Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Reviewer Rizal
Reviewer Rizal
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IN PARIS
a. After completing his studies in Madrid, Rizal went to Paris and Germany to specialize in ophthalmology
b. He worked as an assistant to Dr. Louis de Weckert, leading French ophthalmologist
c. Studio of Luna:
i. Happy hours: discussion with Luna on problems on art and painting technique
ii. Rizal helped Luna by posing as model in several paintings
iii. Death of Cleopatra: Rizal posed as an Egyptian Priest
iv. Blood Compact: Rizal posed as Sikatuna
AS MUSICIAN
a. Jose could not sing well
b. Came to play flute very well
c. Composed:
i. Alin Mang Lahi (Any Race)--- asserts that any race aspires for freedom
ii. La Deportacion (Deportation) --- composed in Dapitan during his exile
IN HEIDELBERG, GERMANY
a. Boarding House of German Law students:
i. Students made him a member of the Chess Players Club
ii. Joined them in their beer drinking sessions and watched their friendly saber duels
b. Boarding House near the University of Heidelberg
i. Worked at the University Eye Hospital under the direction of Dr. Otto Becker, distinguished German
ophthalmologist
c. Noticed that German Catholics and Protestants practiced ecumenism
i. They lived together in harmony and cordiality
TO THE FLOWERS OF HEIDELBERG
a. Fascination of the blooming flowers along the banks of Neckar River
b. Light blue forget-me-not: favorite flower
c. Because of homesickness: poem: To the Flowers of Heidelberg
WITH PASTOR ULLMER AT WILHELMSFELD
a. Jose spent a 3-month summer vacation at Wilhemsfield
b. Stayed at the vicarage of a kind Protestant pastor, Dr. Karl Ulmer
c. Gratitude of Rizal:
i. You may also receive, when you are abroad, the same treatment and friendship as I have found among
you
ii. you understood me too, in spite of my brown skin
FIRST LETTER TO BLUMENTRITT
a. First letter in German to Prof. Ferdinand Blumentritt, Director of the Ateneo of Leitmeritz, Austria (Austrian
Ethnologist and has interest in Philippine languages)
i. I have heard that you are studying our language, and that you had already published some work about
it; permit me to send you a valuable book written by my countryman in our language.
b. That book was entitled: Aritmetica (Arithmetic)
i. Was published in Spanish and Tagalog
ii. Author: Rufino Baltazar Hernandez
c. Blumentritt was impressed on the letter of Jose
i. Reciprocated by sending Jose a gift of 2 books
ii. Became the best friend of Jose
IN LEIPZIG, GERMANY
a. University of Leipzig
i. Attended some lectures on History and Psychology
ii. Befriended Prof. Friedrich Ratzel, famous German historian
iii. Befriended Dr. Hans Meyer, German Anthropologist
b. In Leipzig:
i. Translated Schillers William Tell from German to Tagalog
1. So that Filipinos might know the story of that Champion of Swiss Independence
ii. Translated Hans Christian Andersens Fairy Tales
1. For his nephews and nieces
c. Cost of living in Leipzig was cheapest in Europe
i. Jose stayed 2 months and a half in this German City
ii. He worked as a proof-reader in a publishers firm and earned some money
d. In Dresden:
i. He met Dr. Adolph Meyer
BERLINS SCIENTIFIC CIRCLES
a. In Berlin:
i. Met for the first time Dr. Feodor Jagor (author: Travels in the Philippines)
b. Became a member of the Anthropological Society, Ethnological Society, and Geographical Society of Berlin
i. Upon recommendation of: Dr. Jagor and Dr. Meyer
ii. Proved that his scientific knowledge was recognized by Europes scientists
1. Was the first Asian to be accorded such honors
LIFE IN BERLIN
a. Live in this Capital for 5 reasons:
i. To gain further knowledge of Ophthalmology
ii. To further his studies of sciences and languages
iii. To observe the economic-political conditions
iv. To associate with famous German scientists and scholars
v. To publish his Noli Me Tangere
b. Frugal life in Berlin
i. By day: assistant in the Clinic of Dr. Schweigger, eminent German ophthalmologist
ii. By night: attended lectures in the University of Berlin
ON GERMAN WOMEN
a. Addressed to his sister Trinidad:
i. German women:
1. Serious, diligent, educated, friendly
2. Not: gossipy, frivolous, quarrelsome like the Spanish woman.
3. Not particular about beautiful dresses and expensive jewelry
ii. Filipino women:
1. Women are more interested in how they dress than in how much they know
2. If only they can cultivate their intellect by education and by taking more interest in worldly
affairs, they can command the respect of all men.
iii. Rizal advised his sister:
1. Read while you are young.
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2. Not allow yourself to be conquered by indolence because it costs so little to cast it off.
GERMAN CUSTOMS
a. On Christmas Eve:
i. Pine tree as a Christmas tree
b. When a man attends a social function and finds that there is nobody to introduce him to the other guests, he
bows his head to the guests
i. Introduces himself and shakes the hands of everyone in the room.
ii. It is bad manners for a guest to remain aloof, and wait for his host or hostess to make the proper
introduction.
DARKEST WINTER IN BERLIN
a. Jose live in poverty because no money arrived from Calamba
i. The diamond ring which Saturnina gave him was in the pawnshop
ii. He could not pay his landlord
iii. He had to scrimp, eating only one meal a day
iv. Jose starved and shivered with wintry cold.
v. His health broke down due to lack of proper nourishment
vi. He feared he was going to be sick with tuberculosis
b. In Calamba:
i. Paciano tried desperately to raise money
ii. Crops had failed due to the ravages of the locusts.
iii. The sugar market collapsed.
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Speaking in the presence of many guests during a dinner, insulted the memory of Ibarras father
Ibarra jumped from his seat, knocked down the fat friar with his fist, and then seized the sharp knife
1. He would have killed the friar, were it not from the timely intervention of Maria Clara
2. This produced 2 results:
a. His engagement to Maria Clara was broken
b. He was excommunicated
3. Fortunately: liberal-minded governor general visited the town and befriended Ibarra
a. Persuaded Capitan Tiago to accept Ibarra as son-in-law
b. Promised to see the Archbishop of Manila to lift the ban of excommunication
h. Tiburcio de Espadaa
i. Quack Spanish physician
ii. Treated the illness of Maria Clara
iii. Husband of Doctora Doa Victorina de los Reyes de De Espadaa
1. Vain and vulgar native woman
2. Had hallucinations of being a superior Castillan
3. Although a native herself, she looked down on her own people as inferior beings
4. She added another de to her husbands surname to be more Spanish
5. She introduced to Capitan Tiago a young Spaniard, Don Alfonso Linares De Espadaa, cousin
of Don Tiburcio and godson of Padre Damasos brother-in-law.
a. Linares was penniless and jobless, he came to the Philippines in search of a rich
Filipino heiress.
i.
Attack on the barracks of the Guardia Civil
i. Engineered by the enemies of Ibarra
1. The enemies of Ibarra told the supposed attackers of the barracks that the mastermind of their
attack was Ibarra
2. At the same time, the enemies warned the alferez (lieutenant of the Guardia Civil) to alert his
men of the supposed attack
ii. Ibarra was blamed for the catastrophe
iii. Elias:
1. Learning of Ibarras arrest, burned all the papers that might incriminate his friend and set
Ibarras house on fire
2. He went to prison and helped Ibarra escape
iv. Ibarra
1. Forgave Maria Clara for giving up his letters to her to the Spanish authorities who utilized them
as evidence against him.
2. Maria Clara:
a. Revealed that those letters were exchanged with a letter from her late mother, Pia
Alba, which Padre Salvi gave her.
b. From this letter, she learned that her real father was Padre Damaso.
v. A police boat pursued Elias and Ibarra
1. Elias told Ibarra to hide under the zacate of their banca
2. As the police boat was overtaking the banca, Elias jumped into the water and swam swiftly
toward the shore
3. Elias diverted the attention of the soldiers
4. Ibarra was able to escape
5. Elias was hit by the firing guns of the civil guards and sank
j.
Elias and Basilio
i. Was seriously wounded, reached the shore and staggered into the forest
ii. He met Basilio who was weeping over his mothers dead body
iii. He asked Basilio to make a pyre on which their bodies (his and Sisa) were to be burned to ashes
iv. Elias murmured: I die without seeing the dawn brighten over my native land! You, who have it to see,
welcome it --- and forget not those who have fallen during the night.
THE NOLI BASED ON TRUTH
a. Maria Clara was Leonor Rivera
b. Ibarra and Elias were Rizal
c. Tasio was Paciano
d. Padre Damaso: typical of a domineering friar/ arrogant, immoral, and anti-Filipino
MISSING CHAPTER OF THE NOLI
a. Elias and Salome
i. Reason for deleting this portion: economic
ii. Elias to Salome:
1. It is better that it neither you nor I would wish to hear our children lament our love, which
would only bequeath them misery
2. Forget me, forget a love so mad and futile
RIZALS FRIENDS PRAISE THE NOLI
a. Of the numerous congratulatory letters received by Rizal from his friends about the Noli, that from Blumentritt
was significant.
i. Blumentritt: your work, as we Germans say, has been written with the blood of the heart, and so the
heart also speaks
ii. The word filibuster must have certain meaning in the Philippines that I do not find in the Spanish of the
Peninsulars nor in that of the Spanish peoples of America
b. Dr. Antonio Ma. Regidor
i. Filipino lawyer who had been exiled due to his complicity in the Cavite mutiny
ii. If the Quixote immortalizes its author because it exposes to the world the ailments of Spain, your Noli
Me Tangere will bring you an equal glory
iii. With your modesty and your voracious and able appraisal, you have dealt a mortal blow to that old tree
full of blemishes and decay.
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Blumentritt was carrying a pencil sketch of Rizal at the railroad station which Jose sent him, so that he could
identify his Filipino friend
BEAUTIFUL MEMORIES OF LEITMERITZ
a. Blumentritt invited Viola and Jose to a beer garden
i. The burgomaster (town mayor) asked Rizal how long it took him to learn German
ii. Rizal replied: 11 months. The burgomaster was amazed.
b. Rizal painted a portrait of Blumentritt to commemorate his memories at his home
c. Letter to Blumentritt:
i. I am at heart an inhabitant of Leitmeritz just as you yourself are a Filipino in sentiments
ii. He forgot his diamond stickpin at his room in Hotel Krebs
PRAGUE
a. Rizal and Viola visited the tomb of Copernicus, the famous astronomer & the museum of natural history
VIENNA
a. This city fascinated Rizal because of its beautiful buildings, religious images
b. Rizal received his lost diamond stickpin.
i. It was found by a maid in Hotel Krebs and was given to Blumentritt, who, in turn, forwarded it to Rizal in
Vienna.
DANUBIAN VOYAGE TO LINTZ
a. Noticed that the passengers on the river boat were using paper napkins during meals, which was a novelty to
him
i. Viola commented that the paper napkins were more hygienic and economical than cloth napkins
FROM LINTZ TO RHEINFALL
a. They savor the famous Munich beer, best in Germany
b. From Munich, they went to Nuremberg, one of the oldest cities in Germany.
i. They witnessed the horrible torture machines used in the Inquisition
c. At Rheinfall, they saw the most beautiful waterfall in Europe
GENEVA
a. Rizal showed his rowing prowess at Leman Lake to Geneva
RIZAL RESENTS EXHIBITION OF IGORTOS IN 1887 MADRID EXPOSITION
a. Upon reaching Geneva (Switzerland), he received sad news from his friends in Madrid of the deplorable
conditions of the primitive Igorots who were exhibited in this exposition
i. Some died of pneumonia
ii. Scanty clothing (G-strings) and crude weapons were objects of mockery and laughter by the Spanish
people and the press
b. Rizal was outraged; in his letter to Blumentritt:
i. Igorots are mocked by Spanish newspapers
ii. Except: El Liberal
1. Says that such mockery is not consistent with human dignity to be exhibited side by side with
animals and plants
c. We want an industrial exposition, but not an exhibition of human beings who are compelled to live almost
outdoors and die of nostalgia and pneumonia or typhus
RIZAL IN ITALY
a. Rizal reached Rome, the Eternal City and the City of Caesar
b. Letter to Blumentritt
i. Here I breath the same air which the Roman heroes have breathed
ii. I salute every statue with reverence
iii. Places visited: Capitolium, Tarpeian Rock, Palatinum, Forum Romanum, Amphitheatre
iv. Jose did not enter cafes because he loathed to hear French Songs or see modern industries
c. Feat day of St. Peter and St. Paul
i. Jose visited the Vatican, City of the Popes
ii. He visited St. Peters Square
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Somebody had whispered to the governors ear that the Noli contained subversive ideas
When Jose was informed by Governor General Terrero of the charge, he denied it
1. Jose explained that he merely exposed the truth but did not advocate subversive ideas
iv. Pleased by his explanation and curious about the controversial book, the governor general asked the
author for a copy of the Noli so that he could read it.
1. Rizal had no copy then.
Fr. Federico Faura to Jose (former Jesuit professor of Jose):
i. Everything in it was the truth, but you may lose your head for it.
The governor general, who was liberal minded Spaniard, knew that Rizals life was in jeopardy because the friars
were powerful.
i. For security measure, he assigned a young Spanish lieutenant, Don Jose Taviel de Andrade, as
bodyguard of Rizal
ii. The governor general was able to secure a copy of Noli from Jose and read it:
1. He found nothing wrong with it
Faculty members of UST
i. Stated that Noli was heretical, impious, and scandalous in the religious order, and anti-patriotic,
subversive of public order, injurious to the government of Spain and its function in the Philippine Islands
in the political order.
Governor General Terrero
i. Was dissatisfied with the report of the Dominicans, for he knew that the Dominicans are prejudiced
against Rizal
ii. Terrero sent the Novel to the Permanent Commission of Censorship which was composed of priests and
laymen
1. The report of this commission was drafted by its head, Fr. Salvador Font
a. It found the Novel to contain subversive ideas against the Church and Spain
b. Recommended: the importation, reproduction and circulation of this pernicious book
in the islands be absolutely prohibited
The banning of the Noli only served to make it popular
i. Everybody want to read it
ii. What the hated Spanish masters did not like, the oppressed masses liked very much
Thanks to the Governor General Terrero
i. There was no mass imprisonment or mass execution of Filipinos
ii. He refused to be intimidated by the friars who clamored for harsh measures against people caught
reading the novel and its author
c.
II.
a.
Rizal was visited at his hotel by Juan Perez Caballero, secretary of the Spanish Legation
Caballero invited him to live at the Spanish Legation
i. Jose realized that the Spanish diplomatic authorities were instructed from Manila to monitor his
movements in Japan.
ii. He accepted the invitation for two reasons:
1. He could economize his living expenses by staying at the legation
2. He had nothing to hide from the prying eyes of the Spanish authorities
c. His first days:
i. Was embarrassed because he did not know the Japanese language
ii. He looked like a Japanese, but could not talk Japanese
iii. To avoid further embarrassment:
1. Rizal decided to study the Japanese Language
2. Being a born linguistic, he was able to speak it within a few days.
RIZAL AND THE TOKYO MUSICIANS
a. As he approached the park, Rizal heard the Tokyo band playing a classical work of Strauss
b. He noticed that some began to converse in Tagalog. Jose was amazed.
RIZALS IMPRESSION OF JAPAN
a. There were very few thieves in Japan
i. The houses remained open day and night
ii. In the hotel room: one could safely leave money on the table
b. Beggars were rarely seen in city streets, unlike in Manila
c. One thing he did not like in Japan:
i. The popular mode of transportation by means of rickshaws draws by men
1. Jose felt disgusted at the way a human being was employed like a horse
ROMANCE WITH O-SEI-SAN
a. Rizal saw a pretty Japanese girl walking past the legation gate
i. He learned from the Japanese gardener that she was Seiko Usui
ii. As she approached the gate, Jose took off his hat and politely introduced himself as was the custom in
Germany.
b. Seiko-san
i. Was mildly amused at the gallant of Jose who spoke in halting Japanese
ii. The 2 conversed in both English and French --- the language barrier was eliminated
c. Since their first meeting, Jose & O-Sei-san met almost daily
i. Affinity of interest in the arts paved the way for their romance
ii. Her beauty almost tempted Jose to settle in Japan
RIZAL ON O-SEI-SAN in his Diary:
a. To think that I am leaving this life for the uncertain, the unknown. There I was offered an easy way to live,
beloved and esteemed.
b. To you I dedicate the final chapter of these memoirs of my youth. No woman, like you, has ever loved me and
sacrificed for me.
c. Sacrificing his personal happiness, Rizal had to carry on his libertarian mission in Europe
VOYAGE ACROSS THE PACIFIC
a. RIZAL AND TETCHO
i. Tetcho Suehiro: befriended by Jose while on board
ii. He was a fighting Japanese journalist, novelist, and a champion of human rights
iii. Like Rizal, he was forced by the Japanese government to leave his country
iv. He published: Storm over the Sea, which resembles Noli Me Tangere and The Big Ocean, which
resembles El Filibusterismo
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CHAPTER 13: RIZALS VISIT TO THE UNITED STATES (less than 1 month)
I.
ARRIVAL IN SAN FRANCISCO
a. His arrival in this country was marred by racial prejudice
i. He saw the discriminatory treatment of the Chinese and the Negroes by white Americans
b. All passengers were not allowed to land
i. The American authorities placed the ship under quarantine
ii. Because: it came from the far east where a cholera epidemic was alleged to be raging
iii. Rizal was surprise because he knew there was no epidemic at that time in the Far East.
c. Jose soon discovered that the placing of the ship under quarantine was motivated by politics
i. The ship was carrying coolies (men hired to do cheap labor)
ii. At that time, public opinion on the Pacific Coast was against cheap coolie labor because the coolies
from China were displacing white laborers in railroad construction camps
iii. To win the votes of the whites in California (election was near), the administration impeded the entry of
Chinese coolies
d. After a week of quarantine, all first-class passengers, including Rizal, were permitted to land
i. But the Chinese and Japanese passengers of the second and third-class accommodations were forced
to remain on board for a longer quarantine period.
II.
ACROSS THE AMERICAN CONTINENT
a. Rizal left San Francisco for Oakland Nevada Utah Denver Colorado Nebraska Missouri River Illinois
Chicago Niagara Falls Albany Hudson River New York Statue of Liberty
III.
RIZALS IMPRESSION OF AMERICA
a. Positive:
i. The opportunities for better life offered to poor immigrants
ii.
b.
Material progress of the country as shown in great cities, huge farms, flourishing industries, busy
factories
iii. Drive and energy of the American people
iv. Natural beauty of the land
v. High standard of living
Negative:
i. Lack of racial equality
ii. There existed racial prejudice which was inconsistent with the principles of democracy and freedom of
which the Americans talk so much but do not practice
iii. America is a land par excellence of freedom but only for the whites
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