

1
gm2

k r2 , so we can

VCC
R1

Q1
R2 k

1
gm2

k r2

Rin

Rin =

r1 + R2 k

1
gm2

k r2

1 + 1

(d) Looking right from the base of Q1 we see an equivalent resistance of R2 k r2 , so we can draw the
following equivalent circuit for finding Rin :
VCC
R1

Q1
R2 k r2

Rin

Rin =

r1 + R2 k r2
1 + 1

5.58 (a)
IB =

IC
VCC VBE IE (400 ) VBE + IE (400 )
=

13 k
12 k

IC =

VCC VT ln(IC /IS )

1+
IC (400

13 k

IC = 1.02 mA
VBE = VT ln(IC /IS ) = 725 mV
VCE = VCC IC (1 k) IE (400 ) = 1.07 V
Q1 is operating in forward active.
(b)
Av = gm (1 k)
gm = 39.2 mS
Av = 39.2

VT ln(IC /IS ) +

1+
IC (400

12 k

5.61 For small-signal analysis, we can draw the following equivalent circuit.
R1

vout
Q1
vin

Av = gm R1
Rin =

1
k r
gm

Rout = R1

5.61 For small-signal analysis, we can draw the following equivalent circuit.
R1

vout
Q1
vin

Av = gm R1
Rin =

1
k r
gm

Rout = R1

5.63 Since IS1 = 2IS2 and theyre biased identically, we know that IC1 = 2IC2 , which means gm1 = 2gm2 .
vout1
= gm1 RC = 2gm2 RC
vin
vout2
= gm2 RC
vin
vout1
vout2

=2
vin
vin

5.67
r + RS
1+
VT /IC + RS
=
1+
5

IC =
IE =
I1
1+
1+

Rout =

(1+)VT
I1

+ RS

1+

(1+)VT
I1

+ RS

1+

5
I1 8.61 mA

5.68 (a) Looking into the collector of Q2 we see an equivalent resistance of ro2 = , so we can draw the
following equivalent circuit:
VCC
vin

Q1
vout

Av = 1
Rin =
Rout =

1
k r1
gm1

(b) Looking down from the emitter of Q1 we see an equivalent resistance of

the following equivalent circuit:

1
gm2

k r2 , so we can draw

VCC
vin

Q1
vout
1
gm2

Av =

1
gm2
1
gm1

k r2

k r2
1
gm2

k r2

Rin = r1 + (1 + 1 )
Rout =

1
gm2

k r2

1
1
k r1 k
k r2
gm1
gm2

(c) Looking into the emitter of Q2 we see an equivalent resistance of

following equivalent circuit:

r2 +RS
1+2 ,

so we can draw the

VCC
vin

Q1
vout
r2 +RS
1+2

Av =

Rin
Rout

r2 +RS
1+2
r2 +RS
1
+
gm1
1+2

r2 + RS
= r1 + (1 + 1 )
1 + 2


r2 + RS
1
=
k r1 k
gm1
1 + 2

(d) Looking down from the emitter of Q1 we see an equivalent resistance of RE +

can draw the following equivalent circuit:

1
gm2

k r2 , so we

VCC
vin

Q1
vout
RE +

Av =

RE +
1
gm1

Rin
Rout

1
gm2

+ RE +

1
gm2

k r2

k r2
1
gm2

k r2



1
= r1 + (1 + 1 ) RE +
gm2


1
1
=
k r1 k RE +
gm1
gm2

(e) Looking into the emitter of Q2 we see an equivalent resistance of

following equivalent circuit:

1
gm2

k r2 , so we can draw the

VCC
vin

Q1

RE
vout
1
gm2

Av =

RE +
1

+ RE +

gm1

1
gm2

1
gm1

Rin

1
gm2

k r2

k r2
1
gm2

k r2 RE +

+ RE +

1
gm1

k r2

1
gm2

k r2
1
gm2

k r2


= r1 + (1 + 1 ) RE +

Rout =

1
gm2

k r1 + RE

1
gm2 k r2
1
k r2
gm2

k r2

5.69 (a) Looking into the base of Q2 we see an equivalent resistance of r2 (assuming the emitter of Q2 is
grounded), so we can draw the following equivalent circuit for finding the impedance at the base
of Q1 :
VCC
Q1

Req

r2

Req = r1 + (1 + 1 )r2
1
k r1 (assuming the base of
(b) Looking into the emitter of Q1 we see an equivalent resistance of gm1
Q1 is grounded), so we can draw the following equivalent circuit for finding the impedance at the
emitter of Q2 :

VCC
1
gm1

k r1

Q2

Req

Req =

r2 +

1
gm1

k r1

1 + 2

(c)
1 IB1 + 2 (1 + 1 )IB1
IC1 + IC2
=
IB1
IB1
= 1 + 2 (1 + 1 )
If we assume that 1 , 2 1, then this simplifies to 1 2 , meaning a Darlington pair has a current
gain approximately equal to the product of the current gains of the individual transistors.

5.70 (a)
RCS = ro2 + (1 + gm2 ro2 ) (r2 k RE )
(b)
Av =

ro2 + (1 + gm2 ro2 ) (r2 k RE )

gm1 + ro2 + (1 + gm2 ro2 ) (r2 k RE )
1

Rin = r1 + (1 + 1 ) [ro2 + (1 + gm2 ro2 ) (r2 k RE )]

Rout =

1
gm1

k r1 k [ro2 + (1 + gm2 ro2 ) (r2 k RE )]

5.72 (a) Looking into the base of Q2 we see an equivalent resistance of r2 , so we can draw the following
equivalent circuit for finding Rin :
VCC
Q1

Rin

RE k r2

Rin = r1 + (1 + 1 ) (RE k ro1 )

Looking into the collector of Q2 we see an equivalent resistance of ro2 . Thus,
Rout = RC k ro2
(b) Looking into the base of Q2 we see an equivalent resistance of r2 , so we can draw the following
equivalent circuit for finding vX /vin :
VCC
vin

Q1
vX
RE k r2

vX
=
vin

RE k r2 k ro1
gm1 + RE k r2 k ro1
1

We can find vout /vX by inspection.

vout
= gm2 (RC k ro2 )
vX
vX vout
Av =

vin vX
= gm2 (RC k ro2 )

RE k r2 k ro1
gm1 + RE k r2 k ro1
1

5.73 (a) Looking into the emitter of Q2 we see an equivalent resistance of

following equivalent circuit for finding Rin :

1
gm2

k r2 , so we can draw the

VCC
Q1

Rin

Rin

RE k

1
gm2

k r2



1
= r1 + (1 + 1 ) RE k
k r2
gm2

Looking into the collector of Q2 , we see an equivalent resistance of (because VA = ), so we

have
Rout = RC
(b) Looking into the emitter of Q2 we see an equivalent resistance of
following equivalent circuit for finding vX /vin :
VCC
vin

Q1
vX
RE k

vX
=
vin

1
gm2

1
gm2 k
1
1
gm1 +E k gm2

RE k

k r2

r2
k r2

We can find vout /vX by inspection.

vout
= gm2 RC
vX
vX vout

Av =
vin vX
= gm2 RC

1
gm2 k
1
1
gm1 +E k gm2

RE k

r2
k r2

1
gm2

k r2 , so we can draw the

5.74
Rout = RC = 1 k
Av = gm RC = 10
gm = 10 mS
IC = gm VT = 260 A
VCC VBE
IC
= IB =
RB

VCC VT ln(IC /IS )

RB =
IC
= 694 k
Rin = RB k r = 9.86 k > 5 k
In sizing CB , we must consider the effect a finite impedance in series with the input will have on the
circuit parameters. Any series impedance will cause Rin to increase and will not impact Rout . However,
 1 
a series impedance can cause gain degradation. Thus, we must ensure that |ZB | =  jC
 does not
B
degrade the gain significantly.
If we include |ZB | in the gain expression, we get:
Av =
Thus, we want

1
1+

|ZB |

1
gm

RC
1
gm

(|ZB |)kRB
1+

to ensure the gain is not significantly degraded.



1  1 
1

1 +  jCB 
gm
1
1
1 1
=
1 + 2f CB
10 gm
CB = 788 nF

5.75
Rout = RC 500
To maximize gain, we should maximize RC .
RC = 500
VCC IC RC VBE 400 mV = VT ln(IC /IS ) 400 mV
IC 4.261 mA
To maximize gain, we should maximize IC .
IC = 4.261 mA
VCC VBE
IC
=
IB =

RB
IC
VCC VT ln(IC /IS )
=
=

RB
RB = 40.613 k

5.76
Rout = RC = 1 k
|Av | = gm RC
IC RC
=
VT
20
IC 520 A
In order to maximize Rin = RB k r , we need to maximize r , meaning we should minimize IC (since
T
r = V
IC ).
IC = 520 A
IC
VCC VBE
IB =
=

RB
VCC VT ln(IC /IS )
=
RB
RB = 343 k

5.77
Rout = RC = 2 k
Av = gm RC
IC RC
=
VT
= 15
IC = 195 A
VBE = VT ln(IC /IS ) = 689.2 mV
VCE VBE 400 mV = 289.2 mV
To minimize the supply voltage, we should minimize VCE .
VCE = 289.2 mV
VCC VCE
= IC
RC
VCC = 679.2 mV
Note that this value of VCC is less than the required VBE . This means that the value of VCC is
constrained by VBE , not VCE . In theory, we could pick VCC = VBE , but in this case, wed have
to set RB = 0 , which would short the input to VCC . Thus, lets pick a reasonable value for RB ,
RB = 100 .
IC
VCC VBE
= IB =
RB

VCC = 689.4 mV

5.78
|Av | = gm RC
IC RC
=
VT
= A0
Rout = RC
IC Rout
A0 =
VT
A0 VT
IC =
Rout
P = IC VCC
=

A0 VT
VCC
Rout

Thus, we must trade off a small output resistance with low power consumption (i.e., as we decrease
Rout , power consumption increases and vice-versa).

5.79
P = (IB + IC )VCC
1+
=
IC VCC

= 1 mW
IC = 396 A
VCC VBE
IC
= IB =
RB

VCC VT ln(IC /IS )

RB =
IC
= 453 k
Av = gm RC
IC RC
=
VT
= 20
RC = 1.31 k

5.81
Rout = RC 1 k
To maximize gain, we should maximize Rout .
RC = 1 k
VCC IC RC IE RE = VCE VBE 400 mV
VCC IC RC 200 mV VT ln(IC /IS ) 400 mV
IC 1.95 mA
To maximize gain, we should maximize IC .
IC = 1.95 mA
1+
IC RE = 200 mV
IE RE =

VCC

RE = 101.5
10IB R1 IE RE = VBE = VT ln(IC /IS )
R1 = 7.950 k
9IB R2 IE RE = VBE = VT ln(IC /IS )
R2 = 5.405 k

5.82
P = (10IB + IC ) VCC


IC
= 10
+ IC VCC

= 5 mW

IC = 1.82 mA
1+
IC RE = 200 mV
IE RE =

RE = 109
RC
Av = 1
gm + RE
RC
IC + RE

= VT
= 5

RC = 616
VCC 10IB R1 200 mV = VBE = VT ln(IC /IS )
R1 = 8.54 k
9IB R2 200 mV = VBE = VT ln(IC /IS )
R2 = 5.79 k

5.83
1
= 50 (since RE doesnt affect Rin )
gm
= 20 mS

Rin =
gm

IC = gm VT = 520 A
1+
IC RE = 260 mV
IE RE =

RE = 495
Av = gm RC = 20
RC = 1 k
VCC 10IB R1 IE RE = VBE = VT ln(IC /IS )
R1 = 29.33 k
9IB R2 IE RE = VBE = VT ln(IC /IS )
R2 = 20.83 k
To pick CB , we must consider its effect on Av . If we assume the capacitor has an impedance ZB and
|ZB | R1 , R2 , then we have:
Av =
Thus, we should choose

1
1+

|ZB |

RC
1
gm

|ZB |
1+

1
gm .

1
1 1
1
1
=
|ZB | =
1+
1 + 2f CB
10 gm
CB = 1.58 F

5.84
Rout = RC = 500
Av = gm RC = 8
gm = 16 mS
IC = gm VT = 416 A
1+
IC RE = 260 mV
IE RE =

RE = 619
VCC 10IB R1 IE RE = VBE = VT ln(IC /IS )
R1 = 36.806 k
9IB R2 IE RE = VBE = VT ln(IC /IS )
R2 = 25.878 k
To pick CB , we must consider its effect on Av . If we assume the capacitor has an impedance ZB and
|ZB | R1 , R2 , then we have:
Av =
Thus, we should choose

1
1+

|ZB |

RC
1
gm

|ZB |
1+

1
gm .

1
1 1
1
1
=
|ZB | =
1+
1 + 2f CB
10 gm
CB = 1.26 F

5.85
Rout = RC = 200
IC RC
= 20
Av = gm RC =
VT
IC = 2.6 mA
P = VCC (10IB + IC )


IC
= VCC 10
+ IC

= 7.15 mW

5.86
P = (IC + 10IB ) VCC


IC
= IC + 10
VCC

= 5 mW

IC = 1.82 mA
Av = gm RC
IC RC
=
VT
= 10
RC = 143
1+
IE RE =
IC RE = 260 mV

VCC

RE = 141.6
10IB R1 IE RE = VBE = VT ln(IC /IS )
R1 = 8.210 k
9IB R2 IE RE = VBE = VT ln(IC /IS )
R2 = 6.155 k

To pick CB , we must consider its effect on Av . If we assume the capacitor has an impedance ZB and
|ZB | R1 , R2 , then we have:
Av =
Thus, we should choose

1
1+

|ZB |

RC
1
gm

|ZB |
1+

1
gm .

1
1 1
1
1
=
|ZB | =
1+
1 + 2f CB
10 gm
CB = 5.52 F

5.87
1
= 50 (since RE doesnt affect Rin )
gm
= 20 mS

Rin =
gm

IC = gm VT = 520 A
Av = gm RC = 20
RC = 1 k
1+
IE RE =
IC RE = 260 mV

RE = 495
To minimize the supply voltage, we should allow Q1 to operate in soft saturation, i.e., VBC = 400 mV.
VBE = VT ln(IC /IS ) = 715 mV
VCE = VBE 400 mV = 315 mV
VCC IC RC IE RE = VCE
VCC

VCC = 1.095 V
10IB R1 IE RE = VBE
R1 = 2.308 k
9IB R2 IE RE = VBE
R2 = 20.827 k

To pick CB , we must consider its effect on Av . If we assume the capacitor has an impedance ZB and
|ZB | R1 , R2 , then we have:
Av =
Thus, we should choose

1
1+

|ZB |

RC
1
gm

|ZB |
1+

1
gm .

1
1
1 1
1
=
|ZB | =
1+
1 + 2f CB
10 gm
CB = 1.58 F

5.90 As stated in the hint, lets assume that IE RE VT . Given this assumption, we can assume that RE
does not affect the gain.
IE RE = 10VT = 260 mV
RL
Av = 1
= 0.8
gm + RL
gm = 80 mS
IC = gm VT = 2.08 mA
1+
IC RE = 260 mV

RE = 124
VCC IB R1 IE RE = VBE = VT ln(IC /IS )
R1 = 71.6 k
To pick C1 , we must consider its effect on Av . If we assume the capacitor has an impedance Z1 and
|Z1 | R1 , then we have:
Av =
Thus, we should choose

1
1+

|Z1 |

RE
1
gm

+ RE +

|Z1 |
1+

1
gm .

1
1 1
1
1
=
|Z1 | =
1+
1 + 2f C1
10 gm
C1 = 12.6 pF
To pick C2 , we must also consider its effect on Av . Since the capacitor appears in series with RL , we
need to ensure that |Z2 | RL , assuming the capacitor has impedance Z2 .
|Z2 | =

1
1
=
RL
2f C2
10

C2 = 318 pF