Chc nng ca bt k giao thc nh tuyn no l gip router chuyn mt gi tin i theo

ng hng cui cng gip gi tin n c a ch ch d kin. nh tuyn mt

gi tin, router s kim tra a ch ch ca gi tin, tm ra gi tr next-hop trong bng nh
tuyn v y gi tin ra cng ph hp. Mt gi tin unicast s c truyn dc theo mt
ng i duy nht t ngun n ch.
Tuy nhin khi router nhn c mt gi tin multicast, router khng th tip tc chuyn
gi tin i bi v a ch IP multicast khng c lit k trong bng nh tuyn unicast.
Ngoi ra, router thng phi chuyn cc gi multicast ng thi ra nhiu cng n tt
c cc my nhn. Cc yu cu ny lm cho qu trnh nh tuyn multicast phc tp hn
unicast. a ch ch ca multicast tng trng cho mt nhm bin ng cc my nhn,
khng ch l a ch ca mt my nhn. Lm th no router tm ra cc ngi dng ny
nm u? Router s y nhng gi tin multicast ny v u?
Chc nng ca unicast-routing l tm ng i ngn nht n mt a ch ch no .
Tc v ny c thc hin bng cch dng cc giao thc distance vector hay dng cc c
s d liu lin kt (linkstate). Kt qu ca tc v ny l mt hng trong bng nh tuyn,
ch ra cng outbound hoc ch ra router k tip. Interface u ra c th hiu nh l
interface gn nht i v mng ch.
Tri li, chc nng ca multicast routing l tm ra upstream interface, tc l ng i gn
nht v source. Bi v cc multicast routing protocol quan tm tm ra ng i ngn nht
v ngun hn l ng i ngn nht v ch nn qu trnh chuyn gi tin multicast c
gi l reverse path forwarding.
Cch tt nht mt giao thc nh tuyn multicast xc nh ng i ngn nht v
source l tham kho bng nh tuyn unicast. Tuy nhin, cc gi multicast s c truyn
i da trn thng tin ca bng multicast routing ring bit. L do cho vic ny l router
khng ch lu li cng upstream m cn lu li cng downstream ca c nhm multicast.
Cc traffic IP phi c nh tuyn ging nh bt c mt gi tin L3 no. S khc nhau l
im cn phi bit chuyn gi tin v u. Cc gi tin L3 dng unicast ch c mt
cng ra duy nht trn router (ngay c khi c qu trnh load-balancing xy ra), trong khi
multicast traffic c th c chuyn mch ra nhiu cng, tu thuc vo cc my nhn
nm u.